Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Decentralization'
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Burnakova, V. Y. "Decentralization in Ukraine." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66954.
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This theme is important today, because the need for the decentralization
in Ukraine is a topic for discussions, since the first days of its
independence. In April 2014 The Cabinet of Ministers approved the
Concept of Local Self-Governance and Territorial Organization of
Governance. After that, the process of decentralization and community
mergers faced numerous risks and challenges. So, what has been achieved
over almost three years of reform, what are the advantages and
disadvantages of this reform and what does decentralization actually mean?
These questions I tried to research in this paper.
Decentralization is the process of delegating authority
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Salinas, Peña Paula. "Essays on Education Decentralization." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/276164.
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Differences in the division of education responsibilities between tiers of government and in the degree of autonomy the latter have to take decisions and raise their own revenues could imply differences in the level of efficiency with which these responsibilities are carried out. The aim of this study is, therefore, to analyze the effects of decentralization on the efficiency of educational policy, by examining the way in which different decentralization structures can have differential effects and by exploring the channels via which decentralization can affect educational outcomes.
To achieve this, I first analyze the effects of a partial fiscal decentralization reform introduced in Spain at the beginning of the eighties, when educational responsibilities were devolved to regions that were not, however, granted any decision-making power for raising their own taxes. I believe that this study, reported in Chapter 2, makes a relevant contribution to the scarce empirical evidence gathered to date about the effects of decentralization on educational outcomes. First, this is the first study to analyze these effects in the context of a partial fiscal decentralization, which enables me to provide empirical evidence about one of the main points of debate in the fiscal federalism literature. Second, the way in which education policy has been decentralized in Spain, with a set of regions receiving educational powers at the beginning of the eighties and the remaining regions having to wait until the end of the nineties to receive the same powers, provides a unique benchmark against which to conduct a consistent identification of the effects of decentralization. Finally, I believe that the conclusions that can be drawn from this study are especially relevant at a time in which a process of recentralization of decision-making autonomy in the education sector in Spain is being undertaken.
Second, I analyze the effects of decentralization on educational outcomes under different decentralization structures. That is, I analyze whether different degrees of subnational government autonomy, both on the expenditure and revenue sides, have the expected differential effects. The analysis in Chapter 3 contrasts with analyses reported in previous studies, since it draws on cross-national evidence to analyse the way in which different structures of expenditure and revenue decentralization have a differential impact on the efficiency of public education policies, a question hitherto unaddressed in this branch of literature.
However, these studies tell us nothing about the process via which the educational outcomes might vary depending on whether a country operates a decentralized or a centralized system. In Chapter 4 I provide a number of insights into this question, by analyzing the role of teacher quality in a decentralization process, that is, how teacher quality might be affected by decentralization and the extent to which this effect explains the effects of decentralization on educational attainment.
The relationship between decentralization and teacher quality has received little attention in the literature and, to the best of my knowledge, the study in chapter 4 is the first attempt to empirically analyze it. In addition to the empirical analysis, an effort has been made in Chapter 4 to summarize the arguments that underpin the relationship between decentralization and teacher quality. Finally, this is also the first study that seeks to analyze the process via which decentralization might affect educational attainment. The methodology used in this study to address this question, which decomposes the total effect of decentralization into a direct effect and an indirect effect via teacher quality has not been applied before in the economics of education empirical literature, which has always tended to focus on the estimation of reduced-form equations of educational attainment. Here, however, I estimate a structural model in which teacher quality variables are also considered endogenous variables.
The three studies reveal that the effects of decentralization on the outcomes of the educational system are positive and, in line with theoretical prescriptions, that these effects depend on the autonomy of subnational governments and on the level of government awarded educational competences. Additionally, an important share of the overall effect of decentralization on educational outcomes is mediated through its effects on teacher quality.
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Beramendi, Pablo. "Decentralization and income inequality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270597.
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Zhang, Zhexi S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "The aesthetics of decentralization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123614.
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Thesis: S.M. in Art, Culture and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-86).
This thesis explores ways in which decentralized network technologies are used to experiment with and design new modes of socio-technical organization. Drawing on an understanding of aesthetics as a "distribution of the sensible" and Jack Burnham's notion of "systems esthetics", an artistic engagement with society's technological modes of organization, I explore the ways in which the "aesthetics of decentralization" articulates a circuit of desire connecting technical systems, cultural metaphors and social forms. A key countercultural motif in the history of the World Wide Web, decentralization imagines that political objectives of openness, freedom and even libertarian self-sovereignty within a networked society can be achieved through the technical protocols. Chapter 1 examines the logics of the "stack" and the "platform" as the vertical and lateral organizational abstractions of this environmental matrix.
In seeking to negate this centralization of power over digital networks, the decentralized web is a multifaceted technological and cultural phenomenon with disparate agendas, but broadly seeks to reconfigure the technical organization of the web as a commons-oriented peer-to-peer framework. Chapter 2 examines in detail the primary concepts of the decentralized web, reading their propositions as an effort to reconstitute the terms of space, ownership and participation within the networked world. I argue that the decentralized web represents not so much a technical solution as a performative metaphor through which digital publics are called forth in order to denaturalize these hermetic socio-technical environments and imagine new spaces of possibility.
In Chapter 3, 1 argue that the imaginary and aesthetic power of the decentralized web flows from the subjective experience of software as worldbuilding, a process which imputes the rational consistency of synthetic "microworlds" upon the wider social domain. In conclusion, I suggest that the decentralized web falters as a political project because in seeking to build new forms of sociality through software, it fails to antagonize the structures of technological capitalist society. Nonetheless, the conceptual and performative metaphors engendered by these experimental systems call forth new technological discourses in which protocol serves as a guide, rather than a coercive armature, of a social imaginary.
by Zhexi Zhang.
S.M. in Art, Culture and Technology
S.M.inArt,CultureandTechnology Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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DUBOIS, HANS FRANCOIS WOUTER. "Decentralization in public administration." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4053892.
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UTOMO, Tri Widodo W. "Balancing decentralization and deconcentration: emerging need for asymmetric decentralization in the unitary states." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14059.
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Kaler-Christofilopoulou, Paraskevy D. "Decentralization in post-dictatorial Greece." Thesis, Online version, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.321176.
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Almutairi, Ahmed H. "OVERCOMING PLATOONING VICISSITUDES WITH DECENTRALIZATION." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2437.
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We have studied several scenarios that may happen within a platoon and affect its efficiency. Studying those scenarios and potential issues is to find an appropriate design that solve those issues and striving to an optimal efficient platoon. By reviewing the current autonomous vehicles and the technologies that provide, we cloud design a model that solve all issues relying on some mechanisms and rules that vehicles can follow and apply. Key Words – cloud network, route-based, cloud platoon.
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Collignon, Delmar A. S. "Causes and consequences of decentralization." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1536354/.
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Virtually all governments are multilevel and where change in power distribution has occurred in recent decades, it has been to increase decentralization. However, not all scholars are sure that decentralization has always been beneficial for the quality of government. In addition, it has reduced the relevance of national government and made regions more important for the daily life of citizens as they became responsible for matters ranging from education to health policies to environmental protection. This has changed how governments are structured, the importance of national and sub-national elections and the nature of party competition. The mixed outcomes of decentralization for government quality and its large impact on the life of citizens highlight the importance of studying the causes and consequences of decentralization; this dissertation adds in this direction. This research looks closely at each key element of the multilevel structure, namely parties, regions and national-level factors, and the micro and macro-level relations that link them. Chapter 2 presents the prospective argument that parties in government decentralize towards their sub-national strongholds when they are at risk of future electoral defeat. This argument is tested by applying multilevel models to a sample of 15 European countries and their 141 regions. Chapter 3 shows that decentralization destabilizes the sub-national party system because it increases the risk of decline to new parties. I test this argument using survival models and applying them to a sample of 1,235 regional branches of political parties in 12 European countries. Chapter 3 analyzes the relationship between decentralization and the quality of elections in 67 countries. I demonstrate that it improves the fairness of national elections because it reduces the benefits of committing fraud. This dissertation represents important contributions to the literature on decentralization, multilevel governments, asymmetric federalism, party competition and electoral integrity for several reasons: a) it provides a comprehensive explanation for heterogeneous decentralization that is not conditioned to the presence of regional and ethnic parties; b) it proposes an inclusive measure for the risk of electoral defeat; c) it provides insights into the elements that affect the regional party system; and d) it shows that parties engage in cost-benefit calculations before deciding to commit electoral fraud.
