Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déchets chimiques'
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Rendek, Eva. "Influence des procédés de la filière traitement thermique sur les caractéristiques et les évolutions bio-physico-chimiques des Mâchefers d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères (MIOM)." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0041/these.pdf.
Full textThe waste input and the process technology of the plant appear to have a great influence on bottom ash quality. To better understand how these parameters can affect the residues characteristics, bottom ash from 6 different plants were tested and compared in this study. Bottom ash physico-chemical characteristics were investigated by chemical analyses, and leaching tests. In order to understand their long-term behavior, accelerated ageing experiments and biodegradation tests were also performed. The whole analyses gave complementary information. It was shown that the 6 samples do have different properties. Waste input have a great influence on Cl and S content in bottom ash, as well as on the Ca/Si ratio. The importance of this ratio on carbonation process has been demonstrated. Combustion parameters have an influence on quantity and mobility of the residual organic matter. Biological and physicochemical experiments were coupled with a view to developing a new rapid assessment method of bottom ash quality. Comparative results of leaching tests and biodegradation experiments showed a positive correlation between dissolved carbon and microbial activity. However, quantities of biodegraded or leached carbon are not representative of the samples total organic carbon content. Thermal analysis have revealed the presence of two fractions of organic components, showing different thermal behaviors. One of them can be directly linked to the leachable and biodegradable organic matter fraction. Calorimetric test is then a novel analysis method that allows to provide rapid and global information concerning the characteristics of organic matter in bottom ash and its possible short and long-term evolution
Coulon, Hervé. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de sédiments argileux français : contribution au stockage de déchets radioactifs." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10153.
Full textComeaga, Loretta. "Dispositifs d'étanchéité par geoéynthétiques bentonitiques dans les centres de stockage de déchets." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISALO115.
Full textGeosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL) are factory manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of bentonite supported by geosynthetics (geotextiles or geomembranes). The last few years Geosynthetic Clay Liners are more and more often used as liners or in capping systems of landfills, as a single or part of a multilayer barrier, with traditional materials ( compacted clay or geomembrane). At the present, in most countries, tests on GCLs are performed using standards for geotextiles and low permeable soils, which are not always easy to adapt to GCLs. In this context, the aim of the presented work is to elaborate adapted devices and testing procedures and to study various GCL products (needlepunched, stitched, containing granular or powder bentonite) in real conditions and in similar manner. Original devices were developed in order to study the Geosynthetic Clay Liners hydraulic behaviour in simulated landfill conditions. They allow performing characterisation and performance tests, as well as to study the chemical compatibility with the leachate. The experimental part is focused on the study of the hydraulic performances of 4 products currently available on the market, in various situations: - in contact with smooth surfaces or granular materials; - in contact with a synthetic leachate, the GCL being dry, partially hydrated or saturated with • water. Tests performed on samples with defects allowed to verify the GCL's selfhealing capacity. The chemical compatibility of bentonite to synthetic leachate are analysed as a function of the degree of initial water saturation and of the type of GCL
Rageul, Pierre. "Etude de l'influence des traitements mécaniques sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des résidus de distillation sous vide pétroliers." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0409.
Full textMonteiro, Amélie. "Étude des mécanismes de réactivité chimique des précurseurs lors de l'élaboration d'un verre de confinement de déchet de haute activité : de l'expérimentation à la modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30158.
Full textThe glass used to store high-level radioactive waste is produced by reaction of a solid waste residue and a glassy precursor (glass frit). The waste residue is first dried and calcined (to lose water and nitrogen respectively), then mixed with the glass frit to enable vitrification at high temperature. In order to obtain a good quality glass of constant composition upon cooling, the chemical reactions between the solid precursors must be complete while in the liquid state, to enable incorporation of the radioactive elements into the glassy matrix. The physical and chemical conditions during glass synthesis (e. G. Temperature, relative proportions of frit and calcine, amount of radioactive charge) are typically empirically adjusted to obtain a satisfactory final product. The aim of this work is to provide new insights into the chemical and physical interactions that take place during vitrification and to provide data for a mathematical model that has been developed to simulate the chemical reactions. The consequences of the different chemical reactions that involve solid, liquid and gaseous phases are described (thermal effects, changes in crystal morphology and composition, variations in melt properties and structure). In a first series of experiments, a simplified analogue of the calcine (NaNO3-Al2O3 ± MoO3/Nd2O3) has been studied. In a second series of experiments, the simplified calcines have been reacted with a simplified glass frit (SiO2-Na2O-B2O3-Al2O3) at high temperature. The results show that crystallization of the calcine may take place before interaction with the glass frit, but that the reactivity with the glass at high temperature is a function of the nature and stoichiometry of the crystalline phases which form at low temperature. The results also highlight how the mixing of the starting materials, the physical properties of the frit (viscosity, glass transition temperature) and the Na2O/Al2O3 of the calcine but also its crystallization all contribute to the success of the vitrification process and the homogeneity of the final glass
El, Hajjouji Houda. "Évolution des caractéristiques physico-chimiques, spectroscopiques et écotoxicologiques des effluents d’huileries d’olive au cours de traitements biologique et chimique." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000645/.
