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1
Slavinskaite, Neringa. "Fiscal decentralization in Central and Eastern Europe." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v7i1.1236.
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The paper analyses the level of fiscal decentralization (FD) in selected countries of European Union for 2014 year. The empirical analysis was based on the method of multicriteria decision-making. Method of Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) was used as framework for the analysis. In order to evaluate the different level of fiscal decentralization, the same analysis was applied to subsets of countries categorized into two groups - Central and Eastern Countries. The empirical results show that developed countries of European Union has higher degree of fiscal decentralization than countries of Eastern andCentral Europe. These results show that local government of developed countries (such like Sweden or Denmark) has more power for financial solutions then developing countries (Estonia o rPoland). Fiscal decentralization index in Lithuaniais the lowest among 14 countries of European Union. Originality of this article that was used new fiscal decentralization index, which consists of 26 indicators.
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Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. "Evaluation Structure of Local Public Expenditures in the European Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030755.
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The public sector plays a significant role in securing public needs in a number of countries. The paper aims to evaluate the local public sector by the structure of local public expenditures, emphasizing similarities and differences in EU countries. Attention is paid to the evaluation of local public expenditures by eight functions (general public services, public order and safety, economic affairs, housing and community amenities, recreation and culture, social protection, health, education) in years 2005 and 2015. Local public expenditures by function in the EU are evaluated in connection to lower government levels and fiscal decentralization of expenditures. The evaluation shows that no countries demonstrate similarity of local public expenditures by function, which is associated also with an identical size of fiscal decentralization of expenditures and the number of lower government levels. By contrast, both similarities and differences were proved with respect to the evaluated local public expenditures by the application of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The results have shown that Scandinavian countries represent the most marked differences in the structure of local public expenditures, in comparison to Malta and Cyprus in terms of local public expenditures on social protection, health and education.
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Sofianou, Eleni, Dimitrios Goulas, Georgia Kontogeorga, and Kassiani Droulia. "Evaluation of the first outcomes of decentralization reform with “kallikratis plan” in greece: The case of Ilida’s municipality." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 2 (2014): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i2_p1.
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Many countries, not only in the European Union but also throughout the world, are adopting decentralization reforms in order to empower local communities. Decentralization is the process of transferring authority, responsibility and accountability from central to local governments. To accomplish this, Greek government applied the Law 3852/10 «Kallikratis plan», reforming the local self administration and its duties. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the conceptual framework analysis of the relation between decentralization and democratic local governance in Greece, to explore opportunities and propose ways to establish or further strengthen democracy at the local level.
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Babarykina, Nadiia, Oleksandra Demianenko, and Yevhen Mahda. "Decentralization as a global trend of democracy development." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 73 (July 29, 2022): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.24.
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This research examines the process of decentralization of power as a global trend of democratization. The concept of decentralization of power is revealed and the process of implementation of the reform of decentralization of power in some European countries is highlighted. The relationship between the course of decentralization reform and the index of democracy in countries has been studied. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the essence, features and experience of decentralization as a global trend of democratization. The realization of the goal requires the solution of the next task - to analyze the experience of decentralization in the context of the development of democracy in the European Union. The solution of research problems became possible due to the use of a complex of general scientific and special research methods. This analytical essay is based on documentary sources. Аnalyzing the principles and results of decentralization of power in European countries in the study we see the growth of democracy. Decentralization causes a global shift in power, as the distance between citizens and government institutions is reduced.
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Goulas, Dimitrios, and Georgia Kontogeorga. "How the economic crisis in Greece affected the steps in applying e-government at the first degree self government of Greece." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 4 (2013): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i4_p1.
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Greece, in the frame of appliance of e-Government, the last years has made significant steps which have changed the way its public services work and especially the local self government, which is represented by municipalities. Many countries, not only in the European Union but also throughout the world, are adopting decentralization reforms in order to empower local communities. In Greece specially, the economic crisis that started from 2009, gave one extra motivation to use decentralization to make local self government more efficient. Decentralization is the process of transferring authority, responsibility and accountability from central to local governments. To accomplish this, Greek government applied the Law 3852 «Kallikratis plan», instituted in 2010, reforming the local self administration and its duties. The purpose of this paper is to present the consequences of this change to the e-government steps that were done before «Kallikratis plan».