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Zhu, Jia Ming. "China--decentralization and regional cooperation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11572.
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Xiong, Hang. "Decentralization and environement in China." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10396/document.
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Dans la littérature, les débats autour du fédéralisme environnemental sont persistants et non-Concluants. La Chine a poursuivi la tendance globale de la décentralisation et adopté un de facto fédéralisme environnemental. Dans ce pays vaste et diversifié, connaissances et compétences locales sont nécessaires pour développer des solutions appropriées pour de nombreux problèmes environnementaux souvent avec une nature locale ou régionale. Cependant, malgré le de facto fédéralisme environnemental adopté, crises environnementales dramatiques et échecs de la politique sont répandus en Chine. En particulier, plus récemment, ce pays a vu apparaître de nombreux problèmes prédits par les opposants à la décentralisation. Il semble que, contrairement à la décentralisation fiscale qui a été un «coup de main» dans la mobilisation des ressources et la croissance économique au niveau sous-National, la décentralisation de l’application de la politique environnementale a plutôt été une «main saisissant» dans la gestion environnementale. Dans le but de fournir une compréhension meilleure et détaillée du de facto fédéralisme environnemental en Chine, cette thèse suit les différents critiques dans la littérature et teste empiriquement pour chacun d'eux dans le contexte spécifique chinois. En résumé, les résultats empiriques trouvés dans cette thèse soutiennent l'existence de problèmes liés à l'externalité environnementale, à l'interaction stratégique et aux incitations politiques qui conduisent au compromis de l’environnement. Par ailleurs, la décentralisation budgétaire en cours est susceptible de renforcer les interactions interprovinciales conduites par la concurrence pour capitaux; le déséquilibre fiscal est plus préjudiciable à l'environnement dans les provinces pauvres. Ces résultats appellent à un «nouveau fédéralisme environnemental» et une réforme des incitations, afin de transformer le de facto fédéralisme environnemental chinois d’une «main saisissant» à un «coup de main» pour une meilleure gouvernance environnementaleIn the literature, debate around environmental federalism is lasting and inconclusive. China has followed the global tendency of decentralization and has adopted a de facto environmental federalism. In this broad and diverse country, local knowledge and expertise is necessary to develop proper solutions for many environmental problems with local and regional nature. However, despite the adopted de facto environmental federalism, dramatic environmental crises and policy failures widespread in China. In particular, more recently, this country has seen arise many problems predicted by the opponents of decentralization. It appears that, contrary to the fiscal decentralization which has been a “helping hand” in resource mobilization and economic growth at the sub-National level, the decentralization of environmental policy implementation has rather been a “grabbing hand” in environmental management. With the purpose of providing a better and detailed understanding of the de facto environmental federalism in China, this thesis follows the different critics in the literature and test empirically for each of them in the Chinese-Specific context. In summary, empirical results found in this thesis support the existence of problems related to environmental externality, strategic interaction and politically incentivized environment-Sacrificing behaviors. Moreover, the current fiscal decentralization is likely to strengthen the capital-Competition driven inter-Provincial interaction; fiscal imbalance is more environmentally detrimental in poor provinces. These findings call for a “new environmental federalism” and a reform of incentives, in order to transform the Chinese de facto environmental federalism from a “grabbing hand” to a “helping hand” for better environmental governance
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Aragort, Solórzano Yubirí. "Democracy and decentralization in Venezuela." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6971.
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This thesis explores the relations between democracy and decentralization in Venezuela during the period from 1989 to 2000. In particular it explores the emergence of political decentralization as the spatial distribution of power and its links with the process of democratization within political spaces. The spatial distribution of power has impacts upon both political institutions and civil society. This is where its central importance lies. Because of this, the framework of ideas underlying the thesis is followed within a methodologicalf ocus that emphasizesb oth the potency of the spatial, as a guiding element of politics and the political, and the local scale and the political practice of individuals. The backgroundt o the study is establishedth rough an explorationo f territoriality and the spatiality of power in Venezuela during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This is followed by an analysis of the centralist form of the state and the state reforms which were promoted at the end of the 1980s and which gave rise to the political decentralization of 1989 at the level of states and municipalities. The main period of study (1989-2000) is divided into three stages according to the dynamics of the process of democratization itself. Finally, the changes occurring at the local level through the application of decentralization are analyzed through a case study at the level of the municipality and of the parish: the Libertador municipality of the state of Mdrida and the parish of J. J. Osuna Rodriguez. The specific local examples explored in the thesis allow highlighted the ways in which clientelism can be associated with the vertical structures of power that have predominated in Latin America. Nevertheless, whilst its importance has been highlighted here through an understanding of the process of democratisation on the South American continent, it is interesting to note that it is not often explicitly considered as another mode of power in western political theory.
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Hussain, Christopher Farouk. "Fiscal decentralization and the poor." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fiscal-decentralization-and-the-poor(a7781b14-27e1-4aaf-8090-c621004ce546).html.
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In recent years, many governments in developed and developing economies have implemented reforms to decentralize tax raising powers, the supply of public services, and other functions previously delivered by central governments, with the aim of achieving greater government accountability and more efficient and effective public services. In this thesis, I examine empirically the effects of fiscal decentralization on several key areas of public policy, including: poverty and income distribution (chapter 3), public healthcare and public education (chapter 4), and citizen trust in government (chapter 5). In order to examine the effects of fiscal decentralization I produce a fiscal decentralization dataset comprising of a range of indicators for tax and spending decentralization; subnational government autonomy; local government accountability and local government size (land area and population). Using this dataset, I produce the following findings. First, in chapter 3 tax and spending decentralization can help reduce income inequality in high income countries, and increase absolute poverty in low and middle income countries. Furthermore, fiscal decentralization appears to be more beneficial for the poor when the average size of local jurisdictions is smaller. Second, in chapter 4 I find that there is no clear relationship between fiscal decentralization and the level of public healthcare and public education provided. Instead, fiscal decentralization appears to improve vaccination coverage over time, when subnational governments have autonomy over expenditure, and when there is a higher level of public spending on healthcare. Third, in chapter 5 I find that fiscal decentralization has no clear effect on citizen trust in government; however, tax and spending decentralization has contrasting effects depending on the number of tiers of government (government structure) and the average population size of local jurisdictions. The main conclusion is that fiscal decentralization can have an impact on the key areas of public policy examined in my research, however these effects are often not observed through tax and spending decentralization, but rather other aspects of fiscal decentralization, including the closeness of local government to local citizens, local government autonomy and accountability.
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Lkhagvadorj, Ariunaa. "Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia." Potsdam Univ.-Verl, 2010. http://d-nb.info/100206175X/04.
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Barrera, Osorio Felipe. "Decentralization and education an empirical investigation /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/89.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Edquist, Love. "Decentralization of Educational Managment in Vietnam." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-130.
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This thesis analyzes the state of educational decentralization in Vietnam with the purpose to analyze how education has been decentralized in Vietnam; and if it has been in accordance with the purpose of the international development institution present in Vietnam.
The thesis presents a theoretical framework over public decentralization and educational decentralization. The theoretical framework builds the base for the case study and the final discussion. The case study is undertaken as interviews with four different Departments of Education and Training in four different provinces and three different development organizations included in the process of educational decentralization in Vietnam.
