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Academic literature on the topic 'Decentralized water systems'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Decentralized water systems"

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 80, no. 10 (October 2008): 1322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328662.

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 81, no. 10 (September 10, 2009): 1440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568399893.

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Norton, John W. "Decentralized Systems." Water Environment Research 82, no. 10 (January 1, 2010): 1367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12756668801257.

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Sharma, Ashok, Stewart Burn, Ted Gardner, and Alan Gregory. "Role of decentralised systems in the transition of urban water systems." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.187.

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Provision of conventional centralised water, wastewater and stormwater systems for urban municipal services has been common practice for over 100 years. These systems center around the protection of human health, ensuring reliable water supply and minimizing flooding; often with minimal consideration of the environmental and ecological impacts associated with fresh water extraction and wastewater discharge. These urban water systems are facing unprecedented challenges in this century from the emerging issues of climate variability, population growth, aging infrastructure, urbanisation and resource constraints. In this context, the current level of urban water service provision can't be provided within the existing centralised system framework, unless there is a significant increase in investment, to enlarge and rehabilitate the existing centralized systems. Water service providers and managers are therefore considering alternative and sustainable means of providing water services in this environment. Decentralised and distributed water and wastewater systems, which are planned within an integrated water management concept, are being promoted either in combination with centralised systems; or alone as the sustainable solution for urban water servicing. Current urban water systems are beginning to undergo a transition, where decentralised systems will play a major role in the long-term sustainability of these systems to meet the above mentioned challenges. However, since decentralized systems are relatively new and involve increased complexity there are wide knowledge gaps in their planning, design, implementation, operation and management, which are impeding their uptake. This paper summarises the role of decentralized systems in the transitioning of centralised systems to a more sustainable state and discusses some of the complexities in the implementation of these systems.
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw, Thomas M. Missimer, Jong-Yeop Kim, and Jason Hock. "A Clustered, Decentralized Approach to Urban Water Management." Water 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010185.

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Current models in design of urban water management systems and their corresponding infrastructure using centralized designs have commonly failed from the perspective of cost effectiveness and inability to adapt to the future changes. These challenges are driving cities towards using decentralized systems. While there is great consensus on the benefits of decentralization; currently no methods exist which guide decision-makers to define the optimal boundaries of decentralized water systems. A new clustering methodology and tool to decentralize water supply systems (WSS) into small and adaptable units is presented. The tool includes two major components: (i) minimization of the distance from source to consumer by assigning demand to the closest water source, and (ii) maximization of the intra-cluster homogeneity by defining the cluster boundaries such that the variation in population density, land use, socio-economic level, and topography within the cluster is minimized. The methodology and tool were applied to Arua Town in Uganda. Four random cluster scenarios and a centralized system were created and compared with the optimal clustered WSS. It was observed that the operational cost of the four cluster scenarios is up to 13.9 % higher than the optimal, and the centralized system is 26.6% higher than the optimal clustered WSS, consequently verifying the efficacy of the proposed method to determine an optimal cluster boundary for WSS. In addition, optimal homogeneous clusters improve efficiency by encouraging reuse of wastewater and stormwater within a cluster and by minimizing leakage through reduced pressure variations.
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Pearce-Oroz, Glenn. "The viability of decentralized water and sanitation provision in developing countries: the case of Honduras." Water Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0003.

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The sustainable delivery of basic services continues to be an elusive goal for water and sanitation operators in developing countries. In Honduras, both centralized and decentralized providers of water and sanitation coexist simultaneously, providing an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of each approach amid similar constraints. This analysis uses ten variables that measure access, efficiency and sustainability, in comparing the experiences of 16 potable water systems in small- and medium-sized cities, operated by centralized and decentralized water authorities. While neither approach provides a single, integrated model of a best practice, overall the decentralized systems demonstrate better practices than their centralized counterparts. Decentralized potable water systems systematically outperform centralized ones in financial efficiency and in their ability to increase coverage of basic services over time. In large part, the decentralized systems' better practices have been motivated by institutional arrangements that promote political accountability to customers and provide incentives for sustainable management practices. Decentralized operators continue to face challenges, namely the need to apply economic principles in designing tariff regimes and implementing management practices to account for capital depreciation. Despite these challenges, however, this analysis demonstrates that decentralized systems are not only viable in developing countries, but also tend to provide better service than those systems operated by a centralized authority.
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Lackey, Katy, Suzanne Sharkey, Sybil Sharvelle, Paula Kehoe, and Taylor Chang. "Decentralized Water Reuse: Implementing and Regulating Onsite Nonpotable Water Systems." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 02519001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000891.

