Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déchets – Environnement'
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Bonadona, d'Ambrun Sylvie de. "L' environnement, les déchets ménagers et la citoyenneté." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX1A016.
Full textDiawara, Amadou Bélal. "Les déchets solides a Dakar. Environnement, sociétés et gestion urbaine." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466516.
Full textDiawara, Amadou Bélal. "Les déchets solides à Dakar : environnement, sociétés et gestion urbaine." Bordeaux 3, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466516.
Full textDakar faces an important deficit in equipment and basic urban public services. Among the sectors affected by this deficiency, that of the taking charge of solid waste. At its birth in the xxe century, colonial authorities limited the collection and cleaning services to only European districts of the town. Since the independence, a quick urban denseness which did not gain control of, brought organisms of collection, to apply a sociodifferentiate management between central equipped areas, and a little urbanized margin beltways. Domestic hygiene was not very affected by this functioning. But the weakness of the official offer, bring the populations to adopt alternatives mechanisms a little suitable for the disposal of garbage : anarchists rejection, burial or traditional burning. With the law acquittal of Mbeubeus which receives the whole waste of the built up area, these practices cause the pollution of the environment. It also damage the living condition of the population, and put in danger their health. A global management policy of waste is necessary. Intervening on the whole chain, it must integrate the banal production, but also that said dangerous medical and industrial waste
Gosset, Simon. "Les déchets dangereux en droit international de l'environnement." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30014.
Full textAfter an awereness on the field of economy, science and politics, non radioactive hazardous waste turned out to be serious and complex problem. The 22d march 1989 based convention drew up international definition at last. The u. N, regional and non governmental international organizations contributed to this mobilization. Positive law applied to hazardous waste shows a two continuous basic principles : prevention an reparation. The first principle has many aspects. Guidelines, specific conventions concerning some transnational activities, together with technical rules regarding some hazardous waste, can be driven from the following types of direct prevention : strategy, sector and category rules. The action of indirect prevention appears before and after the disposal and reeyeling of hazardous wastes. The second principle is more restricted. The reparation which means clearly defined hability and compensation procedures, is necessary and difficult in theory. Most of the time, the existing solutions depends on domestic law and practice. A provisory analysis unable us to make the distinction between intinsic and extrinsic forces and weaknesses of this legal system. Despite their notable progression, the rules of soft and hard law can only meet the urgency of the matte. The present setting-up of legal standarts is divided in too many areas to show some unity and strictness. Moreover, this system is highly dependent on extrinsic pararameters as for its application, which leads to uncertain scientif and economic realities. The role played by the different members of the international community (states, internaional organizations, including transnationals) have someinfluence upon the state of law in this particular field. This system should to put and end to contradictions and the lack of efficitivity. The future of the next generations depends on the way the hazardous wastes will be managed
Marsal, Pierre. "Le statut juridique des déchets : l'exemple des obstacles aux transferts de déchets." Artois, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1998ARTO0301.
Full textWith technical barriers to intra-community trade reppearing as a result of environmental protection policies, an inventory of obstacles has been completed with a view. On the one hand to identify those resulting from community and international rules and on the other hand to access those stemming from diverging implementation at member state level and arising either from the room of discretion left to member states or from an incorrect interpretation of community texts
Hajek, Isabelle. "La contribution des acteurs socio-associatifs à l'élaboration de la question environnementale : d'une sociologie de la connaissance à la construction d'une grammaire politique élargie : le cas de la mobilisation contre l'incinération des déchets à Marseille." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10089.
Full textSeboun, Virginie. "La gestion des déchets industriels en hydrologie." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P106.
Full textImyim, Apichat. "Méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale des déchets stabilisés / solidifiés par liants hydrauliques." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Full textThis research aims to assess the long-term release of inorganic pollutants leached from stabilised wastes by hydraulic binders in the environmental point of view. The research divides in three parts: (1) proposition of an assessment methodology of the long term behavior of pollutant species, (2) application and validation of the methodology to synthetic stabilised wastes, (3) application of the methodology to stabilized galvanic sludge and stabilized fly ash. The methodology includes leachning tests and a model of the long-term behavior prediction of pollutant contained in the wastes. The selected leaching tests permitting the identification of the necessary parameters for behavioral model have been done. The developed model is based on a diffusional model in the porous matrix coupled to chemical reactions of major species contained in the stabilized materials. The consistency between the experimental and simulated results proves that the model describes the physico – chemical mechanism of considered species release well. This approach leads to determine the long-term behavior of stabilized wastes in order to assess their impact on the environment
Pareuil, Priscilla. "Etude du comportement à la lixiviation d’un laitier manganifère issu de la valorisation des piles alcalines & salines." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/74d0ce68-4a2e-4ad9-875b-d5d8161b938d/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4067.pdf.
Full textFerromanganese alloy production from alkaline batteries recycling by pyrometallurgical processes generates coproduct formation including Mn-rich slag. This one can be considered either as a waste (landfill) or as a secondary raw material (road construction, Mn ore …). In both cases, environmental safety has to be investigated because of the potential mobility of their metallic elements (ME) constituents. The aim of this study is to evaluate its behavior when it is submitted to different leaching conditions. The methodology used in this work is based on the hierarchical approach proposed by the European standard procedure EN 12920. Standard leaching tests which present a legal value allowed to place the Mn-rich slag from a regulatory point of view. Nevertheless, understanding leaching mechanisms requires further investigations. Thus, this study considered the influence of operational conditions (i. E. PH, Eh and liquid/solid ratio) on the ME mobility. The combination of these results to solid phases characterization and geochemical modeling (KINDIS(P) code) allowed to evidence that ME mobility was governed by dissolution/precipitation phenomenon, more or less favored by operational conditions. The simulation of environmental conditions in laboratory is difficult, the study of in-situ alteration of the Mn-rich slag was performed and highlighted the influence of the presence of the soil on the ME mobility through the presence of organic matter and colloidal fraction
Hou, Chunyan. "Le droit des déchets : étude comparatiste France - Chine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV132.