The results from the case study show that a decentralization of education has been undertaken in Vietnam. However, the decentralization has only been in the form of spatial decentralization, transferring responsibility and authority to lower levels of government, and has not decentralized decision-making authority to the Departments of Education and Training. The political sphere has not matched the decentralization of education with financial decentralization and has not increased the capacity within the Department of Education and Training. This lack of financial decentralization and capacity-building has provided a situation where the political sphere still keeps the decision-making authority over education. The development organizations on the other hand are pretty satisfied that decentralization of education has taken place in Vietnam. However, it has not met the purposes of the development organiza-tions.
Denna uppsats analyserar det aktuella tillståndet av utbildningsdecentralisering i Vietnam. Syftet är att analysera hur utbildning har blivit decentraliserat i Vietnam och hur denna decentralisering överrensstämmer med det uttalade syftet av de internationella utvecklingsinstitutionerna.
Uppsatsen presenterar en grundläggande teoretisk ram som behandlar offentlig administrativ decentralisering samt utbildningsdecentralisering. Denna teoretiska ram ligger till grund för uppsatsens fallstudie och dess avslutande diskussion.
Fallstudien i denna uppsats är gjord i intervjuform med fyra ”Department of Education and Training” samt tre internationella utvecklingsinstitutioner som medverkar i decentraliserings-processen av utbildning i Vietnam. Dessa intervjuer visar att utbildning har blivit decentraliserat i Vietnam. Dock har denna decentralisering endast flyttat beslutandemakt över utbildning till de lägre politiska nivåerna utan att ge ”Department of Education and Training” någon ökad frihet att ta individuella beslut. Den politiska sfären i Vietnam har på så sätt lyckats att decentralisera utbildning utan att ge ifrån sig politisk makt. Detta har skett genom att utbild-ningsdecentraliseringen inte har kombinerats med finansiell decentralisering samt att ”Department of Education and Training” inte har kontroll över sin egen kompetensutveckling.
Detta har lett till att en officiell decentralisering har ägt rum av utbildning i Vietnam. Dock har denna decentralisering inte främjat syftet uttalat av decentraliseringsteorin eller de interna-tionella utvecklingsinstitutionerna.
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Lkhagvadorj, Ariunaa. "Fiscal federalism and decentralization in Mongolia." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4119/.
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Fiscal federalism has been an important topic among public finance theorists in the last four decades. There is a series of arguments that decentralization of governments enhances growth by improving allocation efficiency. However, the empirical studies have shown mixed results for industrialized and developing countries and some of them have demonstrated that there might be a threshold level of economic development below which decentralization is not effective. Developing and transition countries have developed a variety of forms of fiscal decentralization as a possible strategy to achieve effective and efficient governmental structures. A generalized principle of decentralization due to the country specific circumstances does not exist. Therefore, decentralization has taken place in different forms in various countries at different times, and even exactly the same extent of decentralization may have had different impacts under different conditions.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of the fiscal decentralization in Mongolia and to develop policy recommendations for the efficient and effective intergovernmental fiscal relations system for Mongolia. Within this perspective the analysis concentrates on the scope and structure of the public sector, the expenditure and revenue assignment as well as on the design of the intergovernmental transfer and sub-national borrowing. The study is based on data for twenty-one provinces and the capital city of Mongolia for the period from 2000 to 2009.
As a former socialist country Mongolia has had a highly centralized governmental sector. The result of the analysis below revealed that the Mongolia has introduced a number of decentralization measures, which followed a top down approach and were slowly implemented without any integrated decentralization strategy in the last decade. As a result Mongolia became de-concentrated state with fiscal centralization. The revenue assignment is lacking a very important element, for instance significant revenue autonomy given to sub-national governments, which is vital for the efficient service delivery at the local level. According to the current assignments of the expenditure and revenue responsibilities most of the provinces are unable to provide a certain national standard of public goods supply. Hence, intergovernmental transfers from the central jurisdiction to the sub-national jurisdictions play an important role for the equalization of the vertical and horizontal imbalances in Mongolia. The critical problem associated with intergovernmental transfers is that there is not a stable, predictable and transparent system of transfer allocation. The amount of transfers to sub-national governments is determined largely by political decisions on ad hoc basis and disregards local differences in needs and fiscal capacity. Thus a fiscal equalization system based on the fiscal needs of the provinces should be implemented. The equalization transfers will at least partly offset the regional disparities in revenues and enable the sub-national governments to provide a national minimum standard of local public goods.Der Fiskalische Föderalismus ist in den letzten vier Dekaden eines der wichtigsten Themen der finanzwissenschaftlichen Theorie. Dabei wird häufig argumentiert, dass eine Dezentralisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben nicht nur die Wachstumschancen eines Landes erhöhen kann, sondern darüber hinaus auch der Allokationseffizienz förderlich ist. Allerdings zeigen empirische Untersuchungen für die Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern keine einheitlichen Ergebnisse; es wird aber deutlich, dass es einen Schwellenwert in Bezug auf den Entwicklungsstand gibt, unterhalb dessen eine Dezentralisierung erst wirksam wird. So haben einige Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer eine Vielzahl von Formen der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung als eine mögliche Strategie gewählt, um wirksame und effiziente dezentrale staatliche Strukturen zu entwickeln, wobei es einen allgemeinen Lösungsansatz hinsichtlich der Dezentralisierung allerdings nicht gibt. Vielmehr sind die besonderen kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen und geografischen Bedingungen des einzelnen Landes in angemessener Weise zu berücksichtigen. Die gefundenen Lösungen weisen daher eine relativ große Variationsbreite auf. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den aktuellen Stand der steuerlichen Dezentralisierung in der Mongolei zu untersuchen und Empfehlungen für ein effizientes und effektives System der zwischenstaatlichen Finanzbeziehungen in der Mongolei zu entwickeln. Dabei konzentriert sich die Analyse auf Umfang und Struktur des öffentlichen Sektors, also die Aufgaben und Ausgaben sowie die öffentlichen Einnahmen. Außerdem wird auf die Zuordnung von Aufgaben und Einnahmen sowie auf die Gestaltung der zwischenstaatlichen Transfer und die subnationale Kreditaufnahme eingegangen. Die Studie basiert auf Daten der zwanzig Provinzen und der Hauptstadt der Mongolei für den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2009. Als ehemals sozialistisches Land verfügt die Mongolei über einen stark zentralisierten staatlichen Sektor. Aus der detaillierten Analyse folgt, dass die Mongolei eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur Neustrukturierung der gebietskörperschaftlichen Ebenen ohne eine klare Dezentralisierungsstrategie durchgesetzt hat, die einen Top-Down-Ansatz verfolgten. Im Ergebnis wurde die Mongolei zu einem Staat mit einer starken Konzentration des Steueraufkommens auf der zentralstaatlichen Ebene. Dabei fehlt der Einnahmenzuordnung vor allem ein sehr wichtiges Element, nämlich eine Einnahmenautonomie auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften, welche zum einen die Aufkommenssituation der lokalen und regionalen Gebietskörperschaften verbessert und ihnen damit erst eine eigenständige Aufgabenerfüllung ermöglicht. Bei der derzeitigen Aufgaben- und Steuerverteilung sind die meisten Provinzen nicht in der Lage, einen bestimmten nationalen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Güter und Dienstleistungen bereitzustellen. Die Staatstätigkeit auf den untergeordneten Ebenen folgt überwiegend der Auftragsverwaltung und wird folglich im Wesentlichen über Finanzhilfen des Zentralstaats finanziert. Das entscheidende Problem der zwischenstaatlichen Transfers liegt darin begründet, dass es für die zentralstaatlichen Finanzhilfen an die untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften kein stabiles, berechenbares und transparentes System der Steuerverteilung gibt. Die Höhe der Transferzahlungen an die sub-nationalen Regierungen ist weitgehend von politischen ad hoc Entscheidungen abhängig, welche in der Regel die lokalen und regionalen Finanzbedarfe missachten. Damit werden die Unterschiede zwischen Finanzbedarf und Finanzkraft auf der Ebene der untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften nicht angemessen ausgeglichen. Es wird daher eine formelbasierte Steuerverteilung vorgeschlagen, welche die starken Schwankungen der Transferhöhe im Zeitverlauf vermeidet und die es den untergeordneten Gebietskörperschaften ermöglicht, einen vorgegebenen Mindeststandard an öffentlichen Gütern und Dienstleistungen ihren Bürgerinnen und Bürgern auch anbieten zu können.
