Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Décharges électriques à haute tension (DEHT)'
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Brahim, Marwa. "Délignification assistée par traitements physiques et chimiques à partir de résidus de colza." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2317/document.
Full textIn the context of plant biorefinery, especially for bioethanol production, pretreatment step is important to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass and to increase the reactivity towards enzymatic / biological conversion processes. Recalcitrance is mainly due to the presence of lignin and crystalline cellulose. The goal of any pretreatment of biomass is to alter the structure of the lignocellulosic material in order to increase the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to the enzymes. Conventional pretreatments include aggressive steps, using harmful reagents and exposing the material to high temperatures and pressures for long periods. In this work, we developed a new process for delignification of rapeseed residues, combining physical pretreatments (ultrasounds (US), microwaves (MW)) and electrotechnologies (PEF, HVED)) to conventional chemical pretreatments (Organosolv, alkaline). This coupling has improved the process in terms of phytomelanin extraction yield (up to 40 % gain) in the case of rapeseed hulls and delignification efficiency (more than 2 times more efficient than the chemical process performed alone) in the case of rapeseed straw while reducing for most studied technologies the severity of the overall process. Characterization through electron microscopy revealed changes in plant tissue represented by the appearance of pores in the treated rapeseed hulls and fiber breakdown of treated rapeseed straw inducing better enzymatic hydrolysis performance. However, loss of sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose was observed with physical pretreatments. Analysis of the recovered lignins allowed us to observe lignin modifications during physical treatments such as recondension reactions in presence of ultrasounds and cleavage of ferulates bridges with high-voltage electrical discharges. Then the formulation of « eco-sourced » adhesives from phytomélanins extracted by the previous studied processes was attempted. Finally, a study of the impact of innovative technologies in terms of technical and economic performances was carried out to consider a scale-up of these technologies. It was concluded that physical step enhanced the profitability of this biorefinery
Dan, Liu. "Couplage de technologies électriques et membranaires pour l'extraction / séparation de composés d'intérêt à partir de sous-produits de la vinification." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP1993.
Full textThis study concentrates on the intensification of aqueous extraction of biomolecules from winery by-products (yeasts, grape seeds, and grape pomaces) by electrotechnologies (pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high voltage electrical discharges (HVED)) and the purification of the extract by membrane technology. The electrical techniques can damage cell membranes and/or cell wall thus enhancing the release of intracellular compounds. The application of an electrical pretreatment allowed selective extraction of intracellular compounds from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. Results have shown the effect of the high pressure wave produced during HVED on the fragmentation of grape seeds and the extraction of the phenolic compounds. Finally, an empirical model was used to describe the kinetics of polyphenols extraction process. The application of membrane technology in the clarification of the extracts of winery byproducts has been explored. The principal disadvantage of this technology is membrane fouling. Various techniques were used to reduce the fouling phenomena. The studies carried out on the dynamic systems (stirred filtration and ultrasound assisted filtration) in this work avoided membrane fouling and maintained their performances in terms of fluxes and retentions. Based on the study of fouling mechanisms and quantification of specific cake resistance, the optimum operating conditions supporting a reduced fouling can be proposed
Almohammed, Fouad. "Application des électrotechnologies pour une valorisation optimisée de la betterave à sucre dans un concept de bioraffinerie." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2328/document.
Full textThis work discusses the use of electrotechnologies for an optimized valorization of sugar beet according to the concept of biorefinery. The applied electrotechnologies are pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high-voltage electrical discharges (HVED). The study firstly aims at optimizing an alternative method for sugar extraction by PEF assisted cold alkaline pressing. On the other hand, it proposes new ways for valorizing two by-products of sugar beet industry, which are sugar beet tails and pulps. In the first part, PEF treatment combined with liming leads to a better disintegration of beet tissue. It permits accelerating of pressing kinetics, improvement of juice yield and quality, and reduction of subsequent purification procedure. A parametric optimization study identified the best application itinerary of the proposed extraction process. Fresh sugar beet cossettes are pretreated by PEF at 600 V/cm for 10 ms (Q = 2.7 Wh/kg). The electroporated cossettes are then pressed to extract 75% of intracellular juice. Compressed cossettes are subjected to an alkaline pressing with 10% lime milk. In order to extract the residual sucrose in the obtained press-cake, two additional steps of pressing with an intermediate hydration are required. This optimized process allows well exhausting the sugar cossettes (sugar loss of 0.23% and pulp dry matter of 39%) for a short extraction (30 min) and with low draft (108%) compared to diffusion method. Thus, it allows substantial saving in materials and energy especially for juice extraction and pulp drying. Compared to the conventional method, the energy saving amounted to 91.96 × 106 kWh for a sugar beet factory treating 10 000 tons per day for a campaign of 110 days. In addition, the proposed method simplifies the purification procedure of raw juice and reduces the used amount of lime from 50 to 60%. In the second part of this study, two processing methods were proposed and optimized at lab-scale for valorization of sugar beet tails and pulps. Sugar beet tails were used to produce bioethanol. Raw juice of beet tails was extracted by PEF assisted cold pressing. Bioethanol production was then done by alcoholic fermentation. Pretreatment of beet tails with PEF (450 V/cm, 10 ms) permits accelerating the pressing kinetics, increasing the yield of solutes (79.85% vs. 16.8%), and leads to a more concentrated juice (10% vs. 5.2%). The optimized process permits the production of about 41.75 L of bioethanol per ton of beet tails when PEF pretreatment is applied against only 8.2 L of bioethanol without PEF confirming the potential of this new valorization scheme. Dried beet pulp having a dry matter of 92.8% was used for pectin recovery. The present study showed that the application of HVED pretreatment leads to intensify pectin extraction. The relative gain of pectin yield is 25.3% with an energy consumption of 76.2 kJ/kg. The proposed biorefinery scheme could protect the sugar beet industry in France after the suppression of the sugar quota system in the European Union, which will take effect on 1st October 2017
El, Kantar Sally. "Valorisation des coproduits issus des industries d’agrumes : extraction des molécules bioactives par des technologies innovantes." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2440/document.
