Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déchets de production'
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Saint-Joly, Claude. "Vers une amélioration de la rentabilité des installations de biogaz : modélisation technico-économique de la production : utilisation et contribution à la connaissance du procédé en discontinu." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT005A.
Full textAissaoui, Mustapha, and Mustapha Aissaoui. "Valorisation d'un résidu industriel pour la production d'hydrogène par un procédé intensifié de vaporeformage du glycérol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37365.
Full textLa capture du CO2 est, de nos jours, une opération très convoitée car elle permet de réduire les émissions des gaz à effets de serre. Elle peut également être appliquée dans l’intensification des procédés de vaporeformage par l’utilisation des adsorbants chimiques «haute-température» (vaporeformage couplé avec la capture in-situ du CO2 (sorption-enhanced steam reforming, SESR)), afin d’augmenter significativement la pureté de l’hydrogène en une seule étape. Parmi les adsorbants solides utilisés dans ce procédé, ceux qui sont à base de CaO ont montré une certaine efficacité. Toutefois, l’agglomération des particules de CaO au cours de l’opération cyclique carbonatation/régénération rend leur utilisation à échelle industrielle difficile. L’ajout de composants inertes à l’adsorbant est l’une des stratégies utilisées afin d’augmenter sa stabilité. L’objectif principal de ce travail est la valorisation d’un résidu métallurgique (oxyde d’UGS, UGSO) afin de développer un matériau hybride adsorbant-catalyseur pour application dans la production d’hydrogène de haute pureté par SESR du glycérol. Plusieurs échantillons contenant des proportions différentes UGSO/CaO ont été préparés et testés pour évaluer l'efficacité de l’UGSO dans la stabilisation de l’adsorbant. Les expériences ont été réalisées en utilisant un analyseur gravimétrique intelligent (IGA, Hiden Isochema). Pour tous les échantillons étudiés, une meilleure stabilité a été enregistrée lors de l’ajout de l’UGSO. Les résultats ont montré que l’échantillon contenant 10% en masse UGSO a présenté la meilleure stabilité avec une conversion de CaO de 76% au 18ème cycle carbonatation/régénération, contre une conversion de 55% pour l’échantillon CaO pur testé dans les mêmes conditions. Ce meilleur rapport UGSO/CaO a été ensuite utilisé pour préparer un matériau hybride adsorbant-catalyseur et ses performances ont été testées dans le procédé SESR du glycérol. Les résultats ont montré une production d’hydrogène de pureté élevée avec un rendementde 96%. Les résultats obtenus dans ce mémoire peuvent contribuer à l’optimisation du procédé de vaporeformage du glycérol couplé à l’adsorption in-situ duCO2.
Résumé en espagnol
Résumé en espagnol
CO2 capture is, nowadays, a widely discussed subject as it helps reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. It can also intensify steam reforming processes through the use of high-temperature sorbents, in order to produce high purity hydrogen in a single step (sorption-enhanced steam reforming, SESR). Among the solid sorbents used in this process, those based on CaO have shown good results. However, the agglomeration of sorbent particles (sintering) during the cyclic operation carbonation/regeneration makes their use difficult at an industrial scale. The addition of inert compounds to the sorbent is one of the strategies used to increase its stability. The main objective of this work is the valorization of a metallurgical waste called UGS oxide (UGSO), in order to develop a hybrid sorbent-catalyst material for application in the production of hydrogen with high purity by SESR of glycerol. Several samples with different UGSO/CaO ratios were synthesized and tested to evaluate the efficiency of UGSO in thesorbent stabilization. The experiments were performed using an intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA, Hiden Isochema). For all samples, a better stability was obtained in the presence of UGSO. The results showed that the sorbent containing 10 wt.% UGSO achieved the best stability with a CaO conversion of 76% at the 18th carbonation/regeneration cycle compared to 55% for pure CaO (limestone) tested under the same conditions. This optimal UGSO/CaO ratio was then used to prepare a hybrid sorbent-catalyst material and its performance was tested in the SESR of glycerol. The results showed the production of hydrogen with high purity (97%) and yield (96%). The results obtained in this master thesis can contribute to the optimization of the sorption enhanced steam glycerol reforming process.
CO2 capture is, nowadays, a widely discussed subject as it helps reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. It can also intensify steam reforming processes through the use of high-temperature sorbents, in order to produce high purity hydrogen in a single step (sorption-enhanced steam reforming, SESR). Among the solid sorbents used in this process, those based on CaO have shown good results. However, the agglomeration of sorbent particles (sintering) during the cyclic operation carbonation/regeneration makes their use difficult at an industrial scale. The addition of inert compounds to the sorbent is one of the strategies used to increase its stability. The main objective of this work is the valorization of a metallurgical waste called UGS oxide (UGSO), in order to develop a hybrid sorbent-catalyst material for application in the production of hydrogen with high purity by SESR of glycerol. Several samples with different UGSO/CaO ratios were synthesized and tested to evaluate the efficiency of UGSO in thesorbent stabilization. The experiments were performed using an intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA, Hiden Isochema). For all samples, a better stability was obtained in the presence of UGSO. The results showed that the sorbent containing 10 wt.% UGSO achieved the best stability with a CaO conversion of 76% at the 18th carbonation/regeneration cycle compared to 55% for pure CaO (limestone) tested under the same conditions. This optimal UGSO/CaO ratio was then used to prepare a hybrid sorbent-catalyst material and its performance was tested in the SESR of glycerol. The results showed the production of hydrogen with high purity (97%) and yield (96%). The results obtained in this master thesis can contribute to the optimization of the sorption enhanced steam glycerol reforming process.
Bellenfant, Gaël. "MODELISATION DE LA PRODUCTION DE LIXIVIAT EN CENTRE DE STOCKAGE DE DÉCHETS MÉNAGERS." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00419919.
Full textNous nous sommes intéressés au bilan hydrique à l'échelle d'un casier de stockage de déchets ménagers pour tenter de quantifier les flux d'eau entre le casier et l'extérieur (pluviométrie, ruissellement et évaporation) et à l'intérieur des déchets.
Un casier de décharge a été instrumenté pour suivre l'évolution des termes du bilan hydrique. Cette étude a pour intérêt de présenter une approche relativement complète du cycle de l'eau et d'utiliser la technologie TDR dans les déchets. Les températures ont aussi été mesurées afin d'étudier leur impact sur les écoulements.
Cette approche expérimentale a fourni des résultats originaux concernant le comportement thermique des déchets et des gradients de température observés. L'instrumentation en place a permis une quantification de l'infiltration à travers la couverture. Malgré les difficultés de comportement de certaines sondes, plusieurs capteurs TDR ont permis un bon suivi qualitatif des variations de teneur en eau en fond de casier. Une approche, pour calculer l'évaporation des déchets en contact avec l'atmosphère, a été proposée.
Une modélisation des transferts couplés d'humidité et de chaleur au sein des centres de stockage de déchets ménagers a donc été développée. Le comportement du modèle thermique s'est révélé très satisfaisant par rapport aux mesures sur site. Le modèle couplé, quant à lui, a permis de reproduire avec fidélité les variations de stock en eau dans la couverture ainsi que la hauteur de lixiviat en fond de puits. L'analyse du modèle a montré l'influence des températures avec notamment l'apparition de barrières thermiques ralentissant le transfert de l'eau vers le fond.
Bellenfant, Gaël. "Modélisation de la production de lixiviat en centre de stockage de déchets ménagers." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2001_BELLENFANT_G.pdf.