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Riruako, Hoze. "The paradox of decentralization in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5257_1190379709.
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It was the purpose of this study to demonstrate that the government of Namibia has been seeking to adopt structures and procedures that will contribute to the realization of general national development. Decentralization in any country takes place in a political context and its implementation assumes some political significance, as it is not merely a matter of centralization or decentralization of government functions and procedures, but both centralization and decentralization tendencies exist and reinforce each other in practice. This study argues that the dynamic features of decentralization and its implementation in Namibia have been shaped by central government's view, through the ministry of regional and local government and housing, of the concept decentralization. The objectives of this study were to provide a critical understanding of the theoretical foundation of the concept decentralization.
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Albarran, Ilyana. "Decentralization and Citizen Participation in Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2223.
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During the past few decades, decentralization efforts in México have coincided with efforts to democratize the administrative decision-making process. Adopted in 1988, the Programa Nacional de Solidaridad (National Solidarity Program; PRONASOL) required citizen participation in decisions involving the use of federal resources for regional development and poverty alleviation projects. In 1998, Section 33 of the Ley de Coordinación Fiscal (Fiscal Coordination Law; LCF) placed Social Infrastructure Funds (SIF) directly under the supervision of municipalities and retained the requirement that citizens participate in decisions involving the allocation of funds.
The present study seeks to understand the factors that affect the participation of citizen committees (composed of community members; organized to address a particular cause) in SIF allocation decisions and assess the impact of this form of citizen participation on government performance. To pursue this objective, the study analyzes the implementation of LCF with respect to the role of citizen committees in SIF allocation decisions at two different locations: the township of Santa Maria Tonantzintla, located in the municipality of San Andrés Cholula, in the state of Puebla, and the rural municipality of Tenango Del Aire, located in El Estado de México (the State of México).
The study finds that gender, church participation, and personal economy play major roles in the formation of citizen committees. Although the citizen committees have been instrumental in getting their SIF projects prioritized, they have had little effect on the quality or efficiency with which the projects were carried out. In general, the municipal decision-making process in both municipalities lack mechanisms to guarantee citizen participation and thus to ensure consideration of the broader public interest beyond the interest of organized groups. Because SIF can be used for various economic development projects, such as water, sewage, electrification, emergency clinics, and schools, it was of particular importance to determine whether the participatory mechanism was functioning correctly. Given the nature of the projects carried out by municipalities, flaws in the implementation process, including failures to include the broader public, could hinder not only local economic development, but also the economic growth of the nation.
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Yuan, Lasheng. "Essays on strategic divisionalization and decentralization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0009/NQ46454.pdf.
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Qibthiyyah, Riatu M. "Essays on Political and Fiscal Decentralization." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/55.
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We address the questions on what determines local government proliferation, specifically on the impact of intergovernmental transfers on proliferation. On exploring the determinants of proliferation, we provide a more elaborate empirical technique than exists in the literature by employing panel binary outcome, survival regression, as well as count analysis to capture the time varying effect from intergovernmental transfers. We also examine the impact of proliferation on service delivery outcomes and construct channels by which the policy may affect the outcomes in the education and health sectors. We apply panel difference-in-difference estimation and we uniquely identify the different treatment group and thus control for the plausible differential impact on outcomes in regards to changes in intergovernmental transfers. On the determinants of local government formation, there are likely competing effects across transfers on the decision to proliferate as well as on the extent of fragmentation given that we find (1) the lump-sum conditional grants positively influence the probability of proliferation, (2) a province with higher median share of equalization grants associates with higher number of local governments, (3) higher equalization grants implies a longer duration to the proliferation event, and (4) higher tax sharing in the proliferated local governments reflects higher stability where stability refers to the longer duration to the sequential proliferation event. The findings suggest the tactical central-local behavior may be present, however, the support of rent-seeking hypothesis on proliferation should not be generalized to overall system of transfers. On the impact from the proliferation policy, the education and health outcomes estimations provide mixed results within the treatment group. The findings shed light on the current practice of administrative or political decentralization, specifically on the competing local-central preferences within each sector on measured service delivery outcomes. The results from difference-in-difference (DID) estimations show support on attainment of education outcome in new local governments represented by a reduction in the dropout rate but not on the quality of education in terms of higher students’ tests scores even though there is a relatively higher conditional grants allocated to the proliferated local governments. Meanwhile, in terms of infant mortality rate, we only find evidence of improvement in infant mortality on the originating local government but not on the new local governments. Controlling for selectivity and production function covariates have not changed the pattern of the impact.
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Favero, Giorgia. "Fiscal decentralization and urban public transport." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37675.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-168).
Financing public transport through public funds is a common practice that can be justified on different grounds: equity, natural monopoly and, particularly with the increasing motorization rate, externalities produced by private transport (congestion, pollution, road accidents) especially in urban areas. In addition, there is a belief that transport investments support economic growth, in particular transit investments because they help fostering the agglomeration effect. Whether local or national tax sources should be used for subsidizing public transport is a fairly recent question, at least in Europe where, historically, countries used to be very centralized. Several national policy reviews as well as academic papers suggest that the reforms aiming at decentralizing power and responsibility for urban public transport management lead to successful outcomes. Yet, there is no literature on the effects of decentralization of tax raising on public transport provision although an increasing number of subnational governments reports a mismatch between transferred resources and devolved responsibilities and the public finance literature indicates that decentralization of finance authority can improve the results of decentralization reforms .
(cont.) The objective of this thesis, thus, is to test if the theoretical benefits of fiscal decentralization (i.e. decentralization of taxing power in addition to management responsibilities) apply to the urban public transport sector and to what extent. Using a sample of five European cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Paris, Milan and Stockholm) in decentralized countries as case studies, the thesis identifies three major outcomes of fiscal decentralization. First it increases the expenditure in public transport infrastructure. Second it increases the entrepreneurship of the local policy-makers. Third it generally improves the predictability of the revenues and therefore helps planning in the medium to long term. On the other hand, the research also shows that there is no increased willingness to tax at the local level therefore the stability of funding and its adequacy to the needs is not guaranteed by local fiscal autonomy. The thesis moreover suggests that a mixed system of national dedicated taxation and local capacity to incrementally adapt the tax rates is an optimal scheme for financing local public transport. Finally, in light of the case studies, the thesis provides some recommendations to Transport for London (TfL), in order to guide the ongoing debate on the necessity of increased fiscal autonomy for the local authorities in the UK to solutions that are likely to improve TfL's situation.
by Giorgia Favero.
S.M.
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Golyan, V., O. Sakal, and O. Kalenska. "Decentralization of the natural resources governance." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45265.
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Values aspects of natural resources and environmental quality, which
are the property of the Ukrainian people cause search of balance, the
optimum ratio of centralization and decentralization of powers, rights and
obligations that will provide sustainable nature use for satisfy existing
needs and not create threats to the interests of future generations.
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Caldeira, Emilie. "Essays on decentralization in developing countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10368/document.