Full textFor years, the environment has become an important concern, if not a concern of paramount importance in everyday life worldwide. Today in France, ecological issues are emerging as a major element in the strategic guidelines in the losses or chosen company developments. France is regularly cited among the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. On the contrary, the environmental problems in China are alarming. Each year, the economic development is characterized by high consumption and high pollution. The policy of modernization and economic growth implemented by the Chinese authorities now includes consideration of environmental constraints as one of its main components. The issue of waste has become over time more and more problematic mainly because of their significant increase. However, awareness of the need for effective waste management only appeared late in minds. Waste treatment is one of the major environmental problems which each country in the world is facing, and the situation does not improve with the improvement of living standards. Faced with the increase in waste generation, the French legislator established in 1975 the county and regional waste management plans to encourage their recovery by means of the promotion of selective collection, recycling and incineration with energy recovery. In October 1995, China adopted a law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste in order to resolve the problems caused by waste. In the light of the French and Chinese regulations, this thesis aims at carrying out a comparative study of the similarities and differences in terms of waste management, namely the processing and destruction of waste and the administrative policies and public order governing trade in waste. As regards French law, we shall examine, namely, Law No 75-633 of 15 July 1975 on waste disposal and recovery of materials and Law n ° 76-663 of 19 July 1976 on classified installations for environmental protection. Concerning Chinese law, we shall examine the law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste was adopted on 30 October 1995; the Circular Economy Law of 29 August 2008; and the law on the promotion of clean production of 29 June 2002. Circular economy is a new mode of economic operation, implementing the principles of reduction and recovery of waste as well as the the reduction of waste harmfulness. This new mode was adopted by both the French and the Chinese laws. The comparative study focuses on the major principles and the adoption of specific measures for these two regulations. The international cooperation in terms of laws on waste in France and China is crucial. The study of the rules at international level on transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous waste has focused on human health and the environment. Many actions are performed to improve, restore or maintain the status of the various compartments of the environment and reduce the damages from human activities on the environment
Phéron, Xavier. "Durabilité des capteurs à fibres optiques sous environnement radiatif." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058775.
Full textRoudie, Marie. "Les déchets industriels : cas d'une entreprise pharmaceutique : aspects règlementaires et techniques." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P057.
Full textLavoillotte, Marie-Pierre. "Les contrats privés d'élimination de déchets : contribution des contrats de droit privé à la protection de l'environnement." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOD003.
Full textParola, Emmanuelle. "La régulation des éco-organismes pour une meilleure protection de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080119.
Full textIn response to public health and environmental protection challenges related to waste management and in the context of increasing scarcity of raw materials, the creation of the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (REP) has structured the implementation of the "polluter-pays" principle. At the heart of this system, a leading role has been given to eco-organizations which has driven the development of the circular economy.The difficulty to understand their legal form lies in the absence of a common status and in their singularity as private not-for profit companies involved in the exercise of a public service mission.Given the difficulty of reconciling economic and environmental objectives in the waste industry, a system of regulation of eco-organizations is essential.A lack of regulation could accentuate the risk of conflicts of interest. Such conflicts would negatively limit the research and development policy in the waste recovery industry. They could also slow down the eco-design policy for waste-generating industries. Moreover, such a failure could lead to an exacerbation of competitive risks, reinforcing the power of structuring and influence of eco-organizations.The purpose of this study is to propose legal improvements in the structure and functioning of eco-organizations in order to limit these risks : a new definition of these structures through administrative law, mobilization of company law to reinforce the consideration of the general interest, creation of a regulatory authority and the clarification of the responsibilities incurred
Haddad, Raymond. "La problématique de la gestion des déchets dans le droit communautaire de l'environnement." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0301.
Full textThe mass of waste that remained negligible during the early millennia of human experience, dangerously increased with the industrial revolution and the advent of the consumer society. Wastes can henceforth destroy the laws of nature. They cause serious and irreversible degradation of the environment and major technological risks.Given this reality, the community law of the waste and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice had implemented three immune systems. They can be designated by the terms of metaphysics immunity, representing a system of values, legal immunity, corresponding to coercion, solidarity, information and participation, and biological immunity ensuring the maintenance of corporeality.This environmental advance has been partially undermined by the merchandising of waste. Indeed, the dominant feature of the merchandise is the abstraction, which extends to everything surrounding the merchandise form. Thus, the abstract merchandise value is only capable of quantitative differentiation as opposed to the qualitative of the environmental advocates. This abstraction allowed exceeding legal and metaphysical thought that disdains the residues, but it imposed a spatiotemporal process that determines the forms of thought harmful to the balance of the natural environment
Queheille, Eva. "Economie Circulaire et conception d'Outil d'Optimisation de la stratégie de gestion des Déchets de Déconstruction (ECO2D2)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0336.