Full textThis work consists of the valorization of citrus by-products with innovative technologies. Citrus pressing produces millions of tons of waste per year worldwide. This waste (peels, pulps and seeds) is generally dedicated to animal feed or eliminated by composting or incineration. However its content in bioactive molecules leads to several ways of valorization. Since peels present about half of the citrus waste mass, studies have been focused on the valorization of citrus peels by the extraction of bioactive compounds. Conventional methods generally used for the extraction of bioactive compounds (solid-liquid extraction, hydrodistillation) have several disadvantages such as the use of expensive and toxic solvents, long extraction times and high energy consumption. For this reason, several innovative non-thermal technologies such as Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), High Voltage Electrical Discharges (HVED) and Ultrasounds (US) and thermal treatments such as microwaves (MO) and infrared (IR) have been tested for the valorization of citrus by-products. Whole citrus fruits (oranges, pomelos, lemons) were PEF treated at an intensity of 3 kV/cm, then citrus juice and polyphenols were extracted by pressing. The study of the PEF-induced cell permeabilization was conducted by several methods and showed that the degree of damage varied according to the type of the treated fruit. The electroporation of the cells induced by the PEF, allowed an increase the juice yields after pressing and improved the liberation of the polyphenols from the citrus peels into the juice. This explains the possibility of obtaining a juice rich in polyphenols by treating the whole fruits with PEF before pressing. Among the solvents tested for the extraction of polyphenols from citrus peels, water is the least effective. The addition of 20% glycerol to water changed the polarity of the medium and improved the extraction of the polyphenols. The use of an enzyme mixture enhanced the release of the polyphenols related to the polysaccharides. Deep eutectic solvents have been as effective as hydroethanolic mixtures. To improve the yields and the kinetics of extractions in the different green solvents and in the enzyme mixture, citrus peels were pretreated with HVED in water. The mechanical effect of HVED, based on the fragmentation of the peels has improved the extraction of polyphenols in the various solvents. The intensification of polyphenols extraction was also conducted by IR and US. The extraction of polyphenols by IR was optimized using the surface response methodology. IR heating did not alter the extracted polyphenols which have significant antifungal and anti-mycotoxinogenic activities. The pretreatment of citrus peels with IR weakened the cell structures, increasing thus the diffusion of polyphenols during US treatment
Zhang, Rui. "Impact of emerging technologies on the cell disruption and fractionation of microalgal biomass." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2548.
Full textThis research work focuses on extraction and fractionation of bio-molecules from microalgae using physical treatments: pulsed electric fields (PEF), high voltage electrical discharges (HVED) and ultrasonication (US) techniques. In this study, three microalgae species Nannochloropsis sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Parachlorella kessleri (P. kessleri) were investigated. These species have different cell shapes, structure and intracellular contents. The effects of tested techniques on extraction of bio-molecules have been highlighted in a quantitative and qualitative analysis by evaluating the ionic components, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments and lipids. A comparative study of physical treatments (PEF, HVED and US) at the equivalent energy input for release of intracellular bio-molecules from three microalgal species allowed us to better understand the different disintegration mechanisms. For each microalga at the same energy consumption, the HVED treatment proved to be the most efficient for extraction of carbohydrates, while the US treatment for extraction of proteins and pigments. In general, the smallest efficiency was observed for the PEF treatment. However, the highest selectivity towards carbohydrates can be obtained using the mild PEF or HVED technique. The preliminary physical treatments (PEF, HVED or US) of more concentrated suspensions followed by high pressure homogenization (HPH) of diluted suspensions allowed improving the extraction efficiency and decreasing the total energy consumption. The physical pretreatments permit to reduce the mechanical pressure of the HPH and number of passes, to reach the same extraction yield. For the maximum valorisation of microalgal biomass, extraction procedure assisted by HVED treatment (40 kV/cm, 1-8 ms) followed by aqueous and non-aqueous extraction steps seems to be useful for selective extraction and fractionation of different bio-molecules from microalgae. The significant effects of HVED pre-treatment on organic solvent extraction of pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids) and lipids were also observed
Chadni, Morad. "Impact des prétraitements physiques sur l’intensification de l’extraction et la valorisation des hémicelluloses de hauts poids moléculaires à partir d’épicéa." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2490.
