Journal articles: 'Decentralized water systems'

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 80, no. 10 (October 2008): 1322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328662.

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 81, no. 10 (September 10, 2009): 1440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568399893.

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 82, no. 10 (January 1, 2010): 1367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12756668801257.

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Sharma, Ashok, Stewart Burn, Ted Gardner, and Alan Gregory. "Role of decentralised systems in the transition of urban water systems." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.187.

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Provision of conventional centralised water, wastewater and stormwater systems for urban municipal services has been common practice for over 100 years. These systems center around the protection of human health, ensuring reliable water supply and minimizing flooding; often with minimal consideration of the environmental and ecological impacts associated with fresh water extraction and wastewater discharge. These urban water systems are facing unprecedented challenges in this century from the emerging issues of climate variability, population growth, aging infrastructure, urbanisation and resource constraints. In this context, the current level of urban water service provision can't be provided within the existing centralised system framework, unless there is a significant increase in investment, to enlarge and rehabilitate the existing centralized systems. Water service providers and managers are therefore considering alternative and sustainable means of providing water services in this environment. Decentralised and distributed water and wastewater systems, which are planned within an integrated water management concept, are being promoted either in combination with centralised systems; or alone as the sustainable solution for urban water servicing. Current urban water systems are beginning to undergo a transition, where decentralised systems will play a major role in the long-term sustainability of these systems to meet the above mentioned challenges. However, since decentralized systems are relatively new and involve increased complexity there are wide knowledge gaps in their planning, design, implementation, operation and management, which are impeding their uptake. This paper summarises the role of decentralized systems in the transitioning of centralised systems to a more sustainable state and discusses some of the complexities in the implementation of these systems.

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Tsegaye, Seneshaw, Thomas M. Missimer, Jong-Yeop Kim, and Jason Hock. "A Clustered, Decentralized Approach to Urban Water Management." Water 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010185.

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Current models in design of urban water management systems and their corresponding infrastructure using centralized designs have commonly failed from the perspective of cost effectiveness and inability to adapt to the future changes. These challenges are driving cities towards using decentralized systems. While there is great consensus on the benefits of decentralization; currently no methods exist which guide decision-makers to define the optimal boundaries of decentralized water systems. A new clustering methodology and tool to decentralize water supply systems (WSS) into small and adaptable units is presented. The tool includes two major components: (i) minimization of the distance from source to consumer by assigning demand to the closest water source, and (ii) maximization of the intra-cluster homogeneity by defining the cluster boundaries such that the variation in population density, land use, socio-economic level, and topography within the cluster is minimized. The methodology and tool were applied to Arua Town in Uganda. Four random cluster scenarios and a centralized system were created and compared with the optimal clustered WSS. It was observed that the operational cost of the four cluster scenarios is up to 13.9 % higher than the optimal, and the centralized system is 26.6% higher than the optimal clustered WSS, consequently verifying the efficacy of the proposed method to determine an optimal cluster boundary for WSS. In addition, optimal homogeneous clusters improve efficiency by encouraging reuse of wastewater and stormwater within a cluster and by minimizing leakage through reduced pressure variations.

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Pearce-Oroz, Glenn. "The viability of decentralized water and sanitation provision in developing countries: the case of Honduras." Water Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0003.

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The sustainable delivery of basic services continues to be an elusive goal for water and sanitation operators in developing countries. In Honduras, both centralized and decentralized providers of water and sanitation coexist simultaneously, providing an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of each approach amid similar constraints. This analysis uses ten variables that measure access, efficiency and sustainability, in comparing the experiences of 16 potable water systems in small- and medium-sized cities, operated by centralized and decentralized water authorities. While neither approach provides a single, integrated model of a best practice, overall the decentralized systems demonstrate better practices than their centralized counterparts. Decentralized potable water systems systematically outperform centralized ones in financial efficiency and in their ability to increase coverage of basic services over time. In large part, the decentralized systems' better practices have been motivated by institutional arrangements that promote political accountability to customers and provide incentives for sustainable management practices. Decentralized operators continue to face challenges, namely the need to apply economic principles in designing tariff regimes and implementing management practices to account for capital depreciation. Despite these challenges, however, this analysis demonstrates that decentralized systems are not only viable in developing countries, but also tend to provide better service than those systems operated by a centralized authority.

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Lackey, Katy, Suzanne Sharkey, Sybil Sharvelle, Paula Kehoe, and Taylor Chang. "Decentralized Water Reuse: Implementing and Regulating Onsite Nonpotable Water Systems." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 02519001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000891.

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Liu, Yang, Alison Sim, and Meagan S. Mauter. "Energy-Optimal Siting of Decentralized Water Recycling Systems." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 22 (October 29, 2021): 15343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04708.

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Lee, Juneseok, Ki-Hwan Bae, and Tamim Younos. "Conceptual framework for decentralized green water-infrastructure systems." Water and Environment Journal 32, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12305.

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Piratla, Kalyan R., and Suraj Goverdhanam. "Decentralized Water Systems for Sustainable and Reliable Supply." Procedia Engineering 118 (2015): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.506.

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Leigh, Nancey, and Heonyeong Lee. "Sustainable and Resilient Urban Water Systems: The Role of Decentralization and Planning." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030918.

