Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déchets – Élimination – Droit européen'
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Marsal, Pierre. "Le statut juridique des déchets : l'exemple des obstacles aux transferts de déchets." Artois, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1998ARTO0301.
With technical barriers to intra-community trade reppearing as a result of environmental protection policies, an inventory of obstacles has been completed with a view. On the one hand to identify those resulting from community and international rules and on the other hand to access those stemming from diverging implementation at member state level and arising either from the room of discretion left to member states or from an incorrect interpretation of community texts
Dufour, Stéphane. "La gestion des déchets : un test pour le droit communautaire de l'environnement." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010294.
Haddad, Raymond. "La problématique de la gestion des déchets dans le droit communautaire de l'environnement." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0301.
The mass of waste that remained negligible during the early millennia of human experience, dangerously increased with the industrial revolution and the advent of the consumer society. Wastes can henceforth destroy the laws of nature. They cause serious and irreversible degradation of the environment and major technological risks.Given this reality, the community law of the waste and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice had implemented three immune systems. They can be designated by the terms of metaphysics immunity, representing a system of values, legal immunity, corresponding to coercion, solidarity, information and participation, and biological immunity ensuring the maintenance of corporeality.This environmental advance has been partially undermined by the merchandising of waste. Indeed, the dominant feature of the merchandise is the abstraction, which extends to everything surrounding the merchandise form. Thus, the abstract merchandise value is only capable of quantitative differentiation as opposed to the qualitative of the environmental advocates. This abstraction allowed exceeding legal and metaphysical thought that disdains the residues, but it imposed a spatiotemporal process that determines the forms of thought harmful to the balance of the natural environment
Schucht, Simone. "Une évaluation interdisciplinaire de la mise en oeuvre d'une politique environnementale européenne : la directive relative aux incinérateurs des déchets municipaux (89/429/CEE)." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1277.
El, Bouchtioui Lamia. "Le cadre réglementaire des déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques : de la conception à la fin de vie des équipements électriques et électroniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0491.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (W.E.E.E.) is a challenge for society as a whole, as their management has quickly become an issue that is at once economic, political, social, environmental and health. Thus, they represent a burden that developed countries seek to get rid of at a lower cost. International traffic has emerged around their export to developing or emerging countries mainly marked by legal weaknesses in environmental matters. Several international and regional texts limit the transboundary movement of waste in order to prevent economically efficient methods of sending hazardous waste. Within the European Union, a specific regulation aims to frame the theme of W.E.E.E. It advocates sustainable management of W.E.E.E. to protect and improve the quality of the environment. It aims to contribute to sustainable production and consumption, as a priority, through the prevention of W.E.E.E. and, in addition, through the reuse and recycling of materials in order to reduce the amount of waste to be disposed of. Recent changes in European law highlight the desire for a transition to a circular economy. Nevertheless, there are still some difficulties in achieving the objectives set. This work aims to address the way in which the law in force today incorporates a global approach to the subject taking into account the entire life cycle of the W.E.E.E. reconciling environmental and economic objectives. This study highlights the advances but also the persistent difficulties that society must confront
Hou, Chunyan. "Le droit des déchets : étude comparatiste France - Chine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV132.
