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1
Chernyavsky, A., and K. Vartapetov. "Fiscal Decentralization in Transition Economies." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2004): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-11-126-141.
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By employing the methodology developed by the OECD the paper assesses the degree of revenue decentralization in Russia in comparison with other post-communist European countries. The paper provides theoretical arguments underpinning fiscal decentralization, analyzes the composition of subnational government revenues, the level of regional and local tax autonomy and types of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. The analysis presents the composition of revenues depending on the degree of subnational and local government control. In comparison with other transition countries fiscal decentralization in Russia is relatively low. It is concluded that Russia's public finance reform has not progressed towards providing greater fiscal autonomy for regional and local governments.
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Starodubtsev, Andrey. "Coordination, Subordination and Control in Russian Territorial Governance." Russian Politics 3, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00302006.
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The article analyzes the current model of intergovernmental relations in Russia and explains how it was formed in the 2000s, as well as demonstrating its effects in one sphere of public administration, namely education. Based on theoretical perspectives on the expected and unexpected effects of decentralization, authoritarian politicians’ motives and central governments’ strategies aimed at overcoming the principal-agency problem, the author hypothesizes that decentralization realized under the conditions of an authoritarian government in geographically, ethnically and economically complex societies produces a kind of trap. Concentration on administrative decentralization intensifies the principal-agent problem while the authoritarian rulers’ interests limit the potential for employing effective means to overcome it.
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Slinko, E. A., and V. S. Brylev. "THE PROBLEMS OF THE REGIONAL POLICY IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE WORLD PRACTICES." Region: systems, economy, management 2, no. 53 (2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1997-4469-2021-53-2-57-63.
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Subject. This article examines the possibilities of transforming the relations between the center and the regions in Russia. Topic. Problems of regional policy in Russia in the context of foreign experience. Purposes. To analyze some aspects of regional policy in different countries of the world to understand the possibilities of regional transformation in the Russian Federation. Methodology. Institutional and neoinstitutional methods, system approach, comparative method. Results. Each system of government has a» corridor « of improvement, which is associated with certain difficulties on the way to implementation. Regional policy in Russia tends to be centralized, which may limit the opportunities for regional development. At the same time, there is a need to maintain a single vertical of power and avoid the risks associated with decentralization. Application area. The results of the study can be applied by specialists in the field of regional policy and political management, teachers and students of higher educational institutions. Conclusions. The coronavirus pandemic has led to the activation of regional activities and the actualization of the regional agenda, while the 2020 constitutional reform is focused on strengthening the center and consolidating the vertical. Russia needs to avoid both the risks of over-centralization and the risks of excessive decentralization, while taking into account the specifics of individual regions. Keywords: regional policy, overcentralization, decentralization, form of government, centre, periphery.
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Ivanova, Natalia, Galina Morunova, Vitaliy Fedosov, and Svetlana Kuzmina. "Fiscal decentralization: the search for new approaches for the development of local government." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002059.
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In this article, the authors consider issues of fiscal decentralization in the context of sustainable development of territories, justify the development trends of the world community in providing public goods for the population. The analysis of this issues is carried out in comparison of indicators for Russia and the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This allows assessing the current level of fiscal decentralization in the world community, in Russia, and also determining its prospects. The authors presented the results of the study, which contain the dynamics of subnational budgets of Russia and OECD countries, separately identified local budgets, the dynamics of financing of proactive budgeting, the typology of the main projects of proactive budgeting, examples of municipal-private partnership projects implemented in Russia. In addition, the article sets out new approaches to the financial support of local government activities in the country, based on the introduction of self-taxation, bond loans and other forms of financing at the municipal level.
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Hodgson, Jayden. "Reenvisioning Russian Propaganda: Media Decentralization and the Use of Social Networks as a Means to Government Continuity." Open Political Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0022.
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Abstract Abstract: Russia’s social scene has been anything but stable. Through economic turbulence and social unrest by political opposition, Navalny being only the most recent figure in a long list, Russia, under Putin’s leadership, has shown that it can persist when faced with hardship. How does the regime do this? This article argues that its robust propaganda machine is the answer to this question. I provide three arguments to support this thesis. First, I will present how information is produced and disseminated. Second, Russian propaganda, used for branding itself, attempts to influence foreign just as much as domestic audiences. Finally, using private proxies to peddle a positive message on Twitter will be analyzed. Russias propaganda machine threatens liberalism in the West. This article hopes to add to the conversation as first, recognizing the threat, and second, providing information for combatting the regime.
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Libman, Alexander, and Lars P. Feld. "Strategic Tax Collection and Fiscal Decentralization: The Case of Russia." German Economic Review 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 449–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12004.
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Abstract In a centralized federation, in which tax rates and taxation rules are set by the federal government, manipulating the thoroughness of tax auditing and the effectiveness of tax collection could be attractive for regional authorities. In this article, we test for strategic tax collection empirically using data of the Russian Federation. Russia’s regional authorities in the 1990s have always been suspected of tax auditing manipulations in their favour. However, in the 2000s, increasing bargaining power of the centre seems to induce tax collection bodies in the regions to manipulate tax auditing in favour of the federal centre. Our findings confirm the existence of strategic tax collection for the Yeltsin period; the results for the Putin period are however ambiguous.
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Polyanina, O. A. "City Self-Government in Russia at the End of XIX - XXI Centuries: Processes of Decentralization and Internal Structuring." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-2-403-420.
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The article is devoted to the problem of decentralization of urban self-government in Russia in the XIX - early XXI centuries. Both the practical experience of functioning of intra-urban municipalities (small urban units), and the level of theoretical understanding of the problems of decentralization in different periods of national history are analyzed in the article. The author has identified three time periods when the idea of creating a small city unit took on practical implementation: the revolutionary period in 1917-1918, the decade from 1995 to 2005 and the period from 2014 to the present. The author considers the socio-political context of the transformation at each of these stages. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the regulatory framework in the studied area. It is shown that the legislation alternately ruled out, then allowed the possibility of creating intra-city municipalities, which impeded the progressive development of this level of municipal authority. The scientific novelty of the work is in the fact that the author revealed common typological features of the decentralization process that are characteristic of all the stages studied. It is concluded that the relatively low efficiency of a small urban unit is due to the politicization of its problems and the lack of historical continuity.
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Komlev, Evgeny Y. "Coordination of local authorities in Russia and Spain: comparative legal research." RUDN Journal of Law 26, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 634–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2022-26-3-634-654.
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One of the consequences of the 2020 constitutional reform in Russia is introduction into Russian legislation of the «coordination» concept in relation to the public authority’s activity. So far this legal institution has not received detailed regulation. The institution of coordination of the local authorities’ activities has long been known to foreign legal orders, including Spanish legislation. Taking into account the current reform of the Russian legislation on local self-government, the author substantiates the relevance and timeliness of the study of Spanish experience in this sphere. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal basis and nature, procedure and conditions for applying the institution of coordination of the local authorities’ activity in Russia and Spain, to determine the possibility of implementing the Spanish experience into the Russian legal order. The methodological basis of the study involves general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative legal and historical methods. Russian and Spanish legislations, law enforcement practice, doctrinal approaches to the research topic have been investigated. Based on the study, the author comes to the conclusion that Spanish experience in this field is relevant for Russia. The institution of coordination in relation to the activities of local self-government bodies in Russia requires more detailed regulation. The author proposes approaches for the complex use of the institution of coordination in order to achieve an optimal balance between the elements of centralization and decentralization of public power.
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Zazulina, M. R. "Between Centralization and Decentralization: on the Determinants of Local Self-Government Development in Russia." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 2 (2018): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-2-155-166.
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Chikhladze, Levan T., and Evgeny Y. Komlev. "Problems and prospects for the development of local self-government in the Russian Federation and foreign countries: The all-Russian conference with international participation, Moscow, RUDN, April 25-29, 2022." RUDN Journal of Law 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2022-26-4-1017-1022.