Full textThe first part of this work concerns the monitoring of treated olive mill waste water (OMWW) transformations during biological and chemical processes : different physico-chemical parameters (pH, C/N ratio, chemical oxygen demand (COD), level of total phenols and lipids) and spectroscopic analysis (UV-Visible, IRTF, 13C-NMR). The results of the biological treatment permitted us to determine the optimal conditions of OMWW treatment. After 45 days, the treatment decreased the COD, particularly for treatments without lime with a drop of 21. 8% while the COD drop in treatments with lime only reached 4. 8%. Neutralising the pH by the addition of lime had a positive effect on the degradation of total phenols, lowering their levels by 75. 9%. The results of FTIR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that during treatment with lime, the aliphatic groups decreased and the aromatic structures increased, indicating polymerisation of the organic matter. The lipid content showed an appreciable change in the relation to the applied treatment both for total lipids and for the lipidic fractions (neutral lipids, monoglycerides and phospholipids). Total lipid increased for treatment without lime and decreased for treatment with lime, corresponding to the variation in the level of phospholipids. 13C-NMR confirmed these variations and showed the likeness between the treatment of the OMWW with lime and the treatment with solvent (chloroform/methanol). The main spectral differences were observed in the C O-Alkyl region (50 -110 ppm) and in the C-carboxylic region (160-200 ppm). The results of the chemical treatment using TiO2 under UV showed depollution of the OMWW. Over 24 hours, the treatment degraded 22. 2% of the pollutant COD, 57% of the coloured molecules (UV to 330 nm) and 94. 3% of the total phenols. The UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy showed extensive attack of the aromatic structures and revealed the occurrence of three successive phases during the degradation process, thought to correspond to three different categories of molecules in the OMWW. The second part of this work concerns the study of the toxicity and the genotoxicity of OMWW after biological treatment, on Vicia faba plants, by micronucleus and agronomic tests. The results of the micronucleus test showed that raw OMWW was genotoxic at a 10% OMWW concentration. This genotoxicity was associated to two phenolic compounds: gallic acid and oleuropein. After biological treatment, the genotoxicity disappeared at a 20% OMWW concentration. This can be explained by the extensive degradation of phenols during the treatment (75. 9%). The agronomic test showed the absence of toxicity of treated OMWW on Vicia faba plants. Indeed, at doses of 5 t/ha and 10 t/ha outputs were 36. 3% and 29. 9% greater than the negative control respectively. OMWW treated by a biological process do not present any risk of toxicity or genotoxicity on Vicia faba plants, the treated effluent can be used, without risk, as organic amendment on Moroccan soils
Olivieri, Enzo. "Application de la catalyse pour l'alimentation de systèmes chimiques sans déchet." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211216_OLIVIERI_825ir382ikksw374agndg983uvnl_TH.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis we have taken advantage of catalysis for the development of new fuels, limiting the accumulation of waste during the selective activation of new chemical systems. In a first part, we transposed the principle of reversible hydrogenation reactions to the field of molecular machines. This approach has allowed the development of a tolane-type molecular switch operating during two consecutive de/hydrogenation cycles. This represents the first system powered by chemical fuel without any waste production. We have also extended the use of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), for the development of new self-assembly systems and in particular time-controlled organogels. Thus, starting from a natural amino acid derivative (O-tert-Butyl-L-tyrosine), we were able to develop two complementary systems allowing a gel-sol-gel or sol-gel-sol transition. We were able to perform 11 consecutive gel-sol-gel cycles, and more than 25 consecutive sol-gel-sol cycles before having to regenerate the system by simple evaporation. This strategy could be extended to octadecylamine with which we performed 12 consecutive gel-sol-gel cycles. It is important to note that both gel-sol-gel and sol-gel-sol systems based on O-tert-Butyl-L-tyrosine, have unique chiroptical properties. Finally, we set out to develop hybrid systems capable of responding to two different stimuli, hydrogen and TCA. Based on phenanthridine backbones, they allow a controlled rotation in response to these two types of stimuli
Bouslamti, Mohamed Amine. "Identification et évaluation des différents types et niveaux des contaminants chimiques dans le bois recyclé." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0023.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is a market study of the availability of recycled wood. Each year, in France, 16 million tons of wood waste are collected by specialist companies and waste reception centres. Less than 14% of this is recycled, partially because regulations do not allow highly contaminated wood resources and also because of inadequate sorting techniques, which are often limited to visual assessment. Clearly, recycled wood should be analysed chemically. European standards DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 and DD CEN/TS 14780:2005 describe how to obtain samples weighing tens of kg from stockpiles of hundreds of tons. The particles in the sample, often with a top size of several centimetres, must be ground to a fine flour of less than 500 µm. It is impractical to grind the whole sample and so a robust protocol which permits sub-sampling without introducing bias is necessary. A model sample of recycled wood was created using clean particles impregnated with different metals. Different sub-sampling protocols were applied to this model. The samples were analysed chemically in order to see differences via statistical analysis. Standard wet chemistry methods and analyses (ICP-AES and AAS) were used to measure metal contents. In addition, a potentially non-destructive technique based on Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) was used to characterize and to predict the presence of metals in wood samples. Multivariate statistical techniques permit the discrimination between particles containing different metals or organic preservatives. It is demonstrated that the level of contamination, particularly with copper slats, can be determined by comparing observations with a database of spectra obtained from known samples (PLS modelling)
Charpentier, Delphine. "Rôle de l'oxydation chimique et de l'acidification des eaux sur les propriétés minéralogiques et physico-chimiques de la formation argileuse de Tournemire." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10199.