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Liu, Yang, Alison Sim, and Meagan S. Mauter. "Energy-Optimal Siting of Decentralized Water Recycling Systems." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 22 (October 29, 2021): 15343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04708.

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Lee, Juneseok, Ki-Hwan Bae, and Tamim Younos. "Conceptual framework for decentralized green water-infrastructure systems." Water and Environment Journal 32, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12305.

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Piratla, Kalyan R., and Suraj Goverdhanam. "Decentralized Water Systems for Sustainable and Reliable Supply." Procedia Engineering 118 (2015): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.506.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decentralized water systems"

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O'Connor, Catherine L. (Catherine Leber). "Decentralized water treatment in urban India, and the potential impacts of reverse osmosis water purifiers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106259.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-191).
The degrading water quality in India combined with reduced groundwater supplies and insufficient municipal water distribution has led to the adoption of household water purifiers across the country. These water purifiers are used to treat water for potable consumption (drinking and cooking), and include a range of technologies capable of treating contaminants found in municipal water, groundwater, or other supplemental sources. The purifiers vary in cost, and have varying levels of accessibility to different socio-economic groups. As of 2010, market studies estimated that water purifiers, and more specifically reverse osmosis (RO) units, had not yet achieved a high level of diffusion across India, though sales were projected to greatly increase. More recent studies found levels of adoption for RO purifiers in certain urban areas growing above 50%, much higher than the 10% or less of households relying primarily on groundwater. Interviews conducted in January 2016 confirmed that households with a municipal supply were treating their water with RO purifiers, so RO adoption has spread beyond homes with only groundwater as a source. Though increased RO system diffusion may increase access to improved water quality, the purifiers require a reject line that discards 30 to 80% of the input water. The waste generated can be substantial, and for an average RO recovery of 20% treating 5.0 liters per capita per day drinking water, total up to 100 liters per household per day, 82.2 megaliters per day (MLD) within the city of Delhi, or even 2,340 MLD across all major urban areas of India if complete adoption occurs within the top two socio-economic groups. These volumes can amount to a measurable fraction of the volume of groundwater that a city extracts to supplement its surface water supply, and the volume of wastewater that goes untreated due to insufficient infrastructure. Policy and technology-based alternatives such as a water efficiency ranking program and the replacement of RO with electrodialysis, a more efficient desalination technology, align with government initiatives calling for higher efficiency and public participation, though a combined program is likely needed to make household water treatment sustainable in the long-term.
by Catherine L. O'Connor.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw Amare. "Flexible Urban Water Distribution Systems." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4597.