Full textConstant growth of urban population and property pressure tend to speed up real properties renewal. In building and civil engineering, buildings deconstruction is increasing. It produces 39.2 million tons of waste per year in France. However, only 45 % of waste are recovered. The European and French objective of 70 % recovery rate is not reached. In order to improve deconstruction waste management, this thesis studied two subjects. The first subject was for a better environmental assessment of a deconstruction strategy. To resolve this issue, we propose a double approach, with greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and life cycle analysis (LCA). It is relevant to consider waste management and deconstruction works together, because of their complementarity, whereas other existing tools often study only one of these two sides. The second subject was for deconstruction strategies optimization with operational (cost and delays) and environmental (recovery rate and impacts by GHG emissions or LCA) objectives. A Multi-Objective Optimization model is suggested with a metaheuristic resolution. The model application on study cases showed the model capacity to offer strategies that are well balanced between the objectives and that can be directly applied
Pires, Negrao Marcelo. "La géographie des déchets au défi de l’organisation territoriale au Brésil et en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA173.
Full textThe impact of all kinds of waste inevitably increases as the world's population becomes more urbanized, and as initiatives to consider it as a resource or to reduce its quantity multiply. First, we seek to demonstrate that waste constitutes a complete geographic and social object, not only because it reveals how the relationship between Man and Earth functions, but also because spatial analysis of related activities linked to waste collection, disposal, and recovery, indicates how this object enters territories. Thus, in France and in Brazil, a new system of governance emerged in the 1970s, placing waste treatment in a particular treatment in municipal cooperation, applying both technical and social solutions, such as the integration of wastepickers work in recycling. However, efforts by public, private, and associative agents are generally insufficient to limit impacts and to value correctly the garbage produced in cities. Using Geography tools, we seek to evaluate solutions put into practice in three case studies (in Rio de Janeiro and Paris) in order to understand how the actors are organized in their territories to face environmental, economic, and social challenges put forth by the disposal of urban waste, since formal and informal circuits continue to coexist. Finally, the geographicity elements of this object stand out clearly in terms the treatment of temporalities and the interweaving of scales, but also by the expansion of responsibilities in the public space, at all levels, from individual scales to institutional superstructures
O peso dos resíduos de todo tipo aumenta inevitavelmente quanto mais a população mundial se urbaniza e que as iniciativas visando a lhes considerar como um recurso ou a diminuir sua quantidade se multiplicam. Em um primeiro momento, nós buscamos demonstrar em que os resíduos constituem um objeto geográfico e social completo, não apenas porquê ele revela o funcionamento da relação entre o Homem e a Terra, mas também por que a análise espacial das atividades ligadas a coleta, a eliminação e a valorização dos resíduos nos indica sua maneira de inserir-se nos territórios. Assim, tanto na França como no Brasil, um novo sistema de governança emerge a partir dos anos 1970, acordando aos resíduos um tratamento particular nas cooperações municipais, aplicando em concertação soluções técnicas, mas igualmente sociais, como a integração do trabalho dos Catadores na reciclagem. Entretanto, os esforços realizados pelos agentes públicos, privados e associativos são geralmente insuficientes para limitar os impactos e valorizar corretamente o lixo produzido pelas cidades. Nós buscamos, com as ferramentas da Geografia, fazer um balanço das soluções colocadas em prática em três estudos de caso (no Rio de Janeiro e em Paris) afim de compreender como se organizam os atores nos territórios para fazer face aos desafios ambientais, econômicos e sociais impostos pela eliminação dos resíduos urbanos, tendo em vista que os circuitos formais e informais continuam a coexistir. Enfim, os elementos de geograficidade desse objeto destacam-se de forma evidente tanto pelo tratamento das temporalidades e entrelaçamento das escalas, mas também pela ampliação das responsabilidades no espaço público, a todos os níveis, desde as escalas individuais até as superestruturas institucionais
Le, Maitre Stéphanie. "Gestion des déchets ménagers : du consommateur à l"acteur-citoyen" entre contrainte et persuasion." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24003.
Full textIn 2006, the french communes collected per capita, 536 kilograms of municipal garbage and 350 kilograms are produced by the households. It becomes exigent to inflecting this growth. This thesis demonstrates the necessity to transform the consumer in actor-citizen who should participate in the waste management programs. The 1st chapter gives the background : complexity of the "waste sphere", diversity of the subtances, plurality of the actors ; laws, degrees and circular : repercussions on the economic and social life of the country. Chapter 2 introduces two instruments adapted to integrate the households in waste programs : the fiscal system and voluntary agreement. The 1st contribution : "gestion des déchets : consommateurs versus producteurs" demonstrates that a charge based on the amount of waste gives rise to citizen behaviours. Chapter 3 commends a "two-part tariff", i. E. , a disposal fee and an advanced fee witch is directly include in the price of the goods. The two contributions written with Hubert Stahn : "waste management and household effort : toward an enhanced ADF policy" and "toward waste contract management", propose a contract which specify a waste treatment target (obtained with households' efforts) in counterpart to a lower disposal fee. Chapter 4 establishes the growth of ecological sensitiveness among the economic agents. The portentus role of public campaigns of information in the waste management programs is illusttrated in the last contribution : "le rôle des campagnes d'information dans les politiques de gestion de déchets ménagers"
Kah, Estelle. "Un problème de préservation de l'environnement en géographie : L'élimination des déchets ménagers et le comportement des usagers : L'exemple du consentement à payer." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1GEO9.