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Urban water systems face multiple challenges related to future uncertainty and pressures to provide more sustainable and resilient modes of service delivery. Transitioning away from fully centralized water systems is seen as a primary solution to addressing these urban challenges and pressures. We first review the literature on advantages, potential risks, and impediments to change associated with decentralized water system. Our review suggests that adopting decentralized solutions may advance conditions of sustainability and resilience in urban water management. We then explore the potential to incorporate decentralized water systems into broader urban land use patterns that include underserved residential neighborhoods, mixed-use developments, and industrial districts.

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Słyś, Daniel, and Agnieszka Stec. "Centralized or Decentralized Rainwater Harvesting Systems: A Case Study." Resources 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9010005.

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World population growth, climate changes, urbanization, and industrialization have all had a negative impact on natural resources, including water resources. Excessive exploitation and pollution have caused more and more regions to have problems with access to fresh water. Rainwater is perceived as a valuable alternative source of water that is most often used in a hybrid system supplementing tap water. Considering the possibilities of designing a rainwater harvesting system as a decentralized or central system, this research was undertaken to determine the hydraulic and financial efficiency of these two systems. The research was carried out for a single-family housing estate located in Poland. For this research, a simulation model was applied to determine the efficiency of water saving and the life cycle cost indicator. In variants where rainwater was only used to flush toilets, the water saving efficiency was 80% and 79% for the decentralized and centralized rainwater harvesting system (RWHS), respectively. The use of rainwater for toilet flushing and watering the garden resulted in a significant reduction in efficiency to 57% (the decentralized system) and 54% (the centralized system). On the other hand, the results of the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis showed that in spite of reducing tap water consumption, both the centralized and the decentralized rainwater harvesting system were not financially viable solutions for the housing estate, and only cofinancing investments at the level of 25% to 50% resulted in a significant improvement in financial efficiency.

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Bouziotas, Dimitrios, Diederik van Duuren, Henk-Jan van Alphen, Jos Frijns, Dionysios Nikolopoulos, and Christos Makropoulos. "Towards Circular Water Neighborhoods: Simulation-Based Decision Support for Integrated Decentralized Urban Water Systems." Water 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061227.

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Centralized urban water management currently faces multiple challenges, both at the supply side and the demand side. These challenges underpin the need to progress to the decentralization of urban water, where multiple distributed technologies (water-aware appliances, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, sustainable urban drainage) are applied in an integrated fashion and as a supplement to centralized systems to design more resilient neighborhoods. However, the methods and tools to assess the performance of these distributed solutions and provide management support for integrated projects are still few and mostly untested in real, combined cases. This study presents a simulation-based framework for the quantitative performance assessment of decentralized systems at a neighborhood scale, where different technologies can be linked together to provide beneficial effects across multiple urban water cycle domains. This framework links an urban water cycle model, which provides a scenario-based simulation testbed for the response of the whole system, with key performance indicators that evaluate the performance of integrated decentralized solutions at a neighborhood scale. The demonstrated framework is applied to provide an ex ante evaluation of SUPERLOCAL, a newly developed area in Limburg, the Netherlands, designed as a circular, water-wise neighborhood where multiple decentralized technologies are combined.

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Fane, A. G., and S. A. Fane. "The role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized wastewater systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0381.

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Decentralized wastewater treatment has the potential to provide sanitation that meets criteria for sustainable urban water management in a manner that is less resource intensive and more cost effective than centralized approaches. It can facilitate water reuse and nutrient recovery and can potentially reduce the ecological risks of wastewater system failure and the community health risk in a wastewater reuse scheme. This paper examines the potential role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized sanitation. It is argued that the combination of membrane technology within decentralized systems can satisfy many of the criteria for sustainable urban water management. In particular, the role of membranes as a dependable barrier in the wastewater treatment process can increase system reliability as well as lowering the latent risks due to wastewater reuse. The modular nature of membranes will allow plant size to range from single dwellings, through clusters to suburb size. It is concluded that realization of the potential for membrane-based technologies in decentralized wastewater treatment will require some progress both technically and institutionally. The areas where advances are necessary are outlined.

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Arhin, S. G., N. Banadda, A. J. Komakech, W. Pronk, and S. J. Marks. "Application of hybrid coagulation–ultrafiltration for decentralized drinking water treatment: impact on flux, water quality and costs." Water Supply 19, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 2163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.097.

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Abstract Decentralized membrane-based water treatment represents an attractive and viable approach to safe water supply in low-income areas, but its widespread adoption requires cost-effective antifouling strategies. Although the antifouling mechanisms of Al-based coagulants have been widely investigated, there is little data about their impact on costs and treatment efficiency for decentralized membrane-based systems. In this study, a comparative assessment of two decentralized ultrafiltration (UF) units with and without polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation was undertaken to evaluate the influence of coagulation on the fouling, water quality, and costs nexus. The results showed that PACl suppressed both total fouling and hydraulically irreversible fouling. A matched-pair analysis also revealed that PACl improved the permeate quality by enhancing the removal of particulates and dissolved organics. Compared with the conventional UF system, the hybrid coagulation–UF system contributed to a 21% increase in the flux rate, allowing for a 27% reduction in membrane area and thus, providing cost benefits in terms of both capital and operating costs. These results suggest that PACl coagulation is potentially a cost-effective antifouling method for decentralized membrane-based water systems.