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With increasing global change pressures such as urbanization and climate change, cities of the future will experience difficulties in efficiently managing scarcer and less reliable water resources. However, projections of future global change pressures are plagued with uncertainties. This increases the difficulty in developing urban water systems that are adaptable to future uncertainty. A major component of an urban water system is the distribution system, which constitutes approximately 80-85% of the total cost of the water supply system (Swamee and Sharma, 2008). Traditionally, water distribution systems (WDS) are designed using deterministic assumptions of main model input variables such as water availability and water demand. However, these deterministic assumptions are no longer valid due to the inherent uncertainties associated with them. Hence, a new design approach is required, one that recognizes these inherent uncertainties and develops more adaptable and flexible systems capable of using their active capacity to act or respond to future alterations in a timely, performance-efficient, and cost-effective manner. This study develops a framework for the design of flexible WDS that are adaptable to new, different, or changing requirements. The framework consists of two main parts. The first part consists of several components that are important in the pre and post--processing of the least-cost design methodology of a flexible WDS. These components include: the description of uncertainties affecting WDS design, identification of potential flexibility options for WDS, generation of flexibility through optimization, and a method for assessing of flexibility. For assessment a suite of performance metrics is developed that reflect the degree of flexibility of a distribution system. These metrics focus on the capability of the WDS to respond and react to future changes. The uncertainties description focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of future demand. The second part consists of two optimization models for the design of centralized and decentralized WDS respectively. The first model generates flexible, staged development plans for the incremental growth of a centralized WDS. The second model supports the development of clustered/decentralized WDS. It is argued that these clustered systems promote flexibility as they provide internal degrees of freedom, allowing many different combinations of distribution systems to be considered. For both models a unique genetic algorithm based flexibility optimization (GAFO) model was developed that maximizes the flexibility of a WDS at the least cost. The efficacy of the developed framework and tools are demonstrated through two case study applications on real networks in Uganda. The first application looks at the design of a centralized WDS in Mbale, a small town in Eastern Uganda. Results from this application indicate that the flexibility framework is able to generate a more flexible design of the centralized system that is 4% - 50% less expensive than a conventionally designed system when compared against several future scenarios. In addition, this application highlights that the flexible design has a lower regret under different scenarios when compared to the conventionally designed system (a difference of 11.2m3/US$). The second application analyzes the design of a decentralized network in the town of Aura, a small town in Northern Uganda. A comparison of a decentralized system to a centralized system is performed, and the results indicate that the decentralized system is 24% - 34% less expensive and that these cost savings are associated with the ability of the decentralized system to be staged in a way that traces the urban growth trajectory more closely. The decentralized clustered WDS also has a lower regret (a difference of 17.7m3/US$) associated with the potential future conditions in comparison with the conventionally centralized system and hence is more flexible.
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Mpofu, Claudius. "Adopting a resilience lens in managing decentralized water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236974.

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Climate change and increased pressure on water resources through urban and peri-urban population growth present some major uncertainties to the sustainable provision of good quality water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, particularly to small-scale decentralized systems which are considered more vulnerable compared to centralized systems. The concept of “resilience” could be useful when dealing with such uncertainties. It deals with planning for shocks and stressors which could help address long-term water security and sanitation challenges. The aim of this research is to explore the relevance of the concept of resilience in dealing with uncertainties for decentralized WASH systems. Through literature review, interviews (n=22) and group discussions (n=18), the relevance of the 7 resilience principles, developed by SRC, to WASH planning for decentralized systems was explored. WHO community water and sanitation planning guidelines were reviewed to determine how resilience could add useful aspects to management of decentralised WASH systems.  Results showed that the resilience concept is important in planning and management of decentralized WASH systems, since, with the resilience principles as a basis, there is potential to involve different stakeholders to share knowledge, skills and resources across multiple scales. The three resilience principles considered most important from the 7 SRC resilience principles for decentralized WASH were identified as: 1) Broadening participation, 2) Maintenance of diversity and redundancy, and 3) Management of slow changing variables and feedbacks. Other important WASH aspects missing from the resilience principles were: 1) Contextuality, 2) Accountability, 3) Equity and human rights, 4) Monitoring and maintenance, 5) Resource capacity. Two case studies served as examples of how decentralized WASH systems are managed in a high-income country (Värmdö, Sweden) and  a low/middle income country (MSETO, Kenya). In both cases, applied resilience principles were identified together with areas of improvement. With reference to resilience, Värmdö municipality showed strength in the flow of information (connectivity) between actors but lacked integrated WASH planning guidelines and diversity of water supplies. The MSETO project exhibited strength in overlapping responsibilities (polycentric governance) but lacked management of slow changing variables and feedbacks, linked to the lack of adequate re-sources. The analysis of WHO Water Safety Plans and sanitation safety planning guidelines through the resilience framework revealed that the WHO guidelines have a heavy focus on technical aspects and lack an integrated approach involving polycentric governance and complex adaptive system thinking. There is need for the revision of the guide-lines to incorporate community social aspects, strategies of improving water availability and consideration of complex adaptive systems thinking. Municipalities and practitioners are recommended to consider resilience principles as well as the identified missing aspects in WASH planning and interventions. Further research is needed investigating necessary conditions for the application of resilience principles and important trade-offs.
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Santillan, Steven. "Water Supplies in the Southwest Making a Finite Supply Sustainable for a Growing Population." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337345.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project
Across the world, populations continue to grow while water supplies stay fixed. In the American Southwest, water supplies are at an all time low, yet warm, favorable conditions continue to lure residents to the area. With some of the country’s lowest fresh water reserves, it is imperative that changes are made to water usage trends and associated energy inefficiencies. An analysis of water usage in Tucson was conducted to evaluate potential solutions for reducing consumption and to correspondingly shrink energy usage. Case studies were investigated, census numbers were used to roughly calculate statistics, existing knowledge on water conservation techniques were researched, and alternative water filtration as well as distribution systems were scrutinized for their viability amongst current infrastructure. The potential to reduce water usage is greatest with the largest user of water in Tucson, the single-family residence. On average the single-family residence is capable of effectively saving nearly 25,000 gallons of water per year with efficient fixtures, another 25,000 gallons per year by reducing outdoor water use by half, and another 10,625 gallons by utilizing rainwater harvesting. Combine those savings and multiply them by the 225,000-240,000 single-family residents estimated to be in Tucson and the savings reach more than five billion gallons a year, effectively almost cutting water consumption in Tucson by a fifth. Further, to keep remaining usage impacts negligible, implementation of an indirect or direct potable water reuse system could satisfy populations for decades by reusing water that would normally be discarded as effluent. Water consumption must be curved so that it can satisfy a growing population’s needs. Amongst residents of Tucson, single-family residences have the greatest potential to reduce water and associated energy needs. Through conservation techniques, water harvesting, reducing outdoor water usage, and potable reuse, limited water supplies can satisfy future generations to come.
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Debiasi, Ronaldo. "Avaliação de vulnerabilidade dos pequenos sistemas de abastecimento de água no estado do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143620.