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On April 25-29, 2022, an All-Russian conference with international participation “Problems and Prospects for the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries” was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia on the basis of the Department of Municipal Law. More than 200 scientists and practicing lawyers from the Russian Federation and foreign countries took part in the Conference. The Conference has acquired a traditional character and is being held for the sixth time. The 2022 conference was marked by a significant increase in the number of participants from different Russian regions, mostly by state and municipal employees. The additional relevance of the conference was caused by the ongoing municipal reform in Russia, designed to concretize the provisions of the 2020 constitutional reform. Besides reports by leading scientists and practitioners, the Conference included a student section “Young Scientist”, as well as a scientific seminar in Spanish on the topic “Decentralization in the framework of Peruvian constitutionalism”. Presents a general description of the conference, and the contents of the plenary meetings and sessions.
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PAVLIUK, Klavdiia, and Serhii BARTOSH. "Fiscal decentralization in Ukraine under martial law." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2022, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2022.02.079.
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The article examines the role of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine during martial law in ensuring the vital activities of the state. On the basis of foreign sources, it has been determined that decentralization is not a one-way process that has a linear character and leads to ambiguous consequences, although it generally has a positive effect on indicators of macroeconomic development. Scientists usually associate its success with the stabilization of the socio-economic situation, ensuring the high quality of local budgets and budget management, transparency of the budget process. It was found that decentralization in our country took place in the turbulent conditions of the hybrid war unleashed by Russia, as well as the global coronavirus pandemic. Despite this, positive results were achieved in strengthening the financial base of local authorities and self-government, and authoritative international organizations gave a high assessment of the decentralization process, including the fiscal one. The situation with the filling of local budgets during the war and the implementation of expenditures was analyzed, and the positive and contradictory consequences of the changes made to the relevant legislation were determined. The uncertain nature of the further development of events due to the impossibility of predicting the duration of active hostilities, the huge scale of destruction, the relocation of business, and the need for constant adjustment of the legal framework is emphasized. It was concluded that there is a need to develop a strategic document that would clearly outline all changes and innovations related to inter-budgetary relations and the relevant powers of local government and local authorities during the period of martial law. This would contribute to increasing the transparency of the budget process, would prevent the emergence of contradictions in the relations between central and local authorities and self-government.
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Kostyukov, A. "Quarter-century anniversary of the Russian Constitution." Law Enforcement Review 2, no. 3 (December 25, 2018): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2018.2(3).5-18.
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The subject of the paper is the constitutional development of Russia till 1990s up to 2018.The purpose of the paper is to identify the main trends in development of Russian consti-tutional legislation.The methodology of the research includes the formal legal analysis of Russian federal laws and their comparison with the decisions of Russian Constitutional Court.The main results and scope of their application. The author gives the legal assessment to main novelties in Russian constitutional legislation: an increase of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the in-troduction of the annual reports by the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on the results of their activities, the merger of the Supreme and Supreme Arbitration Courts of the Russian Federation, the strengthening of the posi-tions of the President of the Russian Federation when appointing prosecutors, judges, members of the Federation Council, officials of subjects of the Russian Federation, central-ization of local self-government. The identified trends may be used in future research of Russian constitutional legal order.The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need for strong state power in the con-ditions of reforming economic, social and state-legal institutions in Russia. The movement towards centralization and strengthening of the power vertical is a historically necessary and justified measure. It will be possible to implement decentralization and reduction of the regulatory functions of the state after the successful modernization of economic and social state and legal institutions.
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Groznov, Evgeny A., and Sergei V. Starikov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AGRARIAN POLICY OF THE WHITE MOVEMENT GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR (1918–1920)." Historical Search 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-18-24.
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The article attempts to carry out a comparative analysis of the agrarian policy pursued by the governments of the White Movement during the Civil War (1918–1920). The period of the second half of the XIX – early XX century was marked by the development of land relations in the Russian Empire. Despite serfdom abolition, peasant land scarcity continued to be the main problem of the peasant issue. The First World War, like the Russian-Japanese war, was supposed to be a small victorious war in order to postpone making the final decision on the agrarian issue. Absence of reforms combined with a protracted nature of the war contributed to the emergence of new liberal democratic forces in Russia. Beginning with February 1917, the Provisional Government tried to pursue a revolutionary policy to raise the authority of the government among soldiers, peasants and workers. However, political misconceptions and mistakes contributed to further power decentralization in Russia, which led first to the counter-revolution formation, and only then to isolation of the White Movement from this united front. With small resources, the leaders of the European part of the movement faced a problem that was not yet solved. Despite the Decree on Land adopted by the Soviet government, redistribution of land was not carried out, the agrarian issue continued to be acute, especially in the outskirts, which were under the rule of the whites. In contrast to the Decree on Land, the leaders of the White Movement had to pursue their own policy, which would be more attractive to the peasant masses. 95% of the population of Russia was peasants, so to gain their support would mean victory in the civil war. The regional and the national character of the White Movement determined future agrarian policy. It is also necessary to take into account that domestic policy was implemented in wartime conditions, which affected the effectiveness of reforms. Contradictions between the right-wingers and left-wingers delayed the development and implementation of reforms, which ultimately resulted in their failure. However, despite this, the white governments managed to lay a regulatory framework in their territorial entities, while taking into account the national and climatic specifics of the region.
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Gutorow, Władimir. "O niektórych cechach swoistych ewolucji współczesnego rosyjskiego sytemu politycznego." Politeja 12, no. 7 (34/2) (December 31, 2015): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.12.2015.34_2.02.
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On some peculiarities of evolution of the contemporary Russian political system
The article deals with the problem of Russian political system evolution at the turn of the 20th and 21th centuries. The author attempts to answer the following question: if contemporary Russian state system does not fit a classical model of liberal democracy, is it reasonable to talk about hopeless stagnation of political system in Russia, generated by the process of new bureaucratic deformation, or is it possible to outline some tendencies of Russian state system evolution that fit the process of global degradation of democratic institutions in every region all over the world without any exceptions? The answer implies a quite important verification and statement concerning the situation: does the level of political government in Russian „imperial center” meet that contemporary criteria, obeyed in the development of civilized states. At the beginning of the 21st century, after long period of chaotic decentralization, Russia has entered the stage, when the federal center attempts to „establish order” in the country by means of tough administrative decisions. New stage of Russian politics connected with the Ukrainian crisis and the referendum in the Crimea signifies the explicit tendency of political elite to start a new page of national history.
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Gimpelson, Vladimir, and Daniel Treisman. "Fiscal Games and Public Employment: A Theory with Evidence from Russia." World Politics 54, no. 2 (January 2002): 145–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2002.0003.
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Why do some governments—both in different countries and in regions within those countries—employ more workers than others? Existing theories focus on the level of economic development, political redistribution, and social insurance. But they raise additional puzzles and do not account for all evidence or for a global trend toward decentralization of public employment. The authors propose a new theory, inspired by Russia's recent experience, that locates one motive for subnational public employment growth in a political and fiscal game between central and subnational governments. In countries with weak legal systems, local and regional officials may deliberately set their employment levels beyond their fiscal capacity, prompting bailouts from the central government, which fears the political cost to it if wage arrears accumulate and provoke strikes. The authors model the logic of such brinkmanship, derive several propositions, and show that they—and the model's assumptions—fit empirical evidence from Russia in the 1990s. Deficiencies of that country's overstaffed, underequipped, irregularly paid, ineffective, and strikeprone public sector appear to result in part from a system of dysfunctional incentives created by the interaction of electoral pressures with the system of fiscal federalism. The authors suggest parallels with Latin American countries such as Argentina and Brazil.
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Larichev, Aleksandr, and Emil Markwart. "Local Communities as a Tool for the Development of Municipal Democracy: German Experience and Lessons for Russia." Sravnitel noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie 29, no. 5 (2020): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/1812-7126-2020-5-74-88.