Full textThis thesis project is specifically dedicated to the study of the intensification of the extraction of hemicellulose polymers from spruce wood by the application of physicochemical pretreatments: Microwave (MW), High Voltage Electrical Discharge (HVED) and Steam Explosion (STEX). Extraction of hemicelluloses is often carried out by an autohydrolysis or by chemical treatments. In this work, we have developed an original process for extracting hemicelluloses polymers by combining physical pretreatments (MW, HVED and STEX) with chemical pretreatments and autohydrolysis. This combination allowed us to recover hemicelluloses with average molecular weights (Mw) highs up to 70 kDa, 66 kDa and 55 kDa when STEX, MW and HVED were applied in basic medium respectively. The performance of the pretreatments in terms of extraction yield is higher than the autohydrolysis alone for the same extraction temperatures. The characterization of the extracted hemicelluloses revealed an extraction selectivity as a function of the pH of the medium of impregnation. Impregnation in neutral medium promotes the solubilization of galactoglucomannans (GGM) and impregnation in a basic medium promotes the solubilization of arabinoglucoronoxylans (ARX). The analysis of the degree of acetylation (AD) showed that STEX pretreatment allowed the extraction of acetyl-GGM with an AD of approximately 0.35 which is close to that in native hemicelluloses.The characterization of films made from extracted hemicelluloses showed that these films are good barrier to oxygen with oxygen permeability near to 0.83 cm3 μm-1 day-1 kPa-1 and to UV radiations
Hong, Junting. "Evaluation of atrazine degradation processes in water by electrical discharges and high-frequency ultrasound : parametric optimization and study of reaction mechanisms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2804.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to develop an efficient technology for the degradation of pesticides. For this purpose, the widely used herbicide atrazine was studied as a model molecule. Atrazine was degraded in water by high voltage electrical discharge (HVED), and its degradation performance was compared with traditional water treatment technologies Fenton oxidation and ultrasound (US). The detection and quantification of atrazine and its metabolites were achieved by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). An online analysis method by HPLC-HRMS combined with automatic sampling was developed for real-time monitoring of the degradation process. The HVED technology efficiently degraded atrazine and reduced toxic metabolites generated during Fenton oxidation and US processes. HVED process has less energy consumption than US process while achieving the same 89% atrazine degradation efficiency. The mechanism pathways of atrazine degradation for different technologies were proposed. The effect of real matrix (tap water) versus model matrix (deionized water) on atrazine degradation was studied. Results showed that in HVED treatment, the degradation efficiency of atrazine in tap water was lower than that in deionized water, which may be related to the conductivity of the water and to the mechanism of electric arcs generation in a conductive medium. The acute toxicity (LC50) in Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the toxicity of different treatment solutions initially containing atrazine. The toxicity of atrazine solution treated by Fenton oxidation is higher than that treated by HVED and US
Delmas, Antoine. "Etude transitoire du déclenchement de protections haute tension contre les décharges électrostatiques." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1659/.
Full textThe research work presented in this thesis is aimed to analyze and optimize the triggering behavior of high voltage devices against electrostatic discharges (ESD). Two approaches were used : A dedicated tool was created. The " transient-TLP " tool is based on mathematical post-processing of oscilloscope raw data, measured using a standard vf-TLP system. Measurement error is less than 2 %. This method, first designed for on-wafer measurement were then adapted to packaged device measurements. The transient behavior of ESD devices used at Freescale was analyzed using this tool. TCAD simulations were then performed to analyze the turning-on of high voltage ESD devices. The origins of the strong voltage overshoot peak observed at the triggering of this component were explained, and design solutions were proposed to significantly reduce the magnitude of this peak
Delsart, Cristele. "Champs électriques pulsés et décharges électriques de haute tension pour l’extraction et la stabilisation en oenologie." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21982/document.
Full textThe wine industry needs to find solutions in the coming years to reduce its carbon footprint by 20% and quickly propose alternatives to sulphur dioxide usage. This work on pulsed electric fields offers wine professionals an eco-innovation that could help to address these two issues. Eco-innovation is increasingly seen as the key to future competitiveness in the context of sustainable development. However, before being integrated in wine production, eco-innovation must demonstrate its performance and efficiency without compromising product quality and consumers safety so that it could be approved by government authorities (OIV, EU ...). As such, this thesis has received a joint financial support from the CIVB and the ADEME. The principle of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) is to apply to a product; electrical pulses of a few kilovolts in a very short period time (a few microseconds) and then repeated n times. During treatment (grapes, grape must or wine) cells transmembrane potential increases till the induction of pores in the membranes. The irreversibility of the pores leads not only to the extraction of cellular components but also cell death. Thus, depending on the time of this technology application in winemaking and operating parameters, allows the extraction of sensory interests compounds such as polyphenols or the inactivation of microorganisms. PEF takes into account three important aspects to the sustainability of a technology: environment, economy and quality. This technique has a number of advantages for wine producers: clean, fast, inexpensive, efficient, industrializable and automated. Compared to other treatments such as pasteurization, sterile filtration, thermovinification, hot or cold maceration, cryoextraction or flash-release, its energy consumption is low (a few tens of kWh / tonne). PEF technology is environmentally friendly, as it requires little energy and no chemical inputs. It is fast and efficient because the processing time is only a few tens to hundreds of milliseconds. Finally, this technique is a non-thermal and therefore does not degrade the heat-sensitive molecules such as flavours. The objectives of this research work was to understand the effect of PEF on the cells, to determine the processing parameters during the extraction of compounds of interest grapes and to inactivate microorganisms in order to stop alcoholic fermentation of sweet wines and stabilize microbiologically red wines before bottling maintaining the quality of the processed product
Rajeha, Hiba. "Optimisation des méthodes d'extraction des composés phénoliques des raisins libanais et de leurs coproduits." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2209.