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Diversos estudos têm relacionado melhores condições de saneamento básico ao incremento nos índices de saúde da população. Investimentos em saneamento básico tendem a promover um benefício econômico, já que o custo para as intervenções necessárias é inferior à despesa com tratamento das enfermidades causadas pela falta de saneamento. Esta pesquisa visou caracterizar a problemática do abastecimento de água em pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando-se a vulnerabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento e da população atingida por meio de critérios próprios voltados à situação de interesse. Definiu-se uma amostra com locais escolhidos por método estatístico e um índice de vulnerabilidade composto por quatro dimensões de análise, dez indicadores e cinco níveis de vulnerabilidade cada. Com isso, caracterizou-se a problemática com base nos dez indicadores propostos, analisaram-se estatisticamente os resultados do índice de vulnerabilidade com o cálculo do índice médio para o Estado e em termos de subpopulações, e estimou-se a proporção da população abastecida e sistemas considerados vulneráveis. Apresentaram-se, portanto, conclusões quanto ao método empregado e resultados encontrados, além de recomendações que podem ser aplicadas para mitigar as vulnerabilidades encontradas e no desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros. Os resultados demonstraram que o nível de tratamento se mostrou um importante critério de análise de vulnerabilidade, havendo diferenças significativas nos resultados do índice para os sistemas sem tratamento e aqueles com tratamento considerado adequado.
According to several studies, there is an association between progresses in drinking water and sanitation to improvements in health indices. Investments in safe drinking water and sanitation may yield in an economic benefit, as the health-effect costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the required interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate small community water supply systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, assessing the vulnerability of the systems and population that depends on them. The survey followed statistical sampling techniques to design the sample size and a water vulnerability index tool that included four dimensions, ten indicators and five vulnerability ratings was constructed. The condition was characterized by the ten proposed indicators, while statistical analysis of the vulnerability index was performed with mean estimates for the State and subpopulations. It was also estimated the proportion of the target population and water supply systems considered vulnerable. Conclusions were presented with respect to the method applied and the main results found in the survey. Recommendations were proposed in order to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the systems and protect public health. The results demonstrate that the level of treatment is a major vulnerability criteria, as significant differences in the index were related to systems that distribute water without treatment and those with an appropriate treatment technology.
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Samuel, Paulo Robinson da Silva. "Alternativas sustentáveis de tratamento de esgotos sanitários urbanos, através de sistemas descentralizados, para municípios de pequeno porte." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/55437.