Full textForecasting the quantity of leachate is a major issue in short and long term management of solid waste landfilI celIs, for environment protection as weIl as for financial aspects. We tried to assess the water budget at the scale of a landfilI celI in order to estimate the water fluxes inside wantes and at atmospheric interface (rainfalI, runoff, evaporation or evapotranpiration when the celI is covered with earth and vegetation). A celI was equipped for the monitoring of different tenus of the water budget, in a quite comprehensive manner. Time domain reflectometry probes were used for soil and waste moi sture measurement. Temperatures were also monitored in order to assess their influence on flows. This experimental approach produced new results about thermal behaviour of solid waste and values oftemperature gradients. The monitoring enabled to quantify the infiltration through the cover. In spite of some sensors ill operating, we obtained a fairly good qualitative representation of the water content variations at the botttom of the cell. A method for estimation of evaporation from solid waste exposed to atmosphere was proposed. Modelling of water and heat fluxes within solid waste was developped. The coupled model was able to simulate properly the water content variations of the cover, and the leachate height variations at the bottom. The interpretation of model results shows the influence of temperature, and the existence of a thermic « banier » limiting the updown water fluxes
Baba, Abdul-Rahim Mumuni. "Système urbain, système agraire, production et valorisation de déchets ménagers : le cas de la région de Tamale, Ghana." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR1804.
Full textFedeli, Matteo. "Vers la valorisation des déchets industriels : production de bio-DME à partir de biogaz." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP018.
Full textThis Ph.D. thesis investigates the industrial feasibility of bio-dimethyl ether (bio- DME) production from biogas. The study encompasses a thorough exploration, including a comprehensive techno-economic-environmental comparison of conventional and alternative biogas utilization, dynamic behavior analysis of the bio-DME process, economic evaluations of direct and indirect DME production methods, and the proposal of an innovative bio-DME synthesis process featuring high CO2 activity catalysts and a licensed reactor from Politecnico di Milano. Utilizing advanced simulation tools (Aspen HYSYSv11, Aspen PLUSv11, AVEVA™Dynamic Simulation), environmental impact assessment software (SimaPro), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis with Matlab, the research yields significant results. The dynamic simulation reveals optimal design layouts, and the proposed bio-DME process achieves a steady-state condition in approximately 11 hours, producing 99.9% pure product at a rate of 16,800 tons/year. The comparative study between direct and indirect DME production methods indicates similar profitability levels but with distinctions in initial capital investment and operational costs. Furthermore, the environmental impact assessment demonstrates that bio-DME production exhibits superior environmental performance, particularly in categories such as global warming potential (GWP), ecotoxicity, land use, and water usage. The study emphasizes the critical role of government incentives in making bio-DME production economically viable and environmentally sustainable. This research contributes valuable insights into the field of sustainable energy production, highlighting the potential of bio-DME synthesis and the significance of innovative process configurations
Baldé, Younoussa Moussa. "Modélisation et estimation de digesteurs anaérobies pour la dépollution de déchets et la production d'énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST183.
Full textIn the current context of global warming, the development of renewable energies represents a major challenge. Anaerobic digestion appears to be a very promising solution for achieving the objective of promoting the production of clean energy (biogas) while generating a natural and clean fertilizer for agricultural use (digestate). The final objective is to optimize this process by means of an automated system. However, the process is complex, and uncertain, involving a large number of bacteria and unknown chemical composition of the substrate.Thus, there are multiple challenges to achieving the objectives. Firstly, it is necessary to develop and validate simple models for the complex phenomena taking place in the process. Secondly, the lack of physical sensors intrinsic to anaerobic digestion must be overcome. This aspect is all the more important as it represents one of the barriers to the industrial exploitation of anaerobic digestion in waste treatment. Finally, it is necessary to set up efficient and robust control laws to optimise the operation of this process.In this thesis, the case of a pilot digester at the IST of Mamou (Guinea) was studied. The first step was to characterise the physico-chemical composition of different wastes (animal, municipal and industrial wastes). Then, a mathematical model was determined from the experimental data obtained on the pilot process (ADM1 model and reduced models). Finally, the design of an estimator for the growth rate of bacteria in the digester was proposed from measurements of the biogas flow rate produced
Lhomme, Bibiane. "Production en masse du champignon filamenteux Rhizopus arrhizus et études des capacités de biosorption du mycellium à l'égard du cadmium." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10089.
Full textLebon, Édouard. "Optimisation de la méthanisation sèche des déchets ménagers." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/19_43_ELebon.pdf.
Full textIt is urgent to define effective and coherent solutions to the problems of waste management in Reunion Island, while respecting the island's environment, whose soil and water resources are under great strain. One solution for organic waste management of human or animal origin is anaerobic digestion (AD). Overall, the volumes of waste collected by the various local authorities on Reunion Island are constantly increasing. Storage and treatment centres are struggling to keep up with this trend due to land and regulatory constraints. On Reunion Island, the volume of household waste is 313 kg/inhabitant/year. However, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) collected has a significant potential for AD that needs to be examined in detail in order to determine the conditions for recovery by biogas production. The aim of this work is to study in scientifically and technically the potential development of the dry AD of OFMSW in Reunion Island. For this purpose, a first work of characterisation of household waste has been carried out on the territory of Reunion Island. Next, the methane potential of the OFMSW was determined experimentally following a mixing plan to highlight the synergistic effect of the different types of OFMSW. In addition, a kinetic model for methane production, a predictive model and a modification of the ADM1 model were developed
Pichon, Caroline. "Inhibition de la production d'hydrogène radiolytique dans les déchets nucléaires de type "enrobés bitumineux". Etude de l'interaction entre l'hydrogène et l'hydroxosulfure de cobalt." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00148343.
Full textIn the nuclear field in France, the bitumen is mainly used for the conditioning of the radioactive muds generated by the fuel reprocessing. However, the self-irradiation of the bitumen induces a production of hydrogen which generates safety problems. The comparison of various storage sites showed that the presence of cobalt hydroxosulphide limited such a production. Consequently, this compound was regarded as an « inhibitor of radiolytic hydrogen production » However, the origin of this phenomenon was not clearly identified. In order to propose an explanation to this inhibition phenomenon, model organic molecules were used to represent the components of the bitumen. Irradiations were carried out by protons to simulate the alpha radiolysis. The organic molecules irradiations by a proton beam showed that cobalt hydroxosulphide CoSOH, does not act as a hydrogenation catalyst of unsaturated hydrocarbons, nor as a radicals scavenger, but consists of a trap of hydrogen. Experiments of hydrogen trapping at ambient temperature were carried out according to two techniques: gravimetry and manometry. The solid was characterized before and after interaction with hydrogen (infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction). The initial solid was composed of amorphous cobalt hydroxosulphide and a minor phase of cobalt hydroxide. The gravimetry and manometry experiments showed that the maximum of hydrogen trapping capacity is equal to 0. 59 ± 0. 18 mole of hydrogen per mole of cobalt. After interaction with hydrogen, the Co(OH)₂ phase disappeared and a new solid phase appeared corresponding to CO₉S₈. These observations, as well as the analysis of the gas phase, made it possible to conclude with the following reaction (1): CoSOH + 11/2H₂ → CO₉S₈ + 9H₂O + H₂S (1). Gravimetry experiments at temperatures between 50 and 210°C revealed the desorption of water but not of hydrogen sulphide. The absence of hydrogen sulphide in gaseous phase and the Co(OH)₂ phase disappearance, could be explained according to the reaction (2): 9 Co(OH)₂ + 8 H₂S + H₂→ CO₉S₈ + 18 H₂O. By taking account of (1) and (2), the theoretical ratio of the quantity of hydrogen fixed per mole of cobalt is 0. 56, which is in agreement with the experimental value (0. 59). The analysis of the kinetic curves deduced from the gravimetry experiments were qualitatively analysed in terms of nucleation and growth processes in order to explain the phenomenon of « trapping » at various temperatures
Penaud, Valérie. "Valorisation d'une biomasse industrielle par voie biologique anaérobie : étude et optimisation de la production d'acides gras volatils." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20031.