Full textMezouari-Sandjakdine, Fadila. "Conception et exploitation des centres de stockage des déchets en Algérie et limitation des impacts environnementaux." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/85172b8f-bc24-48f9-8454-6ecfa0b18571/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4015.pdf.
Full textThe wastes processing poses a problem in Algeria because of absence of control, unsuited functional installations (collect and processing of leachates, biogas…. ) or no existing and difficulties of financing. The management of the wastes encounters numerous difficulties from a technical point of view, methodological and organisational. The choice is related to the burying of the wastes as a mode of treatment, but which remains unsuited to the local constraints. This is due to a lack of knowledge of the parameters specific to the landfills in the PED. For these reasons, the programme of landfills expertise in the PED, developed by the ADEME and realised in collaboration with the engineering school of Limoges meet a real need. The expertise of the two technical burying centres in Algeria, situated in two different climatic zones (littoral and arid zone), have permitted on the two sites of the studies, The follow-up of 17 parameters after the installation of experimental devices. Thus characterizing the entering wastes (nature and flow), the wastes stored and their mechanical behaviour, hydraulics and biological, the external environment and the characteristics of the exploitation. The obtained results after the physical and chemical characterisation of the wastes have revealed that the wastes are more organics and humid than in the developed countries and the climatic conditions are also different. Minimal conditions of domestic’s wastes burying have been identified, in order to limit the environmental impacts and the taking into account of the analysis of the whole causes of the actual situation have allowed us to understand the general mechanisms affecting the landfill. The acquisition of the in situ data during one complete year, the improvement of the comprehension of the particular mechanisms which govern the behaviour of the wastes have allowed to propose improvements for the technological choice of a methodological step and of exploitation for the management of the TCB in Algeria
Vicard, Fanny. "L'implication des ménages dans un service public local d'environnement : le cas de la gestion des déchets ménagers par les collectivités territoriales françaises." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10385/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the issue of households’ participation to a local public service provision, offering an economic analysis of the strategies developed by local governments in France to involve households in waste reduction practices and recycling.In a first part, we present the policy instruments available to local governments in the French context to foster the adoption by households of waste management practices more respectful of the environment. Environmental economics are used here to build aconceptual framework to understand local governments’ waste management policy. On this basis, a typology of the measures undertaken by local governments to involve households in waste reduction practices and recycling is developed. We identify four distinct strategies,as specific combinations of the measures implemented by local governments.In the second part, we assess the determinants of local governments’ choices with regard to their waste management strategy and the ability of each strategy to promote recycling effort by households. Drawing on insights from public economics and economicsof household waste management, a microeconomic model is developed to simultaneously analyze local governments and households waste management decisions. Theoretical propositions derived from the model are then empirically tested. The results highlight their mportance for local governments of taking into account households’ characteristics in the definition of their waste management strategy. We also show that households’ recycling effort rises when local governments implement measures directly constraining household waste production
Dufour, Stéphane. "La gestion des déchets : un test pour le droit communautaire de l'environnement." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010294.
Full textLacour, Joaneson. "Valorisation de la fraction organique de résidus agricoles et autres déchets assimilés à l'aide de traitements biologiques anaérobies." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825479.
Full textGaussier, Nathalie. "Environnement et organisation spatiale : un modèle statique et dynamique d'étude de la localisation des décharges." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32045.
Full textSINCE 1990'S, OBNOXIOUS GOODS LOCATION IS UNDERGOING PROFOUND CHANGES. AN ORGANIZATIONAL LOGIC BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF RECYCLING FACILITIES AND INCINERATORS MARKS THE END THE STORAGE LOGIC. THESE OBJECTIVES MIGHT RADICALLY TRANSFORM THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION. THE STORAGE LOGIC THAT PREVAILED, LOCALIZED THE GARBAGE DUMPS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE FROM THE INHABITANTS IN THE AREAS OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE TOWNS. THIS LOGIC SHOULD BE REPLACED BY AN ORGANIZATIONAL ONE THAT IS LOOKING FOR SCALES ECONOMIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE TOWNS IN ORDER TO MANAGE NETWORK AREA AND TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES. NEVERTHELESS, THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES FACE THE VIRULENCE OF THE NIMBY SYNDROME (NEVER IN MY BACK YARD) AND THE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE DURATION OF THE TREATMENT MEANS. THEY BEHAVE IN AMBIVALENT WAYS. THE INERTIA OF THE PREVIOUS LOGIC IS AN EXAMPLE. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE IN LANDFILLS SITE LOCATION IS INSTRUCTIVE. OUR THESIS IS BASED ON 1980S DATA IN PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D'AZUR AREA. TWO LEVELS OF OUR WORK HANG TOGETHER. WE HAVE BUILT A PROBABILISTIC MODEL BASED ON THE COMPLEXE BEHAVIOUR OF A TOWN IN ITS GARBAGE DUMP LOCATION. THIS APPROACH HAS BEEN ENLARGED TO THE CASE OF SEVERAL TOWNS. OUR STATIC MODEL HAS AN INTERESTING FORECASTING ASPECT. OUR DYNAMIC MODEL EXPLAINS, without BEING A DEMONSTRATION, SOME PROCESS THAT COULD SUPPORT THE COMPLEX CONFIGURATIONS WE OBSERVED IN THE PROBABILISTIC APPROACH. THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES IS FRUITFUL. IT IS A WAY TO PROGRESS WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SPATIAL MICROECONOMIC BEHAVIOURS
Aubert, Jean-Emmanuel. "Valorisation d'une cendre d'incinérateur d'ordures ménagères traitée par le procédé Revasol R dans des bétons hydrauliques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30203.