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A precariedade do tratamento dos esgotos sanitários no país, principalmente em pequenos municípios, aliado à falta de recursos financeiros, necessitam apoio tecnológico e científico, sendo motivo de preocupação e atenção. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é propor alternativas de sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sanitários urbanos para a cidade de Feliz/RS, município brasileiro de pequeno porte, visando à melhoria da qualidade dos seus recursos hídricos. Para a realização deste trabalho foi necessário realizar o diagnóstico do sistema de tratamento de esgotos sanitários na área urbana do município; avaliar o impacto gerado pelos esgotos sanitários urbanos no manancial hídrico do município e propor sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sanitários mais sustentáveis e que atendam os padrões de emissões de efluentes líquidos, permitidos pela legislação, em águas superficiais. A estratégia de pesquisa adotada neste trabalho foi a pesquisa construtiva, cuja metodologia foi dividida em três etapas: I) delimitação da área geográfica e análise documental; II) levantamento quantitativo de domicílios, por bairro, e coleta de amostras de água, em três pontos do manancial que banha o município de Feliz; III) apresentação de propostas de sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sanitários. Nas etapas II e III houve a aplicação do modelo matemático, QUAL2K, no trecho do rio estudado, no município de Feliz, simulando as diversas condições da qualidade da água e comparando-as com os padrões de emissões de efluentes permitidos pela legislação, em águas superficiais. Os resultados mostraram que a região urbana do município de Feliz apresenta inexpressivos índices de tratamento de esgotos domésticos. Os esgotos lançados sem tratamento, provenientes das redes pluviais, são os principais poluentes do rio, na área urbana. Foram pesquisados sistemas descentralizados de tratamento de esgotos propostos, entre os quais: wetlands, UASB e filtro anaeróbio, e tanque séptico e infiltração. A simulação mostra que estes sistemas propostos poderão se tornar efetivos, no sentido de tratar os esgotos domésticos urbanos de forma mais sustentável e na redução dos níveis dos parâmetros analisados, embora não atinjam os limites estabelecidos pela legislação, para que o trecho estudado possa ser enquadrado como atendendo à legislação e aos anseios da população local.
The lack of adequate sewage treatment in the country, especially in small municipalities, together with the scarceness of financial resources, requires technological and scientific support, being a major concern and asks for the due attention. The general objective of this work is to propose alternative systems of urban sewage treatment for the municipality of Feliz, a small Brazilian municipality in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, , , aiming at improving the quality of its water resources. The elaboration of this work included a system diagnosis of sewage treatment in the urban area, the assessment of the impact of sewage generated by urban water sources and a proposal for the treatment of sewage systems in a more sustainable way, that meets the emissions standards for effluents , as allowed by legislation, in surface waters. The research strategy adopted in this work was the constructive research, whose methodology was applied in three steps: I) a geographical area delimitation and documental analysis II) a quantitative survey of households, by area, and collection of water samples at three points in the river that crosses the town of Feliz, III) a presentation of proposals for more sustainable sewage systems treatment. In stages II and III a mathematical model, QUAL2K, was applied in the studied stretch of the river, simulating the various conditions of water quality and comparing them with the effluent emissions standards allowed by law, in surface waters. The results showed that the urban area of Feliz presents a very low rate of domestic sewage treatment. The untreated sewage released into the local system of stormwater is the main pollutant of the river in the urban area. The following decentralized systems of sewage treatment were studied: wetlands, anaerobic filter and UASB and septic tank and seepage. The simulation showed that these proposed systems can be effective in order to treat more sustainably the domestic sewage and to reduce the levels of the analyzed parameters, although not reaching the limits established by the legislation for the studied stretch so to enabled it to be framed as being in compliance with the Brazilian legislation and with the wishes of the local community.
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Sepúlveda, Toepfer Carlos. "Instrumentation, model identification and control of an experimental irrigation canal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5951.