Full textThe Tournemire (France) site has been selected for research programmes on deep geological waste disposal in clay-rich rock formation. A railway tunnel is used to study the evolution of rock properties and water-rock interactions in the excavated disturbed zone. Multi-scale and multi-technique investigations were carried out. Experiments and numerical modelling were used to predict changes due to rock mineralogy and water chemistry modifications. The tunnel and galleries digging induces fracture formation. In the altered samples, the clay particles show a better orientation in the stratification plan. The oxidation effect yields to mineralogical transformation on the surfaces of the argillite: oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of calcite, dissolution of illite layers in interstratified I/S and formation of gypsum, Fe-oxi/hydroxides, celestite and jarosite. During cycles of hydration/dehydration, condensation water interacts with the argillite and quickly becomes Ca and SO4-rich
Rigal, Catherine. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement d'un réacteur à cathode granulaire de conductivité électrique finie : application à la récupération du mercure dans l'acide sulfurique." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT036G.
Full textDauzères, Alexandre. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes physico-chimiques des interactions béton-argile dans le contexte du stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Dauzeres-Alexandre/2010-Dauzeres-Alexandre-These.pdf.
Full textThese research works are carried out as part of the radioactive wastes geological disposal feasibility study. The current option developed by Andra, includes several cementitious materials in contact with the surrounding Callovo-Oxfordian (COX) (an argillite). Concretes and argillite present very different pore solutions (ionic concentrations and pH). Controlled by the concentrations differences, the aqueous species diffusion in the solids generates chemical and physical disturbances. This study is based on experimental, analytical and numerical works, in order to identify the mechanisms controlling the clayey environment influence on cementitious materials. Two hardened cement pastes (HCP) are studied: a CEM I HCP and a “low-pH” HCP (CEM I cement + silica fume + fly ashe). The latter is especially developed for the geological disposal application in order to reduce the alkaline plume towards the host-rock. Two experimental devices are created: first, the HCP is immerged in a COX pore solution. The conditions are in agreement with the clayey environment chemistry (high pCO2, carbonates and sulfates concentrations, neutral pH…). The tests are carried out at 25°C, over several months (up to 10). The second device allows the clayey rock containment in contact with a HCP at 20°C and 50°C, over several months (up to 12). The materials are saturated: only diffusion controls the soluble species exchanges. All the results obtained show that the CEM I HCP presents decalcification, carbonation and ettringite precipitation; where as the “low-pH” HCP undergoes decalcification, ettringite dissolution and silicate magnesium hydrates formation (M-S-H). When a CEM I HCP is immerged in the COX solution: a calcite crust formation is observed on the external surface, which slows down (clogging) the alteration front progression (100 µm after 10 months). When the same material is put in contact with the COX argillite, a much stronger degradation is observed (1 mm depth after 1 year), inducing porosity opening in the degraded zone layer (no clogging, low carbonation). In this last configuration, at 20°C as well as at 50°C, the alteration front evolution is proportional to the interaction duration. The argillite presents illitisation (due to KOH diffusion from the cement HCP). This mechanism releases silicon and induces C-S-H precipitation with a low CaO/SiO2 ratio (0. 8) at the interface. When the “low-pH” HCP is immerged in the COX solution, a total deconstruction linked to the C-S-H decalcification is observed (low CaO/SiO2 ratio ≈ 0. 8), leading to the formation of amorphous silica. Carbonation has occurred as well as decalcification (calcite precipitation), but its effect is not pronounced enough to lead to clogging (as observed for CEM I HCP). An important capillary pore network is formed. The alteration front evolves as a function of the square root of time (1. 5 mm after 5 months). When the same material is put in contact with the COX argillite (or bentonite), a lower alteration is observed, with the M-S-H formation at the interface. The liberated calcium during the decalcification (C-S-H + ettringite) diffuses towards the clayey material and is substituted to the sodium in the montmorillonite interlayer: no illitisation was identified. The altered zone thicknesses, from both sides from the interface, do not exceed a few hundred microns after 1 year. The reactive transport code (HYTEC) is used to describe the experiments detailed above. It allows reproducing all the mechanisms observed experimentally and then estimating the exchange of all soluble species. These simulations have mainly allowed to validate the experimental assumptions concerning the silicon diffusion from the argillite to the CEM I HCP linked to the illitisation, source of C-S-H precipitation at the interface
Dubien, Cécile. "Modélisation du pot catalytique trois voies des automobiles à essence : description détaillé des processus physiques et chimiques : aspects mathématiques et numériques." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10211.
Full textLe, Rouzic Mathieu. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires à base d’oxyde de magnésium." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1082/document.
Full textMagnesium phosphate cements are the most representative cements of the activated-by-acid cements family. Despite the fact that they are known since the early 20th century, their use in civil engineering is fairly limited. These materials are used for road repairs where the fast compressive strength development is an advantage. Recently they have also been used in wastes stabilization/solidification (S/S), especially with wastes incompatible with Portland cement. The challenges of the use of these cements are related to the nature of their formation reaction: fast, very exothermic, with a very short setting time (only a few minutes).The bonding phase, k-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), is obtained from magnesium oxide mixed in water with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4).MgO + KH2PO4 + 5H2O MgKPO4.6H2OThe setting mechanisms are still poorly known and various theories, involving or not secondary product formation, have been suggested. Our researches have aimed to understand the setting mechanisms, as well as the influence of the formulation parameters on the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement. Results show that the formation of k-struvite involved a precipitation-dissolution reaction of an intermediate product, the newberyite (MgHPO4.3H2O). Formation reactions of these two products are controlled by the supersaturation rate and the pH of the solution. The study highlights the strong effect of water on the properties of fresh cement paste. With a low mass ratio e/c in comparison of Portland cement (ratio e/c between 0,1 and 0,25), a slight modification of the ratio (0,02) leads to a segregation and a surface heterogeneity of the cement paste. Among the formulation parameters, the molar ratio MgO/KH2PO4 (Mg/P) seems the most important parameter. Indeed, it impacts most of the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement (compressive strength, setting time, reaction heat, paste fluidity …). Low Mg/P ratios lead to poor water resistance, to crystals formation inside the microstructure that can be seen on the surface of the sample (an efflorescence appearance), and to important swelling of the paste, leading to the cracking of the samples. After the parametric study, a magnesium phosphate cement paste has been defined. Dimensional changes and chemical shrinkage measurement were conducted to understand the mechanisms involved in this swelling phenomenon. In support, microstructural analyses (SEM, XRD, TGA) and leaching tests complete the experimental campaign. The results confirm the influence of a low Mg/P ratio on cement swelling and water resistance. Finally, a study on various additions to the paste has been conducted, with the purpose of improving the cement paste performances. It shows that the addition of an inert filler (siliceous sand or fly ashes) has a retarding effect and reduced the reaction heat
Descoins, Nicolas. "Outils de simulation des fours tournants dédiés à la pyrolyse de déchets : modélisation dynamique du couplage transport de la charge-transferts de chaleur-réactions chimiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT048H.