Full textThis study deals with the optimization of the extraction methods of phenolic compounds from viticulture and viniculture by-products, namely vine shoots and grape pomace. Several innovative technologies were tested and compared: high voltage electrical discharges (HVED), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasounds (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF). The solid-liquid extraction conducted on vine shoots showed that, amongst the studied solvents, water is the least effective. The addition of the β-cyclodextrin to water improves the extraction process but remains less effective than that with hydroethanolic mixtures. The extraction in alkaline medium gives the highest phenolic compound extraction yields. The intensification of phenolic compound extraction from vine shoots was possible thanks to new extraction technologies. The effectiveness of the tested methods was the least with US, followed by PEF to accomplish the highest phenolic yield with HVED. The filterability of the extracts was slower when their composition was complex, and the membrane technology allowed a good purification and concentration of phenolic compounds. The reason behind the high effectiveness of HVED was investigated. The action mechanisms of HVED were studied in details. A mechanical effect of HVED provoked vine shoots fragmentation and particle size reduction. This was the main phenomenon responsible for the intensification of the extraction process. It also suggested that a grinding pretreatment would not be necessary prior to HVED, which considerably diminishes the energy input of the overall process. The presence of a non-mechanical effect and its contribution in the efficiency of HVED were also shown. The formation of hydrogen peroxide during the treatment was observed. However it did not seem to alter vine shoot phenolic compounds since these demonstrated a high radical scavenging capacity. As for the studies conducted on grape pomace, the simultaneous variation of several operating parameters allowed the aqueous and hydroethanolic optimization of phenolic compound extraction from these byproducts by response surface methodology (RSM). The passage from an aqueous to a hydroethanolic medium clearly improved the solid-liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from grape pomace. The use of ASE further increased the phenolic compound yield up to three times as compared to the optimum obtained with a hydroethanolic solvent
Gros, Cécile. "Extraction aqueuse et athermique de l'huile de lin assistée par décharges électriques de haute tension." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1564.
Full textThe reduction of pollutants emission in the environment involves the substitution of mineral lubricants by biolubricants. Our goal is to propose an efficient oil extraction process without organic solvent and heating. The study of crushing and maturity of seeds on expression allows to achieve a yield of 70%. We clarified the technological boIt that the mucilage (mixture of polysaccharides) represents. For its extraction, an original solution based on application of High Voltage Electrical Discharges (HVED) in water is proposed and applied to the oil cake obtained after expression. The optimization of aqueous extraction enhanced by DEHT (pH, temperature, ratio eau/tourteau, number of impulsions) allows to reach yields from 80 to 98%. Ln conclusion, the new process is composed of the following stages : crushing, expression, crushing and two HVED treatments follow-ups by centrifugation
Touya, Gilles. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale des décharges électriques dans l'eau et des ondes de pression associées. : Réalisation d'un prototype industriel 100kJ pour le traitement de déchets par puissances électriques pulsées." Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3001.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to make its contribution to the experimental study of electrical dicharges in water and associated pressure waves. A 100kJ industrial prototype was carried out to treat wastes by electrical pulsed power. The first chapter introduce the pulsed power technology. The second chapter explains the two experimental devices used : the industrial process, and the test board of lower energy, allowing the physical and electrotechnical study of the electrical discharge in water. Experimental results of this study are introduced in the third chapter. Electrical and optical mesures reveal two types of discharges i. E. Subsonic and supersonic discharges. Finally, in the fourth chapter, two applications of the PBT method are presented : the first one concerns the industrial prototype, the second allows to evaluate the efficiency of electrical discharges in water to treat biofilms
Cadilhon, Baptiste. "Etude et réalisation d’un ensemble autonome d’émission d’ondes électromagnétiques de fortes puissances." Pau, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/48/02/PDF/These_Cadilhon.pdf.
Full textToday, the generation of high power electromagnetic waves is a major application of electrical pulsed power devices. The implementation of a “whole electrical” solution for the development of the source seems to be the best technological choice because it allows us to make experimental tests and an easy maintenance of the system. In this context, the Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Pau University, in collaboration with THALES, has developed two repetitive subnanosecond pulsed sources based on high voltage, short rise-time Marx generator. Measurement devices are also made to measure both the amplitude and the rise-time of the pulse generated. Each compact source is driven by an autonomous charger and associated with an ultra wideband antenna to radiate high power electric field. In collaboration with the XLIM Laboratory of Limoges University, a travelling wave antenna was modified in order to withstand high power operations. These two high-power radiation sources were tested. The figures-of-merit (equal to the product of the peak field strength multiplied by the distance) reach 223kV for the first device and 436kV for the second one
Brisset, Alexandra. "Physique des décharges nanosecondes diffuses générées sous champs électriques extrêmes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS456.