Full textVîjeu, Rãzvan Andrei. "Étude de la gazéification des déchets de bois : modélisation thermochimique pour la production des combustibles gazeux propres." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2017.
Full textIn the actual economical and environmental context, favorable to the development of renewable energies, gasification proves to be a viable technology for the energetic valorization of biomass waste, and in particular of wood waste. The work presented in this report is part of a wider research oriented on staged gasification, in which the three main phases (drying/pyrolysis, partial combustion and reduction) have their own separate reactors. The theoretical study concentrates on the phases of drying/pyrolysis and reduction. The 2D model developed for the first phase is based on a nodal heat transfer method and uses simple mechanisms for thermal decomposition of wood and for mass transfer within the reactor. A similar model is also developed for reduction but in 1D configuration. It takes into account the reduction reactions with water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen and also the water-gas shift reaction for the gas phase equilibrium. The two models are validated using experimental laboratory data or literature data. In a purely exploratory approach, the knowledge acquired during the theoretical study allowed the design and construction of a pilot gasifier, containing three reactors especially developed for the three phases. The experimental data obtained aids the process optimization and highlights the steps to be taken towards an eventual pre-commercial state
Monnier, Claire. "Gestion des déchets pharmaceutiques industriels : application à l'unité de production de la pharmacie centrale des hôpitaux de Paris." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P145.
Full textKoledzi, Komi Edem. "Valorisation des déchets solides urbains dans les quartiers de Lomé (Togo) : approche méthodologique pour une production durable de compost." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/94ccd76c-1e63-4a7d-8512-0789b0d2fd61/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4002.pdf.
Full textThis research led to the establishment of the recovery of solid waste generated in the districts of Lome by composting ; the production of compost adapted to conditions in the city of Lome was evaluated from the production of waste in households up the agricultural use of produced compost. This study provides a guide for developing a sustainable production of compost in Lomé, it consists of five chapters : -study of the waste generation, - evaluation of primary collection, -optimization of composting parameters, -agricultural development and conceiving a sustainable composting process chain. Data obtained on the field for two years and two seasons (wet and dry), constitute not only the first database on the nature of the waste produced in Lome, but also a real tool for decision support for local deciders. Analysis of the pre-collection carried out by NGOs, identified the most relevant performance indicators. The composting process was optimized in terms of mass balance and quality of compost. Experiments in open fields with the produced compost were very interesting in terms of improved soil and crop. A platform model for informal sorting-composting plant (<5T/day), decentralized in the districts, was finally given on the basis of the obtained results
Boizi, Elloe Martin. "Co-valorisation de déchets lignocellulosiques en tant qu'adsorbants appliqués en dépollution aqueuse et production de chaleur par combustion." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1246.
Full textHernandez, Pardo Mario Andres. "Hydrogen production from anaerobic co-digestion of coffee mucilage and swine manure." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778944.
Full textKuncser, Radu. "Contribution à l'étude de la production et de la combustion en moteur Diesel d'huiles de pyrolyse de déchets thermoplastiques." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2090.
Full textThis work provides an experimental investigation in obtaining pyrolysis oil from thermoplastics waste. This oil can be used like liquid fuel for thermal engines or boilers. The investigation was carried on three types of installations, six types of thermoplastics and two types of thermosets, that permitting us to obtain the optimal parameters (temperature, heat rate) for the conversion in condensable products and to establish the proper waste for the energetic valorisation. As the viscosity of some condensable products is higher than the demand for the engine utilisation we evolved a catalytic conversion process. For this we used three types of catalysts. The conclusion of physico-chemical analysis of pyrolysis products (elementary analysis, heating value, water content, ash content, cloud point, flash point, etc…) was that we can use like liquid fuel for thermal engines the liquid fraction from two thermoplastics wastes. The fuels obtained were tests in Diesel engine and the engine performances, also the pollutant emissions were compared with those obtained using gas oil like fuel. In using the obtained liquid fuels we observe higher performances of the engine and lower pollutant emissions
Tran, Trung Duc. "Modélisation hydro-mécanique avec prise en compte de la production d’hydrogène dans les ouvrages de stockage des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10168.
Full textThe first part of this work is about the evaluation of a pressure of gaseous hydrogen produced by HA cells passing through the interfaces to the drift. Indeed, the calculations without consideration of interfaces show that the transfer of hydrogen takes place primarily by diffusion of hydrogen into the water through the foundation. However, in storage, the presence of many interfaces by construction (between bentonite core - Argillite etc.) or by fracturing of materials under the effect of hydrogen pressure, are the preferential pathways for transfer of gaseous hydrogen. The GTI (Gas Transfer in Interface) model was chosen to simulate the transfer of hydrogen produced by the HA cells to the backfilled drift. The maximum hydrogen pressure in the backfill is obtained in the case where the interface is always open. At 4500 years it goes from 5.2 MPa (always open interface) to 3.8 MPa by the valve effect due to the increase of hydrogen pressure. The comparisons between numerical simulations with and without taking into account the hydrogen pressures show that hydrogen pressures no or very little impact the pore pressure, the effective radial and orthoradial stresses. As a result, the simulations may be performed by considering a hydrogen pressure at atmospheric pressure, which is to work in a biphasic medium. The second part concerns the fractured zones induced by the excavation of volume. And the observations in the laboratory Meuse Haute Marne show the anisotropic fractured areas around drifts and HA cells consist of vertical and horizontal discontinuities. The weak anisotropies of stresses and Young modulus for the drifts oriented along σH (σv approximativement égal à σh) is not possible to reproduce the strong anisotropy of fractured areas in the plane σv - σh by a hypo-elasticity model with anisotropic initial diagenesis. For modelling these discontinuities, a rheological model was developed by EGC named SC2D combining two types of elastic-plastic behavior: one is associated with an anisotropic damage resulting behavior of the argillite enhanced by calcite and the other characterizing the phase of clay that means the argillite without reinforcement by calcite and plastic deformation when the stress state reaches the surface of diagenesis. Damage coefficients are evaluated from an extension relation of Weibull in considering the expansion deformations in the directions of diagenesis X(σH), Y(σh), Z(σv). The drifts around the fractured zones are characterized by areas where damage coefficients are unitary. Furthermore, the discontinuities are activated when damage reachesoefficient unit and these discontinuities are perpendicular to the directions of diagenesis and vertical or horizontal with them
Charnay, Florence. "Compostage des déchets urbains dans les pays en développement : élaboration d'une démarche méthodologique pour une production pérenne de compost." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6b62a58c-b533-4653-a4f2-fa06ead2ff7d/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0035.pdf.