Full textConte-Fabre, Fabienne. "Etude de la régénération de charbon actif par induction électromagnétique." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT015G.
Full textAhmed, Amna. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques de nouveaux supports argileux modifiés par des liquides ioniques dans la perspective d'applications au traitement de déchets toxiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0042.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to study the inter-configuration of three different montmorillonites named K10, KSF and SWy-3 modified by four different ionic liquids. The selected ionic liquids are all based on the organic imidazolium cation. We have chosen to vary two parameters at the level of our ionic liquids: the type of anion and the length of the chain of the organic cation. These are the following four ionic liquids: two ionic liquids monocationic with the inorganic anion I- ([EMIM⁺] [I⁻]), with the organic anion NTf2⁻ ([EMIM⁺] [NTf2⁻]) et two ionic liquids dicationic with the anion I- ([M (CH₂) IM²⁺] [2I⁻]), with the organic anion NTf2⁻ ([M (CH₂) IM²⁺] [2NTf2⁻]). After a first purification step, the 12 modified clays were characterized by various experimental techniques: X-ray diffraction, DSC, measurement of porosity by the BET method, ATR / FTIR spectroscopy. In particular, the BET study put forward a mixture of montmorillonite KSF modified with [M (CH₂) IM²⁺] [2NTf2⁻] in the perspective of the treatment of pollutants. The ATR / FTIR spectroscopy study refined BET results from various vibration mode intensity ratio measurements in two 4000-3000 cm-1 and 1800-1300 cm-1 spectral regions. The evolution of these intensity ratios between the use of ionic liquids monocationic and dicationic, also allowed us to predict the distribution of water molecules and ionic liquid molecules inside clays modified by monocationic ionic liquids and the possible evolution of the BET specific surface area for these same mixtures
Rogemond, Eric. "Caractérisations physico-chimiques de catalyseurs de post-combustion automobile de type trois-voies." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10016.
Full textVallois, Cécile. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques de membranes conductrices protoniques à base de polymide sulfoné. Modification de surface en vue d'un traitement d'effluents par procédé électromembranaire." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20207.
Full textBachir, Souley. "Oxydation hydrothermale en régime sous-critique de solvants et complexants potentiels du combustible nucléaire." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11006.
Full textAltenor, Sandro. ""Etude physico-chimiques d'algues et de charbons actifs issus de déchets lignocellulosiques de la caraïbe et faisabilité de leur application pour le traitement des eaux"." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0235.
Full textThree agricultural by-products or biomass waste of the Caribbean: vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides), sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L. ) and a marine macro algae (Turbinaria turbinata) are used as activated carbon (AC) precursors. ACs were produced by steam activation with ACs yields of 13% (vetiver roots), 11% (sugar cane bagasse) and 21% (turbinaria), on the other hand by phosphoric acid activation, the ACs yields are 48% (vetiver roots), 47% (sugar cane bagasse) and 49% (turbinaria). Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K shows that, a mixed microporous and mesoporous structure of the ACs. A new method of calculating the specifie surface area depending of the 0 and KF has been established for 0 values between 0 and 0. 2: Steam activation provides basic ACs, while chemical activation by phosphoric acid provides acidic ACs. Phenol and methylene blue (MS) were used to characterize liquid phase adsorption. In addition, chromium (Cr+6) adsorption were also studied on raw turbinaria and its derived ACs. Ln addition, the combination of the Freundlich and BET isotherms in liquid phase allowed to establish a relationship that can be used to determine the area occupied by the solute molecules on ACs surface: with 0. 01 < bLCe < 0. 3 and 1 1n <0. 2 Finally, manufacturing costs ofvetiver roots ACs in Haiti were estimated. This estimation showed that chemical activation will be more economical: dollard 1. 00 to dollard 1. 121kg against dollard 1. 27/kg for the steam activation
Lalou, Ahmed. "Mise au point d'un procédé d'extraction des hémicelluloses à partir d'un substrat végétal ligno-cellulosique : application au cas des coques de tournesol." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT028G.
Full textRodríguez-Méndez, Rafael. "Digestion anaérobie des résidus d'abattoirs de veaux de lait : caractérisation, traitement et modélisation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26285.
Full textGin, Stéphane. "Etude expérimentale de l'influence d'espèces aqueuses sur la cinétique de dissolution du verre nucléaire R7T7." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2323.
Full textNguyen, Xuan Phu. "Étude du comportement chimico-hydro-mécanique des argiles raides dans le contexte du stockage de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00861166.
Full textBaugros, Jean-Baptiste. "Recherche et développement dans le domaine des substances chimiques : préparation aux réponses du sytème REACH." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371357.