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This thesis aims to develop control algorithms for irrigation canals in an experimental framework.
These water transport systems are difficult to manage and present low efficiencies in practice.
As a result, an important percentage of water is lost, maintenance costs increase and water users follow a rigid irrigation schedule.
All these problems can be reduced by automating the operation of irrigation canals.
In order to fulfil the objectives, a laboratory canal, called Canal PAC-UPC, was equipped and instrumented in parallel with the development of this thesis. In general, the methods and solutions proposed herein were extensively tested in this canal.
In a broader context, three main contributions in different irrigation canal control areas are presented.
Focusing on gate-discharge measurements, many submerged-discharge calculation methods are tested and compared using Canal PAC-UPC measurement data. It has been found that most of them present errors around ±10%, but there are notable exceptions. Specifically, using classical formulas with a constant 0.611 contraction value give very good results (error<±6%), but when data is available, a very simple calibration formula recently proposed in the literature significantly outperform the rest (error<±3%). As a consequence, the latter is encouragingly proposed as the basis of any gate discharge controller.
With respect to irrigation canal modeling, a detailed procedure to obtain data-driven linear irrigation canal models is successfully developed. These models do not use physical parameters of the system, but are constructed from measurement data. In this case, these models are thought to be used in irrigation canal control issues like controller tuning, internal controller model in predictive controllers or simply as fast and simple simulation platforms. Much effort is employed in obtaining an adequate model structure from the linearized Saint-Venant equations, yielding to a mathematical procedure that verifies the existence of an integrator pole in any type of canal working under any hydraulic condition. Time-domain and frequency-domain results demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting models approximating a canal working around a particular operation condition both in simulation and experiment.
Regarding to irrigation canal control, two research lines are exploited. First, a new water level control scheme is proposed as an alternative between decentralized and centralized control. It is called Semi-decentralized scheme and aims to resemble the centralized control performance while maintaining an almost decentralized structure. Second, different water level control schemes based on PI control and Predictive control are studied and compared. The simulation and laboratory results show that the response and performance of this new strategy against offtake discharge changes, are almost identical to the ones of the centralized control, outperforming the other tested schemes based on PI control and on Predictive control. In addition, it is verified that schemes based on Predictive control with good controller models can counteract offtake discharge variations with less level deviations and in almost half the time than PI-based schemes.
In addition to these three main contributions, many other smaller developments, minor results and practical recommendations for irrigation canal automation are presented throughout this thesis.
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Faragher, Tamsin. "Sustainable water governance: An incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid water system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29658.

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Cape Town is experiencing its worst drought in recorded history. Notwithstanding that the Western Cape has always been a water scarce region, it is this current drought that has brought home the area’s inherent vulnerability and highlighted the governance issues. The world wherein South Africa’s water governance was created is very different to the world we find ourselves in today. It is a world of uncertainty and unpredictability not contemplated in water governance comprised of legislation, policy, guidelines and practice. The current water governance constructs a conventional approach based upon predictability and certainty and is no longer appropriate to meet today’s new challenges. Consistent with this conventional approach, Cape Town’s municipal water supply is almost completely dependent upon surface water which makes it even more vulnerable to drought than if its supply was comprised of a variety of water supply options. With surface water sources fully exploited and storage opportunities within the urban edge limited alternative water supply options must be more seriously considered and the water governance reformed to accommodate its use. Water governance is the focus of reform because it is the framework for infrastructure planning and therefore controls the resultant system, infrastructure and management. This thesis interrogates the current water governance as the starting point before firstly discussing the proposed incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid system for water infrastructure and secondly, identifying specific areas where intervention is necessary for implementation.
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Chung, Gunhui. "Water Supply System Management Design and Optimization under Uncertainty." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195506.

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Increasing population, diminishing supplies and variable climatic conditions can cause difficulties in meeting water demands. When this long range water supply plan is developed to cope with future water demand changes, accuracy and reliability are the two most important factors. To develop an accurate model, the water supply system has become more complicated and comprehensive structures. Future uncertainty also has been considered to improve system reliability as well as economic feasibility.In this study, a general large-scale water supply system that is comprised of modular components was developed in a dynamic simulation environment. Several possible scenarios were simulated in a realistic hypothetical system. In addition to water balances and quality analyses, construction and operation of system components costs were estimated for each scenario. One set of results demonstrates that construction of small-cluster decentralized wastewater treatment systems could be more economical than a centralized plant when communities are spatially scattered or located in steep areas.The Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA), then, is used to minimize the total system cost of the general water supply system. Decisions are comprised of sizing decisions - pipe diameter, pump design capacity and head, canal capacity, and water/wastewater treatment capabilities - and flow allocations over the water supply network. An explicit representation of energy consumption cost for the operation is incorporated into the system in the optimization process of overall system cost. Although the study water supply systems included highly nonlinear terms in the objective function and constraints, a stochastic search algorithm was applied successfully to find optimal solutions that satisfied all the constraints for the study networks.Finally, a robust optimization approach was introduced into the design process of a water supply system as a framework to consider uncertainties of the correlated future data. The approach allows for the control of the degree of conservatism which is a crucial factor for the system reliabilities and economical feasibilities. The system stability is guaranteed under the most uncertain condition and it was found that the water supply system with uncertainty can be a useful tool to assist decision makers to develop future water supply schemes.
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Borders, Michael Tyler. "An Analysis of Emergent Behavior in the North Dakota Water Depot-Based Water Allocation System using a Decentralized Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) Approach." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28273.