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Meuler, S., S. Paris, and T. Hackner. "Membrane bio-reactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 2 (August 1, 2008): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.356.

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Decentralized wastewater treatment is the key to sustainable water management because it facilitates effluent (and nutrient) reuse for irrigation or as service water in households. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) can produce effluents of bathing water quality. Septic tanks can be retrofitted to MBR units. Package MBR plants for wastewater or grey water treatment are also available. Systems for decentralized treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater or grey water are also feasible for hotels, condominiums and apartment or office complexes. This paper presents the effluent qualities of different decentralized MBR applications. The high effluent quality allows infiltration even in sensitive areas or reuse for irrigation, toilet flushing and cleaning proposes in households. Due to the reusability of treated water and the possibility to design the systems for carbon reduction only, these systems can ideally and easily serve to close water and nutrient loops.

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Gómez-Román, Cristina, Luisa Lima, Sergio Vila-Tojo, Andrea Correa-Chica, Juan Lema, and José-Manuel Sabucedo. "“Who Cares?”: The Acceptance of Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Regions without Water Problems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 9060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239060.

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There is a growing interest in decentralized wastewater treatment systems, especially in regions with water scarcity problems or water management issues. This study aims to determine whether the perceived advantages and disadvantages (leading to acceptance) of decentralized wastewater plants in such regions are the same in regions where the population is not aware of these water issues. Firstly, this study systematically reviews previous findings on public perceptions of the acceptance of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Then, the study details the results of a focus group study to determine whether the elements identified in the literature are also relevant in a region where people are unaware of water problems. The results show that a lack of awareness of water issues seems to be a critical factor influencing acceptance. Reframing the usefulness of these systems by focusing on other aspects, such as environmental sustainability, is key.

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Liang, Xiao, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Financial and economic feasibility of decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (April 1, 2010): 1965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.105.

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Many decentralized wastewater reuse systems have been constructed in Beijing. However their performance is not as good as expected. The total amount of reclaimed water used in Beijing is much less than the designed capacity. In order to understand the reasons causing such poor performance, an integrated financial and economic feasibility analysis for the decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing is carried out in this paper. The monetary values of all the major economic, environmental and social effects are quantified. The financial analysis is made from the viewpoint of the project manager, while the economic analysis is done from the angle of government. The results show that the decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing are economically but not financially feasible. It is found that the low rate actually charged for reclaimed water is an important reason for the system not being financially feasible. The decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing may not continue to operate if the financial problems are not solved.

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Fujiwara, T. "Concept of an innovative water management system with decentralized water reclamation and cascading material-cycle for agricultural areas." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 6 (September 1, 2012): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.246.

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Unlike in urban areas where intensive water reclamation systems are available, development of decentralized technologies and systems is required for water use to be sustainable in agricultural areas. To overcome various water quality issues in those areas, a research project entitled ‘Development of an innovative water management system with decentralized water reclamation and cascading material-cycle for agricultural areas under the consideration of climate change’ was launched in 2009. This paper introduces the concept of this research and provides detailed information on each of its research areas: (1) development of a diffuse agricultural pollution control technology using catch crops; (2) development of a decentralized differentiable treatment system for livestock and human excreta; and (3) development of a cascading material-cycle system for water pollution control and value-added production. The author also emphasizes that the innovative water management system for agricultural areas should incorporate a strategy for the voluntary collection of bio-resources.

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Zhang, Zejin, Wei Zhang, Xi Hu, Kexin Li, Pengfei Luo, Xin Li, Wen Xu, Shiyu Li, and Changqun Duan. "Evaluating the Efficacy of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems Using the Water Quality Index in Rural Southwest China." Water 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030867.

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Rural China faces a shortage of safe drinking water. There are significant challenges associated with small centralized water supply systems and decentralized water supply systems. Many rural residents use point-of-use water treatment systems to ensure the safety of their drinking water. The actual water purification effect and applicability of these water treatment systems in small centralized and decentralized water supply systems need to be determined urgently. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) method was applied for the first time in rural areas to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment systems. A total of 67 reverse osmosis water treatment systems were tested. The rate of compliance with drinking water standards of the decentralized water supply was low (37%). Compared with untreated water, the use of a reverse osmosis water treatment system improved the rate of compliance with drinking water standards, but this effect was not satisfactory (8%). Among the factors potentially affecting the purified water quality of point-of-use water treatment systems (e.g., service time of the water treatment system, service time of the filter element, and type of water source), the service time of the filter element had the most significant influence on the water quality. If the filter element had not been replaced for a long period, the removal effect of the water treatment system on the total hardness, sulfide, copper, and ammonia nitrogen was significantly affected, reducing the quality of the purified water. To ensure the safety of drinking water, it is recommended to replace the filter element of a reverse osmosis water treatment system at least once a year.