Full textAprès avoir ciblé plusieurs substances listées sur l'annexe XVII de REACH, nous avons complété cette sélection par des polluants prioritaires de l'environnement Rhône Alpin tels les pesticides. Ainsi, la méthode d'analyse proposée permet de détecter et de quantifier par CPG-SM et CPL-SM/SM 33 substances (10 alkylphénols, 5 fongicides triazole, 1 fongicide morpholine,
1 acaricide pyridazinone, 2 phtalates, bisphénol A, 2 insecticides carbamates, un résidu des pesticides dithiocarbamates, 2 pesticides organophosphorés et 8 organochlorés) dans des matrices environnementales aussi complexes que des effluents et des boues de station épuration.
L'extraction des analytes est menée par Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) pour les échantillons aqueux et par Extraction par Solvant Accélérée (ASE) qui a été entièrement optimisée par étude statistique des paramètres. Les extraits sont ensuite purifiés de la même manière par SPE. La préparation à la validation de ma méthode nous a permis de confirmer des limites de détection basses comprises entre 7,2 ppt et 1,27 ppb dans les eaux et entre 5 ppb et 1,7 ppm dans les boues/sols
Baugros, Jean-Baptiste. "Recherche et développement dans le domaine des substances chimiques : préparation aux réponses du sytème REACH." Phd thesis, Lyon 1, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/37/13/57/PDF/Baugros_Jean-baptiste.pdf.
Full textThe environment and the health of populations have raised major preoccupations at national level as well as European one. REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of CHemicals) is a system voted by European Union which brings together more than forty directives in order to eliminate and replace more toxic chemical substances. In this context, the set up of such a system requests robust, reliable and reproducible analytical method to evaluate and detect at ultra-traces level priority substances in waters and soils. After targeting several substances listed on the annexe XVII of REACH, we have completed this selection by other priority pollutants for the environment of “Rhône-Alpes” region, like pesticides. Thus, the analytical method proposed allows the detection and the quantification by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS of 33 substances (10 alkylphenols, 5 triazole fungicides, 1 morpholino fungicides, 1 pyridazinone acaricide, 2 phthalates, bisphenol A, 2 carbamate insecticides, one ditiocarbamates pesticides residu, 2 organophosphorous pesticides and 8 organochlorines) in environmental matrices as complex as wastewater effluents and sludge. The extraction of analytes was led by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) for aqueous samples and by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) which was totally optimized by experimental design about parameters. Both extracts were purified by the same way by SPE. The preparation to the validation give us the confirmation of low detection limits comprised between 7. 2 ppt and 1. 27 ppb in waters and between 5 ppb to 1. 7 ppm in sludge/soils
Arena, Hélène. "Effets cumulatifs et compétitifs des éléments chimiques sur l’altération des verres nucléaires." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT190/document.
Full textThis work takes place in the context of the long-term behavior of nuclear glasses under repository conditions. The main objective is to identify, understand and compare the effects of some chemical elements present in the glass composition and/or in the repository media (Zn, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Ca, Gd, Ce, K, Cs, Cr and Ag) on the processes involved in glass alteration by water. The cumulative or competitive nature of the effects of these chemical elements was determined. To reach this goal, a 6 oxides simple glass (ISG) has been altered for more than 500 days in a solution containing one or more of the chemical elements of interest.The results indicated that Zn, Mg, Ni, Co and Fe elements increase glass alteration forming secondary phases with the same structure and stoichiometry (trioctahedral smectites). To form, these silicates consume chemical elements (Si, Al) from the environment and induce a pH decrease until a limiting value of pH. Beyond this pH the precipitation of secondary phases is inhibited and these chemical elements can be integrated into the gel, replacing Ca whose solubility increases at lower pH. As long as they form secondary phases, the effects of these elements are cumulative. Rare earths Gd and Ce also increase glass alteration forming secondary phases but their effects are lower as they contain less silicon. These elements are not integrated in the gel. Chromium increases glass alteration by precipitating with Ca and leading to a less protective gel, depleted in Ca. Silver precipitates as AgCl and has no effect on the alteration of the glass.The chemical elements K, Cs and Ca limit glass alteration by integrating into the gel and slowing down the transport phenomena therein. This integration is competitive: the order of integration (quantity and effectiveness glass alteration limitation) is the following Ca >> Cs > K. Thus, the increase of glass alteration may be proportional to the quantity of elements promoting the precipitation of secondary phases, but the pH decrease limits the process. The effects of the elements that reduce glass alteration by incorporating into the gel, are quantitatively limited by the gel composition and its ability to incorporate them, and qualitatively by the nature of the elements
Seve, Eric. "Prétraitement des graisses résiduaires par un procédé combiné de saponification et oxydation en voie humide." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1179.
Full textCasteil, Jean. "Optimisation d'un réacteur fluidisé gaz/solide pour l'ozonisation de polymères : application à la synthèse de copolymères greffés en vue du retraitement de matières plastiques." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20175.
Full textDumat, Camille. "Effet de macromolécules organiques sur la capacité des argiles à adsorber le césium." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20199.
Full textKiared, Karim. "Étude et analyse de la réaction d'oxydation du dioxyde de soufre (so#2) dans un réacteur triphasé du type verlifix." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL041N.
Full textToundou, Outéndé. "Evaluation des caractéristiques chimiques et agronomiques de cinq composts de déchets et étude de leurs effets sur les propriétés chimiques du sol, la physiologie et le rendement du maïs ( Zea mays L. Var. Ikenne) et de la tomate ( Lycop ersicum esculentum L. Var. Tropimech) sous deux régimes hydriques au Togo." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0020/document.