For years, the environment has become an important concern, if not a concern of paramount importance in everyday life worldwide. Today in France, ecological issues are emerging as a major element in the strategic guidelines in the losses or chosen company developments. France is regularly cited among the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. On the contrary, the environmental problems in China are alarming. Each year, the economic development is characterized by high consumption and high pollution. The policy of modernization and economic growth implemented by the Chinese authorities now includes consideration of environmental constraints as one of its main components. The issue of waste has become over time more and more problematic mainly because of their significant increase. However, awareness of the need for effective waste management only appeared late in minds. Waste treatment is one of the major environmental problems which each country in the world is facing, and the situation does not improve with the improvement of living standards. Faced with the increase in waste generation, the French legislator established in 1975 the county and regional waste management plans to encourage their recovery by means of the promotion of selective collection, recycling and incineration with energy recovery. In October 1995, China adopted a law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste in order to resolve the problems caused by waste. In the light of the French and Chinese regulations, this thesis aims at carrying out a comparative study of the similarities and differences in terms of waste management, namely the processing and destruction of waste and the administrative policies and public order governing trade in waste. As regards French law, we shall examine, namely, Law No 75-633 of 15 July 1975 on waste disposal and recovery of materials and Law n ° 76-663 of 19 July 1976 on classified installations for environmental protection. Concerning Chinese law, we shall examine the law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste was adopted on 30 October 1995; the Circular Economy Law of 29 August 2008; and the law on the promotion of clean production of 29 June 2002. Circular economy is a new mode of economic operation, implementing the principles of reduction and recovery of waste as well as the the reduction of waste harmfulness. This new mode was adopted by both the French and the Chinese laws. The comparative study focuses on the major principles and the adoption of specific measures for these two regulations. The international cooperation in terms of laws on waste in France and China is crucial. The study of the rules at international level on transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous waste has focused on human health and the environment. Many actions are performed to improve, restore or maintain the status of the various compartments of the environment and reduce the damages from human activities on the environment
Kim, Jong-Hwan. "Incidence des dynamiques d'acteurs sur le service de gestion des déchets ménagers en France et en Corée du sud." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0027/these.pdf.
Observations on the services of household refuse management have showed that France and South Korea marked a rapid and profound evolution which brings a change on this public service since early 1990s. The system which underline these services seems to have the same nature mainly in its technical features. However, the comparative study presented in this thesis discloses some remarkable differences, especially concerning the organisation of the service, on one hand, and the role of the stakeholders, on the other. The dynamics of the stakeholders involved is analysed on the economic, political basis as well as on the exisiting social contexts at the national and local levels respectably, and this by focussing on the cases of the Grand Lyon and the canton of Anse, concerning France and that of Pucheon city concerning South Korea. In France, the evolution of the organization of services concerning household refuse is inscribed within the general system related to the evolution of the local utility services with a public-private partnership, where the private is represented by a few big industrial groups. At the national level, our study indicates that the application of the European directives concerning waste management was highly influenced by industrial logic, whereas the role of household waste producers remains modest. We have observed evolutions at the national level and analyse the cases of the Grand Lyon, the second biggest city of France and that of Anse, a rural canton. A particularity of the Cleansing Department of the Grand Lyon is its management which is shared by a service under public control and contracting-out to private enterprises. This public-private equilibrium enhances innovations under the control of a competent public authority, which brings about the paradox to keep the users aside. In the canton of Anse, the creation of inter-municipal syndicates permits the smallest communities to access industrial innovations, also permits users, who are closer to the community authorities, to influence the decisions more closely. On the other hand, the application of the provincial plan tends to marginalize the small enterprises in the service market and to reduce the local dialogues. In South Korea, a country on democratic transition and economic development, the industries participate only in the treatment sector of wastes management according to public request. The case of the city of Pucheon indicates that the management process has been resulted from a concerted compromise - even contentious – among the representatives of public authority, users and small enterprises. It is interesting to note that this organization until now keeps the engagements which respects ecology, the stabilization of waste production and the dominant role of recycling in the household refuse management
Lavoillotte, Marie-Pierre. "Les contrats privés d'élimination de déchets : contribution des contrats de droit privé à la protection de l'environnement." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOD003.
Erné-Heintz, Valentine. "Participation au tri sélectif des déchets : entre contribution volontaire et consentement à payer des ménages." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1EC05.
The contrast between self-interest behavior guided by rational choice and altruistic behavior guided by normative considerations is a central theme in the social sciences. In fact, source reduction represents a good example ; its definition is ambiguous. In our study, source reduction appears like a reciprocal exchange. This argument is tested by examining a willingness to pay measure. So, we find that householders which participate in recycling activites are willing to pay more than others. Indeed, they ask to punishment for others by a " pay as you throw " system. This highest willingness to pay exprims a demand for punish the non-recycling householders. Nevertheless, if they are willing to accept more efforts for source reduction, they want a developped public system at home
Hou, Chunyan. "Le droit des déchets : étude comparatiste France - Chine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV132/document.