Full textSalazar, Claudia. "Elaboration d'une méthode de prévision du gisement des déchets générés par le cycle de vie des bâtiments : amélioration de la traçabilité des composants du bâtiment." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0101/these.pdf.
Full textNowadays, the great amount of resources consumed by the building sector, the great quantity of Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW) and their less than optimal management are major problems at a worldwide level. For instance, in Europe, only 25% of the 180Mt of C&DW estimated per annum are recycled (despite its major recycling potential). The remaining 75% are landfilled (in some cases illegally). In order to improve the management of C&DW, it is necessary to know the current and future quantities and characteristics of the C&DW that is generated, as well as their period and location of generation. Unfortunately, at the moment, these flows are poorly known. Consequently, it is difficult to implement an environmentally sound and optimal management while abiding by regulations. Bearing this in mind, our contribution to the improvement of the knowledge about these flows could be summarized as follows: - Establishment of the state of the art of the current sources of information about these flows; -Proposition of a new method, called ELDORADO, which allow the traceability of buildings components and provides a long term forecasting of C&DW. The forecasting is done both, at a micro level and at a macro level. The micro level corresponds to the forecasting of the C&DW for a building. The macro level concerns a set of buildings. This forecasting is made from the construction of the building until the end of its service life. In contrast with other researches, the description of the materials flows is given by addressing not only quantities but also relevant technical characteristics, period and location. Both levels of the method are based on the acquisition of data about the components that go into the building (by establishing their traceability) and on a static and a behavioural building model. This model allows the simulation of the possible evolution of the building as well as the generation of C&DW. The simulation of the building evolution is based on scenarios proposed by the users of the method. - The application of this method is tested partially on 4 real cases and fully tested on one building. The latter has allowed to: - note the importance of maintaining information about the flows inside buildings (traceability); -establish the need of the implementation of a software tool for applying the method and introducing the Industry Foundation Classes in this software; -identify the strong and weak points of the building models proposed for the application of the method. -Additionally, in this document we discuss the present difficulties related to the implementation of the method, the necessary tools that should be created and the prospects of our work
Blayrac, Michel. "Conception et developpement d'un environnement informatique d'aide à l'étude d'une usine de retraitement de combustibles irradiés." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10048.
Full textMontagner, Florian. "Nouvelles méthodes de tri des déchets par rayons X." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932692.
Full textDomas, Jérémie. "Valorisation de sables issus de boues de curage des réseaux d'assainissementbTexte imprimé : exemple en remblayage de tranchée." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENPC9933.
Full textCoque, Yves. "Proposition d'outils d'optimisation de procédé d'oxydation avancée (POA) par UV/H2O2." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3012.
Full textTrinquelle, Isabelle. "La dynamique Région-Etat-Union Européenne face à la gestion des déchets. Quel rôle pour les régions d’Europe? A travers les exemples de l’Allemagne, la Belgique, la France, l’Italie et l'Espagne." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA111002.
Full textMore than 2,2 billion tons of waste are produced each year in Europe. The necessity to manage this situation implies three essential political actors : the European union, its member states and their regions. The research here examines the dynamic of the current distribution of competences and focuses on the present and future role of the regions with regard to this particular sector of the environment. The investigation concerns five E. U. Member states including regional authorities with various ranges of competence : Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Following an analysis of competence sharing, under community law and under the law of each country, divers dysfunctions in implementation are pointed out. These are linked with the particular complexity of the question of wastes and also with the plurality of actors whose interventions are sometimes incompatible. To overcome this situation, some proposals are made to improve the existing regions-states-European union dynamic. In particular, re-definition of the proper responsibilities of each authority level and development of means of cooperation can prevent conflicts and foster coherent management. In this context, the potential of regions is emphasized for the realization of European integration and, above all, integration of environmental concerns into general policy
Lacour, Joaneson. "Valorisation de la fraction organique de résidus agricoles et autres déchets assimilés à l’aide de traitements biologiques anaérobies." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0026/document.
Full textIn rural and peri-urban areas of Haiti, organic wastes and residues generated mainly by agricultural activities and agribusiness, are traditionally valued in situ in animal feeding as feed, in the fertilization of the soil as organic conditioner and/or for energy purposes as fuels. In parallel, the organic wastes of the cities are predominantly eliminated without any form of segregation in non-controlled landfills. This research work aimed to place the emphasis on the opportunity of valuing these wastes by biomethanation as an alternative way of biological treatment of organic biodegradable wastes. The exercise of assessment of organic wastes production has highlighted a loss of wastes-resources estimated at about 2 960 000 tons of dry matter per annum, potentially convertible to 367 500 000 Nm3 of methane or 310 000 toe, corresponding to approximately 16% of recovery of the final energy demand of the households of the whole country. The experimental approach at laboratory scale allowed to assess the ultimate biomethane potential different types of agricultural wastes like bagasse, cabbage and cattle, pigs and chickens manures as well as the possibilities of optimizing the kinetics of anaerobic digestion by some inexpensive means as the reduction of the particles size, the increase of ratio IVS/SVS, the nutrient balance and the synergy effects of co-digestion. The special conditions of implementation of the pilot approach have demonstrated the feasibility of the development of biomethanation technology, with a return period of about 5 years
Chay, Claire. "Le travail des déchets : regards croisés sur une activité industrielle et environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20084.