Full textSoil nutrient depletion and water deficit as a result of seasons’ disruption are major factors adversely affecting crop yields in West Africa. To remedy this, the amendment of compost-based soil is often considered. In this study, Five composts were elaborated using household waste and agri-food waste, manure and phosphate: composts C1 (household waste + agri-food waste), C2 (C1 + manure), C3 (C1 + natural phosphate), C4 (C1 + manure + natural phosphate) and C5 (agri-food waste). These composts were first characterized and their effects on an acidic soil and on two crops (corn and tomato) were then investigated in greenhouse and field under two water regimes in the goal to identify the best's ones in improving resistance of the two crops to watering reducing, applied prior flowering. The results showed for C4 and C5 high contents of phosphorus, about 1.62% compared to 0.09% for the C1 compost. Composts C3 and C4 showed the highest levels of calcium, about 3.9% compared to 1.2% for the C1 compost while composts C4 and C1 were more hydrophobic than all other composts. Plants of corn grown under constant irrigation on soil amended with compost C4 and C5 in greenhouse showed high nitrogen and potassium contents, respectively 2.55% and 6.69% compared to 1.33% and 3.97 % of the control plants and those grown on synthetic fertilizers. Under reduced watering, we recorded higher potassium and calcium contents in plants grown on all of the five composts compared to control plants. In field, under reduced watering, composts C4 and C5 were those leading corn plants to maintain physiological parameters levels (low cell membrane permeability and high total chlorophyll) compared to well –watered plants. We also recorded for both composts the same grain yields in plants submitted to two water regimes, respectively 5.52t/ha and 6.72t/ha for C4 and C5 in well-watered plants and 5.65t/ha and 5.09t/ha for C4 and C5 in plants grown under low water regime. In tomato, an increased weight of fruit per plant was recorded in C3 compost plants under reduced-watering compared to those well-watered (95.93g compared to 44.29g) while in the same conditions, the compost C5 was the best for the number of fruits per plant (7.39 against 4.26). These data indicated that the three composts C3, C4 and C5 were the most efficient in this study and may be retained in adaptation programs of two crops to climate change for a sustainable development
Deodonne, Kunwufine. "Etudes des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de bétons de granulats recyclés et de leur impact environnemental." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD013/document.
Full textPromoting the use of demolition waste as recycled aggregates presents a double objective: first to preserve natural resources and secondly to relieve storage site. In regards to natural aggregates, recycled aggregates contain mortar that influences theirs properties and those of concrete in which they are used. The objective of this thesis is to develop the use of 100 % recycled aggregates in concrete. This study was realised in patnership with the company CHYRSO. Properties of recycled concrete aggregates collected from several sources were studied to identify and analyse their specificities ; results were compared to natural ones. Normalised methods were modified in order to be applied on recycled aggregates and new methods were also proposed. Recycled aggregates present higher water absorption, lower mechanical strength, spreader granular distribution and a less circular shape compared to natural aggregates. The granulometry of recycled sand, fines content and the water absorption are properties that depend on the sampling and the robustness of protocols used. A reactivity of fines obtained from materials made at the laboratory have been established, meanwhile their influence on concrete properties is considered as minor. Finally, the absorption and morphology of recycled aggregate depend on the granular fraction. Correlation between morphological and mechanical properties with water absorption have been demonstrated. After analysing these properties, correction were proposed on mechanical performance forecasting models. It was also shown that the use of fines in recycled aggregate concretes provides better mechanical properties. For such materials, keeping aggregates less than 63μm is advisable because it provides correct granular skeletton. In order to balance the loss of workability and mechanical strength observed with the use of recycled aggregates, studies were carried with several superplasticisers. Polycarboxylates were identified as appropriate superplasticisers. Interpretations facilitate understanding of concrete formulation and concrete equivalent mortar formulation made with recycled aggregates. Thus, the complexity of absorption and desorption kinectics lead to a discusion around effective water definition. The difference between the morphology of recycled aggregates and natural ones involved a correction of the granular skeletton; finally, their weakness during mechanical test modifies the granular skeletton and need to be taken into consideration.Finally, studies on environmental impacts of recycled aggregates concrete were done and compared with those of natural aggregates concrete. This study starts interesting perspectives
Rocklin, Pascal. "Conception de sondes de détection et développement de techniques de mesure in situ de la contamination de matrices solides (sols, déchets) par des composés organiques volatils." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL049N.
Full textStriolo, Philippe. "Oxydation d'effluents organiques aqueux par le peroxyde d'hydrogène à haute température : procédé WPO." Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0006.
Full textBoloré, Damien. "Création et nucléation de bulles lors de la montée en température de verres recyclés mis en contact." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066267.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the bubbles population that appears between two glass pieces when heated at 1100 °C without any reactive raw materials. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the transition from dissolved gas to gas is still a fundamental issue of materials science. Industrially, bubbles are the major sources of defects in the final glass product and the amount of recycled glass introduced in glass furnaces will likely increase.We have studied the life of a bubble at different times, from its creation to its growth behavior, and to its rise in the molten glass. We show that homogeneous nucleation cannot exist in molten glass because chemical reactions are not able to generate the needed supersaturations by themselves. Thus, right after glass transition, glass flow is responsible for the entrapment of gas pockets, which then become natural precursors of bubbles.We model the supersaturation at the interface between two glasses, and we show its influence over the number of stable nuclei that can form bubbles.We also model the growth dynamic by using the same characterization of glasses' oxidation states than for nucleation. We experimentally show that bubbles located at the interface between a reduced glass and an oxidized glass grow faster than bubbles located in an oxidized glass only. The main effect of the interaction between the two glasses is to move the sulfur equilibrium towards the formation of gaseous SO2.Finally, using X-rays and an optical flow algorithm, we present a new experimental setup which measure velocity fields in an opaque medium to assess bubbles ability to promote glass mixing
Harrlekas, Farida. "Couplage des procédés membranaires aux techniques physico-chimiques ou biologiques pour le traitement des rejets liquides de l'industrie de textile." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL008N/document.