For years, the environment has become an important concern, if not a concern of paramount importance in everyday life worldwide. Today in France, ecological issues are emerging as a major element in the strategic guidelines in the losses or chosen company developments. France is regularly cited among the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. On the contrary, the environmental problems in China are alarming. Each year, the economic development is characterized by high consumption and high pollution. The policy of modernization and economic growth implemented by the Chinese authorities now includes consideration of environmental constraints as one of its main components. The issue of waste has become over time more and more problematic mainly because of their significant increase. However, awareness of the need for effective waste management only appeared late in minds. Waste treatment is one of the major environmental problems which each country in the world is facing, and the situation does not improve with the improvement of living standards. Faced with the increase in waste generation, the French legislator established in 1975 the county and regional waste management plans to encourage their recovery by means of the promotion of selective collection, recycling and incineration with energy recovery. In October 1995, China adopted a law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste in order to resolve the problems caused by waste. In the light of the French and Chinese regulations, this thesis aims at carrying out a comparative study of the similarities and differences in terms of waste management, namely the processing and destruction of waste and the administrative policies and public order governing trade in waste. As regards French law, we shall examine, namely, Law No 75-633 of 15 July 1975 on waste disposal and recovery of materials and Law n ° 76-663 of 19 July 1976 on classified installations for environmental protection. Concerning Chinese law, we shall examine the law on the prevention of pollution caused by solid waste was adopted on 30 October 1995; the Circular Economy Law of 29 August 2008; and the law on the promotion of clean production of 29 June 2002. Circular economy is a new mode of economic operation, implementing the principles of reduction and recovery of waste as well as the the reduction of waste harmfulness. This new mode was adopted by both the French and the Chinese laws. The comparative study focuses on the major principles and the adoption of specific measures for these two regulations. The international cooperation in terms of laws on waste in France and China is crucial. The study of the rules at international level on transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous waste has focused on human health and the environment. Many actions are performed to improve, restore or maintain the status of the various compartments of the environment and reduce the damages from human activities on the environment
Roudie, Marie. "Les déchets industriels : cas d'une entreprise pharmaceutique : aspects règlementaires et techniques." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P057.
Vila, Anne. "Le déchet entre marché et protection de l'environnement." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090012.
Millet-Devalle, Anne-Sophie. "L'invention d'un système juridique : nucléaire et droit." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0015.
The industrial uses of the atom have been taking care of by the law for thirsty years in the beginning; the legal system was used in order to facilitate the development of nuclear energy (characterized by the lack of specificity of the origins of law and of its content) and to manage nuclear risks. Further on, the characteristics of the atom made it necessary to find new legal solutions (reform of the public inquiry, procedures of important public works, special regime of responsibility) and other solutions to influence the social law and environmental law. The atom requires also democratization as well on the internal basis (decentralization and right to be informed) as on the international level (regime of nuclear materials and cooperation in case of transfrontary pollution). These characteristics allow to detect the birth of a legal nuclear system
Zentner, Franck. "De la gestion des dechets menagers : l'exemple champardennais." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIMD012.
Huteau-Mouglalis, Alexia. "Déchets ménagers : le transfert des responsabilités opérationnelles et financières vers le producteur initial : étude de droit comparé franco-italien, les exemples des villes de Nantes et de Naples." Nantes, 2008. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=5b17586c-1392-4e8b-bb91-bed0bdf7c877.