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Local government as a political, legal and social institution finds itself in a very difficult period of development in Russia. The long-established tendency of its subordination to the state has intensified today in connection with the newly adopted constitutional amendments. At the same time, it seems obvious that further “embedding” of local government into the state management vertical, in the absence of any positive effect in terms of solving socio-economic and infrastructural problems, will inevitably lead to other hard to reverse, negative results both for local government institutions and the system of public authority as a whole. The normal functioning of local government requires, however, not only the presence of its sufficient institutional and functional autonomy from the state, but also an adequate territorial and social base for its implementation. To ensure the formation of viable territorial collectives, especially in urban areas, it seems appropriate to promote the development of self-government based on local groups at the intra-municipal level. Such local groups can independently manage issues of local importance on a small scale (landscaping, social volunteering, and neighborly mutual assistance), and provide, within the boundaries of a local territory, due civil control over the maintenance by municipal authorities of more complex and large-scale local issues (repair and development of infrastructure, removal of solid household waste and more). At the same time, the development of local communities can by no means be a self-sufficient and substitutional mechanism, whose introduction would end the need for democracy in the full scope of municipal structures overall. In this regard, the experience of local communities’ development in Germany, a state with legal traditions similar to Russian ones, with a centuries-old history of the development of territorial communities and a difficult path to building democracy and forming civil society, seems to be very interesting. Here, the progressive development of local forms of democracy and the participation of residents in local issue management are combined with stable mechanisms of municipal government, and the interaction of municipalities with the state does not torpedo the existing citizen forms of self-government. At the same time, the experience of Germany shows that the decentralization of public issue management which involves the local population can only be effective in a situation where, in addition to maintaining a full-fledged self-government mechanism at the general municipal level, relevant local communities are endowed with real competence and resources to influence local issue decision-making. The role of formalized local communities in urban areas, as the German experience shows, can not only facilitate the decentralization of solving public problems, but can also help in timely elimination of triggers for mobilizing citywide supercollectives with negative agendas. This experience seems useful and applicable in the Russian context.
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Kruglashov, Anatoliy, and Vasyl Bureha. "Legal and Conceptual Foundations of the Decentralization Process in Ukraine (2014-2020)." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 10 (July 28, 2022): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2022.10.64-83.
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The goal of the article is to research on the legal and conceptual framework of decentralization processes in Ukraine. A set of reforms aimed at decentralizing the power in Ukraine began to be implemented since 2014. This is not the first attempt of changing the system of Public administration in favour of strengthening up local Self-governments, but the last one is the most successful. The effectiveness of the reforms depends primarily on the preparation of a solid legal and theoretical foundation on which the decentralization has been grounded. This article considers the legal and conceptual principles of decentralization processes in Ukraine in 2014-2020 and their meaning for Ukraine’s state prospect and resilience. The authors analysed in details the legal and conceptual framework, which identified the main features of a set of reforms launched to decentralize power and ensure their duly implementation. It is proved that this topic does not lose its relevance despite significant progress in the implementation of reforms under circumstances of Russian-Ukrainian war as far as the regulatory framework for decentralization still has to be finalized and adjusted. So over time there remains an urgent need for a more complete and systematic study of those reforms, and their further perspective. To deploy decentralization reforms, some laws were adopted and existing regulations were amended to enable decentralization in practice (amendments to the Budget and Customs Codes, adoption of a Law on voluntary amalgamation of local communities etc.). Also, the reforms were supported by a theoretical basis, first of all by the concept on reforming local self-government and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, elaborated methodology of making self-sustainable territorial communities, grounded on the principals of the European Charter of Local Self-Government.
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Arlashkin, I. Yu. "Intergovernmental Fiscal Instruments for Stimulating Regional Economic Growth in Russia." Financial Journal 12, no. 6 (2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2020-6-54-68.
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The article examines the instruments used in intergovernmental fiscal relations in order to promote economic growth of the regions of the Russian Federation. The task of stimulating regional economic growth is relevant in the need for the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025 to be implemented. The article deals with various instruments of tax decentralization as well as three main types of fiscal transfers: “grants” (primarily equalization or balancing transfers), “subsidies” (earmarked co-funding transfers), and “other intergovernmental transfers” (other earmarked transfers). All these instruments are assessed from the standpoint of stimulating economic growth with special attention being paid to the tools used by regional governments to promote local economic growth. The article summarizes the results of the main econometric studies on the topic. As a result of the present study, it is shown that the main instruments for stimulating regional economic growth are earmarked transfers (primarily capital transfers) and decentralization of taxes on income (primarily corporate income tax). At the same time, since 2015 “other intergovernmental transfers” have been playing a more significant role in stimulating economic growth than “subsidies”, which is associated with an increase in the equalizing effect of the latter. Decentralization of property taxes has most likely not had a significant impact on regional economic growth, and the negative effect of equalizing transfers (“grants”) is smoothed out by special clauses built into the methodology for their distribution.
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Vulfovich, R. M. "Problems and Contradictions in the Process of Formation of Local Self-Government in the Post-Soviet Space (on the Example of Central Asian Countries)." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-97-106.
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The formation of local self-government in the post-Soviet space takes place in difficult economic and political conditions under the influence of various, often directed in the opposite way, factors. For Russia, the experience of forming a new institution for all post-Soviet states is of significant practical importance since it faces many difficulties in its course. Within the framework of the invariant of the transition from centralized management to decentralization, the variant of this process in the Central Asian countries is more relevant for our country since it is carried out under conditions largely similar to those in Russia. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to highlight the key historical, economic and political factors of local self-government formation in the Central Asian states in order to deepen the understanding of the ways and possibilities of creating a sufficiently autonomous local level of public power in systems that have long operated within the framework of strict centralization and seek to form a new organizational structure and use new management mechanisms and tools to improve the efficiency of the process and achieve the main systemic goal of the modern state – improving the quality of life in the country. The relevance of the study of these processes is beyond doubt due to the need to understand the role and place of self-government in the structure of public power in accordance with the amendments made in 2020 to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The study of options for local-level opportunities in a comparative perspective when analyzing public authorities in Central Asian countries also opens the way to new solutions to Russian problems.
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Eleskina, O. V. "REFORMS OF THE FINANCE SYSTEM OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN RUSSIA." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-34-38.
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The present work analyses the reforms of cultural institutions financing system in Russia from the mid 1980s to the present time. A short review of the government’s activities is given in respect of transition from purely state financing to multichannel system of forming cultural institutions’ budgets, changing their legal nature, and developing their commercial activities. Processes of management decentralization and reallocation of financing onto budgets of various levels are considered. Special attention is paid to introduction of market mechanisms into activities of such institutions, problems connected with their application are touched as well. Both positive and negative consequences of the policy pursued by the government in matters of financing the culture at different stages of the reforms are investigated. The analysis result indicates that preservative tendencies prevail in the government’s activity in the cultural sphere, and budgetary funds still make the basis of the budget in the most part of cultural institutions, conservatism and inertness in their activities remain.
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Rudokvas, Anton D. "Trade Unions and Labour Law in a Modern Russia." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 17, Issue 4 (December 1, 2001): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/394545.
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The author highlights the actual problems of the trade union movement and labour market changes taking place in a modern Russia, analyzes the evolution of trade unionism through the prism of its history. He rightly believes that it is impossible to carry out such a study without addressing the situation in this field in the U.S.S.R. as many realities of that time continue to exist in an adjusted form now. In terms of centralized state soviet trade unions performed the role of one of the divisions of the mechanism of the government. The appearance of alternative trade unions marked an important shift towards decentralization and liberalization of the labour relations. The peculiarity of a trade union movement in Russia of the second half of the 1990s consists in its high degree of politization. In the event of a rigid confrontation between workers and employers the functions of trade unions on the regional level are often taken by small opposition parties and left groupings. The proclamation of the course aimed at the formation of the market economy in a post-communist Russia has brought the questions on the labour law reform. So another important issue touched by the author concerns the reform of the Russian Labour Code which was adopted in the epoch of socialism and now results no more adequate in light of the drastic social economic and political changes taking place in Russia.