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Cette thèse en quatre parties aborde différents aspects de la décentralisation dans les pays en développement. Après avoir introduit notre travail et passé en revue la littérature sur ce thème(chapitre 1), nous nous attachons à étudier l'existence et la nature des interactions horizontales entre les gouvernements locaux dans un contexte de faibles ressources budgétaires et d'absence de démocratie locale (respectivement, chapitres 2 et 3). Nous analysons ensuite les relations verticales entre le gouvernement central et les gouvernements locaux, plus précisément, les effets et les déterminants de l’allocation des transferts intergouvernementaux (respectivement,chapitres 4 et 5). Enfin, nous déterminons l’impact final de la décentralisation sur l’accès des populations locales aux services de base (chapitre 6)To improve the efficiency of the public sector, a decentralization process has been engaged in a large number of developing countries. This thesis, in four parts, analyzes various aspects of decentralization in developing countries. Part 1, which consists in a review of literature, studies the expected theoretical effects of decentralization, examines their relevance in the particular context of developing countries and, draws up a critical assessment of empirical studies evaluating the existence of such effects (chapter 1). Part 2 focuses on the relevance of an essential argument in favor of decentralization, largely ignored in studies on developing countries: the "competition principle". More precisely, we analyze the existence of strategic interactions between local governments in a context of weak fiscal resources (case of Benin, chapter 2) and in the absence of local democracy (case of China, chapter 3). Part 3 relates to the vertical relationship between the central government and local governments. In particular, we focus on the effect of central fiscal transfers on the level of local own-Revenue in Benin (chapter 4) and on the determinants of the allocation of fiscal transfers between local governments in Senegal (chapter 5). Finally, in part 4, we determine the average and distributional impacts of decentralization on the access to basic services by local population (chapter 6)
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Edmonds-Poli, Emily. "Decentralization and local autonomy in Mexico /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3027047.
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Crewett, Wibke. "Decentralization in the Kyrgyz agricultural sector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17582.
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Seit der Unabhängigkeit der zentralasiatischen Republik Kirgisistan haben Politik, Verwaltung und Ökonomie verschiedene Formen von Dezentralisierung erfahren. Diese Dissertation umfasst fünf Essays, die die Dezentralisierung im landwirtschafltichen Sektor aus institutionenökonomischer Sicht untersuchen. Die ersten zwei Essays geben detaillierte Einblicke in die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen von Dezentralisierung und beurteilen ihrer Wirkung in Hinblick auf Serviceverfügbarkeit und -qualität in dörflichen Gemeinden. Die folgenden drei Essays untersuchen, anhand einzelner und multipler Fallstudien, ein spezifisches Beispiel der Dezentralisierung landwirtschaftlicher Services: die Einführung von gemeindebasiertem Weidemanagement. Es lassen sich drei Ergebnisse ableiten: Erstens, internationale Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs) steuern das ländliche Dienstleistungsangebot und fördern die Bildung gemeindebasierter Nutzergruppen für ausgewählte Services. Zweitens, Institutionen zur Implementierung der Servicebereitstellung werden von NROs entwickelt; drittens, die Servicebereitsstellung ist nicht befriedigend und das Potential zur Berücksichtigung lokaler Servicebedürfnisse und lokalen Wissens wird nur teilweise ausgeschöpft, da die Implementierung keine umfassende Servicenutzerbeteiligung sicherstellt. Die Wirkungen gemeindebasierter Dezentralisierungsprozesse sind als Ergebnis rationaler Handlungsentscheidungen von lokalen Mitarbeitern der NRO und Verantwortlichen in der dörflichen Verwaltung zu verstehen. Diese Entscheidungen sind vielfach durch extern entwickelte, und teilweise unpassende, Institutionen bestimmt. Verbesserte Implementierungsstrategien sind daher notwendig. Diese sind auf Basis detaillierter qualitativer Studien des lokalen Umsetzungskontexts zu entwickeln.Since the Central Asian Kyrgyz Republic gained independence from the Soviet Union, policy making, administration and economy have seen some form of decentralization. This dissertation contains five essays which study decentralization in the Kyrgyz agricultural sector from an institutional economics perspective. The first two essays provide in-depth information on the institutional setting of decentralization and its effects on service availability and quality at municipality level. The subsequent three essays explore, based on single and multiple case studies, one specific field of decentralized agricultural services: a community-based natural resource management reform in the pasture sector. The three key findings are: first, international NGOs govern rural service provision and support the creation of community-based service user groups for selected services; second, the NGOs design institutions for implementation and provide financial resources; third, service provision is unadequate and, because implementation does not provide for broader service user involvement in decision making, service user needs and local knowledge impact service decisions only to a very limited degree. The overall result of the dissertation is that the municipality-level processes of decentralization must be understood as outcomes of rational decision making of lowest-level NGO staff and municipality level policy administrators. These decisions are impacted by partly inappropriate, externally designed implementation institutions. Improved implementation rule design is therefore needed. The recommendation from this research is therefore to use detailed qualitative studies of implementation contexts as a basis for developing better tailored implementation strategies.
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Mulugeta, Meselu Alamnie. "Linking fiscal decentralization and local financial governance: a case of district level decentralization in the Amhara region, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3350.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe prime aim of this thesis is to examine the link between fiscal decentralization and local financial governance in fiscally empowered woreda administrations (districts) of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Local financial governance has been one of the reasons and arguably the crucial one that drives many countries to subscribe to fiscal decentralization. The presumption is that public finance mobilization and spending can be implemented in a more efficient, responsive, transparent and accountable manner at the local government level than at the centre. Nonetheless, empirical studies show that the linkage between fiscal decentralization and these local financial governance benefits is not automatic. Several developing countries that have tried to implement fiscal decentralization have failed to realise the promised financial governance gains largely due to design and implementation flaws. A review of the various theoretical perspectives suggest that local financial governance is not a factor of just devolution of fiscal power but also other intervening forces such as financial management system, citizen voicing mechanisms and the social and political context. It is within the framework of this theoretical argument that this study sought to investigate how the mixed and incomplete efforts of the district level fiscal decentralization program in the Amhara region has impacted on financial governance of woreda administrations. The study assesses the efficacy and role of various initiatives of the district level decentralization program of the Amhara region, such as the fiscal empowerment of woredas; financial management system reforms; citizen voicing mechanisms and political party structures and system in influencing woreda financial governance. To this end, the investigation process largely took the form of an interpretative approach employing a combination of various methods of gathering the required qualitative and quantitative data from respondents and documents in the selected four case woredas or districts. Findings on the assessment of the intergovernmental relations to measure the adequacy of devolution of fiscal power indicate that, despite the constitutional provision that affords the woredas the power to mobilize and spend public finance for the provision of various local public services, several design and implementation shortcomings have constrained woreda administrations from exercising such power effectively. As a result, the district level fiscal decentralization framework of the Amhara region appears to have features of decentralization by de-concentration rather than by devolution. Despite the extensive financial management reforms that have been undertaken, the research findings indicate that the financial management system in woreda administrations faces a range of challenges triggered largely by important design and implementation shortcomings. It is observed that the ‘getting the basics right first’ reforms in various financial management processes of woreda administrations are not only incomplete but also found to be inconsistent with each other and therefore could not serve their purpose. Furthermore, there has not been any other change in the last two decades since the initial implementation of these reforms despite such serious shortcomings. Most importantly, woreda administrations could not properly implement the techniques, methods, procedures and rules that constituted the reform process due to serious implementation problems such as the lack of manpower competency and problems associated with the lack of administrative accountability. The results of the study’s assessment regarding the practice of social accountability show that currently there is no arrangement for citizens to participate in public financial decisions and controls. In general, people have little interest in participating in the meetings organised by woreda government. Formal and informal community based organizations suffer from important capcity constraints, and the lack of strong civil society organizations to support these community based organizations makes such problems more difficult to resolve. However, local communities did indicate that they would be interested in participating in financial and budgeting processes if a number of conditions were satisfied. These included the availability of adequate and relevant information; the introduction of genuine forms of participation in which citizens were empowered; and evidence that popular participation was making a visible impact on financial decisions related to service delivery in their surroundings. The assessment of the ruling party structure and system suggests that the centralized system of the regional ruling party has created a dominant relationship between party organs at various levels so much sothat it has undermined the fiscal discretionary power of woreda administrations; blurred relationship between party and woreda financial management systems; and undermined direct voicing. Consequently, the genuine devolution of fiscal power, the effective implementation of the decentralised financial management systems, and direct participation of citizens are unlikely to be realised within the current ruling party system and structure. Moreover, the study shows that the intergovernmental relations, the implementation of financial management reforms and direct involvement of people influence each other. The evidence suggests that the effective implementation of the financial management reforms is not possible without genuine devolution of fiscal power and arrangements for the activeinvolvement of citizens. Despite these limitations and shortcomings, the research nevertheless reveals that the decentralization process has achieved some positive results, such as the expansion of access to basic services; the economic use of resources for such expansion; the mobilization of resources from local communities; and the streamlining of a number of bureaucratic processes. However, the prevalence of various financial governance challenges such as excessive budget transfers; low budget execution; uneconomical procurement; illicit spending; budget pressure; inadequate revenue collection; poor financial transparency; and compromised accountability in fiscally decentralized woreda administrations means the promised local financial governance benefits of fiscal decentralization are remain largely unrealized. The evidences in the study strongly suggest that the shortcomings in the design and implementation of intergovernmental relations, financial management system reforms, and direct voicing mechanisms areresponsible in combination with each other for these local financial governance challenges. Thus, the study concludes that local financial governance is a result of a complex network of interactions of intergovernmental relations, public financial management arrangements and social accountability mechanisms. The success of initiatives to improve local financial governance is dependent on contextual factors such as the capacity of civil society organizations and the ruling party system and structure. Therefore, while recommending further efforts of genuine devolution of power, in particular through the continuation of the financial management reform processes towards full-fledged reforms, the study contends that opening enough space for the proliferation of civil society organizations and alternative political parties will be the main priority.