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Dev, Aakash, Timo C. Dilly, Amin E. Bakhshipour, Ulrich Dittmer, and S. Murty Bhallamudi. "Optimal Implementation of Wastewater Reuse in Existing Sewerage Systems to Improve Resilience and Sustainability in Water Supply Systems." Water 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152004.

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A transition from conventional centralized to hybrid decentralized systems has been increasingly advised recently due to their capability to enhance the resilience and sustainability of urban water supply systems. Reusing treated wastewater for non-potable purposes is a promising opportunity toward the aforementioned resolutions. In this study, we present two optimization models for integrating reusing systems into existing sewerage systems to bridge the supply–demand gap in an existing water supply system. In Model-1, the supply–demand gap is bridged by introducing on-site graywater treatment and reuse, and in Model-2, the gap is bridged by decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse. The applicability of the proposed models is evaluated using two test cases: one a proof-of-concept hypothetical network and the other a near realistic network based on the sewerage network in Chennai, India. The results show that the proposed models outperform the existing approaches by achieving more than a 20% reduction in the cost of procuring water and more than a 36% reduction in the demand for freshwater through the implementation of local on-site graywater reuse for both test cases. These numbers are about 12% and 34% respectively for the implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse.

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Kuttuva, Pradeep, Sharachchandra Lele, and Gara Villalba Mendez. "Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Bengaluru, India: Success or Failure?" Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 02 (April 2018): 1650043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500430.

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Decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse (DWTRU) using small-scale on-site sewage treatment plants (STPs) is an attractive solution addressing the problems of water pollution and scarcity, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries, where centralized infrastructure for wastewater treatment is inadequate. But decentralized systems face several challenges (economic feasibility, public acceptance) that need to be better understood. The city of Bengaluru in India provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate such systems. In 2004, in an effort to curb the alarming levels of pollution in its water bodies due to untreated sewage disposal, the environmental regulatory agency mandated apartment complexes above a certain size to install STPs and reuse 100% of their wastewater, resulting in the installation of more than 2200 on-site STPs till date. This study attempts to analyze the factors influencing the extent of treatment and reuse in such systems, through structured surveys of residential associations, STP experts and government officials. The results are analyzed using a framework that integrates the technology adoption literature with the monitoring and enforcement literature. The study indicates that, while no apartment complex is able to reuse 100% of its treated water, there exists significant variation across apartment complexes in the level of treatment and reuse (from partial to poor) due to a complex mix of economies of scale, the price of fresh water, the level of enforcement and awareness, and technological choices made under information asymmetry. Only apartments dependent on expensive tanker water supply had clear economic incentives to comply with the order. Yet many large complexes that depended on low-priced utility or borewell supply were partially compliant, owing partly to lower (although positive) costs, higher level of formal enforcement and perhaps greater environmental awareness. On the other hand, the high treatment cost pushed smaller complexes to curtail the operation of their STPs (and the lower levels of enforcement further worsened this), resulting in inadequate treated water quality and consequently low reuse levels. The study recommends relaxing the infeasible 100% reuse criterion, and raising the threshold size above which DWTRU should be mandated so as to reduce the cost burden and increase enforceability. Subsidies towards capital costs and enabling resale of treated water will enable wider adoption. DWTRU is an apparently attractive solution that however, requires judicious policy-making and implementation to succeed.

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Khvaschevskaya, A. A., N. G. Nalivaiko, and A. V. Shestakova. "Microflora of drinking water distributed through decentralized supply systems (Tomsk)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (March 2016): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/012018.

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Singh, Nitin Kumar, A. A. Kazmi, and M. Starkl. "A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.413.

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As a solution to the shortcomings of centralized systems, over the last two decades large numbers of decentralized wastewater treatment plants of different technology types have been installed all over the world. This paper aims at deriving lessons learned from existing decentralized wastewater treatment plants that are relevant for smaller towns (and peri-urban areas) as well as rural communities in developing countries, such as India. Only full-scale implemented decentralized wastewater treatment systems are reviewed in terms of performance, land area requirement, capital cost, and operation and maintenance costs. The results are presented in tables comparing different technology types with respect to those parameters.

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Sitzenfrei, Robert, Sebastian Hillebrand, and Wolfgang Rauch. "Investigating the interactions of decentralized and centralized wastewater heat recovery systems." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 5 (December 28, 2016): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.598.

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In the urban water cycle there are different sources for extracting energy. In addition to potential and chemical energy in the wastewater, thermal energy can also be recovered. Heat can be recovered from the wastewater with heat exchangers that are located decentralized and/or centralized at several locations throughout the system. It can be recovered directly at the source (e.g. in the showers and bathrooms), at building block level (e.g. warm water tanks collecting all grey water), in sewers or at the wastewater treatment plant. However, an uncoordinated installation of systems on such different levels can lead to competing technologies. To investigate these interactions, a modelling environment is set up, tested and calibrated based on continuous sewer temperature and flow measurements. With that approach different heat recovery scenarios on a household level (decentralized) and of in-sewer heat recovery (centralized) are investigated. A maximum performance drop of 40% for a centralized energy recovery system was estimated when all bathrooms are equipped with decentralized recovery systems. Therefore, the proposed modelling approach is suitable for testing different future conditions and to identify robust strategies for heat recovery systems from wastewater.