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Danilova, Irina, and Natalya Korotina. "ASSESSING DECENTRALIZATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC FEDERALISM: CONSIDERING THE FACTOR OF INHOMOGENEITY OF THE SPACE OF STATE DECISIONS." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Economics and Management" 15, no. 4 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/em210401.
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The strategic tasks of Russia in conditions of uncertainty and decrease in business activity, the need to stimulate a new quality of growth in the regional economy have revived a scientific discussion about the development of the system of federal relations, the ratio of centralization and decentralization in management decision-making. The purpose of the article is to clarify def-initions and analyze theoretical foundations of the space of economic federalism and its struc-ture, to develop a methodological approach to assessing decentralization / centralization in the context of managerial and economic (reproductive) metrics, as well as to analyze asymmetry as a basic characteristics of heterogeneity that has developed in the context of regions and macro-territories. The approbation of the methodology has allowed to compare the levels of decentrali-zation and asymmetry of the space of the Russian Federation in the context of regions. A less significant asymmetry of government decisions of a managerial and economic nature at the level of territorial zones of different functional status (centers of economic growth, geostrategic territo-ries, etc.) has been substantiated. The identified trends make it possible to substantiate the need for a new strategic format and application of regulation technologies, the specification of support measures in a territorial-functional context, that is, a combination of universal and the spatially oriented ones, what will allow capitalizing the advantages of decentralized solutions in the current model of economic federalism.
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Habibullina, Z. R. "Islam in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020 in Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Islam in the modern world 17, no. 4 (January 14, 2022): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2021-17-4-131-148.
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The article is a monitoring of the main events concerning the Muslim community of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020 based on content analysis of text materials from government reports, press releases, websites and social media pages of Islamic organizations. The pandemic that began at the end of 2019 and the lockdown introduced in Russia demanded that Islamic communities adapt to new conditions. The danger of the spread of COVID-19 has reduced the internal confl ict in the Islamic environment and the public’s attention to the problems of radicalism. The drop in mosques attendance was off set by the development and use of digital resources in religious activities. At the same time, limited contacts, reduced offl ine events and meetings contributed to strengthening the new course of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Bashkortostan towards decentralization and regionalisation. The activities of the Central Spiritual Administration of Russia, located in Ufa, remained without change on a national scale.
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Sergeev, Leonid Ivanovic. "Usage of specialized information systems aggregator for estimation of state expenditures (based on data of the aggregator portal of the Accounts Chamber of Russia)." Финансы и управление, no. 3 (March 2020): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2020.3.33768.
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Multiple digital portals of government branches and commercial structures, as well as social networks give a new perspective on the topical issues of socioeconomic development. This trend also includes digital platforms of government branches and business structures that ensure state expenditure management. The subject of this research is the state expenditures reflected in the portal of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. The author generalizes the content of information featured on the aggregator portal of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation pertaining to state finances. Analysis is conducted on the number of the completed state contracts in accordance with the level of governance and varied ranges of value of such contracts. The article considers the regions with highest rating by share of “internal” contracts and the dynamics of monthly allocation of state subsidies. Analysis is also conducted on the number of contracts, subsidies, controllers and recipients of budgetary funds, as well as national projects budgeting of the Russian Federation. The established system of structurization of state expenditures indicates the existing in Russia architecture of formation of budgetary and extrabudgetary financing system of state obligations and national development projects. Various digital platforms of government branches necessary for managing state resources and that allow analyzing their require a certain consolidation of methodological and processing bases for assessing the efficiency of allocation of budgetary and extrabudgetary expenditures of the country. Such platforms should contribute to finding optimal ways for centralization and decentralization of budget resources, develop the channels for transfer of state funds that allow budget savings, increase the effectiveness of state control, and prevent excessive use within the system of state administration. The conclusions are reduced to the need for consolidation of methodological and processing bases for effective assessment of the usage of budgetary and extrabudgetary expenditures of the country.
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Zavadskaya, Margarita. "ELECTORAL LOYALTY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN RUSSIAN MUNICIPALITIES." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 14, no. 4 (2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2020-4-62-75.
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Local self-government in Russia has undergone a number of transformations - from spontaneous decentralization in the 1990s until the stage-by-stage integration into the state vertical system from 2003-2006. Despite the de facto loss of political and, partly, administrative autonomy, we see a huge diversity in the quality of governance and provision of public goods at the local level. Based on the Database of Municipalities' Characteristics (DMC) of Rosstat from 2008 to 2017 and data from the Central Election Commission (CEC of the Russian Federation), the article presents indices of the quality of the provision of public goods and analyzes the relationship with the Duma voting in 2016 and the budgetary autonomy of the municipality. Despite the continuing centralization of government, researchers still observe an impressive variation in both the formats of political competition and administrative practices in the regions, especially at the local level. The results of the analysis point to a number of patterns: 1. There is no strong link between budget independence and the quality of management; 2. Securing votes does not lead to the attraction of additional resources to the field and may even divert scarce funds and the human resources to technically support this loyalty.
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Filatova, Olga V., and David Andrew Schultz. "Health Care Reform in the United States and the Russia Federation: 1990-2015." Public Administration Research 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v5n2p29.
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<p>What constitutes adequate medical care and how to deliver it is a problem states across the world confront as they face similar problems of rising costs, access, changing demographics, quality of service, and technological development. This article compares health care reform in the United States and the Russian Federation between 1990 and 2015. The Russian Federation begin this period with a process of rebuilding a health care system out of the previous centralized state-run Soviet system whereas the United States sought to change a health care system largely privately run and which separated health care delivery from health care insurance. Yet, despite differences these two countries and their health care systems have, they show interesting parallels, convergences, and lessons in terms of how reform occurs. In particular, this article demonstrates how both the American and Russian reforms have tried to use market incentives and the shifting to individuals some responsibility to contain costs, the use of government and non-governmental actors to provide health care and insurance, and various levels of centralization and decentralization of select services in order to address cost, quality, and access issues.</p>
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Palapa, N., and O. Nahorniuk. "Decentralization of power in Ukraine: strengthening democracy and ensuring population on the basis of balanced nature and resource benefits." Balanced nature using, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2022.255221.
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The article highlights the main reasons for the decline of rural areas of Ukraine in the period 1991–2021, which are directly related to the seizure of power in independent Ukraine by hostile elements of the fifth pro-Russian column. These so-called governing bodies are constantly discriminating against Ukrainians’ ability to become an independent free people. Their activity or inaction undermines the Constitutional system of Ukraine. And only since 2015, the Ukrainian government under pressure from the people is taking a real course towards decentralization and the transition to full democracy. The statistical data on the decentralization of power and the qualitative transition of our society to democratic forms of life are analyzed, based on the experience of European countries and the whole civilized world. Recommendations on Constitutional changes in the area of decentralization have been formulated to ensure full implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, transition to full democracy for the sake of ecologically balanced development of all territories and territorial communities of Ukraine. The reform of the administrative-territorial structure should take place in order to provide a real opportunity for a person to receive the maximum number of services from the governing bodies of selfgovernment at each level of government. It is the person and the satisfaction of his needs that should be in the center of attention of his chosen leadership, which for the effective implementation of the functions entrusted to him will receive the necessary powers and at the same time bear full responsibility for implementing qualitative changes in communities.
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McLure, C. E. "The Taxation of Natural Resources and the Future of the Russian Federation." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 12, no. 3 (September 1994): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c120309.