Full textNon-thermal high-pressure plasmas are extensively studied to understand in detail the development mechanisms of the discharges that create them and the kinetic processes induced. They activate a specific non-equilibrium chemistry that is very interesting for many applications. High concentrations of highly reactive species are thus generated with a relatively low energy consumption. At atmospheric pressure, the discharge is generally filamentary and unstable. In recent years, studies have identified new types of stable and diffuse discharges, in the sense of the spatial extension which can extend over centimetre scales. These discharges are very interesting because they combine both a large plasma volume and very high electric fields. However, the physics of these discharges is not well known.The work carried out in this thesis will addressfirst of all, physical mechanisms of triggering of the discharge. Different discharge regimes will be presented through rapid imaging measurements and the study of electrical signals. In particular, they will determine the influence of voltage on propagation rates and light intensity profiles. We will then measure the spatial and temporal distribution of the electric field and study its specificities. Then we will study how the injected energy contributes to the chemical reactivity of the discharge. In particular, the temperature and absolute densities of the majority of reactive species (O, O3, N2(B,C)) are measured. Finally, we will look at the mechanisms of energetic relaxation in post-discharge. Many diagnostics, often complementary, will make it possible to link the succession of physico-chemical processes during the temporal development of the discharge from its initiation to its complete relaxation
El-Belghiti, Kamal. "Amélioration de l'extraction aqueuse de solutés des produits végétaux par champ électrique pulsé." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1563.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis deals with the development of a process of aqueous extraction of solute from vegetable products coupled to a moderate pulsed electric field (MPEF). It aims at the improvement of yield of solute and the extraction kinetics. The effect of MPEF parameters (intensity and number of pulses), agitation during extraction, shape and size of particles, solution temperature and centrifugaI field, has been studied. The main experimental work was carried out with samples of sugar beet and carrot, in form of disk and gratings, treated by MPEF of different intensities (200-1200 V/cm) and different numbers of pulses (50-1000) of 100 ilS. Aqueous extraction was carried out at various temperatures (20-50°C), under various agitation speeds (0-750 rpm) and centrifugaI accelerations (09660xg). After the development of an experimental methodology, we observed that the MPEF increases the final yield of solute. The agitation of solution, the moderate heating and the centrifugaI field accelerate the extraction kinetics. The reduction ofparticles size increases the yield of solute and accelerates the extraction kinetics. An optimisation ofboth MPEF and extraction parameters allowed to reach a maximal yield of solute (95%) under an electrical energy consumption of 6-7 and 9 kJ/kg for sugar beets and carrots, respectively. On the other hand, the combination of the process with moderate heating and/or centrifugaI field permitted to reduce from 2 to 4 times the extraction duration. . The aqueous extraction kinetics was described by a bi-exponential model involving two simultaneous processes: rapid washing, which cannot be taken into account by Fick's law, and slow diffusion. The MPEF has shown an inefficiency with dry vegetable products (Ieaves of black tea and roots of Datura Innoxia). A treatment by electric discharges of high tension (EDHT) (40 kV) allowed the acceleration of extraction from such products
Morette, Nathalie. "Mesure et analyse par apprentissage artificiel des décharges partielles sous haute tension continue pour la reconnaissance de l'état de dégradation des isolants électriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS006.
Full textPartial discharges (PD) are one of the key drivers of degradation and ageing of insulating materials used in high-voltage switchgear. Consequently, partial discharges measurement has become an essential assessment tool for the monitoring of insulation systems. Given the continuing growth of renewable energy, the transport under direct current (DC) is economically advantageous. However, the relationship between partial discharges characteristics and the degradation of cables insulation under high voltage direct current (HVDC) remains unclear. In this work, a methodology is proposed for ageing state recognition of electrical insulation systems based on PD measurements under DC. For this purpose, original measuring devices have been developed and PD measurements were performed within different cable types under HVDC. In order to ensure a reliable monitoring and diagnosis of the insulation, noise signals must be eliminated. This thesis tackles the problem of the discrimination of partial discharge and noise signals acquired in different environments by applying machine learning methods. The techniques developed are a promising tool to improve the diagnosis of HV equipment under HVDC, where the need to discard automatically noise signals with high accuracy is of great importance. Once disturbances were eliminated from the databases, ageing state recognition was performed on different cable types. The feature extraction, ranking and selection methods, combined with classification techniques allowed to obtain recognition rates up to 100%
Touya, Gilles. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale des décharges électriques dans l'eau et des ondes de pression associéesRéalisation d'un prototype industriel 100kJ pour le traitement de déchets par puissances électriques pulsées." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011179.
Full textLe premier chapitre introduit par le biais d'une étude bibliographique la technologie des puissances pulsées, le principe de son élaboration et les principales applications civiles qui lui sont associées.
Le chapitre 2 détaille les deux dispositifs expérimentaux que nous avons utilisé durant cette étude ; la première partie présente le démonstrateur industriel, et la deuxième, le banc de plus faible énergie, permettant l'étude physique et électrotechnique de la décharge électrique dans l'eau.
Les résultats expérimentaux relatifs à cette étude sont introduits dans le chapitre 3. Des mesures optiques et électriques mettent en évidence deux modes de décharges à savoir les décharges subsoniques et les décharges supersoniques. Par le biais d'une étude électrotechnique, la phénoménologie des deux modes de décharges est détaillée ce qui permet d'aborder par la suite la transition entre les décharges subsoniques et supersoniques.
Enfin, dans le chapitre 4, deux applications de la méthode PBT sont présentées. La première concerne le démonstrateur industriel pour lequel une étude électrotechnique, la pression engendrée par la décharge et les applications associées sont exposées. La deuxième application permet d'évaluer l'efficacité de l'application des décharges électriques dans l'eau pour le traitement de biofilms présents dans des canalisations.
Boussetta, Nadia. "Intensification de l'extraction des polyphénols par électrotechnologies pour la valorisation des marcs de champagne." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1899.