Full textThis dissertation explores the work of waste management by the use sociological mixed methods: computer-assisted discourse analysis and participant observation in waste industries. This research aims at showing the scope of work in waste industry as well as the content of the professional household waste sorting activity. The research focuses on interaction, social regulation and organizational work. This PhD dissertation shows the tensions between environment (green jobs) and the conditions of industrial work. The first part emphasizes on the elements that define this type of opposition. We observed a strong division of labor, particularly because the conception appears very far from the actual manual activities occurring in factories. Then the coexistence of public and private showcase other socio-economic issues related to the type of management. Finally, work in the waste sector, it is also considering the issue of risks at work and environmental hazards, which meanings are subject to the work context. The second part of the dissertation research aims at understanding how the workers live these contradictions and how they manage to move in this constraining industrial world. The research shows the importance and the difficulties for a novice to "become" a worker through the integration of a work collective and the appropriation of work. This will highlight the importance of social relationships and language activity in a workplace “a priori” hostile to interactions. Finally, the weight of waste sorter job’s representations, the risk of soiling and the apprehension of line work bring the worker to negotiate this “very dirty work” in order to change the working conditions and representations to be more viable and decent
Renaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203.
Full textSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Mery, Jacques. "Contribution à une gestion durable du risque environnemental du stockage des déchets ménagers et assimilés : l'évaluation du coût externe des fuites de lixiviat des décharges." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS006S.
Full textLandfills are still the main way of municipal solid wastes treatment in many countries, including France, while their level of social acceptance is low. These are more or less known and managed depending on their nature and the horizon time to be considered and their monetarisation is still in its enfancy. We present a state of the art of landfill externalities valuation, then focus on leachate leakage impacts of dry tomb and bioreactor landfills in a weak sustainability framework (cost-benefit analysis) and to a less extent in a strong sustainability framework (cost-efficiency analysis). Their monetarisation on horizons time of necessarily many centuries requires specific intergenerational discounting procedures. The deduced external costs crucially depend on these procedures, which constitutes a numerical translation of ethical choices, leading to the fundamentals of sustainable development and to more sustainable technologies of lanfilling (bioreactors)
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
Full textThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Bispo, Antonio. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie pour évaluer les dangers et les risques liés aux matériaux solides contaminés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1998_BISPO_A.pdf.
Full textKreziak, Dominique. "Les motivations de la consommation verte : une approche par les chaînages cognitifs." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21007.
Full textConfronted to an increasing environmental concern, consumers are now offered opportunities to reduce the negative impact of their consumption on the environment. They can make environmentally responsible consumption choices: green products, recycling, biologically grown products. However, consumer motivation towards green consumption remains unclear, as environmental attitude is surprisingly not significantly related to these behaviors. Here, consumer motivation is considered to be reflected in the goal structures related to specific green consumption behavior. Means-end chain theory is used to uncover consumer goal structures. Several goal orientations related to green consumption, as well as consumer segments are identified. The results reveal that green consumption goes beyond environmental protection, an intermediate goal leading in turn to more abstract goals such as hedonism, health concern, preservation of the quality of life, respecting others or expressing one's values. Detailed results deepen the understanding of the motivations underlying glass recycling and green purchases, and underline their diversity. As a conclusion, managerial implications are derived on the use of goal structures to create persuasive messages targeting the consumer segments identified in the analysis
Marchand-Pilard, Marie. "Propositions d’évolutions de l’encadrement juridique des rejets de médicaments humains dans l’eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080009.
Full textHuman drugs are chemicals designed to last long enough to have the desired effects on the body while resisting unwanted alterations to avoid adverse effects. These properties, closely studied by European and national authorities, make it possible to guarantee safe, effective, and quality pharmaceuticals but, conversely, pose a challenge for their end of life. These molecules “go through” the human body by undergoing degrees of alteration that can range from complete elimination to an unchanged status, ending up in whole or in part in wastewater (via our excretions). Added to this are unused pharmaceuticals that are improperly disposed of, effluents from industrial drug production sites and healthcare establishments, and WWTP sewage sludge, which can also contains drugs. However, whether under the regulations specific to medicines or those intended for the management of water, waste or sewage sludge, neither France nor the EU have an appropriate regulatory framework to manage these emerging pollutants, which is reflected in the treatments implemented in the WWTPs. As a result, drug residues are found in all European [and global] waters, some of which have harmful effects on aquatic environments. This thesis thus seeks to give recommendations aimed at combating this pollution in the EU and in France without reducing essential access to medicines
Cartaud, François. "Modélisation des écoulements dans les interfaces des barrières d'étanchéité composites d'installation de stockage de déchets." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001079.
Full textPonton, Martin. "Diagnostic et perspectives d'un système de gestion des déchets domestiques urbains : le cas de Santiago de los Cabaileros en République Dominicaine." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11451.
Full textLissa, Geay Lorenza. "L'harmonisation du droit pénal des déchets en Europe : étude comparée franco-italienne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D084.