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Water demand has increased exponentially since 2007 in western North Dakota. This increase can largely be traced to the advancement of technology in hydraulic fracturing (fracking) which has led to one of the largest oil booms in the country. Along with the recent oil boom, water depots have expanded and played a significant role in providing water for fracking. Using decentralized agent-based modeling (ABM) to model water allocation among water depots, a scenario analysis obtains results for four scenarios. Policy suggestions, based on the scenario analysis, include allowing greater access to LSMR water sources and restricting SW and GW use for the oil industry to reduce water scarcity in the Bakken. These results support allowing greater access to LSMR water sources for the oil industry as desired by the North Dakota State Water Commission (SWC), and other elected officials in the past decade.
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Books on the topic "Decentralized water systems"

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wastewater Management., ed. Onsite and clustered (decentralized) wastewater treatment systems: Informational materials. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

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Lee, Juneseok, Tamim Younos, and Tammy E. Parece. Resilient Water Management Strategies in Urban Settings: Innovations in Decentralized Water Infrastructure Systems. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water. and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wastewater Management., eds. Response to congress on use of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1997.

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Response to congress on use of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1997.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., ed. Handbook for managing onsite and clustered (decentralized) wastewater treatment systems: An introduction to management tools and information for implementing EPA's management guidelines. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Decentralized water systems"

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Siegrist, Robert L. "Alternative Wastewater Collection and Conveyance Systems for Decentralized Applications." In Decentralized Water Reclamation Engineering, 181–236. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40472-1_5.

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Chae, Sookwon, and Juneseok Lee. "Smart Decentralized Water Systems in South Korea." In Springer Water, 31–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95844-2_3.

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Lee, Juneseok, Tamim Younos, and Tammy E. Parece. "Decentralized Green Water-Infrastructure Systems: Resilient and Sustainable Management Strategies for Building Water Systems." In Springer Water, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95844-2_1.

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Philip, Ligy, C. Ramprasad, and D. Krithika. "Sustainable Wastewater Management Through Decentralized Systems: Case Studies." In Water Scarcity and Ways to Reduce the Impact, 15–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75199-3_2.

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Meney, Kathy A., and Ljiljana Pantelic. "Decentralized Water and Wastewater Systems for Resilient Societies: A Shift Towards a Green Infrastructure-Based Alternate Economy." In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32811-5_32-1.

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Leise, Philipp, and Lena C. Altherr. "Optimizing the Design and Control of Decentralized Water Supply Systems – A Case-Study of a Hotel Building." In EngOpt 2018 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Engineering Optimization, 1241–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97773-7_107.

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Meney, Kathy A., and Ljiljana Pantelic. "Decentralized Water and Wastewater Systems for Resilient Societies: A Shift Towards a Green Infrastructure-Based Alternate Economy." In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies, 157–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42462-6_32.

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Chiu, Pei C. "Applications of Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) and Nanoscale ZVI to Municipal and Decentralized Drinking Water Systems—A Review." In ACS Symposium Series, 237–49. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1123.ch014.

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Winklmaier, J., and S. Bazan Santos. "Promoting Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa: Least-Cost Modelling of Decentralized Energy-Water-Food Systems: Case Study of St. Rupert Mayer, Zimbabwe." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 71–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93438-9_6.

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de Graaf, Florijn, and Simon Goddek. "Smarthoods: Aquaponics Integrated Microgrids." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 379–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_15.