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Benčina, Jože, and Anja Mrđa Kovačič. "The Factor Model of Decentralization and Quality of Governance in European Union." Central European Public Administration Review 11, no. 3-4 (May 9, 2014): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2013.3-4.a03.
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This paper presents a selection of 43 variables collected from various sources, which are used to describe the concepts of decentralization and quality of governance in the EU countries. Decentralization is analyzed from two aspects, fiscal and political, while the quality of governance is, along with certain real indicators, measured in particular with the opinions of citizens. The aim of the research was to determine the factor structure of selected variables and provide guidelines for using best practices in exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis classified the selected variables into three factors of fiscal decentralization (Fiscal decentralization, Fiscal centralization and Government expenditure), three factors of political decentralization (Centripetalism, Regional governance, Federalism) and three factors of quality of governance (Quality of European institutions, Quality of national institutions and Enforcement of EU law). Despite the small population observed, the factors showed quite good characteristics and provided a good starting point for further research. In this manner, it was shown that despite a small population, it is possible to develop factor models of suitable quality by using exploratory factor analysis in the sense of best practices.
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Tolkmitt, Volker, Iryna Volokhova, and Ruslana Ignatenko. "FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN TRENDS." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 4, no. 45 (September 5, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.45.2022.3839.
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Decentralization is considered one of the most successful reforms in Ukraine. It has become a decisive factor in the social and economic development of the country. As a result of the reform, a significant amount of powers and sources of financial resources were transferred from the state authorities as close as possible to the people – to territorial communities in the form of local self-government bodies. Decentralization processes are dominant in the developed countries of the world and involve strengthening the financial autonomy of municipalities. However, in contrast to European countries, Ukraine remains a state in which extensive methods of economic development are preserved.The article is devoted to the study of the process of financial decentralization in Ukraine, which was carried out in the context of European trends. It is justified that powers between the levels of power and management should be demarcated according to the principle of subsidiarity. The article analyzes the degree of decentralization of revenues of local budgets of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. The current system of local taxation in Ukraine has been studied. According to the results of the study, problems related to financial decentralization were identified. The search for ways to increase local communities' own incomes and ways to increase the autonomy of local self-government bodies was carried out. Proposals have been developed to improve the efficiency of tax revenue generation, which aims to help strengthen the financial independence of local budgets at the current stage of development.
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Jochimsen, Beate. "Federalism in Germany, Italy, and the European Union: History, Characteristics, and Perspectives." Journal for Markets and Ethics 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jome-2018-0034.
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Abstract Federalism is always torn between the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity. Defining the federal structure of a country by finding the welfare-maximizing amount and design of government layers is challenging. Thereby, the financial endowment of different layers of government which they need to fulfill their respective tasks is an important aspect. European countries have chosen quite different federal designs to address the question of an optimal degree of fiscal decentralization. The aim of this paper is to analyze these different approaches for Germany, Italy, and the European Union. Parallels can be found in that all the three entities share a form of institutional asymmetry, a kind of fiscal bailout system, and a sort of fiscal equalization scheme.
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Kovalevych, L. "Policy of the states of the European Union against sessesionism." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.13.