Full textFrance and Italy must solve the dramatic problem of preventing, managing and eliminating large quantities of incresingly dangerous waste. The historical differences between the legal traditions of these two countries justify a comparative study of their respective criminal arrangements to combat waste crime with european law in the backgroung. In order to cope the weakness of international law, European law had accept several major challenges. It created a common waste language, based on a complex of shared notions and definitions, it has harmonised the administrative law of waste and it has imposed on Member States obligations to inctiminate harmful behaviour or dangerous behaviour committed by malicious or coulpable negligence. But other challenges have to be faced. The quality of criminal law must be improved and made compatible with fundamntal principles tested by the referral technique and the precautionary principle. In particular, respect for the principles of legality and necessity of punishement must be garateed. In addition, for the time being, it has not possible to harmonise general criminal law or penalities. Moreover, the national legislator is sometimes seduced by the sirens of urgency and adopts questionables mesures to teckle the crisis of waste, as happend in Italy in recent years. All theses problems hinder the harmonisation of waste criminal law and will be solved in the years to come
Kple, Melhyas. "Étude des voies de valorisation des déchets ménagers au Bénin : cas de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0288/document.
Full textGeneraly in West Africa, the waste management is a priority problem mainly for the cities which welcome a growing population. It is the case of the city of Abomey-Calavi, that has no organized system of waste management. To allow an optimized management of waste, an overall policy based on tangible and demonstrated elements must be implemented. It is so essential to analyze the problem and its characteristics, to test various envisaged solutions, and to optimize the viable systems. The objective of this study is to provied solutions for the waste treatment of Abomey-Calavi. It is so a question of studying the problem, since the characterization of waste until the proposal of appropriate solutions and the conditions of their implementation. The methods tested in this study are based on thermochemical ways (Pyrolysis, Combustion and Gasification). The heterogeneous nature of waste does not allow their study in laboratory (more expensive and not representative). Thus, a model waste (MW: wood 88 %, Cardboard 7 %; Plastic 5 %) was established and based on the typological characterization of the waste of the city and the chemical assumptions. The study of the pyrolysis was realized in two parts. Slow pyrolysis in TGA and fast pyrolysis. TGA shows that the fast pyrolysis of the model waste can be made only at temperatures above 500°C. In the continuity of the results obtained in pyrolysis, a study of air gasification was made on the wood and the model waste at temperature of 800°C in a fluidized bed reactor. The tests allowed to observe that the results on these two types of fuels are very close. A simple model for the production of gas, condensable and of char during the gasification in fluidized bed was developed.The study of the combustion of MW in the boiler of LERMAB shows that the combustion is better when it is made in a reactor of high power. Compared with the results obtained on the wood, the combustion of the combustible mixture (MW) in the boiler does not present negative effects. These results seem very interesting for the choice of a better way of thermochemical treatment of the waste of the city of Abomey-Calavi. Finally, a waste management chain of HSW of the city of Abomey-Calavi is proposed in three parts and based on a mixed biological – thermochemical process preceded by the sorting
Fournier-Schill, Marie. "Analyse d'une pratique sociale en construction : le cas du tri des déchets dans la famille." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20004.
Full textToday, consumption is enlarged to all stages and includes recycling. Explanations on performance given so far still remain unsatisfying. Two specificities characterize recycling : it is supported by the family (and not the individual) and its rules are imposed by public policies. This research is anchored in social practice theory that allows the study of a consumption routine at the crossroads between micro- and macro-social levels. The aim of this research is to highlight the building up of recycling’s social practice in families. The methodology is qualitative, based on participant observations, semi-structured interviews and mimes. Results highlight : (1) practice structure organized around doings, objects and engagement ; (2) links unifying those elements through appropriation, realisation and reinforcement and (3) practice dynamic, that allows families involvement into it. The main contribution of this work relies on the understanding of the building process at a familial level of the recycling practice at a societal level
Phanuel, Dominique. "L'intégration d'une dimension socio-écologique dans les choix technologiques de l'entreprise : l'exemple des "technologies propres"." Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN0550.
Full textShowing that natural resources are free and unlimited, the economic theory explains the non parsimonious consumption of natural resources as well as the abundant production of pollution and wastes from firms. This progressively leads to a demand of lesser pollution. Such a socio-ecological demand exists since it "perceives" a piece of information in pollution. An inadequacy between supply and demand on the socio-ecological market has negative consequences for the firm. A communication risk goes together with numerous interdependent implications thus engendering a loss of efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. Thes whole will be qualified as a paradoxical risk. However a firm wich is present on the socio-ecological market is able to cope with this risk by implementing a strategy wich is contingent to its position. On of these strategies consists in an integration strategy of which favoured option is the adoption of a process innovation wich would be cleaner. The reduction in pollution, allowed by this choice, can give rise to gains in efficiency. Effectiveness, and competitiveness. An increase in competitiveness depends on certain explicative factors. In most cases the competitive and effective integration of a "clean technology", depends on the attitude and behaviour of the firm in the fields of technological innovation. From the results of this work comes out the fact that firms, which are in a position to. .
N'guessan, Baudelaire. "La réparation du dommage à l'environnement du fait des déchets simples en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0032.
Full textCities in Côte d'Ivoire, like African capitals, are constant y polluted by household waste, commercial and craft waste and non-hazardous industrial waste. These simple wastes degrade the environment in its natural components, namely the soil, water, air, fauna and flora. The main concern is no longer the material recognition of environmental damage, but rather the repair of the ecological damage caused by these wastes. On what basis and in what ways could Ivorian law compensate for theDépôt légal de la thèseDonnées complémentairesecological damage? Ivorian law could achieve compensation for ecological damage through thecoordinated application of the rules of civil liability under ordinary law and those of environmentalliability introduced by the 1996 Environmental Code. This mechanism could be strengthened by themechanism of extended producer responsibility for wastes. In addition, compensation in kindappears, through rehabilitation, to be the preferred method of compensation for environmentaldamage. However, the Ivorian legislator should work towards a clear recognition of ecologicaldamage and the attribution of legal personality to the components of the environment, for exampleby relying on the African cosmogony of nature to facilitate effective compensation for ecologicaldamage
Parola, Emmanuelle. "La régulation des éco-organismes pour une meilleure protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080119.