Full textThis study is about the intensification of the polyphenols extraction from grape pomace by electrotechnologies: high voltage electrical discharges (HVED) and pulsed electric fields (PEF). These techniques can damage cell membranes and/or cell wall thus enhancing the release of intracellular compounds. The developed extraction process is divided into three steps: an electrically assisted aqueous or hydro-ethanolic diffusion, a purification process by solid phase extraction, and a drying process (by freeze-drying). The optimization study of the main operating parameters for each process resulted in the production of a powder rich in antioxydant polyphenols. The application of an electrical pretreatment allowed increasing up to 10 times the extraction yields of polyphenols. Experiments performed at the semi-pilot scale have confirmed the positive effect of HVED on polyphenols extraction improvement. It was possible to apply this extraction method on each grape pomace component (skins, seeds and stems). Results have also shown the effect of the high pressure wave produced during HVED on the product fragmentation that increases the extraction of interest compounds. Finally, the kinetics of polyphenols have been described by the empirical Peleg’s model and the theoretical Fick’s model in order to estimate the polyphenols yields at a desired time
Karel, Jan. "Simulation numérique de la propagation d'une décharge dans un plasma sur maillage non stucturés adaptés dynamiquement." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132029/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is a numerical simulation of a streamer propagation (electric discharge in a high voltage electric field). The minimal model is used for the streamer description. The model consists of a system of convection-diffusion-reaction equations for electric particles coupled with Poisson’s equation for an electric potential. We simulate a general streamer motion in 3D which is presented by streamer branching. It is caused by local disturbances in the electric field. We have developed a method based on a dynamically adaptation of grids for the simulation. The properties of the method are tested on simpler problems in 2D (less time consuming). This approach is sufficient for the development of the method even if it is different type of problem (planar discharge) and it allows a simple transition to 3D
Tato dizertační práce se zabývá numerickou simulací propagace streameru (elektrický výbojve vysokonapět'ovém elektrickém poli). Pro popis streameru je použit minimální model, který se skládá ze soustavy transportních rovnic pro elektricky nabité částice spárovaných s Poissonovou rovnicí pro elektrický potenciál. V práci simulujeme obecný pohyb streameru ve 3D. Tento obecný pohyb je prezentován rozvětvením streameru, kterého se dosáhne pomocí lokálních poruch v elektrickem poli. Pro numerickou simulaci streameru jsme vyvinuli meto du založenou na dynamické adaptaci síte, jejíž vlastnosti byly otestováný na jednodušších problé-mech ve 2D (menší časová náročnost). I když jde o jiný typ problému (rovinný výboj), pro vývoj metody je dostatečný a umožňuje snadný přechod do 3D
Douar, Adnane. "Recherche de matériaux isolants pour la conception d'une nouvelle génération de connecteurs électriques haute tension : influence de la pollution sur les phénomènes de décharges partielles du contournement et de claquage." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0046/document.
Full textIn the present study, we deal with an essential problem related to electrical lines accessories and more particularly to piercing connectors (TTDC 45501FA) commercialized by a private company named Sicame and which is located in Arnac-Pompadour (Corrèze, France). This product/accessory is designed to provide power diversions on medium voltage live lines HVA operating between 15 and 25kV. However, it becomes required to design a new generation of piercing connectors able to operate on 52kV live lines because of the electrical power demands that are steadily increasing. Actually, the main concerns about these products are the occurrence of partial discharges within the insulating material volume (polyamide 6 containing 50%wt of glass fibers). Most of the time, these discharges induce an early ageing process of the accessory under the combined effects of a corrosive environment (as salt fog) and an electric field threshold. Thus, the main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to carry out an appropriate choice of insulating materials among several tested polymers such as thermoplastics and thermosetting epoxy resins and EPDM elastomers that are capable of withstanding several constraints: thermal and electrical and mechanical and chemical conditions. The experimental section is focusing on the measurements of flashover voltage and partial discharges activity propagating on polymeric surfaces and breakdown voltage within material bulks under A.C voltage. That is why polymeric samples with plane surfaces and textured surfaces are molded to compare their resistance to partial discharges when being subjected to polluted environments such as salt fog; these measurements are necessary to choose the suitable materials for the required application to be integrated in the new generation of connectors. Then, the optical and electrical characterization results of creeping discharges propagating on several polymeric surfaces under lightning impulse (L.I.) voltage with its both polarities (positive and negative) and for two kinds of applied electric field (normal and tangential) are presented in the case of solid/air interfaces. Final length measurements of creepage discharges are the main parameter for distinguishing material properties. The whole obtained results (under AC and LI voltages) allow us to point out the cycloaliphatic epoxy resins as potential candidates to the conception of a new generation of piercing connectors. In addition, the electric field simulation and modelling of the TTDC 45501FA connector by using the Flux 2D/3D software seems to be helpful to design a connector prototype which exhibits a new geometry and is able to reach a voltage level that equals 52kV
Brianceau, Silène. "Vers une amélioration quantitative et qualitative de l'extraction des composés phénoliques du marc de raisin rouge à l'aide d'électrotechnologies." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2249/document.