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The role of domestic policy in solving of inter-regional conflicts and counteracting secessionist processes are disclosed in the article. A mixed populatіon in any area can live either in peaceful coexistence and political stability or in violent conflicts. This is mostly dependent on the internal ethnic policy. Variety of the government’s reactions to the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in some regions are explored; among which the approval of separatist demands, the advancement of conditions of underprivileged minorities, adoption of “asymmetric federalism”, allowance for minorities to participate in politіcal debate through parliamentary voting, referendums, etc., establishment of a confederation with only limited links between countries are distinguished. Another way to solve regional conflicts is to create a “multinational federation.” The main features of the state policy of the European Union’s countries which have regions with high potential secessionist conflict are analyzed. The necessities of a balanced domestic policy of the government to prevent the escalation of internal contradictions are emphasized. The influence of the form of government on minimizing of inter-regional conflicts is investigating. After correlating data about current regional conflicts and the forms of government of the hosting countries, it was found that the form of government (from unitary to federalism) is not the only decisive factor for solving of regional conflicts. However, taking into account the historical, cultural, linguistic, economic factors, it is important to understand that political mechanisms can give an initial impulse, the first impetus to resolve the conflicts. Therefore, political factors are some of the key one in regularizing of secessionism. Moreover, examples of the successful resolution of regional conflіcts by particular European states are considered. Experience of an effective resolving of regional conflicts in western European countries showed that in all the cases (Switzerland, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) the mechanisms of the institution of parliamentarism and solving of the language issue were used. The geographic decentralization policy of the supreme power (Germany) and legitimization of government decisions through referendums (Switzerland) are equally effective.
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Kholyavitska, K. S. "Foreign experience of decentralization of power and prospects for Ukraine." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 99 (December 22, 2021): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-99-2-94-103.
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The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyzed. It has been found out that the vast majority of Western European countries abdicate the unitary state model by introducing decentralization. The leading idea of reforming is to move the center of solving local issues to the local and, in particular regional level that is achieved by optimizing relations between different levels of territorial organization of power. National traditions, formation and functioning of public agencie in the past, specific features of administrative and territorial structure of the state, existence of autonomous territories, multiethnic population have a significant influence on the formation of the constitutional system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries. The positive experience Poland, France, Italy, Latvia, Germany and Denmark has been studied. The author has theoretically substantiated that the principle of decentralization has been successfully implemented in the practice of the European Union countries. It has been indicated that the prerequisite for the successful implementation of decentralization processes to create an effective model of governance within the system of decentralized government of Ukraine is: the establishment of the rule of law principle; recognition and guarantees of local self-government; equal legal protection of all forms of ownership; democratic and effective electoral legislation; independence, efficiency, accessibility and transparency of the judicial system, functioning of administrative justice institutions; perfect budget process and high financial discipline; availability of adequate social standards; developed public sector and stable tendency towards its development.
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Suzuki, Yutaka. "Centralization, Decentralization and Incentive Problems in Eurozone Financial Governance: A Contract Theory Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 3 (February 3, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n3p93.
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This paper uses a contract theory framework to analyze the mechanisms of eurozone financial governance, with a focus on centralization vs. decentralization and incentive problems. By constructing a Stackelberg game model with n Ministries of Finance as the first movers and the European Central Bank as the second mover, we show that each government can create growth in its own country (self-benefit) by increasing government spending, but that this will increase inflation, resulting in a decrease in the value of the euro. As these effects are shared equally by eurozone countries (cost sharing), an incentive to free-ride at the expense of other countries is present. We then analyze a penalty-based solution to the free-rider problem and derive a second-best solution where a commitment not to renegotiate penalties ex-post is impossible. The optimal solution shows that “limited sovereignty,” that is, substantially constrained fiscal sovereignty, should be imposed as a high marginal cost for the issuance of public debt. Finally, we close the paper by discussing the possibility of Fiscal Integration (Fiscal Union).
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O’Brochta, William. "International tourism’s impact on regional autonomy." Tourism Economics 23, no. 8 (June 19, 2017): 1632–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617716247.
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The relationship between increased tourism and increasing regional autonomy is quite nuanced and understudied. This article hypothesizes that only an increase in both regional air traffic and international tourism will impact the level of regional autonomy. Using the period after 10 countries were admitted to the European Union in 2004 as an example of a dramatic tourism increase, the article finds that countries with increased tourism, but without regional airports, did not experience a sudden increase in their regional autonomy. In Poland, however, the large number of growing regional airports and increased tourism did provoke regions to argue with the central government for more regional autonomy. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how international interventions impact regional decentralization preferences.
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Deich, Maryna. "Decentralization in Ukraine: Problems, Ways to Solve them." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 1(38) (2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2020.1(38).66-72.