Full text. . This study led to the design of a methodological expertise guide on urban waste composting in the developing countries to optimise the success conditions of this activity and its durability. This methodology includes all the step of the management from the waste collection to the agronomic compost valorisation and is based of a detailed dysfunctions listing. The first composting expertise of an industrial green waste contributed to check the methodological logic. A second industrial urban waste composting plant in developing countries made it possible to identify indicators who condition the compost production. Of these two experiments, a general guide could be elaborated including a collection waste validation and an agronomic compost valorisation
Khezami, Lotfi. "Production et caractérisation des charbons actifs à partir du bois et autres déchets végétaux : application en traitement des eaux." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1552.
Full textThe kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis were studied from thermogravimetric data. The kinetic model of Prout-Tomkins type is adapted to the pyrolysis of cellulose. The energy of activation corresponding to cellulose, lignin and xylan has been identified in dynamic mode. The activated carbon produced from wood and its basic components have been characterised by BET and adsorption from aqueous solution. Simultaneous measurements of DTA-TGA allowed to compare the heat of reaction and the decomposition rate of the wood components. Its Chemical activation by KOH and H3PO4 produce AC with height surface and adsorption capacity. Thermocompression confer to the wood a density two times larger than its initial density. Chemical activation with KOH results in a high surface area with a good adsorption capacity AC. The measurements of adsorption capacities of metal ions provide relevant results. The kinetics of the sorption process are found to follow the pseudo-second order law
Androšević, Renata. "Vers les systèmes constructifs à faible production de déchets : l'enveloppe des bâtiments résidentiels du XXIème siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC1005.
Full textThis research is inspired by the visionary projects which are trying to find the way to create built environment with low impact on the nature and all living creatures, especially human beings. It will help decision making process for all stakeholders to choose the best option when considering the materials, building technologies and building systems, which will have the lowest negative environmental impact, providing all necessary data.Analysing the existing methods and tools with their barriers and opportunities, the research attempts to find the way to overcome observed obstacles.Existing methodologies point out the importance of environmental impact predictions and they can show the differences between compared systems. Existing tools give precise numerical data of environmental impact.The approach proposed here shows that symbiosis of methodologies and tools can give the result that reaches the goal - to achieve low or no waste building construction.The new method includes building system evaluation (with comparison and ranking) and quantification of environmental impact. This provides a picture of the chosen system's impact and facilitates decision making. At the end of the process, it is evidently clear what could and should be changed and upgraded in order to have better performance and lower impact.This new method provides comparison, evaluation and quantification in terms of generation of the construction waste and contributes in lowering negative environmental impact
Fernández-Domínguez, Beatriz. "Etude de la production des fragments de fission issus de la réaction 208Pb+p à 500 AMeV." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2021.
Full textMeres, Matgorzata. "Analyse de la composition du biogaz en vue de l'optimisation de sa production et de son exploitation dans des centres de stockage des déchets ménagers." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793654.
Full textGuo, XinMei. "Biohydrogen production and metabolic pathways in dark fermentation related to the composition of organic solid waste." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20112/document.
Full textThis study aims to investigate the effect of solid substrates composition on hydrogen production performances, metabolic pathways and microbial community changes in batch reactor and their dynamics in semi continuous reactors (sCSTR). Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier which has gained scientific interest over the past decade. Biological H2, so-called biohydrogen, can especially be produced by dark fermentation processes concomitantly with value-added molecules (i.e. metabolic end-products), while organic waste is treated. However, the effect of solid organic waste composition on biohydrogen production in dark fermentation has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, a bibliographic review was made on hydrogen production from agricultural waste. This survey on literature showed that diverse performances were reported on hydrogen production due to the variability in substrate compositions and experimental conditions. After having optimized a protocol of biohydrogen potential test (BHP), a wide variety of organic solid substrates aiming to covering a large range of solid waste was tested to provide a comparable data analysis. The results of a PLS regression showed that only soluble carbohydrates or easily available carbohydrates correlated with hydrogen production. Furthermore, hydrogen yields correlated as well with butyrate H2-producing pathway which is consistent with the literature knowledge. A predictive model of hydrogen yield according to carbohydrate content was proposed. Then, experiments were carried out in sCSTR with Jerusalem artichoke tubers as a case study. It was shown that low organic loading rate favored continuous hydrogen production while higher organic loading introduced hydrogen competition pathways and decreased the overall hydrogen yields. Moereover, 16S rRNA gene based CE-SSCP profiles showed that increasing OLR had a significant effect on the microbial diversity by favoring the implementation of microorganisms not producing hydrogen, i.e. lactic acid bacteria
Yeshanew, Martha Minale. "Amélioration des rendements de traitement des déchets par digestion anaérobie : rôle d'un pré-traitement thermique et d'un traitement en bioréacteur en deux étapes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1166.
Full textAnaerobic digestion (AD) has been used over a century for an effective treatment of organic wastes. Interest in anaerobic treatment is continually increasing since it presents significant advantages when compared to alternative biological treatments and waste disposal options. This research study was mainly focused on optimization of the AD process, that was achieved through two different strategies. The first aimed at increasing the substrate biodegradability by a means of thermal pretreatment. The second was focused on the application of a biofilm based system to improve the biogas production rates and minimize the reactor size.Food waste (FW) was mainly used as a model substrate due to its suitable composition, abundance and renewability. In this thesis the influence of thermal pretreatment temperature on organic matter solubilization and methane yield of FW under different operational conditions was investigated. Significant improvement of the FW solubilization and biodegradability were observed for all thermally pretreated FW compared to the untreated FW. The highest biodegradability enhancement, i.e. + 28 %, was observed for FW treated at the lowest thermal pretreatment temperature, i.e. 80 ⁰C. The results showed a strong correlation between the substrate type (e.g. carbohydrate, protein and lipid content), the thermal pretreatment temperature and its effectiveness in promoting the biodegradability.In the second part of the work, a prolonged operation of an integrated two-stage system, including a continuously stirred tank and an anaerobic biofilm reactor, was carried out to produce biohythane (biohydrogen and methane) from the FW. The anaerobic biofilm reactor was employed to overcome the biomass wash-out from the reactor. The formation of a well-matured and balanced AD biomass greatly improved the process stability, which was not affected by shortening the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 6 to 3.7 days in the first reactor and from 20 to 1.5 days in the second reactor. Moreover a two-stage system, comprised of a pilot scale batch dark fermenter and an anaerobic biofilm reactor co-producing hydrogen and methane from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), was used to assess the capability of the anaerobic biofilm reactor to face an organic shock loads. The results showed a faster recovery of anaerobic biofilm reactor performance after the shock load events
Villeronce, Johan. "Approches chimique, écologique et règlementaire de la production de pâte à papier blanchie : application aux cas du sorgho sucrier et de l'eucaplyptus." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT007C.
Full textJolivet, Patrick. "Représentation économique du comportement écologique des consommateurs : le cas des déchets ménagers." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003288.
Full textLa problématique centrale de cette thèse est donc la suivante : peut-on représenter économiquement le phénomène ‘déchet' dans l'acte individuel de consommation ? Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous proposons de représenter la sensibilité des consommateurs vis-à-vis de l'environnement, en général, et des déchets en particulier. Le postulat est que les individus peuvent intégrer la variable ‘environnement' dans leurs choix de consommation, dès l'achat de produits sur le marché : ceci définit ce que nous proposons d'appeler la rationalité environnementale continue des agents économiques.