Full textThis work aims at studying the effect of alternative technologies for the processing of winery byproducts on the improvement of extraction yields at laboratory scale. Their impacts on the biochemical quality of the extracts obtained from grape pomace were evaluated by the characterization of the extracted compounds. A comparative study on the effects of different alternative pre-treatment (pulsed electric field (PEF), high voltage electric discharges (HVED) and ultrasounds (US)) of aqueous suspensions of red grape pomace, prior to the extraction step, was realized with the specific objective of understanding the induced phenomena. The electroporation induced by PEF may allow the specific recovery of anthocyanins that are located in the upper cell layers of the hypodermis by facilitating the solvent penetration to particular skin tissues of grape. The location of targeted compounds with respect to tissue structures seems to be a key issue to optimize their extraction. As a consequence, we subsequently examined the feasibility of a PEF pre-treatment of relatively low humidity grape pomace for the enhancement of bioactive compounds extraction. We demonstrated that a relatively dry pomace (RH ≈ 55 %) can be effectively treated by PEF after optimal densification using a suitable configuration of the PEF cell. The PEF pre-treatment of a densified fermented grape pomace, at moderate electric field strengths, requires less output current and lower specific energy and is also more efficient for the selective recovery of anthocyanins than Hi-PEF pre-treatment of an aqueous suspension of grape pomace. We finally focused on the treatment of rehydrated grape pomace following the diffusion step. The enhancement of pressing of the grape pomace by ohmic heating allowed the recovery of two fractions: a solid fibrous residue partly dehydrated which could be further valorized as an agro-material or in feeding, and an extract, particularly rich in bioactive components.The technical-economic assessment shows that the successive application of electro-technologies (pre-treatment of grape pomace in dry environment by PEF followed by a pressing step assisted by ohmic heating) lead to an improvement of extraction yields of about 30 % compared to the conventional method. This mass improvement offset the increased production costs (+ 2.7 % compared to the conventional process) by reducing the total production costs of the extract (7.3 €/kg vs 9.4 €/kg for the conventional process)
Adda, Pierre. "Décharges électriques impulsionnelles dans l’eau : mécanismes, effets physiques, et application à l’extraction de polyphénols à partir de pépins de raisin." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2409/document.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on the use of high voltage electrical discharges (HVED) in aqueous media as a method for extracting polyphenols from grape seeds. Electric arcs generated in an aqueous environment cause a succession of phenomena (shock waves, cavitation bubbles) that have the effect of fragmenting any raw material located near the electric arc. The objective of this thesis is to study these phenomena in order to improve the understanding and effectiveness ofHVED as an extraction method. First, a study of the conditions under which the electric arc appears in water showed that the arc initially appears in vapour bubbles generated on the electrode surface due to the heating of the liquid due to Joule effect. Electrical measurements, high-speed photography and a numerical simulation of the problem have allowed this hypothesis to be verified. A parametric study of the phenomena generated by the electric arc (shock wave and cavitation bubble) was carried out. Through measurements of shock wave pressure, of cavitation bubble size, and precise electrical measurements (including the electrical resistance of the arc), it appears that the amplitude of the phenomena depends essentially on the energy consumed in the arc. This energy mustbe distinguished from the total energy of an electrical pulse, part of which is spent before the breakdown. The energy spent in the electric arc must also be distinguishedfrom the energy available at electrical breakdown, as a significant part of breakdown energy is spent in the electrical circuit. The partition of breakdown energy between the arc and the electrical circuit depends on the ratio between the resistance of the circuit and that of the arc. Thus a method to significantly increase the amplitude of the studied phenomena (and therefore the efficiency of the process), is to improve the ratio between these resistances. For example, it has been observed that by increasing the length of the electric arc from 2.5 mm to 2 cm, the resistance of the arc increases from 40 m to 0.55, and the amplitude of the shock wave increases by 135%. Finally, a parametric study on the efficiency of DEHT as a process for extracting polyphenols from grape seedswas carried out. Among other things, the effects on the extraction of liquid conductivity, liquid-solid ratio, number of pulses, energy per pulse, and distance between electrodes were studied. These studies highlighted the importance of the distribution of the total pulse energy into energy spent before the breakdown, energy spent after breakdown in the electrical circuit and energy spent in the arc. These studies have shown howthis distribution is influenced by these different parameters, and how it influences extraction efficiency. The influence of the inter-electrode distance, and therefore the length of the arc, was particularly highlighted by the extraction results
Thouin, Julien. "Caractérisation expérimentale et théorique d'un arc électrique impulsionnel éclatant dans un liquide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30317.
Full textThe applications of pulsed arc discharges in water are numerous: electrohydraulic forming of metal parts, rock fracturing, or water treatment. Many of these pulsed power applications require intense pressure waves with energy deposition in times shorter than a millisecond. Consequently, there are numerous technological constraints and challenges, both electrical in nature due to the use of often high-voltage power supplies and associated equipment wear, particularly electrode erosion. In this context, the characterisation of pulsed electric arcs in water and their associated mechanisms are essential for optimising these devices. The primary phenomena associated with such discharges are pressure waves and intense radiation emission. However, the mechanisms and their dependence on discharge parameters remain poorly understood. To address this, experimental means have been implemented, initially characterising a discharge with a characteristic time in the range of ten milliseconds. This is aimed at better understanding the experimental setup and obtaining characterisation data that can be used to comprehend the environment and validate potential simulation models. The electric arc is generated by discharging capacitors charged to several hundred volts, with an energy stored of the order of kilojoules. Measurements of plasma temperature using the Boltzmann plot method on atomic oxygen lines have been carried out. Additionally, electron density of the plasma was measured from the Stark broadening of Halpha and Hbeta emission lines. These measurements are temporally resolved over the duration of the discharge, allowing for an estimation of the pressure in the thermal plasma. Rapid camera acquisitions of the generated vapour bubble's dynamics and thermal plasma with a band-pass optical filter have also been performed. In a second stage, to better approach typical experimental conditions of pulsed electrohydraulic discharge applications (similar energies but shorter times), a high-voltage, low inductance experimental setup has been developed. This setup enables discharge initiation through voltage surges in water. The power supply and discharge have been electrically characterised, and, for the electric arc, based on the measurements set up for longer times, rapid imaging and a survey of the emitted spectrum have been carried out
Slama, Mohammed El-Amine. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de l'influence de la constitution chimique et de la répartition de la pollution sur le contournement des isolateurs haute tension." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDL0023/document.