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Decentralization that began in 2014 had positively to influence on economic development of country, corresponding reforms – to envisage the redistribution of plenary powers and functions between a center and local authorities, change of administrative-territorial device. But all questions are decided not, but some are even not clearly regulated, that is why this problem is actual, needs certain researches and stipulates the necessity of development and introduction of urgent anti-crisis events, including corresponding suggestions in relation to continuation of decentralization of power taking into account world experience. There are certain problems that brake decentralization. In particular, the actual is remained by a skilled problem, also extremely need to modernisation of industry of country in the conditions of decentralization of power. Decentralization of public management remains actual in Europe and to this time. Lately the reforms sent to the further redistribution of state plenary powers in already decentralizing countries are conducted in European Union. Europe now balances between decentralization and recentralization. In recent year scientists began to pay attention organization of public power in the countries of Asia, especially in those countries that showed successes with the economic development. A basic accent in alteration of economy of these countries was done not on decentralization of power, but on: industrialization on the basis of the newest scientific and technical achievements with an orientation to the foreign market, general availability and high level of education in a country and maximal use of foreign capital. Ukraine on the second stage of decentralization needs to take into account not only experience of Europe but also countries of Asia, also it follows to define optimal distribution of plenary powers between the branches of power for maximally effective work of organs of local self-government in relation to socio-economic development of territories. Local and regional authorities must be attracted in the process of making decision as an equal in rights partner for the achievement of consensus and providing of quality standard of living of their habitants.
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Mazllami, Jeton. "Fiscal Decentralization and Alternative Financial Sources for the Local Self-Government in Republic of North Macedonia - Overview." SEEU Review 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2021): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2021-0006.
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Abstract Local governance in developing countries demonstrates many problems related to financial sources and good governance of their finances. Local Self-Government (LSG) units in the Republic of North Macedonia are very small which results in a lack of capabilities to raise enough funds to offer delegated services. The local government in the Republic of North Macedonia centralizes almost all public finance. Local budgets depend heavily on state transfers and donations from the central budget. The lack of funds remained a crucial problem even though there were some attempts for the decentralization process. Practically, governments in many of the local governments in North Macedonia could not secure their resources. In this way, they could come with specific charges, but all taxes are decided by the central government. The practice showed that local governments before borrowing needs to be approved by the Ministry of Finance. The Republic of North Macedonia as a potential candidate to join the European Union should make several changes regarding the legislation during the process of accession to benefit from being a small candidate country. The main aim of this paper is to investigate alternative financial sources such are Municipal Bonds, Partnership Sukuk securities, and PPP. Unfortunately, many financial alternatives have not been able to be implemented due to failures in reforms and good financial governance. But they remain an open opportunity for developing a local government in the future.
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Yankovskyi, V. A., and M. T. Shendryhorenko. "Revenues of Local Budgets in Ukraine: The Essential Component and the Current Situation in the Framework of the Budget Decentralization Reform." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-331-337.
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The article is aimed at studying the essential component of decentralization and budget revenues; determining the main results of the implemented reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine; analyzing the current situation of own revenues of local budgets. The following general scientific methods were used in the research process: theoretical generalization, comparison and grouping – to determine the essence of the concepts of «budget revenues», «decentralization» and disclosure of components of budget revenues; analysis – when considering own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and the structure of incomes in the revenues of local budgets for January – July 2020; system approach – in the formation and disclosure of the essences of the main stages of the reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine. The views of various scientists on the concepts of «budget revenues» and «decentralization» are examined. It is determined that budget revenues are an aggregate of financial relations that participate in the process of distribution of part of GDP in order to form targeted cash funds at the level of the State and local self-government bodies, designed to finance their own functions and obligations defined in accordance with the current legislation. The main components of budget revenues are determined and their classification is provided. The main stages of the budget decentralization reform in Ukraine are defined and systematized, their detailed characterizations are provided. The analysis of own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and revenues in local budget revenues for January – July 2020 was carried out, during which it was determined that local taxes, despite the introduced budget decentralization, comprise only about 30% in the structure of incomes in the revenues of the general fund of local budgets, while in some countries of the European Union this figure reaches 50–60%. Practical steps towards further implementation of the budget decentralization reform for local self-government bodies are proposed.