Full textIn response to public health and environmental protection challenges related to waste management and in the context of increasing scarcity of raw materials, the creation of the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (REP) has structured the implementation of the "polluter-pays" principle. At the heart of this system, a leading role has been given to eco-organizations which has driven the development of the circular economy.The difficulty to understand their legal form lies in the absence of a common status and in their singularity as private not-for profit companies involved in the exercise of a public service mission.Given the difficulty of reconciling economic and environmental objectives in the waste industry, a system of regulation of eco-organizations is essential.A lack of regulation could accentuate the risk of conflicts of interest. Such conflicts would negatively limit the research and development policy in the waste recovery industry. They could also slow down the eco-design policy for waste-generating industries. Moreover, such a failure could lead to an exacerbation of competitive risks, reinforcing the power of structuring and influence of eco-organizations.The purpose of this study is to propose legal improvements in the structure and functioning of eco-organizations in order to limit these risks : a new definition of these structures through administrative law, mobilization of company law to reinforce the consideration of the general interest, creation of a regulatory authority and the clarification of the responsibilities incurred
De, Bonfils Julien. "Effets d'irradiations sur la structure de verres borosilicatés - Comportement à long terme des matrices vitreuses de stockage des déchets nucléaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00177241.
Full textDans un premier temps, les mesures macroscopiques (dureté, gonflement) et à moyenne échelle (Raman, ATR-IR) ont montré que les matrices vitreuses, et en particulier la base borosilicate de sodium, subissent des modifications structurales qui se stabilisent à partir d'une dose 2,3.1013 at.cm-2 correspondant à une durée de stockage estimée à 300 ans dans le cas du verre R7T7.
Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons démontré expérimentalement et par simulation que les ions terres-rares sont regroupés dans deux grands types d'environnements à l'intérieur des verres : Le premier environnement clairement identifié comme silicaté, le second attribué à un site riche en bore.
Nguyen, Thanh Binh. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage traités par le procédé NOVOSOL(R) dans des matériaux d'assises de chaussée : comportement mécanique et environnemental." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/704/.
Full textThe management of dredged sediments is a challenge for our society because of their huge volume. The contamination of heavy metals and organic micro pollutants make that the majority of dredged sediments are regarded as dangerous waste and are put in discharge. This isn't in the same point of view of the durable development policy: the French law supports the valorization so that only ultimate waste is put in discharge. In this context, Solvay Company has developed the process NOVOSOL(r) for the treatment of the dredged sediments polluted. The process comprises two stages: an immobilization of heavy metals by formation of apatite under a phosphatising reaction with acid phosphoric and a destruction of the organic matter by a calcination. The goal of this thesis is to use river sediments treated by the process NOVOSOL(r) in road base materials. Experimental studies in laboratory comprise two aspects: mechanical performance and leaching behaviour. The treated sediments by NOVOSOL(r) are introduced into road base mixes treated with cementitious binders as substitute for regular sand. The preparation of materials according to the normalized methodology in laboratory does not present any difficulty. As the treated sediments content increases, the water demand increases and the materials are less compact than reference material. This is due to the characteristics of treated sediments: important ratio of fines, friability and the porosity of granular. These characteristics have as a consequence to weaken the granular skeleton, which results in a reduction in the stiffness module of materials. On the other side, the reactivity of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) in the matrix of cimentitious binder and a better homogeneity of materials lead to an improvement of the tensile strength. Mechanical performance of all the materials with of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) evaluated by index of elastic quality is better than that of the reference material. .
Nougarol, Renaud. "La tarification incitative des déchets ménagers comme processus d’économisation ? : sociologie des cadrages et des débordements d’une politique publique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20086.
Full textIn France, public authorities have been trying to generalize Unit-Based Pricing of household waste (UBP). It is a pricing system that consists in charging users for the waste management service depending on the amount of waste they produce. Nevertheless, UBP is not largely implemented because the actors responsible for its implementation fear being confronted to a certain number of economic issues, social issues and environmental issues.Keeping in mind the triple observation that the scientific literature on this subject was essentially written by economists, that economists generally favour the economic incentive, and that they have a central place in public action, the general hypothesis of this research is about the role of economists and their studies to set the agenda of UBP in France by a dynamics of "framing" of its "overflowing" (of its problems). This thesis defends the idea of an economization process characterized by successive "translations" – before and during the Grenelle de l'Environnement – of the work of a waste-assessment organisation marked by the presence of certain economists and certain economic studies favourable to UBP. These "translations" have been carried out by Communist representatives, and this thesis is in accordance with the various works which show that the economisation cannot be reduced to organic links with the liberal economic doctrine or with a form of "neoliberalism" which would constitute the explanatory variable of public policies change.In addition, this research focuses on the local implementation of UBP. By describing, step by step, how members of a local community set up their unit-based pricing project between 2013 and 2016, the work undertaken shows how they have "managed" various "overflows" related to its implementation