Dans une seconde partie, nous caractérisons le comportement d'un individu qui choisit de trier ses déchets. A partir d'une enquête qualitative que nous avons réalisée, nous recherchons dans les discours et les pratiques des agents à définir ce qu'est le comportement du consommateur-producteur (-trieur) de déchets. Il apparaît, lors de cette enquête, que la sensibilité écologique des agents économiques, lorsqu'elle existe, ne se traduit pas prioritairement dans leurs choix de consommation. Les préoccupations vis-à-vis des déchets ménagers, postérieures aux décisions d'achat de biens, définissent une rationalité environnementale discontinue et nous conduisent à élargir le cadre d'analyse traditionnel du consommateur.
Mughal, Arshad Saleem. "Valorisation industrielle intégrée d'agro-ressources non alimentaires : contribution au développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse énergétique et environnementale basée sur le génie des procédés." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT042G.
Full textBonnet, Marie-Claude. "Contribution à l'étude de la valorisation des déchets lignocellulosiques par ozonation." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2261.
Full textDoussoulin, bustos Jean Pierre. "Grands cycles de la biosphère, systèmes de valeurs et opportunités d’économie circulaire à échelle territoriale : le cas de traitement des déchets ménagers au centre Ivry-Paris XIII." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV088/document.
Full text1. Introduction : This thesis attempts to evaluate the opportunities of the circular economy at the territorial scale and to engage the role of biogeochemical cycles, economic systems and the institutional boundaries between the environment and the economy, during the transformation project of the waste treatment center at Ivry-Paris XVIII. To achieve this thesis, three different dimensions can be taken into consideration. The first one, inspired by the definition of biosphere proposed by Vernadsky, analyzes the pathways of molecules such as nitrogen in the biosphere. The second one, closer to the perspective supported by Sraffa and Leontief, leads to reconstruct a history of economics based on the interface between economy and environment. The third one, inspired by Moore's dialectical method, is to confront the positioning of the actors around the regulation of the boundaries between the processes of appropriation of the economy and the preservation of the environment.2. Methodology : The fourth part of the thesis aims at proposing a conceptual framework of successive or simultaneous steps to develop its strategy of circular economy using the three analysis dimensions, In this context, The thesis proposes a Sraffa’s typology of ten structures of the system to formalize economic-physical relations.The application of the circular economy model has the advantage of facilitating the identification and selection of a coherent set of interdependent indicators (system of indicators) enabling the characterization of the different dimensions of the close of material and energy flows. It is often possible to measure the closure of the loops of certain processes using indicators proposed by Liu Yifang and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.3. Case of study - What Ivry-Paris XIII plant project would suit for tomorrow? : To answer this question, we explored three cases of study. 1. The case of landfilling of waste without looping mechanisms, 2. The case of urban composting which considers close the loops of the matter flow. 3. The case of incineration of waste which examines looping of energy flows.On the basis of the results of the indicators, our three case studies correspond to different flows configurations in the same territory.The move from incineration to urban composting has been explained on the basis of non-profit urban composting. This volunteer characteristic of the house composting can be illustrated by a Sraffian profit rate equal to zero. We must note that the selling price of compost poses a financial problem in the value system and hence subsidies will be necessary for its smooth running. Then, the ton of compost can be subsidized, at the price of a landfill.We will also be able to propose an alternative subsidy to household composting therefore; an industrial composting that can be carried out by a recycling company such as Bio Yvelines Services. In addition, the transition to the incineration can be managed by the Metropolitan Household Waste Agency (Syctom). The project of rebuilding the Ivry-Paris XIII treatment plant also shows a certain complexity of interaction between public and private actors and civil society, which raises the question of the state's capacity for a public discussion
Pichon, Caroline. "Inhibition de la production d'hydrogène radiolytique dans les déchets nucléaires de type « enrobés bitumineux » :étude de l'interaction entre l'hydrogène et l'hydroxosulfure de cobalt." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00148343.
Full textque la présence d'hydroxosulfure de cobalt limitait le gonflement. En conséquence, ce composé a été considéré comme un «inhibiteur de production d'hydrogène radiolytique». Cependant, l'origine
de ce phénomène n'a pas été clairement identifiée à ce jour. Afin de proposer une explication à ce phénomène d'inhibition, des molécules organiques modèles ont été utilisées afin de représenter les constituants du bitume. Des irradiations ont été effectuées par des protons afin de simuler la radiolyse alpha. L'irradiation de molécules organiques par un faisceau de protons a montré que l'hydroxosulfure de cobalt CoSOH n'agit pas comme un
catalyseur d'hydrogénation des hydrocarbures insaturés, ni en tant qu'intercepteur de radicaux, mais
qu'il est un piège à hydrogène. Des expériences de piégeage d'hydrogène à température ambiante ont été effectuées selon deux techniques : la gravimétrie et la manométrie. Le solide a été caractérisé avant et après interaction avec l'hydrogène (spectroscopies infrarouge et Raman, diffraction des rayons X). Le solide initial
est composé de l'hydroxosulfure de cobalt amorphe et d'une phase minoritaire d'hydroxyde de cobalt. Les expériences de gravimétrie et de manométrie montrent que la capacité maximale de piégeage d'hydrogène est égale à 0,59 ± 0,18 mole d'hydrogène par mole de cobalt. Après interaction avec l'hydrogène, la phase Co(OH)2 disparaît et une nouvelle phase solide apparaît
correspondant à Co9S8. Ces observations, ainsi que l'analyse de la phase gazeuse, permettent de conclure à la réaction (1) suivante :
9 CoSOH + 11/2 H2 = Co9S8 + 9 H2O + H2S (1).
Des expériences de gravimétrie conduites à des températures entre 50 et 210°C ont mis en évidence la désorption d'eau mais pas celle de sulfure d'hydrogène. L'absence de sulfure d'hydrogène en phase gazeuse et la disparition de la phase Co(OH)2, peuvent s'expliquer selon la réaction (2) :
9 Co(OH)2 + 8 H2S + H2 = Co9S8 + 18 H2O (2).
En tenant compte de (1) et (2), le rapport théorique de la quantité d'hydrogène fixé par mole de cobalt est de 0,56, ce qui est en accord avec la valeur expérimentale déterminée (0,59). L'analyse de l'allure des courbes de vitesse déduites des expériences de gravimétrie permet de proposer des modèles cinétiques de germination-croissance pour rendre compte du phénomène de « piégeage » aux différentes températures.
Shi, Yuting. "Carbon production from different wood species : Determination and comparision of some properties." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10139.
Full textThis report concerns the carbonization of different biomass wastes by soft pyrolysis in a first part. In a second part, the charcoals produced have been activated by water vapor. 6 wood species (ash, oak, douglas, Sitka spruce, beech and poplar) have been carbonized and the activation has been investigated on 4 wood species (oak, douglas, spruce and poplar). The first chapter of this report consists in a bibliographical study on biomass, its energetic valorization, production of charcoals and their activation. The second chapter of this report presents the experimental results concerning the carbonization. When the carbonization is complete, the main physical properties of the charcoals produced can be correlated to the initial properties of oven dry woods. The anatomic changes induced by pyrolysis have been explained from measurements performed on a mercury porosimeter and observations on an electronic microscope. In the third chapter, charcoals produced from the 4 wood species cited have been activated with water vapor at 800 °C during 1 hour. The main physical parameters characterizing the activated carbons have been determined. The adsorption of phenol in an aqueous phase has been investigated and the isotherms of sorption at 25 °C have been described. The study of mass transfers shows that the adsorption of phenol can be characterized by a global mass transfer coefficient. During the adsorption, 3 successive limiting steps have been observed. For each step, the mass transfer coefficient is quite constant but its value is divided by about 10 after each change of step
Mungyeko, Bisulandu Baby-Jean Robert. "Modélisation de l'apport d'énergie par combustibles alternatifs dans les fours tournants de production de ciment." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3001/document.