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This paper is an examination of the vertical and horizontal division of revenues from taxing natural resources, a crucial issue for the future of the Russian Federation. Assigning resource revenues entirely to subnational governments would undermine the fiscal capacity of the central government, Resources arc so concentrated geographically that allocating revenues primarily to jurisdictions where production occurs would create large fiscal disparities among subnational governments. Either of these policies could encourage the disintegration of the Federation—as could a contrary policy. After a brief review of the concept of economic rent, the theory of tax assignment is examined and applied to taxes on natural resources. Whereas economic arguments tend to favor centralization of resource rents, political realities suggest decentralization. It is noted that there will be many claimants to potential rents from Russian natural resources, including consumers, native peoples, suppliers of oilfield equipment, pipeline companies, foreign investors, and managers and employees in the energy sector and its suppliers. Last, consideration is given to whether resource rents should be placed in trust funds, by either native peoples or the government of producing regions, and the experience of Alberta and Alaska in this area is reviewed.
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Bogoviz, Aleksei V., Svetlana V. Lobova, Alexander N. Alekseev, Vadim N. Prokofiev, and Irina V. Gimelshtein. "Managing the modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0." On the Horizon 27, no. 3/4 (October 11, 2019): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-07-2019-0032.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the perspectives and to develop recommendations for managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 by the example of modern Russia. Design/methodology/approach The methodological basis of the research consists of the hypothetical and deductive method. The offered hypothesis of the necessity for decentralization of managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 is verified with the help of a complex of methods of economic statistics (econometrics), namely, the method of regression analysis and analysis of variation. The research objects are regions of modern Russia that are peculiar for the highest level of scientific and technological development (top 15 of 83 regions at the beginning of 2019), which shows their largest progress in formation of Industry 4.0. The information and empirical basis of the research consists of the materials of the report on human development in the Russian Federation “Human and Innovations”, prepared by the Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation (values of the education index are taken from it), and analytical materials of the rating “Level of Development of Science and Technologies in Regions of Russia” as a result of 2018, prepared by Ria rating (values of the index of scientific and technological development are taken from it). Findings It is determined that regional specifics are not sufficiently considered during management of modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 in modern Russia. This reduces efficiency of managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services and leads to the fact that these markets do not perform their function of infrastructural provision of Industry 4.0, slowing down the process of its formation. Originality/value The necessity for managing modernization of the markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 at the regional level, in view of specifics of the regional economy, is substantiated. For this, a conceptual model and recommendations for its practical application in modern Russia are offered.
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GUZEL E., ULUMBEKOVA, and GHINOYAN ARGISHTI B. "LESSONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC FOR RUSSIAN HEALTHCARE." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 234, no. 2 (2022): 54–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-234-2-54-86.
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The COVID-19 pandemic in all countries continues to have a huge impact on all spheres of life — the economy, demographics, health and psychological mood of people. In the Russian Federation in 2020 relative to 2019 there was a very high rate of additional mortality from all causes per 1 million population (23% higher than in Poland, almost 40% higher than in the USA, 5 times higher than in Germany). And this trend continued in 2021, in which the supermortality amounted to 647 thousand people (+36% by 2019). Based on a comparison with 11 countries of the world, the article substantiates 8 main factors that could affect high mortality rates in the Russian Federation and formulates recommendations to prevent such a situation in the future. The main reasons for excess mortality in the Russian Federation: poor readiness for massive infectious threats, long-term underfunding of the health care system, combined with a shortage of bed capacity and medical personnel, decentralization and insufficient coordination of management in the fight against the pandemic, lack of systematic information work with the population, ineffective vaccination campaign, insufficient measures to limit social contacts and the commitment of the population to them during the second and third waves of the pandemic. To restore and ensure the preparedness of the healthcare system in the Russian Federation for pandemics, the main condition is an increase in General Government funding for healthcare to at least 5% of GDP. Additional funds should be aimed at strengthening the human resources of the industry and the infectious diseases service. It is necessary to recreate, under the leadership of the Ministry of Health of Russia, a system of early preparedness for emergencies by creating a unified Emergency Management Center under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and to develop a Government program in this direction.
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Chikhladze, Levan T., and Aleksandr A. Larichev. "THE DUALISTIC MODEL AND “RATIONAL CENTRALIZATION” AS FACTORS OF THE EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT WITHIN THE RUSSIAN PUBLIC AUTHORITY MECHANISM." RUDN Journal of Law 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-2-233-251.
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The analysis is given on the correlation of state power and local government within the public power system of Russian Federation. The authors note that the interaction of relevant elements can be described as a dualistic model, based on a combination of centralization and decentralization principles. It is maintained, that the principle for interaction between state authorities and local government, especially in light of recent constitutinal amendments, should rest in clear delineation of functions and powers, excluding their arbitrary and unreasonable redistribution. It is also noted that for the effective functioning of local government, interaction between central and local authorities is important, based on the support of the latter by the state. State intervention implies the concept of rational centralization, which envisages strengthening state role in the implementation of both organizational and functional foundations of local government in strictly limited cases and without violating Art. 12 of the Russian Constitution.
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Timshina, Ekaterina Leonidovna. "Reform of the government structure of Russia in the framework documents of political parties (based on the materials of electoral campaigns of 2011 and 2016)." Право и политика, no. 7 (July 2020): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.7.32354.
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Currently, the question of transformation of government institutions, including through the change of Constitution, is of primary importance on the political agenda. The subject of this research is the proposals of political parties on modernization of state structure and reform of the federal branches of government. The object of this research is the election programs of political parties on the elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 2011 and 2016. The author examines the ideas of party actors regarding modernization in the sphere of public administration, attitude of the parties towards modification of powers of the federal branches of government, relationship format between the center and the federal subjects, strengthening of social control over government. Despite the critical approach of political parties, they did not suggest any integrated projects on modernization of the system, but rather expressed disparate opinion. Part of the proposals pertinent to the reforms of public administration were of populist nature and did not have a mechanism for their implementation. Most specific and realizable initiatives were associated with restoration of the previously existing norms. The parties made various proposals on the question problem of administrative and territorial structure of the country, demonstrating a range of approaches from strong decentralization to unitary state. It is assumed that the question of modernization of state structure will remain on the agenda in the next electoral cycle. However, the integrated approach most likely will not be demonstrated. Reforms of the Federal Assembly and judicial system will continue to be the key vectors of political discourse.
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Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan. "Transition away from fossil fuels toward renewables: lessons from Russia-Ukraine crisis." Future Energy 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2022): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.1.1.8.
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The world’s progress towards net-zero ambitions will bring down fossil fuel utilization and imports over time. However, crises such as COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have raised questions about the reliability of non-renewables and what actions could be taken by policymakers to immediately mitigate reliance on fossil fuels for vulnerable importers. The responses to the recent crises could reorient energy geopolitics by the decentralization of the global energy system and speeding up renewables deployment. These superb targets require a concerted and sustained energy policy effort across multiple industries, alongside strong international communication on energy security. Clear dialogue between governments, the green power generation industries, and consumers is also a crucial element for successful renewable energy implementation. The world’s energy crisis has unveiled that the transition to renewable energy has been too slow, and serious efforts are required to speed up the transition away from fossil fuels toward renewables.
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Olena Semchenko-Kovalchuk, Sergey Нrivko, Olena Semchenko-Kovalchuk, Sergey Нrivko. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES UNDER MARTIAL LAW." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 08, no. 02 (October 31, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd08022022-59.
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The financial support of territorial communities is proposed to be considered as a process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources in order to satisfy the needs and interests of citizens in the sphere of all life activities in the relevant territory. At the same time, the main form of financial support of territorial communities remains budget financing, the quality of which depends on the level of their economic and social development. The state of financial support for the development of territorial communities under conditions of decentralization in Ukraine was analyzed. It was found that during the studied period the number of UTC grew quite quickly and by the beginning of 2022 was 1469 units. It was well founded that the main source of formation of own and fixed incomes of local budgets is precisely tax revenues. However, in the conditions of the war, the budgets of the communities underwent significant transformations, became more dependent on transfers from the central budget. Communities had to cut capital spending and direct it to defense and the reserve fund. The financial decentralization of local self-government helped the communities to withstand the conditions of large-scale Russian aggression. Keywords: decentralization, financial support, territorial communities, development.