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Costa dos Santos, D., and A. Benetti. "Application of the urban water use model for urban water use management purposes." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 3 (May 22, 2014): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.229.

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The aim of this work is to present an application of the urban water use (UWU) model, which is a support decision tool to define the best group of efficient water use measures for UWU management purposes. Therefore, the UWU was developed under integrated urban water management (IUWM) and strategic planning principles to promote a systemic approach for decision taking. The IUWM considers the interfaces between water service systems, while by strategic planning it is possible to elaborate a vision to be achieved in future scenarios. Specifically to define the best measure group of efficient water use, the UWU has many alternatives for these measures, which are based on water demand management, decentralized sanitation, ecological sanitation and sustainable urban drainage system philosophies. In this context, the UWU application presented was developed for Seara city, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In this application a vision and five scenarios were built. The measure groups were composed by greywater systems, filterstrips, water saving devices in buildings, and water loss reduction in water supply systems and wastewater treatment system. In this context the UWU model was applied. The measure group that presented the highest effectiveness was based on the water demand management and decentralized sanitation strategies.

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Herrmann, Thilo, and Karin Hasse. "Ways to get water: rainwater utilization or long-distance water supply? A holistic assessment." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0685.

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On the basis of a case study the costs of an existing long-distance drinking water supply system are compared to the potentiel costs of decentralized rainwater collection und usage systems. The costs of stormwater retention are included in the calculations in so far as rainwater utilization systems provide a retention capacity for stormwater in the cisterns. The results show, that in dependence of the market price of the rainwater usage systems, the decentral way to provide usage water to the households can be more cost effective compared to a central long-distance supply system.

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Hendrickson, Colin, Jared Oremo, Oscar Oluoch Akello, Simon Bunde, Isaac Rayola, David Akello, Daniel Akwiri, Sung-Jin Park, and Samuel Dorevitch. "Decentralized solar-powered drinking water ozonation in Western Kenya: an evaluation of disinfection efficacy." Gates Open Research 4 (October 15, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13138.2.

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Background: Decentralized drinking water treatment methods generally apply membrane-based treatment approaches. Ozonation of drinking water, which previously has only been possible at large centralized facilities, can now be accomplished on a small-scale using microplasma technology. The efficacy of decentralized solar-powered drinking water treatment systems has not previously been described. Methods: We established a 1,000L decentralized solar-powered water treatment system located in Kisumu County, Kenya. Highly contaminated surface water is pumped to the treatment system, which includes flocculation and filtration steps prior to ozonation. Turbidity, total coliform bacteria, and E. coli were measured at various stages of water treatment, and bacterial log reduction values (LRVs) were calculated. Results: Forty-seven trials were conducted in which1000L of water were flocculated, filtered, and ozonated for 180 minutes. Baseline turbidity and E. coli concentrations were reduced from a median of 238 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and 2,419.7 most probable number/100mL, respectively, in surface water to 1.0 NTU and undetectable E. coli after ozonation for 180 minutes. The median E. coli LRV was 3.99. Conclusions: The solar-powered, decentralized water treatment system that utilizes ozonation for disinfection was founded to reduce E. coli by more than 3 log-orders of magnitude despite the high turbidity of the raw water. Further research is needed to characterize limitations, scalability, economic viability, and community perspectives that could help determine the role for similar systems in other settings.

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MAHMOUD, MAGDI S., and AMIN M. NASSAR. "Hybrid technique for decentralized water-quality control†." International Journal of Systems Science 18, no. 3 (January 1987): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207728708963985.

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Romeiko, Xiaobo Xue. "Assessing Health Impacts of Conventional Centralized and Emerging Resource Recovery-Oriented Decentralized Water Systems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030973.

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Energy shortage and climate change call for sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure capable of simultaneously recovering energy, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and protecting public health. Although energy and greenhouse gas emissions of water and wastewater infrastructure are extensively studied, the human health impacts of innovative infrastructure designed under the principles of decentralization and resource recovery are not fully understood. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this study assesses and compares the health impacts of three representative systems by integrating life cycle and microbial risk assessment approaches. This study found that the decentralized system options, such as on-site septic tank and composting or urine diverting toilets, presented much lower life cycle cancer and noncancer impacts than the centralized system. The microbial risks of decentralized systems options were also lower than those of the centralized system. Moreover, life cycle cancer and noncancer impacts contributed to approximately 95% of total health impacts, while microbial risks were associated with the remaining 5%. Additionally, the variability and sensitivity assessment indicated that reducing energy use of wastewater treatment and water distribution is effective in mitigating total health damages of the centralized system, while reducing energy use of water treatment is effective in mitigating total health damages of the decentralized systems.

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Brown, V., D. W. Jackson, and M. Khalifé. "2009 Melbourne metropolitan sewerage strategy: a portfolio of decentralised and on-site concept designs." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.296.