Full textThe treatment of textile wastewater is usually done by a set of physicochemical processes coupled with a biological treatment. The effluent quality abides with difficulty the norms for reuse or discharge in environment. Various treatment combinations have been tested such as coagulation-flocculation (CF) and adsorption on activated carbon (PAC) coupled with membrane technologies (microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF)), photocatalysis coupled with a biological treatment (membrane bioreactor (MBR) or a sequential batch reactor (SBR) or a biological and chemical anaerobic treatment. A general comparison was made to optimise the appropriate treatment. The combination CF-PAC-UF is the most effective of non-biological systems in terms of COD, absorbance and turbidity removal. The degradation of an azoïc and a phthalocyanine textile dyes by simple photocatalysis or combined to a membrane bioreactor has been investigated. Photocatalysis was achieved in a falling film reactor containing titanium dioxide fixed on cellulose fibres under UV irradiation. For both biological systems, although biomass was influenced by the variation of dyes concentration and the continuous operating mode for the MBR, it could resist to the applied conditions. However, even after pre-treatment where full decolouration was achieved, photocatalytic by-products were toxic and could inhibit COD removal. Chemical and biological anaerobic treatment have been applied to textile dyes and combined with a photocatalytic process. Photocatalysis was able to remove more than 90% color from crude as well as autoxidized reduced dye solutions. The photocatalytic end-products were not toxic toward methanogenic bacteria
Sanchez, Cadena Lorena Eugenia. "Valorisation par voie chimique de déchets de tôles d'aluminium laquées." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECAP1056.
Full textVerron, Heloïse. "Étude expérimentale des interactions matériau cimento-bentonitique / argilite / fer et acier (MREA/COx/Fe ou acier) à 90°C en conditions de stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs (CIGEO)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0205.
Full textIn the current concept of radioactive waste deep geological disposal planned by Andra (CIGEO project), waste containers are stored into disposal cells drilled into the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) and encircled by a carbon steel liner. COx and in particular its pyrites, can be oxidized during the drilling of cells. Thanks to an original experimental set-up, involving several pyrite/mineral mixtures and a reactor coupled to a micro gas chromatograph, it is demonstrated, based on the measured O2 consumption that at 100°C in presence of calcite, less than 50% of the pyrite is oxidized. This oxidation induces a transient acidic plume and consequently the corrosion of the steel liner. Andra has developed and patented a low-pH (9
Hubert, Franck. "Valorisation chimique de déchets polyéthylènetéréphtalate en matériaux polyuréthane pour l'isolation thermique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0482.
Full textTrabelsi, Fakher. "Les ultrasons de haute fréquence : étude d'un réacteur, application à la dégradation de composés organiques par sonochimie et sonoélectrochimie." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT053G.
Full textBoigelot, Romain. "Gazéification de déchets organiques dans un réacteur à flux entrainé : impact des inorganiques sur le fonctionnement du réacteur et choix des céramiques réfractaires." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835075.
Full textRiou, Fabienne. "Procédé de traitement des déchets de circuits imprimés : valorisation par dépolymérisation chimique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ECAP0906.
Full textHervy, Maxime. "Valorisation de chars issus de pyrogazéification de biomasse pour la purification de syngas : lien entre propriétés physico-chimiques, procédé de fonctionnalisation et efficacité du traitement." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMAC0013/document.
Full textThe pyrogasification is a thermochemical process that consists in converting biomass and/or waste into a gaseous energy carrier named syngas. This syngas is mainly composed of H2 and CO but also contains many pollutants (such as tars, H2S, HCl, particles…) that must be removed before further utilization of the syngas (electricity and heat production, synthesis of biofuel or chemicals…). The production of solid residues (chars) and the cost of the syngas purification process jeopardize the industrial development of this process. This thesis aims at studying the in-situ valorisation of the pyrolysis chars, functionalized or not, as sorbent or catalyst for the syngas cleaning. In this study, pyrolysis chars have been produced by the pyrolysis of wastes generated on cruise-ships: Used Wood Pallets (UWP), Coagulation-Flocculation Sludge (CFS) and Food Waste (FW). A set of multi-scale characterizations has been performed in order to identify relationships between the physico-chemical properties of the chars, the production conditions and the nature of the initial biomass. Chars from the mixture of FW/CFS have high mineral contents while chars from UWP are mainly carbonaceous materials. The steam activation only slightly modifies the chemical composition of the chars but significantly increases their porosity. Then, the study focused on the relationships between the physico-chemical properties of the chars and their purification efficiency. The H2S sorption capacity was strongly improved by high surface areas, large mineral contents and alkaline pH surfaces. The most important properties for the catalytic activity of the chars for tar cracking reactions were: high mineral contents, large surface areas and the presence of disorganized carbon structures in the char
Boloré, Damien. "Création et nucléation de bulles lors de la montée en température de verres recyclés mis en contact." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066267/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the bubbles population that appears between two glass pieces when heated at 1100 °C without any reactive raw materials. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the transition from dissolved gas to gas is still a fundamental issue of materials science. Industrially, bubbles are the major sources of defects in the final glass product and the amount of recycled glass introduced in glass furnaces will likely increase.We have studied the life of a bubble at different times, from its creation to its growth behavior, and to its rise in the molten glass. We show that homogeneous nucleation cannot exist in molten glass because chemical reactions are not able to generate the needed supersaturations by themselves. Thus, right after glass transition, glass flow is responsible for the entrapment of gas pockets, which then become natural precursors of bubbles.We model the supersaturation at the interface between two glasses, and we show its influence over the number of stable nuclei that can form bubbles.We also model the growth dynamic by using the same characterization of glasses' oxidation states than for nucleation. We experimentally show that bubbles located at the interface between a reduced glass and an oxidized glass grow faster than bubbles located in an oxidized glass only. The main effect of the interaction between the two glasses is to move the sulfur equilibrium towards the formation of gaseous SO2.Finally, using X-rays and an optical flow algorithm, we present a new experimental setup which measure velocity fields in an opaque medium to assess bubbles ability to promote glass mixing
Amar, Mouhamadou Al Amine. "Traitement des sédiments de dragage pour une valorisation dans les matrices cimentaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10154/document.