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AbstractWith the pressure to transition towards a fully renewable energy system increasing, a new type of power system architecture is emerging: the microgrid. A microgrid integrates a multitude of decentralised renewable energy technologies using smart energy management systems, in order to efficiently balance the local production and consumption of renewable energy, resulting in a high degree of flexibility and resilience. Generally, the performance of a microgrid increases with the number of technologies present, although it remains difficult to create a fully autonomous microgrid within economic reason (de Graaf F, New strategies for smart integrated decentralised energy systems, 2018). In order to improve the self-sufficiency and flexibility of these microgrids, this research proposes integrating a neighbourhood microgrid with an urban agriculture facility that houses a decoupled multi-loop aquaponics facility. This new concept is called Smarthood, where all Food–Water–Energy flows are circularly connected. In doing so, the performance of the microgrid greatly improves, due to the high flexibility present within the thermal mass, pumps and lighting systems. As a result, it is possible to achieve 95.38% power and 100% heat self-sufficiency. This result is promising, as it could pave the way towards realising these fully circular, decentralised Food–Water–Energy systems.
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Conference papers on the topic "Decentralized water systems"

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Pepper, I., R. Arnold, G. Bayraksan, C. Choi, K. Lansey, and C. Scott. "Conjunctive Decentralized Dual Water Distribution Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)8.

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Sitzenfrei, Robert, Jonatan Zischg, Markus Sitzmann, Suranji Rathnayaka, Jayantha Kodikara, and Peter M. Bach. "Effects of Implementing Decentralized Water Supply Systems in Existing Centralized Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480625.064.

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Rogers, Peter D., and Neil S. Grigg. "Alternative Approaches for Water Distribution: Dual and Decentralized Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)466.

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Hranova, R. "Sustainable Approaches to Decentralized Wastewater Systems with Emphasis on Developing Countries in Semi-Arid Regions." In Water Resource Management. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.686-073.

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Baghaei Lakeh, Reza, Daniel Andrade, Kyle J. Miller, Bowen Du, Joshua Pham, Mohammad M. Modabernia, Pui Y. Ng, et al. "A Case Study of Decentralized Off-Grid Water Treatment Using Reverse Osmosis." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70828.

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Decentralized water treatment consists of a variety of water treatment techniques for dwellings, industrial facilities, homes, and businesses independent of the power grid. According to the United States Geological Survey, brackish groundwater is abundant in the southwestern states including California; hence it can potentially be considered a new source for California’s water portfolio. Most of membrane-based desalination technologies (e.g. reverse osmosis) have high energy demand and cost. Using renewable energy (mostly solar photovoltaics) in concert with membrane-based water desalination can be utilized to develop decentralized and off-grid brackish water desalination systems especially for remote and rural regions. In this paper, the results of a case study on decentralized off-grid brackish water system have been presented and discussed. The system utilizes a high pressure pump that can provide a feed flow rate of 2.2 gpm of at 140 psi. The system is run by solar photovoltaic panels through a battery bank. The results of the study show that the system is capable of treating brackish water at a salt rejection rate of more than 97.5% and a recovery rate up to 80%.
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Ben A Asquith, Joe H Whitehead, and Luke J Kidd. "Quantitative Risk Assessment of Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems in a Drinking Water Catchment." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24000.

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Bottura, C. P., and A. F. T. Ceceres. "Decentralized control of serial interconnected systems for river water quality via subspace identification." In Proceedings of 2002 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2002.1025307.

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Kane, Michael B., Jerome P. Lynch, and Andrew T. Zimmerman. "Decentralized agent-based control of chilled water plants using wireless sensor and actuator networks." In 2011 4th International Symposium on Resilient Control Systems (ISRCS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isrcs.2011.6016104.

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Dotsch, Florian, Jorg Denzinger, Holger Kasinger, and Bernhard Bauer. "Decentralized Real-Time Control of Water Distribution Networks Using Self-Organizing Multi-agent Systems." In 2010 4th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saso.2010.20.

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Romanov, Roman V., Oleg R. Kuzichkin, and Alexey V. Tsaplev. "Geoecological control of the aquifer in the decentralized water supply systems of the local level." In 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2015.7340698.

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