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The bulk and retail water companies of the greater Melbourne area are developing the 2009 Metropolitan Sewerage Strategy to provide sustainable sewerage services to 2060. The objective of the strategy is to establish long term principles and near term actions to produce a robust sewage management system for Melbourne. Melbourne's existing sewerage system is largely centralised and discharges to two major treatment plants. Several small satellite treatment plants service local urban areas generally more distant from the centralised system. Decentralised and on-site wastewater systems are options for future sewage management and could play a role in local recycling. A portfolio of 18 on-site and decentralised concept designs was developed, applicable to the full range of urban development types in Melbourne. The concepts can be used in evaluation of metropolitan system configurations as part of future integrated water cycle planning. The options included secondary and tertiary treatment systems incorporating re-use of water for non potable uses, urine separation, black and greywater separation and composting toilets. On-site and cluster treatment systems were analysed. Each option is described by its indicative capital and operating costs, energy use and water and nutrient balances. This paper summarises and compares the portfolio mix of decentralized and on-site options in Melbourne's context.

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Leiva, Eduardo, Carolina Rodríguez, Rafael Sánchez, and Jennyfer Serrano. "Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas." Water 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243637.

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Water scarcity is causing a great impact on the population. Rural areas are most affected by often lacking a stable water supply, being more susceptible to the impact of drought events, and with greater risk of contamination due to the lack of appropriate water treatment systems. Decentralized greywater treatment systems for water reuse in rural areas can be a powerful alternative to alleviate these impacts. However, the economic feasibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. This study reports an economic analysis carried out on the viability of greywater reuse considering scenarios with light greywater or dark greywater to be treated. For this, data obtained from the assembly and monitoring of greywater treatment systems located in the north-central zone of Chile, supplemented with data obtained from the literature were used. The results showed that both scenarios are not economically viable, since the investment and operating costs are not amortized by the savings in water. In both evaluated cases (public schools), the economic indicators were less negative when treating light greywater compared with the sum of light greywater and dark greywater as the inlet water to be treated. The investment and operating costs restrict the implementation of these water reuse systems, since in the evaluation period (20 years) a return on the initial investment is not achieved. Even so, our results suggest that the best alternative to reuse greywater in small-scale decentralized systems is to treat light greywater, but it is necessary to consider a state subsidy that not only supports capital costs but also reduces operating and maintenance costs. These findings support the idea that the type of water to be treated is a factor to consider in the implementation of decentralized greywater treatment systems for the reuse of water in rural areas and can help decision-making on the design and configuration of these systems.

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Behrends, L. L., E. Bailey, P. Jansen, L. Houke, and S. Smith. "Integrated constructed wetland systems: design, operation, and performance of low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.140.

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Several different types of constructed wetland systems are being used as decentralized treatment systems including surface-flow, subsurface-flow, vertical-flow, and hybrid systems. Archetypical wetland systems have design strengths and weaknesses, and therefore it should be possible to design combined (integrated) systems to optimize a number of important treatment processes. This study provides comparative efficacy data for two integrated wetland treatment systems (IWTS) designed to enhance treatment of medium strength wastewater generated from a pilot-scale intensive fish farm. Results from the twenty eight months study included consistently high removal of COD (84%+) and ammonia nitrogen (93%) in both systems. Initially, phosphorus removal was also high (>90%) in both systems, but removal efficacy declined significantly over time. Nitrate removal was significantly better in the system that provided sequential aerobic and anoxic environments. Short hydraulic retention times coupled with sustained removal of COD and ammonia indicate that the ReCip components could be a least-cost wastewater treatment technology in the decentralized market sector.

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Peter-Varbanets, Maryna, Chris Zurbrügg, Chris Swartz, and Wouter Pronk. "Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology." Water Research 43, no. 2 (February 2009): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.030.

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Li, Yue, Masoumeh Khalkhali, Weiwei Mo, and Zhongming Lu. "Modeling spatial diffusion of decentralized water technologies and impacts on the urban water systems." Journal of Cleaner Production 315 (September 2021): 128169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128169.

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Capodaglio, A. G., A. Callegari, D. Cecconet, and D. Molognoni. "Sustainability of decentralized wastewater treatment technologies." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.055.

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In many Countries, small communities are required to treat wastewater discharges to increasing standards of lesser environmental impacts, but must achieve that goal at locally sustainable costs. While biological membrane treatment (membrane bio-reactors (MBRs)) is quickly becoming the industry standard for centralized wastewater treatment plants, and would also be ideally suited also for small plants potentially subject to relatively large hydraulic load variations, its investment and operating costs are usually high for that class of applications. Consequently, small treatment plants are generally configured as anoxic or aerated biological tanks with little sedimentation, making them quite susceptible to hydraulic loads transient and sludge quality changes. As an alternative, Constructed Wetlands Systems (CWSs) are gradually and successfully being introduced in many Countries. CWSs are designed to utilise the natural functions of wetland vegetation, soils and their microbiological populations to treat wastewater. Pretreatment occurs by filtration and settling, followed by bacterial decomposition in a natural-looking lined marsh. A new technology, a new type of membrane-like aerobic reactor initially designed for the degradation of hydrocarbon-derived groundwater contaminants, was recently tested for treating domestic, with performance similar to that of MBRs. Examples from the above applications are illustrated and compared in this paper. The paper also discusses merits and drawbacks of the various illustrated technologies, in view of their sustainability potential, and according to the new development paradigms for urban water systems, that encourage the development of local water-cycle clusters with local reuse and recycle of the resource, and possible local recovery of energy and/or materials.