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Michalski, Tomasz, Yevhen Matviyishyn, and Viktoriia Luhova. "Weaknesses and successes of the Ukrainian administrative reform." Czasopismo Geograficzne 93, no. 3 (November 8, 2022): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/czageo-93-18.
Full textAbstract:
raine is one of the last post-communist countries where implementation of administrative reforms has started in practice. The aim of the study is to analyze the local-level results of the main stage of the administrative reform in Ukraine which was carried out in 2014–2020. The analysis concerns Ukrainian local government units equivalent to LAU 1 and LAU 2. When collecting data, the so-called triangulation of sources was applied. The SWOT method was used in the analysis, and Neshkova and Konstadinova’s publication (2012) constitutes the reference point. The decentralization of power and finance has led to the creation of amalgamated territorial communities (ATCs), better able to deliver public services. Thus, in this respect, the effects of the administrative reform in Ukraine so far have been similar to those diagnosed by Neshkova and Konstadinova (2012) in other post-communist countries. Admittedly, corruption in Ukraine has decreased, but only slightly. Therefore, Neshkova and Konstadinova’s (2012) assumption about the positive impact of administrative reforms on reducing corruption in post-communist countries was not confirmed in Ukraine. Referring to the detailed results of the SWOT analysis, the greatest strengths of this reform included the partial success of financial decentralization and the establishment of the State Regional Development Fund (SRDF) to support the development of local governments. The quality of public services has also improved. However, there were also weaknesses in the form of still too small funds received by the new ATCs and irregularities in the functioning of the SRDF. International support for this reform and the intensification of the activities of non-governmental organizations were considered to be the greatest opportunities. The still existing strongest threat of an endogenous nature is (despite its decline) the level of corruption, and the exogenous one is a threat from Russia. In addition, the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can be seen at the end of the implementation of the reform.
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Vavilov, A. "Current Political Manifestations of Regionalism in the Context of the Power Crisis in Ukraine." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 2 (2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.2.65.5.
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This article analyzes the manifestations of regionalism in the context of a deep socio-political crisis in Ukraine. With the development of the political crisis that followed the coup d'etat in February 2014 in Ukraine, there was a noticeable actualization of issues and problems related to regionalism, society as a whole demonstrated a request for the redistribution of powers between the power center and the regions. This is reflected in numerous initiatives of regional authorities and public organizations aimed at expanding the financial base, functions and rights of local authorities and self-government, as well as in policy documents of political forces. At the same time, in some cases, the idea of establishing a contractual relationship between the Central government and the regions was put forward, which is typical for the Federal model of government. In response to this request, the Executive branch made another attempt to implement local government reform under the slogan of decentralizing the country's state structure. Since 2014, Ukraine has developed two multidirectional trends – centrifugal and centripetal, the ratio of which will determine the dynamics and severity of political manifestations of regionalism. Despite numerous autonomist statements, Ukrainian regionalism remains within the "rigid" model formed in the post-Soviet period. The conflict in the South-East of the country and the deep involvement of the leading powers – Russia, the United States and the European Union-are the determining factor that predetermined the "freezing" of regionalization processes in Ukraine after 2014. After the signing of the Minsk agreements, the implementation of which means for Ukraine to introduce elements of Federal relations into the system of state structure, the reform of the state structure and territorial administration has become inextricably linked with Kiev's strategy towards the self-proclaimed republics of Donbass. Manifestations of regionalism were perceived by Kiev to a large extent in the context of threats to the territorial integrity of the country, which significantly limited the possibility of implementing the policy of decentralization. In addition, Russia and the United States have demonstrated in practice different approaches to the interpretation and implementation of the Minsk agreements, which has had a negative impact on the regionalization processes in Ukraine. The nature of the processes of regionalization in Ukraine allows to draw Parallels with the situation in Transnistria and around him, and to talk about common Moldovan and Ukrainian models hard regionalism, the hallmark of which is the transformation of the regionalization processes in a tool to achieve political goals of Russia and the West in conflict with the nature of their interaction on post-Soviet space.
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Spiridonov, Pavel E. "Peculiarities of the Public Administration System in the Russian Federation and Its Impact on the Development of Administrative Law." Administrative law and procedure 8 (July 22, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2021-8-29-34.
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The introduction of the terms “public power”, “public administration bodies” in official documents marked the beginning of the resumption of discussions on the peculiarities of legal relations that are included in the subject of the legal regulation of administrative law. The work attempts to analyze the terms “public authorities” and “public administration bodies”, their relationship with each other. In the Russian Federation, a specific system of government with decentralization elements has begun to take shape. Such a system includes, in addition to traditional state authorities, specially created state bodies that are entrusted with the functions of organization and coordination, public authorities in federal territories, state and non-state organizations that are delegated public power.
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Баско, А. В. "HISTORICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL CONDITIONS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE EARLY STAGES OF FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.15.
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The article is devoted to the study of historical processes of formation and development of local self-government in the early stages of formation of Ukrainian statehood. The author singles out nine main periods of formation and development of local self-government in Ukraine: the pre-state period from the time of the emergence of tribal unions to the formation of Kievan Rus (up to the ninth century); early feudal period (IX century - XIV century); the period of medieval Europeanization (XIV century - XVII century); the period of Cossack statehood (XVII century - XVIII centuries); period of imperial centralization (XVIII century - early XX century); the period of restoration of Ukrainian statehood (1917–1920); the period of Soviet centralization (1920-1991); the initial period of building an independent Ukrainian state (1991-2014); the modern period of development of the independent Ukrainian state (since 2014). The article substantiates the thesis that the key aspects of modern understanding of the essence and legal nature of local self-government were formed in the early stages of Ukrainian statehood. In particular, the ancient Russian origin has the definition of the local community as the original bearer of local self-government, while the idea of the system of local self-government and their organizational, legal and financial independence comes from the medieval Magdeburg law. The period of Cossack statehood laid the foundations for the inviolability of the principle of democracy in the activities of local governments. It is concluded that the emergence of local self-government is a universal phenomenon, and self-governing structures of local government are inherent in almost all peoples and nations, but specific forms of local self-government have national specifics, formed as a result of centuries of historical development. In the history of formation and development of Ukrainian local self-government it is appropriate to distinguish nine main periods, starting from the pre-state period of tribal alliances and ending with the modern period of building an independent Ukrainian state, characterized by active decentralization of state power.
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Frolova, T. A. "Socioeconomic competence of local self-government bodies of largest cities." Law Enforcement Review 6, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(4).197-207.
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The subject of the article is legal issues of municipal authorities’ activities in the field of socioeconomic development.The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the legal regulation of socioeconomic issues of organizing local self-government in the largest cities of the Russian Federation. The methodology includes formal legal interpretation of Russian legislative acts, decisions of Russian Constitutional Court as well as systemic analysis of municipal acts.The main results, scope of application. The article analyzes the division of powers between regional and municipal authorities. At the present stage of development of Russian federalism, a rather complex and unstable model of delimitation of powers between levels of public authority has developed, which does not contribute to the socio-economic development of municipalities. distribution of powers between levels of public authority. The question of the delimitation of powers acquires new content in the formation of urban districts with intracity division and intracity districts in the largest cities. Based on the experience of organization and activities of urban districts with intracity division of Chelyabinsk and Samara, the problems and prospects of this approach to territorial planning and the distribution of powers between levels of public authority are outlined. Special attention is paid to the problem of finding a balance between centralization and decentralization of local self-government. In this aspect, the issue of a more effective delimitation of powers between different levels of public authority comes to the fore in order to maintain a unified urban policy in the field of ensuring the socio-economic development of the largest cities of the Russian Federation.Conclusions. A comprehensive approach is needed to delineate powers between levels of public authority, taking into account the importance of the largest cities in the spatial development of the Russian economy and their role in the formation of urban agglomerations. Only centralized administration makes it possible to develop a unified urban infrastructure. Therefore, improving the interaction of public authorities and local self-government is a necessary condition and the most important area of work in major cities that requires joint efforts. However, at the same time, it is necessary to avoid the degeneration of local self-government into a state one and the loss of the internal content of this institution of public power.