La produzione di rifiuti, intrinseca all’attività umana, è sempre stata fonte di problemi e rischi ambientali e sanitari. Inizialmente concepiti come i residui del nostro consumo, i rifiuti erano percepiti solo tenendo conto del loro valore negativo come fonte di inquinamento. Grazie alle evoluzioni tecnologiche e normative, le attività di valorizzazione trasformano il valore negativo connesso alla nozione di rifiuti in un valore economico positivo. Questa tesi ha l’ambizione di dimostrare quanto sia importante scegliere le modalità di gestione e di valorizzazione dei rifiuti urbani, in termini di conseguenze economiche ed ambientali. Una constatazione è fatta: le difficoltà incontrate dall’attuale pubblico servizio di valorizzazione per raggiungere gli obbiettivi normativi e per esercitare un’influenza sui modi di consumo e di produzione, ci invitano a proporre un modello alternativo. In un contesto di uniformazione comunitaria ed attraverso le questioni di integrazione delle politiche ambientali ed economiche, la possibilità di elaborare un dispositivo giuridico di regolazione del trasferimento delle responsabilità operative e finanziarie dall’autorità organizzatrice del servizio verso il produttore iniziale del prodotto è stata dimostrata. Essa consiste nel promuovere l’attuazione di una politica globale di gestione dei prodotti che mira a dare avvio ad un’economia a basso consumo di risorse naturali, più competitiva e più sostenibile. Da un lato il regime giuridico del pubblico servizio di valorizzazione dei rifiuti urbani (come presentato negli ordinamenti francese ed italiano e secondo la sua concessione in diritto comunitario) è stato analizzato attraverso gli esempi delle città di Nantes e di Napoli. Dall’altro la sua liberalizzazione economica, via la tecnica contrattuale, associata agli strumenti di diritto pubblico economico, è stata esaminata. L’obbiettivo è quello di consentire la piena attuazione del principio di “chi inquina paga”, che esige che i costi di raccolta e di trattamento siano sostenuti dai produttori proprietari dei detti rifiuti
Regarding the technological evolution and changing regulatory practicies that create real possibilities of transforming waste into an economic benefit, this thesis has the ambition to deal with fundamental question of waste management by focusing law towards a corporate responsibility with a special regard to environmental consequences
Villa, Jean-Baptiste. "Récupération et valorisation humanitaire des médicaments non utilisés (MNU) en France." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P047.
Le, Dorlot Emmanuelle. "Pour une approche géographique de la gestion des déchets ménagers : les rapports État/collectivités locales dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010611.
The historical background to domestic waste does not begin with the consumer society but with man. At all times, this wast has posed many problems. Nowadays, these problems increased with the raise in tonnage, mass, toxicity, material complexity. . . The domestic waste issue being difficult to ignore, the state adopted a policy over 2 decades now to reduce the environmental threat linked to waste. However, despite new objectives meant in theory to resolve the problem, the issue is still in deadlock and there is a clear divide between state policy and local council policy, wich is increasing and widening. The mayors barely enforce the laws. Beyond, this self-evident divide, clearly shown through my research of local community politics in the departemental sector of hautes-pyrenees, the purpose of my study was intented to underline, understand this split (analysis of some constraints : space, distance, behaviour, cost,. . . ) And to offer some policy leads (growing public awareness, growth of recovery and recycling, growth of environmentaly friendly products) to reduce it
Trinquelle, Isabelle. "La dynamique Région-Etat-Union Européenne face à la gestion des déchets. Quel rôle pour les régions d’Europe? A travers les exemples de l’Allemagne, la Belgique, la France, l’Italie et l'Espagne." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA111002.
More than 2,2 billion tons of waste are produced each year in Europe. The necessity to manage this situation implies three essential political actors : the European union, its member states and their regions. The research here examines the dynamic of the current distribution of competences and focuses on the present and future role of the regions with regard to this particular sector of the environment. The investigation concerns five E. U. Member states including regional authorities with various ranges of competence : Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Following an analysis of competence sharing, under community law and under the law of each country, divers dysfunctions in implementation are pointed out. These are linked with the particular complexity of the question of wastes and also with the plurality of actors whose interventions are sometimes incompatible. To overcome this situation, some proposals are made to improve the existing regions-states-European union dynamic. In particular, re-definition of the proper responsibilities of each authority level and development of means of cooperation can prevent conflicts and foster coherent management. In this context, the potential of regions is emphasized for the realization of European integration and, above all, integration of environmental concerns into general policy
Lissa, Geay Lorenza. "L'harmonisation du droit pénal des déchets en Europe : étude comparée franco-italienne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D084.