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Frank, Jonas. "Decentralization in Ecuador actors, institutions, and incentives /." Baden-Baden [Germany] : Nomos, 2007. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/154685356.html.
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Erkan, Gokhan Huseyin. "Local Institutional Capacity And Decentralization Of Power." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607961/index.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the success of the decentralization schemes and the local capacity by concentrating on the case of Metropolitan Municipality of Diyarbakir. The Local Government Reform in Turkey was built on the argument that local authorities, compared to the central government, are better in providing services in a more efficient and more participatory manner. This thesis argues that such an argument is valid only in an environment where there is a strong local institutional and societal capacity to carry out the given responsibilities and to provide the necessary participatory framework. These issues are investigated with reference to the case of Diyarbakir Metropolitan Municipality, which is located at one of the least developed regions in Turkey (Southern Eastern Anatolia).
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Federal, Robert K. "Decentralization and development the Indian balancing act." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Jun%5FFederal.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Far East, Southeast Asia, and Pacific))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert E. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-72). Also available in print.
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Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo J. "Essays on Labor Economics and Fiscal Decentralization." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/78.
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This dissertation comprises two essays. While the topics of both essays are different both are interrelated on the base of economic development. The first essay examines ethnic wage gaps on segmented labor markets with evidence from Latin American countries. The second essay revisits the determinants of fiscal decentralization with an emphasis on the role that geography plays in determining fiscal decentralization. The first essay contributes to limited literature on ethnic wage gaps in Latin America. It examines ethnic wage gaps for workers in formal and informal labor markets. Using data from Latin American countries we estimate and examine across-ethnic wage gaps for informal and formal markets, their changes over time, factors that explain their differences, and the wage gap distribution. More specifically, we verify that different ethnic wage gaps do exist across formal and informal markets; they behave differently not only at their means but also along the wage distribution. The results indicate that higher ethnic wage gaps in informal sectors exist not only on average but also throughout the distribution. In addition, we find that wage gaps have declined significantly over the last 10 years. we explain this by examining changes in the prices of institutional factors and changes in human capital endowments. The distributional analysis shows a decrease in the unexplained component, especially in the top part of the distribution. The second essay contributes to the existing literature on the determinants of fiscal decentralization by motivating theoretically and exploiting in depth the empirical relevance that geography has as a determinant of fiscal decentralization. The relationship between decentralization and geography is based on the logic that more geographically diverse countries show greater heterogeneity among their citizens, including their preferences and needs for public goods and services provisions. Communications and physical distance are also a very important issue and play a key role on the effect of geography over time. (Lora et. al., 2003) argue geography plays a key role in economic and social development, as well as in the institutional design of the countries; yet, this effect could be enhanced (or diminished) in the presence of better physical infrastructure or communications. The theoretical model in this paper builds on the work by Arzaghi and Henderson (2002) and Panizza (1999). For the empirical estimation, we use a panel data set for approximately 91 countries for the period 1960-2005. Physical geography is measured along several dimensions, including elevation, land area and climate. We construct a geographical fragmentation index and test its effect on fiscal decentralization. In addition, we interact the geographical fragmentation index with time-variant infrastructure variables in order to test the effect that infrastructure and communications have on the relationship between geography and fiscal decentralization. For robustness, we construct Gini coefficients for in-country elevation and climate. We find a positive and strong correlation between geographical factors and fiscal decentralization. We also find that while the development of infrastructure (in transportation, communications, etc.) tends to reduce the effect of geography on decentralization, this effect is rather small and mostly statistically insignificant, meaning that the impact of geography survives over time. The strategy has additional value because geography may be used as an instrument for decentralization in future econometric estimations where decentralization is used as an explanatory variable, but may be suspected to be endogenous to the economic process being studied (economic growth, political instability, macroeconomic stability, income distribution, etc.).
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He, Jun. "Decentralization of forest management in southwest China." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/45083/.
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China’s decentralization has been recognized internationally, as it has arguably made significant contributions to rapid economic growth and social development in the past three decades. However, the impact of decentralization on resource management is more ambiguous and less studied. Given the largely negative environmental outcomes of economic growth, it is critical to ask why decentralization has not fostered environmental sustainability in China, even as it has facilitated socio-economic development. This research aims to improve theoretical and empirical understandings of natural resource decentralization by taking forest decentralization reform in China as a case. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, it examines the effects of decentralization on forest management as well as the interactive processes between policies and local institutional dynamics which have shaped decentralization and conditioned its outcomes. By an interdisciplinary strategy, the study employs a multi-scale approach that includes the collection of data from a wide range of involved actors extending from the central government to local communities and from multiple sectors to generate a holistic picture of forest governance in China. From the research findings, it is clear that forest decentralization in China has been established in law but not in practice. Governance reforms set up a wide range of governance constraints which limit downward accountability and sufficient power transfers to lower-level administrative bodies. The research also argues the critical role of the local state, which plays not only mediator role between state and society, but also struggles with the central state for power. Meanwhile, the exercise of knowledge-based power in the form of scientific forest management undermines the possibility of potential power transfers to local people. These findings carry important implications for policy and further research on decentralization in theory and practice.
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Poole, Ed Gareth. "Essays on the political economy of decentralization." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3662/.