Full textBecause of the depletion of fossil fuels and because of its increasing cost, waste has been used as alternative fuels in cement rotary kilns for several years. In order to fulfill the requirements of environmental protection and quality of the final product, it is necessary to understand and quantify the different processes occurring in the kiln.As part of this thesis, we focused on the partial substitution of waste (used tires and Refuse Derived Fuel "RDF") and biomass (agricultural residues) in rotary kilns producing cement at a rate of 50 % of energy supply. This thesis project was funded by the Democratic Republic of Congo, led by Kongo University (UK), as part of the capacity building of Congolese universities. The research work was carried out within the Laboratory of Thermal, Energy and Processes (LaTEP) of the National School of Engineering in Industrial Technologies (ENSGTI) /University of Pau, with the aim of to study and understand the thermochemical phenomena taking place in rotary kilns for the production of cement, in the case of partial substitution of fossil fuels by alternative fuels. For this, a mathematical model with two sub-models has been established:- The stationary one-dimensional model of the bed of solids and furnace casing, characterized in its first part by the mixing of cement flour, waste and / or biomass, and gas, and while in its second part by thermal exchanges. The modeling work is performed using the Fortran 90 programming language in which the conservation equations for mass, species and energy, the load transport equation, and the algebraic equations are implemented.- The unsteady three-dimensional model relies on the use of digital fluid mechanics, and the Fluent commercial tool has been retained to represent the processes taking place above the free surface of the bed.The complete model is the coupling between the two sub models, because of the exchanges that take place there.Two large groups of simulations have been realized in this thesis: the one-dimensional case and the global case (Model 1D-3D model coupling). In both situations, the simulations were carried out in the case of operation with heavy fuel oil alone, then in the case of operation with partial substitution of the fossil fuel by alternative fuels. For the one-dimensional model, the simulations were performed by imposing the heat flux in the free surface of the bed and in the exposed wall. Whereas for the global model, the simulations were performed considering the heat flux densities associated with physico-chemical phenomena (combustion of heavy fuel oil, radiation, turbulence) taking place in the volume of gas located above the free surface of the bed.The results thus obtained allowed us to conclude on the importance of carrying out an experimental study in a pilot scale furnace in order to be able to have orders of magnitude of the different heat flows within the rotating furnace. The results obtained also allowed us to realize the necessity to model the exact geometry (location) of the burner in the rotary kiln
Digan, Laura. "Production de molécules plateformes pour la valorisation des déchets organiques solides : étude de processus physiques et biologiques impactant la qualité du mélange d'acides organiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0051.
Full textThe consumption of exhaustible and non-renewable petroleum resources leads to the search for new production routes for the chemical industry. In addition, the global production of Household Solid Waste (HSW) is expected to keep growing. Among a variety of recovery methods, acidogenic fermentation of HSW makes it possible to meet two objectives: treating this waste and reducing its quantity while producing biobased platform molecules of interest for chemical industry such as organic acids.The leach-bed reactor or LBR was chosen due to the high total solids content of HSW and the process cost efficiency. The technology consists of a discontinuous solid-state fermentation process in which a liquid phase is recirculated within a static solid waste bed. Moreover, the use of a mixed culture in fermentation aims to provide microbial diversity, and thus the robustness to face changes in environmental conditions. This strategy also eliminates the need to sterilise the environment. Finally, in this work, the main substrate studied was a reconstitution of HSW.The first part of this work concerns the understanding of the biological and chemical processes and their interaction, during the acidogenic fermentation in sequential batch reactors. The impact of different factors on the hydrolysis of the complex solid substrate and the production of metabolites was studied: the pH, the addition of an exogenous inoculum at start-up and the acclimation of the initial microbial population to the environmental conditions. It was confirmed that pH plays a key role in substrate solubilisation, metabolites production and product spectrum. The analysis of the evolution of microbial communities was assessed, which allowed to correlate the selection of certain families of bacteria with the performances observed. Furthermore, it was feasible to carry out acidogenic fermentation with the unique use of the indigenous microbial consortium and the addition of an external inoculum did not contribute to improve the performances. On the other hand, reusing the microbial communities, acclimated to the operating conditions through the sequential batches, was decisive for increasing the production of metabolites. These conclusions were also compared to results of supplementary experiments obtained at high total solids content.The total solids content has a considerable influence on the fermentation reactions. However, its sole consideration is insufficient because the solid waste bed constitutes a complex multiphase porous medium in which the distribution of water and transfer processes are also essential. Thus, the second part of this work aimed at characterising the physical and hydrodynamic features of the waste bed in a LBR under abiotic conditions. For this, reconstituted HSW as well as real HSW were used. By performing several percolation and drainage cycles, before and after compaction of the waste beds, their physical structure and the distribution of water in their compartments were determined. The application of a classical dual porosity model to represent these cycles helped to demonstrate the existence of a static water fraction in the macroporosity. An improved dual porosity model was proposed to reproduce more adequately the water flow dynamics in the waste bed. Water transfer coefficients between the compartments were then estimated using this new model.The multidisciplinary work carried out in this thesis, focused on two complementary aspects of acidogenic fermentation in a LBR and also brought new perspectives. For instance, the recirculation strategy, the pH control within this complex medium as well as the validation on real waste are all topics to further study in order to implement the optimal and reproducible production of platform molecules by this process, in accordance with the subsequent targeted uses
Robin, Laudine. "Le verre à Lyon-Lugdunum durant le Haut-Empire : Production et consommation." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20062.
Full textLocated in midst of river and land courses, Lyon-Lugdunum, capital of the Three Gauls, had a prominent position for trade and distribution of glass objects during the Earlier Roman period. Glass archaeological studies had only unraveled a limited part of Lyon’s glassware, hence not fully exploiting the richness of this source of information.The discovery of several workshops on the left river bank of the Saône, in the Saint-Vincent quay, shows that Lyon had an important role in the production of glass, as it did for pottery. This study investigates the structure and operating modes of four of these workshops and of another one located in the area of the Croix-Rousse. Careful analyses enabled a better understanding of their production. A parallel study of local consumption centers allowed comprehending how this production was distributed and differentiating it from imported glassware from other regions of the Empire. The latest developments in preventive archaeology, in addition to data collected from excavations, led to the discovery of several glassware sets. Glass objects from ten domestic sites, mainly located in the Fourvière area and Lyon’s peninsula, were thoroughly studied. Furthermore, glass pieces from eleven funerary sites, located in the city’s suburbium (the Vaise plain and the Point du Jour plateau) were analyzed. The review of all collected data, from both production and consumption sites, allows suggesting a specific chronotypology for Lugdunum during the Earlier Roman Empire. This model enables a deeper understanding of product diffusion on a local scale and provides hints on glass trading of the Three Gauls with the rest of the Roman Empire
Riviere, Ghyslain. "Sections efficaces de production de particules chargées légères entre 50 et 150 MeV : analyse de 208Pb(p, x pcl) à 135 MeV et synthèse des mesures réalisées." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2061.