France and Italy must solve the dramatic problem of preventing, managing and eliminating large quantities of incresingly dangerous waste. The historical differences between the legal traditions of these two countries justify a comparative study of their respective criminal arrangements to combat waste crime with european law in the backgroung. In order to cope the weakness of international law, European law had accept several major challenges. It created a common waste language, based on a complex of shared notions and definitions, it has harmonised the administrative law of waste and it has imposed on Member States obligations to inctiminate harmful behaviour or dangerous behaviour committed by malicious or coulpable negligence. But other challenges have to be faced. The quality of criminal law must be improved and made compatible with fundamntal principles tested by the referral technique and the precautionary principle. In particular, respect for the principles of legality and necessity of punishement must be garateed. In addition, for the time being, it has not possible to harmonise general criminal law or penalities. Moreover, the national legislator is sometimes seduced by the sirens of urgency and adopts questionables mesures to teckle the crisis of waste, as happend in Italy in recent years. All theses problems hinder the harmonisation of waste criminal law and will be solved in the years to come
Nava, Romain. "Étude du cadre juridique relatif à la gestion des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1034.
Radioactive waste appeared simultaneously with the discovery of artificial radioactivity and saw their output is significantly increased with the development of the civil nuclear industry in the 1960s. Notwithstanding, it is only very recently that’s law has seized the difficult issue of their management through texts devoted to it.In the same way that radioactive waste is managed separately according to their activity and half-life, the legal framework for the management of radioactive waste has naturally led to a temporal dichotomy. Then we distinguish two main corpus of standards. The first-one supervises the radioactive waste whose management modes to immediately ensure the safety of people and the environment while the second-one deals with radioactive waste for which security must be guaranteed on long term, insofar as it does not exist to date definitive management solution for waste.This work aims to show how the specific provisions of each of the two bodies involved in the safety of people and the environment and expose potential persistent difficulties
Ebert, Chloé. "Le régime juridique des immersions en milieu marin." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32073.
Pollution resulting from dumping operations is ruled by various international texts of which contents has been transposed for most of it in our internal law. The subject of the present study is to set out the legal system of dumping as it results from all these texts. In this perspective, it has been necessary to define first the operation of dumping by determining the action from which it results on the one hand, the substance which is the object of it on the other hand. So it has resulted from this, that the operation of dumping supposes a voluntary action, of which the aimed finality is to eliminate a substance, which will be susceptible to have a harmful effect on the marine environment in which is dumped. The legal nature of the operation being ascertained thus, the study of its conditions showed an important evolution of its legal system. At the beginning the operation could be authorized from the moment the substance which was to be dumped was not expressly mentioned by the texts. However as the evolution of the environmental law went on and notably as certain principles raised to the status of fundamental principles appeared, the tendency has been reversed. The operation will be forbidden, unless it relates to certain substances exhaustively listed by the texts, and within certain precise conditions which will have to be abided by
Schellenberger, Thomas. "Le droit public des utilisations du sous-sol : réflexions sur le régime juridique des stockages géologiques de déchets." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1005.
Industrial waste of all kinds are burried in the underground for an indefinite period of time. With this displacement, both in space and time, the rules of law face the challenge of two specific, and more or less distant, worlds: the subsoil and the long term. Legal frameworks for underground storage strengthen the technique of underground storage in its role as an outlet for industrial activities which are carried out on the surface. Underground storage shifts the environmental load of waste. On the one hand, the legal frameworks for subsoil use is favourable to industrial exploitation and therefore to the use of the underground as a storage place for waste. When it comes to the decision-making process for public action in relation with the subsoil, arbitration must be made between the competing interests at stake, both in democratic and technical terms. Besides, the rights to exploit the underground ressources can hamper environmental protection measures. On the other hand, underground storage compels the rules of law to look to the future. The legal tools to anticipate the years ahead are placed under severe strain. The challenge lies in how to share the burden of waste over time between the public and the private spheres. In the same way, the landfill burial of hazardous waste on a transgenerational scale questions the content and scope of legal responsability towards future generations
Guyon, Thierry. "Les entreprises nationales et l'environnement." Lyon 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO33033.
Belveze, Corinne. "Construire une influence dans les interstices de l'Union Européenne.Mobilisation et place des collectivités territoriales européennes dans les textes adoptés en procédure législative ordinaire (paquets "économie circulaire" et "énergie propre pour tous les européens")." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1020.