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This thesis consists of three papers that make a distinctive contribution to the study of decentralization in the areas of fiscal policy, legislative behavior and government responsiveness. The first paper revisits theories of substate tax policy that usually draw on evidence from stable federations. Investigating fiscal decentralization reforms in four European countries subject to intense center-periphery territorial competition, I find that incentives operating in such systems generate a paradox whereby prominent autonomist regions are among the least likely to make proactive changes after decentralization. I theorize this as the best response to central government attempts at blame-shifting by locking regions into making controversial policy changes. The frequent alignment of autonomist parties as ‘catch-all’ parties buttresses incentives to avoid tax innovation. The second paper picks up these themes of institutional constraints and electoral incentives faced by political actors. Addressing a frequently confounding question in the field, I exploit the unusual treatment of dual candidacy in the UK’s devolved legislatures to examine whether mixed-member electoral systems influence the legislative behavior of reelection-seeking politicians and uncover a split finding. Although there is some evidence that status as a list or constituency member influences members’ assignments, other connections to members’ presumed re-election interests are not found. I contend that the influence of electoral rules is conditioned by contextual factors including re-selection procedures, chamber size and strong parties. Building on insights from the first paper, the third paper empirically scrutinizes expectations from fiscal federalism theory that lower tiers of government should be more responsive to citizens. Using the responses from two waves of FOI requests emailed to 812 public bodies, I develop objective measures of timeliness and quality which identify significant variations in responsiveness across the tiers and territories of the UK. I argue that the theoretical foundations of traditional fiscal federalism theory are inadequate because they ignore institutions’ cultural underpinnings, capacity constraints and principal-agent relationships shaping public officials’ behavior.
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Erickson, Julie B. "Decentralization and Hospital Governance in Rural Paraguay." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76995.
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This study explores hospital board governance, particularly the dimensions of accountability, transparency and civic participation, within Local Health Councils (LHCs) in two locations in rural Paraguay. The democratization and decentralization efforts of the Paraguayan federal government in the last 20 years resulted in creation of the LHCs, but little research has been conducted on how these entities are now working in comparison to the expectations envisioned for them. This study examines LHC member understanding and practices by conducting semi-structured interviews with council members in two different locations. I reviewed relevant Paraguayan law and compared LHC member responses with the legal expectations of the role of the LHC and council member responsibilities. I also reviewed several health council organizational documents, such as rules and procedures, financial statements and by-laws, with the same intent. Using interpretive social science methods, I analyzed this data in conjunction with the information I gathered through participant-observation during my Peace Corps service in one of the communities examined here. This study finds that local health councils face numerous challenges to governance, including member role confusion, few implemented planning and oversight processes, weak systems of accountability and a lack of resources and support given to LHCs, creating a great challenge to meet expectations set out for them by federal law.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Durante, Andrés. "Decentralization: a double-edged sword? : A comparative case study on decentralization and its influence on ethnic conflict and secessionism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341395.
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This study evaluates the influence of decentralization on ethnic conflict and secessionism. There is little agreement in the existing literature, as several scholars argue for regional autonomy as an effective method of conflict resolution while other scholars argue that decentralization exacerbates ethnic conflict by reinforcing ethnic identities and promoting ethnic mobilization. By adopting a theoretical framework that distinguishes itself from previous research, an argument is proposed that while regional autonomy concessions provide a direct short-term effect, the indirect consequences of decentralization risk reinforcing ethnic identities and encourage ethnic mobilization long-term. Thus, a combination of territorial and governmental power sharing is necessary for decentralization to be successful in reducing ethnic conflict and secessionism. By adopting a combined structural and group perspective on decentralization, the argument is implemented in a within-case comparison of Spain as well as a between-case comparison with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main findings suggest that regional autonomy does not provide short-term reduction, rather, a combination of territorial and governmental power sharing with full inclusion into executive power is required for decentralization to successfully reduce ethnic conflict and secessionism. Additional insights on national identity as a compelling variable with potential theoretical inference were also gained.
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Alvites, Alvites Elena. "Decentralization and social rights: reflexions around the satisfaction of the right to education in the framework of the decentralization process." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109505.
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Historically, fundamental rights have not been perceived in their totality with the same degree of enforceability. However, with the contributionsof both the doctrine and the jurisprudence, todayall fundamental rights, including those with social character, are considered to impose real obligations on the State.In this article, the author shows how the decentralization process has influenced in this phenomenon, with emphasis on the right to education, and presents an analysis regarding the actual situation of this right in our country based on the positive actions that are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and the decentralized organisms.Históricamente, los derechos fundamentales no han sido percibidos en su totalidad con el mismogrado de exigibilidad. No obstante, con los aportesde la doctrina y la jurisprudencia, hoy se consideraque todos los derechos fundamentales, inclusive aquellos de carácter social, imponen obligaciones reales al Estado.En el presente artículo, la autora muestra cómo el proceso de descentralización ha influido en este fenómeno, con énfasis en el derecho a la educación, y plantea un análisis respecto de la situación actual de este derecho en nuestro país a partir de las acciones positivas a cargo del Ministerio de Educación y de los organismos descentralizados.
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Tyler, Nikki. "The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Income Inequality." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/385.
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Thesis advisor: Robert G. MurphyThis paper seeks to further establish the effects of fiscal decentralization on income inequality. While many major world organizations, such as the United Nations, and politicians are promoting the use of decentralization policies, their effects on income inequality remain largely unstudied. I add to the literature on fiscal decentralization in order to determine if it should be used as a policy tool designed to decrease income inequality. I empirically study the effects of fiscal decentralization by using a model largely based off of Akai and Sakata (2005). I quantify fiscal decentralization with two measures in order to conclude what form of fiscal decentralization, if any, should be used in order to decrease income inequality. My hope is that this paper contributes to the literature on fiscal decentralization, specifically in providing caution to politicians who haphazardly institute policies calling for increased fiscal decentralization
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Sato, Motohiro. "Three essays on fiscal federalism and fiscal decentralization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27856.pdf.
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Ntagoma, Jean-Baptiste. "Essays on decentralization and growth in developing countries /." Louvain-la-Neuve : Univ. Catholique de Louvain, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/560248504.pdf.
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Tumennasan, Bayar. "Fiscal Decentralization and Corruption in the Public Sector." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/8.
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This dissertation explores the relationship between fiscal decentralization and corruption. Theoretically, it is shown that decentralization has a potential to induce public officials to reduce the bribes they charge from entrepreneurs. That would encourage firms to enter the economy. Consistent with the theoretical model, we find empirical evidence that suggests that fiscal decentralization causes public officials to reduce the bribes they charge per firm; thus decentralization lowers the bribery cost to entrepreneurs. Empirical analysis is based on cross country study and panel data study where appropriate. Secondly, not all aspects of fiscal decentralization have an equal impact on corruption. Based on a cross state analysis, we find that states that decentralize revenue raising authority and give more revenue authority to local governments were perceived to be less corrupt. Cross state analysis is appealing because many of the political and institutional factors are held fixed. Overall, the findings suggest that fiscal decentralization can potentially help to control public corruption and create favorable conditions for the private sector. If revenue authorities are devolved to subnational levels, then the effect might be even greater. The effects of various aspects of decentralization on corruptibility of government and the quality of public office have not been tested before and are of great interest to policymakers. These finding are of great interest to developing and transition countries trying to control corruption.
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Charos, Georgios Nikolaou. "Model predictive constrained control : development, implementation, and decentralization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11311.
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Ghannoum, Michel Jamil. "Impact of employment decentralization on metropolitan road networks." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41368.
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Socio-economic changes and employment decentralization in North America have transformed the traditional centrally-oriented travel pattern into a more complex many-to-many type, resulting in increased traffic congestion.This research quantifies the impact of activity decentralization on road infrastructure requirements by super district and facility type.
The Supply Demand Linkage Model or 'SDLM', for a case study, relates the independent variable demand in passenger trips to the dependent variable the mean of traffic density in vehicles per kilometre. It is an aggregate travel demand model developed using a quasi experimental approach. This is accomplished through: (1) Extensive cross sectional analyses. (2) Calibration and validation of a travel demand model (EMME/2) requiring a large data base. (3) Variations in trip demand are implemented, using EMME/2, and the corresponding traffic densities are computed by super district and facility type. (4) Multivariate analyses relating supply-demand measures were implemented and produced the SDLM models which replace the trip assignment stage of travel demand models and compliments UTMS models at the sketch planning level. (5) Sensitivity analysis testing SDLM reliability against the EMME/2. (6) Application of the SDLM models through forecasting scenarios of employment and population to obtain the "Impact of employment decentralization in metropolitan road networks".