Full textMany research projects dedicated to the nuclear waste management problem have been realised these last years. In the frame of accelerator-driven systems, several experimental programs have been initiated since 1996. One of them is devoted to the measurement of nuclear data within the energy range 50-150 MeV for pertinent targets (U-Fe-Pb). Its main goal is to provide to code developers a new set of data to help them improving the predictive power of their simulations. This work reports the production cross sections of light charged particles measured at 135 MeV in proton induced reactions. In this thesis, we first present the experimental set up, consisting of a set of triple telescope (Si-Si-CsI), and then our data analysis. In the third part, the experimental results at 135 MeV for Fe, U and Pb are presented and compared with different theoretical codes. Finally, we perform a synthesis of our nuclear data program achieved at 63, 96 and 135
Gholamifard, Shabnam. "Modélisation des écoulements diphasiques bioactifs dans les installations de stockage de déchets." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512102.
Full textAlmasi, Sara. "Nouveau catalyseur et système d'agitation vibrant pour l'amélioration de la production de biodiesel et de biolubricant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP039.
Full textThe environmental impact caused by the use of non-renewable fuel and lubricant resources, coupled with concerns about climate change, has increased the demand for sustainable energy sources. Biobased products, such as biodiesel and bio-lubricants, have emerged as alternatives to mineral fuels and lubricants due to their availability, renewability, lower gas emissions, non-toxicity and biodegradability. Although biodiesel and bio-lubricants are typically produced through the transesterification reaction with homogeneous catalysts in conventional stirred-tank reactors, there are two primary challenges associated with each of these processes. Firstly, the use of homogeneous catalysts requires numerous and costly purification steps. Heterogeneous basic catalysts that have high surface area and that are reusable and easy to separate are a promising solution to mitigate these challenges. Secondly, the transesterification reaction is a slow mass-transfer limited reaction that involves two immiscible liquids, specifically triglyceride and methanol. For biodiesel production in stirred-tank reactors there are many associated challenges such as inadequate mixing, limited interfacial area between liquids and long process times. This results in low biodiesel content and the formation of undesirable secondary products. Alternate mixing equipment that improves liquid-liquid contacting to intensify and enhance the transesterification may be required.The objective of this study is to explore two different ways to enhance biodiesel and biolubricant production: by developing a new heterogeneous catalyst and by using a vibromixer to enhance mixing. Firstly, a heterogeneous basic catalyst named magnetic activated carbon, derived from almond shell waste and modified by calcium oxide (MAC@CaO), was synthesized. The resulting material underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques. Subsequently, the potential of the MAC@CaO as a recoverable basic catalyst in transesterification reactions was explored, focusing on the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and trimethylolpropane triester (TMPTE). Optimal reaction conditions yielded FAME and TMPTE yields of 93.2% and 95.3%, respectively. The recyclability of the MAC@CaO catalyst was also assessed to determine its chemical stability. FAME and TMPTE yields remained consistently above 85% over five consecutive cycles, highlighting the potential of the developed catalyst. In the second part of this thesis, the vibromixer underwent comprehensive testing to evaluate its mixing capabilities for both single-phase and multiphase (solid-liquid and liquid-liquid-solid) mixing operations. The objective of this assessment was to gain a better understanding of the vibromixer device for various mixing processes by quantify mixing time, cloud height, and Pickering emulsion production before applying it to biodiesel production. The results show that single phase mixing and solids suspension improve when increasing the vibration amplitude and mixer plate size. Pickering emulsions characterized with small droplet sizes (approximately 2 microns) have a stability exceeding two months. Subsequently, the results from the biodiesel production experiments using the vibromixer demonstrated a similar trend. With an increase in vibration amplitude, plate size and the number of conical holes in the plate, the FAME content also increased. The maximum FAME content achieved was 97.8% after only 30 minutes; this is equivalent or shorter than for stirred tank reactors. It is expected that the enhanced reaction is due to good flow circulation and excellent breakup of droplets, which consequently increases interfacial area and significantly improves the mass transfer processes involved in the transesterification reaction of triglycerides into FAMEs
Paillet, Florian. "Optimisation d’un procédé à deux étapes pour la production d’un mélange hydrogène/méthane (biohythane) à partir de la fraction fermentescible des ordures ménagères." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0027/document.
Full textTwo-step process producing biologically a mixture of H2/CH4 (5-20 % of H2) so called biohythane can be used for organic fraction of municipal solid waste valorization (OFMSW). The first step consists of a dark fermentation reactor (hydolysis/acidogenesis) which allows a partial degradation of organic matter into H2 and simple molecules (volatile fatty acid, sugar, ethanol…). Then the outlet of the first reactor can be used in a second reactor for methane production ending organic matter degradation. However, only high efficiency of the dark fermentation step allows making this two-step process economically viable compared to a simple anaerobic digestion reactor. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of the dark fermentation process for optimizing hydrogen and metabolites productions. Experiments were achieved to better understanding the main factors limiting hydrogen production along with the operational conditions that could improve hydrogen yield. This thesis also shows the high stability and robustness of effluent recirculation for consecutive hydrogen batch reactor. Finally, several sizes of reactors were performed for a scale-up of the process in order to reach the real operational conditions in industrial scale. This thesis provides new knowledge of the dark fermentation process in mixed culture for creating an industrial two-step process for biohythane production using municipal solid waste
Métivier, Virginie. "Méthode d'application d'un système de management de l'environnement, de la sécurité et de la santé : cas du site industriel de production pharmaceutique Abbott." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE1045.
Full textThe purpose of this report is to promote the implementation of a general method in respect of the environmental, safety and management systems for the pharmaceutical industry and more specifically for the industrial site for the Abbott laboratory. After giving an outline of the already existing environment, safety and hygiene management systems, we would develop the method and tools chosen to implement the management system for the Abbott site. Based on numerous examples we would also evaluate the results achieved by the new system. Eventually, we would analyse all sociological constraints and limits that held back the implementation of this environment, safety and hygiene management system that was chosen for the industrial site
Le, Hesran Corentin. "Integrating waste minimization concerns in operations scheduling." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI111.
Full textFaced with growing environmental and economic concerns, the industrial world needs to adapt in order to tackle these issues. Industrial production is responsible for 83% of the global solid waste production and 40% of worldwide energy consumption. Operations scheduling appears to be a promising tool to address both the environmental and economic aspects of this problem. A literature review shows that numerous studies have been focusing on reducing energy consumption. This dissertation focuses on a relatively nascent field, namely the topic of waste generation minimization through operations scheduling. The motivating research question can be formulated as: How to integrate waste minimization into operations scheduling? A state-of-the-art on the subject shows a heterogeneous field with a disparate terminology, and a classification scheme is proposed to help unify research on this topic. To answer the research question, a methodology combining flow assessment tools and scheduling parameters is proposed, which enables the identification of waste-minimizing scheduling opportunities in a production system and the characterization of the corresponding scheduling problem. A case study is carried out and validates the applicability of this methodology and the interest of the results it provides. Based on those results, a single-machine waste-minimizing scheduling problem with reentrance in a make-to-order context is modeled using linear programming. Two solving approaches – one exact and one metaheuristic – are compared, and highlight the potential of operations scheduling to reduce industrial waste. Alternative solutions provide relevant trade-offs to decision-makers, offering significant waste reduction in return for a limited increase in inventory. As this methodology focuses on waste, it paves the way for the integration of new environmental aspects such as energy consumption and atmospheric emissions, as well as the social criteria in order to fully encompass the triple bottom line of sustainable development
Gouyé-Guilbert, Nathalie. "Mise au point d'un procédé de recyclage de boues de fermentation appliquée à la production de la pristinamycine. Incidence du recyclage sur la biosynthèse de l'antibiotique." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20022.