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Noubactep, Chicgoua. "Special Issue on Planning, Designing and Managing Decentralized Drinking Water Supply System—Editorial." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060930.

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The growing demands for affordable and applicable technologies for decentralized safe drinking water provision have instigated technical innovations in the water filtration industry. Adsorptive filtration appears to be the most affordable, resilient, and socially acceptable solution for households and small communities worldwide. However, water filtration devices have not yet been widely implemented due to lack of awareness for the efficiency of such systems using locally available materials. Water filtration has the potential to secure universal access to safe drinking water by 2030. This special issue has elucidated the applicability, benefits, constraints, effectiveness, and limitations of metallic iron as filter material for safe drinking water provision. Tools to make rainwater a primary water source are also presented together with ways to transform existing centralized water management systems into decentralized ones (sectorization). The knowledge is applicable to a wide variety of situations on a global scale.

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Al-Azzawi, Mohammed S. M., Daphne Gondhalekar, and Jörg E. Drewes. "Neighborhood-Scale Urban Water Reclamation with Integrated Resource Recovery for Establishing Nexus City in Munich, Germany: Pipe Dream or Reality?" Resources 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11070064.

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With the rapid expansion of cities due to population growth and urbanization, conventional centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are slowly becoming a burden; expensive maintenance is required for aging plants and piping infrastructure, the cost of expanding the capacity to cover demand from population growth, and new regulations for tighter control over certain pollutants such as micropollutants. As an alternative to this system, this study discusses the feasibility of decentralized treatment systems at the neighborhood scale. Taking a Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus approach, such systems can support water and energy conservation, recovery of water, energy, and nutrients as well as generation of energy from wastewater, be customized to individual water and energy requirements, and eliminate the need for lengthy pipe networks. The method employed in this study is comparing the economic feasibility of the status quo to a proposed decentralized solution. The study finds that the costs of implementing a hypothetical decentralized water reclamation with an integrated resource recovery system using an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) in a downtown high-density neighborhood of the city of Munich, Germany, can theoretically be recuperated within two years. This alternative system may cost 60% of what it costs to run the centralized system. By linking the AnMBR to a biogas digestor and using systematically harvested organic waste as a co-substrate, the decentralized system can generate enough energy to run itself and even feed some energy to the grid. This study is highly hypothetical, yet generating evidence such as this can support a systemic socio-technical transition towards a more circular economy with optimal resource recovery.

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Fornarelli, R., M. Anda, S. Dallas, M. Schmack, F. Dawood, J. Byrne, G. M. Morrison, and K. Fox-Reynolds. "Enabling residential hybrid water systems through a water credit–debit system." Water Supply 19, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 2131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.093.

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Abstract Smart metering and data analytics enable the implementation of a range of on-site infrastructures for energy, water and waste management to demonstrate the interconnected infrastructure of future smart cities. A research project in Western Australia is integrating smart metering technology, household participation and data analytics. An improved understanding of hybrid water systems at residential scale, as socially accepted solutions to promote water efficiency and economic savings, within the traditional centralized urban water network is achieved. An integrated water model and a system of water credits and debits are developed and tested on a case study for which 10-minute logged water consumption data of its hybrid water system are available for 1 year. The model is shown to provide a full characterization of the relationship between the household and the water resources, thus assisting with improved urban water management which promotes the rollout of decentralized hybrid water systems whilst accounting for the impacts on the aquifer as an ecosystem service provider.

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Diao, Kegong. "Towards resilient water supply in centralized control and decentralized execution mode." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.162.

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Abstract This paper shares a vision that sustainable water supply requires resilient water infrastructures which are presumably in the centralized control and decentralized execution (CCDE) mode with multiscale resilience. The CCDE should be planned based on the multiscale structure of water infrastructures, in which the systems are divided into a number of hierarchically organized subsystems. The CCDE allows independent execution of all subsystems under normal situations yet coordination of subsystems at different scales to mitigate any disturbances during failure events, i.e. the multiscale resilience. This vision is discussed in detail for water distribution systems (WDSs). Specifically, the conceptual design of the multiscale CCDE is described, and progress on understanding the multiscale structures in WDSs is summarized based on the literature review. Furthermore, a few theories consistent with the multiscale CCDE concept are discussed which include the decomposition theorems, fractal theory, control theories, and complex network theory. The next step in the vision will be to identify the optimal multiscale structure for the CCDE based on the best trade-off of different goals of WDS analysis and management. This process needs support from not only innovative modelling tools and extensive datasets and theories but also inspiring exemplar systems, e.g. natural systems.

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Mahmoud, Magdi S., Mohamed F. Hassan, and Saad J. Saleh. "Decentralized structures for stream water quality control problems." Optimal Control Applications and Methods 6, no. 2 (April 1985): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oca.4660060209.

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Leow, Aaron, Jonathan Burkhardt, William E. Platten III, Brian Zimmerman, Nichole E. Brinkman, Anne Turner, Regan Murray, George Sorial, and Jay Garland. "Application of the CANARY event detection software for real-time performance monitoring of decentralized water reuse systems." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, no. 2 (2017): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00226a.