Full textThis work aimed on optical and electrical characterization and mathematical modeling of flashover of polluted insulators, taking into account the applied voltage waveform, the distribution and chemical composition of pollutant deposit. Under lightning impulse voltage (1.2 /50μs), the morphology of the discharge and the associated currents depend on voltage (shape, amplitude, polarity), the distribution ofpollution and its conductivity. The measured average velocity of the discharge depends on the polarity applied to the tip and the pollution conductivity. The critical time corresponding to the critical conditions is about 9/10 of total flashover duration regardless of the polarity of the voltage and the pollution conductivity. The chemical composition of the pollution layer has little effect on the critical voltage unlike the critical currents. The values of the characteristic constants n and N depend on the chemical nature of the deposits and the voltage polarity.The developed model shows that the discharge constant characteristics n and N are dynamic parameters and depend on the elements of the equivalent electrical circuit system and thermal parameters of the discharge. The developed relationships of critical conditions of flashoverlink the electrical parameters and thermal equivalent circuit and the propagation condition of the discharge. This approach allows us tounderstand the effect of the chemical constitution of pollution on the values of n and N. The application of this model for various voltage waveforms and for several types of pollution, gives satisfactory results. The assumption that the column of the discharge contains only watervapor and air is a good approximation of the critical conditions. Under lightning impulse voltage, the current circulate into a effective section of the pollution surface. The introduction of the concept of critical effective thickness of pollution and its application to the calculation ofcritical parameters gives good results compared with the experimental values. We have also shown that the effective thickness of the depositis proportional to the resistivity of the pollution and depends on voltage polarity and pollution configuration. In the case of discontinuous deposit of pollution and / or non-uniform propagation conditions of discharges are local and their characteristic parameters vary dependingon the configuration and the conductivity of the deposit and the polarity of the applied voltage. The developed model gives good results
Hébert, Mathieu. "Nouvelles approches pour la valorisation des graines de moutarde riches en glucosinolates dans un concept de bioraffinerie." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2552.
Full textThis thesis is specifically dedicated to the valorization of B. juncea (brown mustard) as catch-crops in order to develop innovative ways of valorization for the different components of mustard seeds (oil, meal, glucosinolates) for industrial and/or food applications according to the principles of biorefinery and in a sustainable development concept. The rich-erucic acid mustard oil could be valorized in oleochemistry for many applications (cosmetics, lubricants, biofuels etc.), the defatted cake could be an alternative and new source of high quality proteins for animal food and the extracted glucosinolates (sinigrin and gluconapin) could be very suitable for the development of a natural bio-pesticide instead of chemical pesticides. Applications of different pretreatments were firstly applied on seeds in order to perform the intern inactivation of myrosinase, an enzyme that degrades glucosinolates by hydrolysis: conventional heating in bath-water, micro-waves (MW) and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2). Heating seeds at 80°C for 70 min allowed efficient myrosinase inactivation (98%) without impact on other molecules (glucosinolates, proteins). The treatment resulted also in better oil expression performances. Oil expression from treated seeds was then performed by carring out two successive pressing (80 bar, 60 min) with an hydraulic press to express 84% of oil and obtain a rich in proteins (35.8-40.8%) and intact glucosinolates (144-158 µmol/g) defatted cake. Intensification of the extraction of glucosinolates was investigated meaning different pretreaments and processes: grinding, high-voltage electric discharges (HVED) and ultrasounds (US). Only green solvents were used for the extraction (water, ethanol). Preliminar optimization of chemical extraction resulted in selective extraction of 90% of GSL using an aqueous ethanol solution (40% v:v) at 40°C without affecting protein content from residual cake (36-40%). These conditions could be claimed as an effective alternative to the conventionel extraction protocol (75% methanol, 75°C). The assisted-extraction of GSL by HVED (U = 40 kV, tDEHT = 3.5 ms) has performed the recovery of 98% of intact GSL in milder conditions (T = 30°C, water, QDEHT = 233 kJ/kg) by minimizing the co-extraction of proteins from meal. Purification of crude juice was investigated meaning two different techniques: ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) and ultrafiltration (UF). GSL purification by IEC was preliminarly optimized in batch and proteins and GSL were separated meaning a strong basic resin (PA312LOH). 72.9% of sinigrine recovery was performed bu eluting with a NaCl solution (1.0 M, 30°C, 300 rpm, 40 mL/g resin) with a juice purity of 79.6%. Dynamic experiments allowed recovery of 28% of gluconapin (2.6 BV/h, pH 4.0). Membrane process (UF) showed better performances with the recovery of 98% and 60% of sinigrin and gluconapin respectively with a permeate purity of 90% by using PES membranes of 10 kDa (5 bars, 500 rpm). The purified juice (90%) rich in sinigrin (3.36 mg/ml) and gluconapin (0.16 mg/ml) could be used to develop a phytosanitory product for crop protection. The residual detoxified (<20 µmol GSL/g DM) and rich in proteins meal could be very suitable for animal feeding
Moreno, Maryline. "Synthèse en phase gazeuse de nanoparticules de carbone par plasma hors équilibre." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002356.
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