Full textPorto, de Souza Vandenberghe Luciana. "Développement d'un procédé pour la production d'acide citrique par fermentation en milieu solide à partir de résidus de l'agro-industrie du manioc." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1254.
Full textRodrigues, Jérémy. "Analyse de cycle de vie intégrative de filières de production de biomasse à usage industriel par la valorisation de délaissés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0321/document.
Full textMarginal materials and lands (brownfields, byproducts, inert wastes), the management of which causes significant environmental impacts, can be valorized through soil construction in order to grow nonfood biomass (e.g. fiber, energy). This may reduce their volume and increase use of renewable resources without direct or indirect competition with food crops or biodiversity. This thesis assesses the sustainability of such supply chains with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considered one of the most pertinent existing methods. This thesis introduces indicators complementary to current use, in order to improve LCA’s exhaustivity and its taking into account of marginal lands’ specificities. It prioritizes impacts with respect to planetary boundaries (i.e. maximum impacts levels acceptable to avoid ecosystem disruption), average impacts in studied geographic context and added value of the supply chains. Most of these suggestions are applied to the study of a soil construction process using inert and organic wastes (LORVER). The high diversity of materials and alternative management strategies and the most certain tradeoffs and critical parameters are assessed combining uncertainty and multidimensional analysis tools. Constructed soil’s ability to stabilize carbon and pollutants is demonstrated to be its major condition for sustainability. For other impacts (ecosystem services, air quality, resources), LORVER is even less pertinent when the need for material transportation increases, and more importantly if those materials could have otherwise been used to replace commodities polluting to produce. These results highlight when LORVER can be seen as sustainable
De, Lopez Sophânara S. "Contribution à la définition d'une filière intégrée de valorisation des pailles de céréales : étude de l'impact d'une pré-extraction alcaline des hémicelluloses sur la production de pâte à papier." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT017G.
Full textBreyer, Sacha. "Etude du procédé de co-pyrolyse de déchets plastiques et d’huiles de lubrification usagées dans le but de produire un combustible liquide alternatif." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/238688.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
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N'Kounkou, Urbain Anselme. "Gestion territoriale des ordures ménagères franciliennes : le gisement des ordures ménagères, leurs espaces de production : vers une minimisation du flux résiduel." Le Mans, 2000. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2000/2000LEMA3004.pdf.
Full textChakkingal, Anoop. "Réglage de la sélectivité de la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch : aperçu de la modélisation microcinétique et de l'apprentissage automatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CLIL0015.
Full textStriving towards a circular economy has led to the re-investigation of many existing processes, with the target of developing more sustainable variants. In our present economy, plastics form an important and omnipresent material affecting our daily lives. They are inexpensive, durable, corrosion resistant, and light weight leading to their use in a wide variety of applications.Within the plastic chemical recycling scheme, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) could play a key role as the syngas feedstock that is converted in it, can be generated via the gasification of the considered plastics. This syngas is then chemo-catalytically converted into hydrocarbons such as paraffins and light olefins. Typical FTS catalysts are based on supported cobalt or iron species.Among the mechanistic kinetic models, the comprehensive variant based on the Single Event MicroKinetics (SEMK) concept has been widely applied in the field of oligomerization, autoxidative curing, etc. and has proven to be a versatile tool to simulate Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. However, developing mechanistic models for every chemical engineering challenge is not always feasible due to their complexity and the in-depth knowledge required to build such models.A detailed evaluation on the potential of using machine learning approaches to match the performance of results obtained using the Single-Event MicroKinetic model was carried out. Initially, the focus was on a single dominant output scenario (methane selective catalyst). The current work thus shows that more widely applied techniques in data science can now be applied for systematic analysis and interpretation of kinetic data. Similar analysis using experimental data can also help experimenters in their preliminary analysis, to detect hidden trends in the data, and thus to identify importance features. After gaining confidence on the investigated interpretation techniques, for the FTS reaction with single dominant output, a similar investigation on the potential of iron based catalysts with enhanced light olefin selectivity is carried out next
Hoarau, Julien. "Développement d'un procédé de production de biodiesel de troisième génération à partir d'un déchet organique issu de l'agro-industrie réunionnaise : la vinasse de distillerie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0040.
Full textReunion Island offers an important source of renewable organic resources, much of which is in liquid waste such as distillery slops, representing more than 150 000 tons of effluent annually. The management issues of these effluent are strongly affected by their high load of organic element and require implementation of expensive decontamination techniques. Their value as raw material is thus a potential route for more efficient and cost-effective management. Among the many tracks of biotechnological valuation existing for distillery slops, this project focus on enhancing these wastes as biodiesel. The selection of oleaginous microorganisms (molds and yeasts) suitable for liquid waste of local distilleries for further processing into biodiesel have demonstrated the high growth ability of filamentous fungi with 60% of tested strains offering higher growth than 8 g/L and up to 20 g/L, with nutrient resource mobilization capacities from vinasse up to 50% of the nitrogen and organic carbon. Adapting the process to the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, known as oleaginous microorganism model for biodiesel production highlighted a phosphate deficiency limiting for the growth of this microorganism with 80% improvement observed when KH2PO4 was fed. Furthermore, the mobilization of the enzymatic equipment of a high growing microorganism on vinasse has also yielded improved biomass production, raising the possibility of recovery of an enzymatic cocktail specifically adapted to the degradation of distillery slops. Finally, the evaluation of more effective lipid transformation protocols was conducted in seeking to limit the costs for drying and lipid extraction prior to methanolysis. The application of the direct transesterification of biomass has increased production of biodiesel between 10 and 90% depending on the moisture of biomass, demonstrating the ability to remove lipid extraction step. Furthermore, the combination of basic and acidic catalysts can increase biodiesel yields from wet biomass to reach performance close to dry biomass
Fourcroy, Elena. "Gouvernance territoriale pour l’anticipation et la résolution des conflits dans les projets de valorisation des digestats de méthanisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COMP2794.
Full textThe bioeconomy and the circular economy have recently gained a major place in the European Union policies on the ecological, energy and social transition. Supported by these public policies, the biogas sector has experienced a remarkable growth in recent years. Biogas production makes it possible to produce both gas from renewable resources, and digestate, a by-product which amending and fertilizing properties are useful for agriculture. The “return to the soil” of digestate is considered as a key element of the circularity of the biogas sector. However, numerous controversies remain over the environmental and health impacts of returning digestates to the soil, and conflicts related to the actual or supposed negative externalities of digestates negatively impact the development of the sector. We use a qualitative method, centred on the analysis of case studies, to explore this topic, about which the scientific literature remains very scarce. We try to understand, at first, the nature of these conflicts, and secondly, how territorial governance mechanisms can anticipate or solve these conflicts. Our results show that conflicts emerge around certain dimensions of the territorial capital: the preservation of the natural capital, the inadequacy of the infrastructural and equipment capital, and oppositions around the cultural capital. These conflicts often crystallize previous tense situations, at a local or regional scale. The activation of territorial proximity, at different spatial scales, local, regional and sub-regional, with the intervention, sometimes, of one or more public or private intermediaries, allows stakeholders to coordinate in order to: exchange information and better mobilize the territorial capital, produce and acquire new knowledge in the event of uncertainty about the impacts of digestates, and develop common political visions on the development of the sector