The multivariate analyses showed that variations in demand could explain 99.61% of the variations in traffic density at a 95% confidence level. And the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the SDLM results are within 5% of actual values. The SDLM models may not be transportable but the established procedure is expected to be transportable.
The impact analyses has quantified the changes in travel pattern resulting from activity dispersion. This simplified procedure, transforms the SDLM models into a powerful tool.
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Mukhija, Vinit. "Decentralization and urban growth: a districtcentre in Delhi." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31979828.
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Han, Zhi, and 韓置. "Office decentralization: an empirical study of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240215.
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Poku, Alfred Boateng 1974. "Decentralization and health service delivery : Uganda case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69394.
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Pagaran, Lourdes N. (Lourdes Navaro) 1957. "Making decentralization work : building local institutions in Cambodia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8258.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000."September 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-217).
This dissertation examines the dynamics of decentralization in a highly centralized, institutionally constrained, and externally resource-dependent environment. It uses a case study of Seila, a decentralization program in Cambodia, based on extensive fieldwork from 1996 to 1999. Initiated in 1996 by UNDP, the Seila program took a different path from other rural development programs by working through established provincial and local development structures on a pilot basis in five Cambodian provinces. It provided grants to target communes and selected sector along with the introduction of decentralized systems and mechanisms and the provision of capacity building at provincial and local levels. The findings of this study suggest that the Seila program has been able to establish decentralized systems and mechanisms to deliver local services and to influence macro level policy reforms on decentralization in three ways: by a delicate balancing act between process and output, by developing capacity and institutional networking at various levels, and by gaining support of various key institutional actors including provincial and local authorities, central government, donor agencies, and NGOs. The literature on fiscal federalism and on participatory and governance focuses on the primacy of either process or output. Contrary to these views, the close links between process and output have encouraged local communities to undertake collective action and have engendered accountability and responsiveness from provincial and local authorities.
(cont.) By building capacity and developing strategic partnerships, both at horizontal and vertical structures, provincial and local development committees have effectively managed local demand. Thus, these findings confirm the emerging literature on decentralization that developing effective local governments requires wholesale capacity building and establishing a broad spectrum of support networks. The support from key institutional actors, which enabled the Seila program to sustain its field-level initiatives and to buttress them through institutional and policy backing from central government, suggests that decentralization is indeed both a political decision and outcome of consensus building among politicians and decision makers.
by Lourdes N. Pagaran.
Ph.D.
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Semba, Pecka. "Education decentralization in the Omaheke Region of Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006114.
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Before the attainment of independence on 21 March 1990, the people of Namibia were engaged in a protracted struggle against colonialism, racism and apartheid, all of which had denied the majority of the people democracy and development. The people of Namibia therefore did not have power to make decisions on matters that affect their lives and were also not able to determine their own destiny (Ministry of Regional Government and Housing [MoRGH]: 1998:1). After independence, the Namibian government provided for a policy of decentralization under Chapter 12 of the Constitution. After adopting decentralization as state policy in 1996 the government, under the auspices of the Ministry of Regional, Local Government and Housing, embarked upon an implementation process that began in 2003. Education decentralization was included in this process. As my research investigated participants' experience of education decentralization in the Omaheke Region, I conducted an interpretive case study. I employed semi-structured interviews as my main data collection instrument. The quality of my research lies mostly in the authenticity of my thick descriptions where I rely to a large degree on a high ratio of participant to researcher voice. The study has revealed that there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization refers to. Education decentralization is also perceived to provide for the democratization of education through the active participation of all relevant stakeholders - parents, teachers, learners and civil servants - in the education process. However, although there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization entails, there is not necessarily acceptance. The study revealed that many people in Omaheke have reservations about the process of decentralizing education services. Some regard education decentralization as central government "dumping" its responsibility on the Regions. Furthermore, neither the Regional Council, the Regional Education Office, schools, communities nor parents have the capacity to cope with decentralization. The responsibility for overseeing the implementation of decentralization in the Region lies with the Omaheke Regional Council. Education as a decentralized function ought to resort directly under the Regional Council. However, the Regional Education office does not yet operate under the Regional Council. Instead the Education Director continues to report directly to the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education in the capital. In this way an important decentralization structure, the Regional Council, is bypassed and rendered toothless. The data reveal that there is only partial evidence of psychological and structural readiness for education decentralization. Consequently there is little meaningful participation and therefore no sense of ownership among parents, teachers, learners, community-based organizations and political leaders.
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Tranchant, Jean-Pierre. "Essays on Fiscal Decentralization, Institutions and Ethnic Conflict." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/43/85/PDF/These_J-P_TRANCHANT.pdf.
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Kyung, Wonseon. "Decentralization of Urban Service Activities: an Empirical Study." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1338.
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Post-war metropolitan development in the United States has been mainly due to suburban growth which resulted in dispersal of population, retailing, manufacturing, wholesaling and services. What is known about service suburbanization is primarily derived from survey research on location choices done in localized cases. There has been no comprehensive work done using secondary data on revealed behavior. This dissertation attempts that comprehensive study. The research analyzes the dynamics of locational structure of services in U.S. metropolitan areas from 1969 to 1989. The descriptive analysis of changes in the location coefficients provides evidence to demonstrate a spatial shifting of consumer oriented services roughly opposite to that of business oriented services. The top ranked business centers tend to exhibit a tendency toward greater centralization. There is a countervailing tendency toward decentralization of business oriented services in small and relatively underdeveloped service areas. According to the regional analysis, there is no clear tendency of business oriented services for the d services, however, appears to be strong for the 1969-89 period, especially for the Manufacturingbelt and South. Models for decentralization of consumer oriented and business oriented services indicate that the spatial dynamics of business services are different from those of consumer services. Relocation costs appear to be greater for business services than for consumer services. By contrast, service demand and racial composition seem to have a greater influence on decentralization of consumer services than on business services. The relocation costs are also likely to encourage more centralization of consumer and business services over a longer time span. The locational effects of corporate demand and decentralization of manufacturing activity, on the contrary, appear to weaken over a longer time span.
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Avogadro, Giovanni <1992>. "Blockchain, DAOs and the decentralization of business activities." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12509.
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Information technology has substantially affected the existing industry and created new ones, enabling the development of businesses we would have never thought of before. The Internet has radically changed the way we do business and the way we interact with each other.
At the moment a new technology is being developed that will supposedly have a similar disruptive effect over the current way we do and manage businesses. The innovation at issue is the Blockchain technology. This new system should create a cheaper, easier, and more efficient way of doing business with the advantage of being more secure than previous solutions.
Blockchain is a public, trusted and shared ledger (The Economist). Shared since it is based on peer-to-peer network, meaning that it is not controlled or managed by a single individual, but by all its participants. It is available to all participants, hence public; and data cannot be manipulated without being noticed, which makes it a trusted ledger. This specific set of attributes, make the Blockchain technology not only more secure when managing sensible data, but also able to eliminate intermediaries when transferring information.
Blockchain technology is usually associated with the virtual cryptocurrency “Bitcoin”, but the potential of it is not necessarily associated with them. Blockchain can be adapted to fit many industries and business models, but most importantly, it can be used to create organizations able to support themselves autonomously from a financial and organizational point of view.
Decentralization, autonomy and Blockchain meet in what are defined as DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) that together with “Smart Contracts”, one of the most far-reaching application of the technology so far, are supposed to be able to replace several functions in the managerial sector.
It is still unclear what the possible applications of this technology will be and what kind of consequences it will have on the business and non-business world. For now, the aim is to analyze the state of the art of the applications of this technology and study the direction this technology is moving toward.
This thesis will study how the innovation will eventually be able to challenge previous assumptions on managerial models and how it will be able to create new ones.