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Prokhorenko, I. "Regional Development Policy in Spain: Instruments and Mechanisms." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2015): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-5-41-51.
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The article explores practices of the regional development policy in Spain (in other words, regional policy) as the central government’s regulation of economic and territorial development, with a view to their possible efficiency for the Russian Federation. The author singles out Spanish regions (17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities) and local communities (provinces, municipalities and islands) as objects of the regional development policy, reviews goals and objectives of this policy. The paper focuses on analyzing, particularizing and comparing of instruments and mechanisms relevant to this policy line of the Spanish state, its institutional and political aspects in time of Franco's rule and during the post-Francoist period. The variation of economic development in the regions of Spain, different parameters of this variation and some factors of the autonomous communities' economic development are estimated. The specific character of interrelationship between central, regional and local authorities in the context of the Spanish State of Autonomies and of the territorial development dynamics, the peculiarities of the operational inter-budgetary relations model, problems of the local government and self-government as well as of decentralization of metro- and megapolises’ governance are examined. The questions of public discussions in Spanish society about the outcome and efficiency of the central government’s regional development policy are touched upon. The regional development policy in Spain is considered as extremely politicized, semi-structured, contentious and ambiguous in consequence of the legal and socio-economic asymmetry of the autonomous communities and also of the ongoing process of federalization in Spain. As in recent years Spain is steadily losing its previous status of the subsidized territory and is turning into a donor of the European Union regional policy, it is necessary for Spanish authorities to make the regional development policy more active and to take a different view of its objectives and opportunities. Acknowledgements. The work is executed according to the fundamental studies programme of the Presidium of RAS no. 31, project 6.6 “Foreign Experience of Regional Policy, and Possibilities of Its Usage in Russia”.
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Sablin, Ivan. "Democracy in the Russian Far East during the Revolution of 1905–1907." Russian History 44, no. 2-3 (June 23, 2017): 449–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04402017.
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The First Russian Revolution demonstrated that there was considerable interest in democracy in the Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime Regions in 1905–1907, which was widely shared across the empire and in East Asia. Democracy was understood as economic welfare, social justice, civil liberties, popular representation, decentralization, and national self-determination. Like elsewhere in the empire, protests started with economic demands, but many trade and professional political unions, strike committees, and soviets developed political programs. In Vladivostok, unrests among soldiers and sailors erupted into major riots with numerous casualties in October 1905, despite the attempts of Military Doctor Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kudrzhinskii and other intellectuals to make the movement peaceful. In Blagoveshchensk, the Amur Cossack teacher Mikhail Nikitich Astaf’ev joined a group of intellectuals who attempted to turn the municipal duma into a provisional government. In Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Doctor Nikolai Vasil’evich Kirilov presided over the founding congress of the Ussuri Peasant Union, which discussed the introduction of rural revolutionary self-government. In Chita, Social Democrats under Anton Antonovich Kostiushko-Voliuzhanich took over much of the Transbaikal Railway. Tsyben Zhamtsarano and other Buryat intellectuals assembled for congresses demanding indigenous self-government. The recognition of these territories as the Russian Far East had already begun, but the loosely united Transbaikal, Maritime, and Amur Regions remained part of Siberia or North Asia for contemporary observers. The unity of Siberia from the Urals to the Pacific was reinforced by Siberian Regionalism which attracted the support of regional liberals and moderate socialists and consolidated through joint activities of Siberian deputies.
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Слатинов, Vladimir Slatinov, Меркулова, and Kseniya Merkulova. "MODERN STAGE OF RUSSIAN MUNICIPAL REFORM: CONTENTS AND EFFECTS." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (May 29, 2015): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11674.
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The dominant trend of Russian home policy currently is strengthening the political control of presidential power over lower levels of public authority hierarchy. At the same time in relation to the regions the strategy of partial decentralization of powers and increasing of responsibilities of state bodies of the Federation for the quality of economic policy and the implementation of social obligations to the population by the Federal Centre is implemented. This strategy involves the empowerment of regional authorities on the formation of institutional design and definition of the scope of the powers of local self-government within the selective choice established by the federal legislator. Using new opportunities regional authorities introduce management models in the municipalities, in which the heads of executive bodies are elected by the representative bodies on the contest. Application of these models reinforces the dependence of municipalities on authorities of the bodies of the Federation, creating opportunities for professionalization of management of executive structures of municipalities and reducing the direct accountability to the people of the past.
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Platonov, Vladimir Mikhailovich. "Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of federalism." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111801012.
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The purpose of the research is to determine the basic methodological rules that allow to form a science-based concept of separation of powers between the levels of government, taking into account the cultural and historical conditions of development of Russian society, the establishment in it of stable principles of relations in the public sphere, standards and stereotypes of social interaction. The research conducted on the basis of the dialectical method, which was used in combination with the systematic method, the historical method and the socio-cultural vision of political and legal phenomena, showed the following results: a) there are only general guidelines that guide states in choosing a federal model, not any of its benchmarks; b) the problem of correlation of vertical separation of powers with responsibility and cultural and historical specificity in the implementation of powers in the sphere of joint jurisdiction of the federal center and the subjects of the federation is the key one; c) significant in the methodology of the study of federalism is the assessment of the weakness of political ambitions of the power elites in relation to the role of socio-economic factors that determine the degree of effectiveness of the implementation of their powers by the subjects of public authority; d) the separation of powers in a federal state is a dynamic process, the content and direction of which are conditioned by concrete and historical tasks; e) the centralization of federal relations in Russia is a factor in their evolution and dynamics. The novelty of the research is due to the author’s approach to the substantiation of the system of methodological rules, which will ensure a) the integrity of the state, b) the need for decentralization of power on the basis of the principles of federalism, c) the definition of the principles that determine the model of separation of powers.
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PASHTOVA, Lelya G., Vyacheslav A. OSEEV, and Dmitrii A. KLEMENOV. "Financial instrument of the new economy or a pyramid scheme: The issues of cryptocurrency security." Finance and Credit 27, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.6.1395.
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Subject. This article discusses cryptocurrency as a new financial instrument in the global financial system. Objectives. The article aims to consider the current situation of cryptocurrencies and justify the advantages and risks of their use. Methods. For the study of cryptocurrency, Blockchain technology, and Bitcoin and the US dollar relationship, we used a comprehensive approach based on systems, functional and structural, and correlation analyses. Results. Based on the analysis of the trends in the cryptocurrency market formation, the problematic aspects of their legal regulation, the investment aspect, and the changes in the cryptocurrency exchange rate against the US dollar, the article identifies some shortcomings of this financial instrument from the point of view of supervisory bodies. Conclusions. Cryptocurrency really has significant prospects to become a valuable financial tool in the world economy, despite the rather critical problems of their regulation. Cryptocurrency can be a substitute for the US dollar in international settlements due to its advantages in the form of transparency and decentralization, especially given the fact that in 2019–2020, the governments of a number of countries (EU, Russia) began to actively develop legislation to regulate this area.
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Smidovich, Gleb S. "POSSIBILITY OF LOCALIZATION AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACH TO THE INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Scientific Review. Series 2. Human sciences, no. 6 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4685-2020-6-02.