Do local and regional authorities have an influence on texts adopted in ordinary legislative procedure at European level? Focusing on energy and waste and adopting a definition of influence as the extent to which authorities are taken into account in the successive drafts, the thesis follows the way in which this type of actors mobilizes and tries to influence the Community legislative process throughout its development (from its preparation within the European Commission to trilogues and the adoption of texts). To do so, it relies on a methodology centered on "text writers" and combining process-tracing, attributed influence and textual analysis.Our research shows that, depending on the case at stake, local and regional authorities can be more or less influential, at all levels of the legislative process, and are not necessarily supported by the Commission or the Parliament as an institution. If certain political groups, segments of the Commission or Member States seem more inclined to give them their support depending on the issues (with variability including within each sector), the authorities are actually faced with two obstacles: the interpretation of the principle of subsidiarity by legislators and the objective of a competitive European internal market.In cases where we find, despite of these obstacles, a strong influence of local and regional authorities, we identify specific formulations in legislative texts that make it possible to circumvent these obstacles, and which we have called "editorial parries". We highlight two types of them in our case studies: “parries by mixing”, which consist in integrating local and regional authorities into a larger private category, and “parries by invisibizing”, which avoid mentioning authorities and their role. These "editorial parries" suggest that local and regional authorities enjoy a step-by-step and relatively low profile influence in the texts, but still real
Sakaya, Jamal. "Towards Effective Environmental Regulations—Operations Management Perspective." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022EHEC0009.
In this thesis, I examine the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the take-back policies used in the European Union (EU) to fight global warming and manage some waste categories. I study three key research problems associated with them: (i) how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that reduces the number of allowances in circulation and places excess allowances in a reserve, (ii) how the EU ETS and the take-back policies interact, and (iii) is it better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. Each chapter covers one problem. In the first chapter, I examine how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that allows the regulator to remove a percentage of surplus allowances and put them in a reserve—the market stability reserve. I study the firms’ strategies for compliance with this reform and the regulator’s problem of setting a policy parameter—the percentage of surplus allowances to withdraw–– that encourages emissions abatement without sacrificing economic prosperity. To do that, I model a game spanning two periods, in which the regulator first sets the policy parameter and then firms produce their output, reduce emissions, and participate in the auction for allowances. In the second chapter, I study how the EU ETS and waste take-back policies interact and impact each other’s economic and environmental effectiveness. To that end, I model a game where suppliers subject to a carbon cap-and-trade policy supply raw material to manufacturers subject to take-back policy with a minimum recycling target. In the third chapter, I study if it is better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. To that end, I consider the electronic waste context, and I use two stylized models to compare the economic and environmental effectiveness of two policies: a percentage-based take-back policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture a percentage of the new products they introduce into the market, and an allowance- based policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture all the new products they introduce into the market except a limited quantity of products that can end up in landfills untreated. This limited quantity is determined by the number of allowances manufacturers gain in an auction
Abba, Souleymane Aïssata. "La protection juridique de l’environnement urbain au Niger : le cas de Niamey." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30001.
For some, related to the underdevelopment, for others, attached blissfully to long walk towards the industrialisation, the problems of environment and urbanisation are essential, from their acuity, with all the “consciences”. The degradation of the urban environment is undeniable. , when they are not non-existent, the juridicisation of the concerns of the urban environment and the political discourse show cripples. Niger, following the example of all Africa, invites to dedicate its clearness with a reflection: how to govern the urbanisation and to ensure a healthy environment and of quality ? Thus, the legal protection of the urban environment in Niger returns to the analysis of the problems of urbanisation and the concerns of environment, in view of the implementation of the right. In the town of Niamey, the attacks with the environment, well-known, offer a “show” of desolation, insidiously affecting nature and the life. They threaten pubic health, while contributing to generate the loss of quality of life. With the crossing of the socio-economic challenges, the legal regulations protection improvement of living environment are not easily applicable. The politico-institutional divergences, the conflicts of laws, the permanence of the traditional rights and gravity rising from some practical cultural are at the origin of a complexity, which reveals the limits of the legal system of protection of urban environment. Our present production aims to analyze the right and the principles which govern the developement urban and the concerns of the environment through the evolution of environmental protection urban in the town of Niamey, while locating the place of environmental protection in the public policies