Full textIn France, construction sector annual needings for granular materials are close to 400 million tonnes, of which 96% are natural origin. Therefore it becames highly necessary to find alternatives solutions, in particular by valorisation of industrial by-products (IBP) such as dredging sediments. Marine sediments are designated as a secondary raw material in this study. However, the latter may present some levels of pollution, with the presence of organic matter (5% to 30%), relatively high water content (50% to 200%) and a fairly fine granulometry (≤ 300 µm). Currently, research target to use them as a supplementary mineral addition in concrete after efficient methods of treatment that improve some physico-chemical properties. The aim of this this study is to establish a profitable methodology for the use of sediments in cementitious matrix. We first lead a bibliographical review on this subject. At the experimental level, a physico-chemical characterization was carried out, determining the major parameters to be considered, the effects of the treatment on material properties, the likely impact of the presence of sediments in the cementitious matrix, and an experimental methodology to quantify these various effects. The cementitious materials formulated will be analysed and characterized at four scales: physico-chemical, mechanical, durability and the environmental impact. An analysis of the mechanical results makes possible to assess the activity of this material and to implement adapted formulation laws
Le, Forestier Lydie. "Résidus ultimes de l'incinération de déchets ménagers : caractérisation chimique et minéralogique, essais de stabilisation par vitrification et comportement des verres à la lixiviation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL025N.
Full textIncineration is an efficient way of eliminating household wastes, but the scrubbing of the fumes produces fly ash (REFIOM), which contains mainly Ca-Al silicates as well as alkali chlorides and calcium sulphates, and a large number of pollutant elements. Because of their toxic effects on the environment, Fench legislation requires that they be stabilized before strage. It is, however, first necessary to characterize the ashes. Methods were developed giving fractions of washed ashes through sieving and density separation, followed by analytical technique to determine the textures, mineralogy and chemical compositions of the fractions. It was possible to estimate weight proportions of the main phases and to obtain information about the host phases for the pollutant elements. High-temperature experiments were then performed to test the feasibility of vitrifying the ashes, particularly concerning the possible dissolution of chlorides and pollutant elements in a glassy or partly crystallized matrix. The last part of the study dealt with the durability of the stabilized glasses during leaching experiments under controlled conditions to determine the influence of pH of the solution, temperature and the specific surface of the glass, as a guide to estimate the long-term behaviour of glasses made from fly ash
Delville, Nathalie. "Etude minéralogique et physico-chimique des mâchefers d'incinération des ordures ménagères (M. I. O. M. ) en vue d'une utilisation en technique routière." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22410.
Full textMouffe, Shirley. "Maîtrise de la réactivité thermique lors de l'élaboration d'un conditionnement par le bitume." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1524.
Full textThis work deals with the study of chemical reactions and phases transitions which can occur between magnesium nitrate, sodium nitrate, cobalt sulphur product, and nickel potassium ferrocyanide, when they are heated together during bituminisation process of nuclear waste. The applied methodology associates a few techniques: temperature, enthalpy, and kinetics of reaction are determined by calorimetry, reaction products are characterised by chemical analyses, mass spectrometry and XRD analysis. Three fields of temperature and energy are observed in function of composition (one compound or a mixture of compounds). The study of reactions between NaNO3 and cobalt sulphur product shows that the presence of water has got an effect on reaction temperature. The study of Mg(NO3)2, 6 H20 and CoS shows an overlapping of different signals, and that the reaction rate is very slow (a few hours)
Morais, Joácio júnior de Araujo. "Influence des pré-traitements mécaniques et biologiques des Ordures Ménagères Résiduelles (OMR) sur leur comportement bio-physico-chimique en Installation de Stockage de Déchets (ISD)." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0121/these.pdf.
Full textThe European directive 99/31/CE on the storage of solid waste fixes the requirements of integrated waste management. By mechanical-biological pretreatment (MBP) of residual municipal solid waste it is possible to reduce the quantity of waste to be landfilled and the waste biodegradable fraction. The objective of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the influence of the MBP of residual municipal solid waste on their behaviour in landfill. In this purpose, the work was based on the one hand on the study of the effectiveness of the operations of two industrial and semi-industrial processes of MBP (at SDEE-Lozère and at CREED) and, on the other hand, on the evaluation of the behavior of pretreated waste in laboratory scale test landfill simulation reactor with and without leachate recirculation. The positive influence of the MBP of the two processes is observed as well as the effect of the recirculation on all bioreactors