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The legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide a full-fledged division of powers between different management levels, without clearly delineating the limits of competence in the field of population migration.There is practically no regulation of the migration sphere at the municipal level, especially with regard to the integration of migrants. At the municipal level all types of democracy state and local self-government intersect and interstate migrants are incorporated into the Russian social, economic, and cultural environment. At the same time, during the administrative reforms of local self-government in 2000-2010, the municipal level was actually drained of blood due to consolidation in order to optimize the budget. This narrows and calls into question the possibility of implementing an individual approach to the integration of migrants on the basis of individual contracts between the head of the municipality and a specific migrant in the modern conditions of the Russian Federation. The need for localization and an individual approach to integration at the municipal level at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation can be traced from the experience of foreign countries where there is a decentralization of power, and municipalities, through their associations, even take on those functions that their States, for one reason or another, including socio-political conditions, have ceased to pay due attention. For example in China the success of economic reform and overcoming the current global crisis was based on the gradual definition of the boundaries of the need for state intervention in the economy. Changing the nature of power relations and the vector of regulation of processes, i.e. delegating competencies, legislative initiative and budgetary powers in various areas to the local level, is the only way to implement an individual approach to the integration of migrants, including the mechanism of integration contracts.
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Zhuravel, Yuliya V., Myroslava V. Popadynets, Valentyna M. Yakubiv, and Liliya P. Hrynash. "Public policy of ensuring the competitiveness of educational institutions of Ukraine in conditions of decentralization of state power." Regional Economy, no. 2(104) (2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2022-2-7.
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Identification of the governmental policy priorities in education and its needs on the level of local communities enables the substantiation of advantages of the network approach to the regulation of educational institutions’ competitiveness. Since the network approach stipulates the creation of political, professional, labor resources, and international and functional networks of stakeholders in education, there can be informational, service-providing, problem-settling, and social responsibility-related functional networks. Taking into account the need for educational institutions’ transition to the activity-related paradigm of social institutes’ development increasingly relevant in force majeure (COVID-2019 pandemic, Russia-Ukraine war of 2022), the up-to-date practices of social responsibility in education, including in martial law, should be determined. Therefore, the governmental policy of the educational institutions’ competitiveness maintenance in Ukraine is a topical issue nowadays. The article aims to substantiate the priorities of implementation of the governmental policy in education in conditions of authorities’ decentralization and current events. The article develops theoretical and practical foundations for making and implementing the governmental policy of the educational institutions’ competitiveness maintenance. The identified features of introducing the publicity principle in administrative processes enable the substantiation of the need to involve educational institutions in systemic interaction with the institutions of power. The special role of educational institutions in the development of communities and opportunities for their cooperation with local governments is emphasized. Other dimensions and opportunities for interaction between educational institutions and businesses, science, social infrastructure, society, and the population are determined. A matrix of interaction priorities relevant for educational institutions in Ukraine is suggested. The advantages of the establishment of multifunctional educational centers are mentioned among the most sought-after priorities. The article focuses attention on the importance of civic engagement and media activity of educational institutions and integration of educational institutions and community development strategizing.
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Габов, Александр А. "Передача государственных полномочий в России и Германии как осуществление децентрализации власти в государствах." Deutsch-Russische Rechtszeitschrift 3, no. 1 (2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/drrz-2018-0006.
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Hrubliak, Oksana. "The main vectors of changes in local budgets in the context of budget decentralization and martial law." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 80, no. 1 (2023): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2023.01.059.
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Implementation of regional problems of socio-economic development of territories depends on the efficiency of local authorities. An important factor in the implementation of these programs is the sufficiency of their own financial resources at their disposal. This problem had to be overcome by the reform of budget decentralization, according to which each local authority should provide a decent level of primary and basic public services for the population. Russian military aggression added even more problems to local communities: causing mass migration and stopping business, the need to solve humanitarian, communal, migration problems, and rebuild destroyed housing. In 2015–2022, the structure of local budget revenues changed: the share of transfers in revenues and the share of subventions in the total amount of transfers decreased. This was influenced by the following factors: changes in the payment of a single tax, personal income tax deductions to local budgets, cancellation of medical and some social subsidies, cancellation of transfer of reverse subsidy. Factors that influenced the structure of the revenue base of local budgets also affected their spending part. The change in the composition of interbudgetary transfers is directly related to the reduction of spending powers of local authorities and the change in the mechanism of financing budget programs in the field of education, health care, social protection and social security. However, the decrease in the share of local budget expenditures on the social sphere occurred at a slower pace than the decrease in the amount of subventions to local budgets for these purposes. This indicates the growing role of local budgets in financing programs of local importance and is a positive result of the budget decentralization reform. The full-scale war of 2022 showed how financially stable local authorities are and whether they are able to withstand any changes in the financing of their powers with dignity. After all, the local government, in addition to continuing to provide public services at a high level, has taken on additional responsibilities: ensuring territorial defense activities, assisting the Armed Forces, supporting relocated businesses, assisting internally displaced persons, preparing shelters, etc. Of course, such opportunities were influenced by the reform of budget decentralization, which enabled local authorities to obtain their own sources of financial resources, which played a key role in facing challenges.
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Batanova, N. М. "Strategic directions of ensuring legal reform in Ukraine in the conditions of today’s challenges." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 1, 2022): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-28.
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The article considers strategic directions of ensuring legal reform in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and post-war reconstruction of the state. Emphasis is placed on the need to make systemic changes to the legislation of Ukraine on human rights, local self-government, administrative and territorial organization, democracy, parliamentarism, justice, national security and defense. The scale of the changes that national legislation must undergo, their content and form, objectively require comprehensive legal reform in Ukraine. The main strategic directions of ensuring the legal reform of Ukraine are highlighted: 1) improvement of the legislative support of the human rights system, the reality and effectiveness of guarantees for their implementation and protection; 2) strengthening the foundations of Ukrainian unitarism, protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine; 3) strengthening the protection of Ukrainian statehood, legislative support of national security as the most important function of the state, the affairs of the entire Ukrainian people; 4) ensuring and guaranteeing the decisive role of the Ukrainian people in the constitution and functioning of all forms of public power; 5) increasing the role and place of the judiciary in ensuring the functioning of the state and civil society; 6) decentralization and functioning of real local self-government; 7) raising the level of awareness in the field of human rights, development of the system of legal education, including improving the system of legal education and science. Key words: legal reform, strategy, Constitution, law, political system, legal system, rule of law
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Shelemba, M. M. "Regional political parties in the context of the study of the process of nationalization (based on the results of the local elections in 2015)." Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 22, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171910.
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The article is devoted to the study of the characteristics and typology of regional political parties in Ukraine, the assessment of the connection of the nationalization of the party system of Ukraine, the deviance (non-typology) of electoral behavior of the regions with the development of regional parties in the state by the results of local elections in 2015.In the course of the study, the main scientific approaches to the characterization and typology of regional parties in Ukraine were considered. It has been established that scholars identify the following categories of regional political parties, namely: ideological parties, political parties-projects of prominent personalities, ethnic parties, administrative parties (pro-government political parties). It is proposed to expand existing typology by introducing such categories of regional parties as projects of local elites, regional parties oriented on pro-Russian politics in Ukraine, technical political parties, which are beginning active activities before the elections, helping to ensure passing to local bodies of self-government to certain persons. It was found that regional political parties, based on the results of the local elections in Ukraine in 2015, were two pro-Russian political forces, four parties that focused on supporting the interests of local elites and one ethnic party. It is noted that the support of regional political parties is low. This is confirmed by the results of the electoral vote at the national level. It was noted that against the backdrop of a high level of nationalization of the party system for the period of 2014–2015, calculated on three approaches (the nationalization index was calculated according to the approach of M. Johns and S. Meinwering, G. Holosov and author’s modified approach), these parties did not have significant influence on the electoral picture of the country. It is also determined that since the third author’s modified approach allows to take into account the results of elections to local self-government bodies, it is relevant for the study of regional parties. Therefore, its use is most optimal for similar analytical purposes.Among the factors that had the greatest influence on party nationalization over the period of 2014–2015 were the electoral system, the transformational factors in the socio-political space, the change in the form of government, decentralization (de-volition) associated with the reform of local self-government and the territorial organization of power in Ukraine Accordingly, it has been proved that the latter of these factors has become an important prerequisite for the emergence of new regional political parties at the local elections of 2015.