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Angelakis, Αndreas Ν., Andrea G. Capodaglio, and Emmanuel G. Dialynas. "Wastewater Management: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times and Future." Water 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010043.

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Current wastewater management paradigms favor centralized solutions, as taught in traditional engineering schools, which imply high capital costs, long-range water transfer, long and disruptive construction and highly trained operators. On the other hand, small decentralized systems are seldom considered even though they require lower capital costs, less disruptive infrastructure construction and allow for the maintenance of a closer, more sustainable water cycle. This manuscript starts with an extensive review of the long history of wastewater systems, from the Greek antiquity to the modern era. The use of natural and physical systems in history and their evolution into modern technology is also analyzed. Finally, future trends are considered with emphasis on technological adaptation and sustainability of decentralized systems, with a view that lessons that can be learned from history and past practices. The manuscript aims to provide a critical overview of water and wastewater management in view of the oncoming challenges of this sector.

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Schuetze, T. "Rainwater harvesting and management – policy and regulations in Germany." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.035.

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This paper discusses the most important policies and regulations supporting the decentralized management, harvesting and utilization of rainwater in Germany, where such measures have been increasingly applied during the last few decades. The development and implementation of specific policies and regulations contributed significantly to that trend. They also work as incentives for the development of advanced technologies and businesses as well as the widespread and growing implementation of measures for decentralized rainwater management, harvesting and utilization by public and private actors. This development can generally be associated with environmental and economic concerns related with required adaptation to changes in climate, demographic structures and infrastructures as well as climate resilience including flood control and drought resistance. The addressed and supported measures can be assigned to the two focus areas ‘Decentralized rainwater harvesting and utilization’, aiming for saving of precious fresh water resources and centrally supplied drinking water, as well as ‘decentralized rainwater retention and management’, aiming for flood control and protection of existing infrastructures and ecosystems. The decentralized management of rainwater and its separation from combined sewer systems at the source is generally regarded as the state of the art and basic condition for sustainable municipal wastewater management.

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Liang, Zhihua, Huy Quang Nguyen, Atreyee Das, and Zhiqiang Hu. "Improving Nitrogen Removal in Two Modified Decentralized Wastewater Systems." Water Environment Research 83, no. 8 (August 2011): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143011x12928814444691.

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Tepong-Tsindé, Raoul, Richard Crane, Chicgoua Noubactep, Achille Nassi, and Hans Ruppert. "Testing Metallic Iron Filtration Systems for Decentralized Water Treatment at Pilot Scale." Water 7, no. 12 (March 2, 2015): 868–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w7030868.

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Maryati, Sri, Tommy Firman, and An Nisaa Siti Humaira. "A sustainability assessment of decentralized water supply systems in Bandung City, Indonesia." Utilities Policy 76 (June 2022): 101373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101373.

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Arora, Meenakshi, Hector Malano, Brian Davidson, Rebecca Nelson, and Biju George. "Interactions between centralized and decentralized water systems in urban context: A review." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 2, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1099.

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Ali, Syed Imran. "Alternatives for safe water provision in urban and peri-urban slums." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 4 (April 21, 2010): 720–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.141.

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In response to rapid urbanization throughout the global South, urban and peri-urban slums are expanding at an alarming rate. Owing to inadequate financial and institutional resources at the municipal level, conventional approaches for safe water provision with centralized treatment and distribution infrastructure have been unable to keep pace with rapidly growing demand. In the absence of alternatives to centralized systems, a global public health emergency of infectious water-related diseases has developed. Alternative decentralized water treatment systems have been promoted in recent years as a means of achieving rapid health gains among vulnerable populations. Though much work with decentralized systems, especially in urban environments, has been at the household level, there is also considerable potential for development at the community level. Both levels of approach have unique sets of advantages and disadvantages that, just as with treatment technologies, may make certain options more appropriate than others in a particular setting. Integrating community, government and other relevant stakeholders into the process of systems development and implementation is essential if the outcome is to be appropriate to local circumstances and sustainable in the long term.

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Nikolopoulos, Dionysios, Henk-Jan van Alphen, Dirk Vries, Luc Palmen, Stef Koop, Peter van Thienen, Gertjan Medema, and Christos Makropoulos. "Tackling the “New Normal”: A Resilience Assessment Method Applied to Real-World Urban Water Systems." Water 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020330.

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The water sector is, currently and for the foreseeable future, challenged by rising levels of uncertainty in demand and availability of water, in a context of aging infrastructure and limited investment. In order to support strategic planning, water companies need a way to assess how their system behaves when faced with a range of changing conditions (climatic trends, asset deterioration, behavioral patterns, etc.) as well as accidents/incidents and/or extreme events (wildcards). In this study, a resilience assessment methodology was demonstrated, with ‘stress tests’ alternative water system configurations (including systems designed with decentralized or distributed philosophies) under a range of scenarios and extreme events. A ‘resilience profile graph’ was developed to quantify the performance of each configuration. The methodology was applied to the real-world urban water system of Oasen, which supplies the eastern part of the Province of South Holland, where the current system configuration and two potential future configurations were tested (one decentralized and one distributed). We show how the concept of resilience, operationalized through this methodology, can assist long term decision making and support strategic infrastructure planning.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Decentralized water systems'

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