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Yankovskyi, V. A., and M. T. Shendryhorenko. "Revenues of Local Budgets in Ukraine: The Essential Component and the Current Situation in the Framework of the Budget Decentralization Reform." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-331-337.
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The article is aimed at studying the essential component of decentralization and budget revenues; determining the main results of the implemented reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine; analyzing the current situation of own revenues of local budgets. The following general scientific methods were used in the research process: theoretical generalization, comparison and grouping – to determine the essence of the concepts of «budget revenues», «decentralization» and disclosure of components of budget revenues; analysis – when considering own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and the structure of incomes in the revenues of local budgets for January – July 2020; system approach – in the formation and disclosure of the essences of the main stages of the reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine. The views of various scientists on the concepts of «budget revenues» and «decentralization» are examined. It is determined that budget revenues are an aggregate of financial relations that participate in the process of distribution of part of GDP in order to form targeted cash funds at the level of the State and local self-government bodies, designed to finance their own functions and obligations defined in accordance with the current legislation. The main components of budget revenues are determined and their classification is provided. The main stages of the budget decentralization reform in Ukraine are defined and systematized, their detailed characterizations are provided. The analysis of own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and revenues in local budget revenues for January – July 2020 was carried out, during which it was determined that local taxes, despite the introduced budget decentralization, comprise only about 30% in the structure of incomes in the revenues of the general fund of local budgets, while in some countries of the European Union this figure reaches 50–60%. Practical steps towards further implementation of the budget decentralization reform for local self-government bodies are proposed.
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Škorić, Milica. "Comparative analysis of public agencies in Croatia and Sweden." Pravo - teorija i praksa 38, no. 2 (2021): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2102114s.
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Although public agencies have existed for several decades, in Serbia, they are new forms of government bodies. The aspiration to modernize the public administration and harmonize it with modern trends can be an opportunity to see the stages of development and models of control and autonomy of the agency from the decades-long development of Swedish public agencies. The example of Croatia will show the potential of the former socialist state for such reforms and how important reforms are on the road to the European Union in the XXI century. Through the analysis of relevant literature and a comparative method, there are presented the reforms of public agencies being implemented in selected countries since their first appearance till nowadays. This paper focuses on the process of creation and development of public agencies in Sweden and Croatia, as members of the European Union, whose development of a public administration differs significantly, all in order to answer the questions: How much do public agencies contribute to decentralization? Are these bodies necessary for the approach and accession to the EU?
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Biondi, Andrea. "Brexit and state aid control: four quartets." Competition Law Journal 17, no. 1 (October 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2018.01.01.
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The United Kingdom Government has recently given its clearest indication yet that a domestic state aid regulatory regime, would have to be in place at the end of the Brexit process. The Competition and Markets Authority has been designated as the domestic state aid regulator. This article reassesses the importance of the provisions on state aid within the European Union legal order and reviews the control of subsidies in international trade law, both under World Trade Organization rules and in the EU's trade agreements with third countries. It further examines the challenges and opportunities presented by a process of decentralization of state aid control in the United Kingdom in the context of the negotiations for a future EU-UK trade agreement.
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Piddubnyi, Oleksii, and Viktoriia Oleksiuk. "UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY AND PROCESSES OF DECENTRALIZATION IN UKRAINE AND FOREIGN STATES: FEATURES OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING." Journal of International Legal Communication 1 (June 29, 2021): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2021.1.pp.164-170.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the creation and functioning of a united territorial community in Ukraine and foreign countries. It is determined that the reform process in Ukraine at the legislative level is quite fast, but implementation is lagging behind in some places. It is determined that the European Union has a certain influence on the implementation of transformations in Ukraine. In addition, they are all aimed at ensuring the proper depth and pace of decentralization. At the local level, however, there is growing dissatisfaction with the chaos in decentralization and frustration with the lack of promised positive results, although decentralization has been going on for more than seven years. It is emphasized that in order to prepare the infrastructure, to achieve a real decentralization of power, which is now so much talked about in Ukraine, the neighboring state (which, incidentally, is often equated with Ukraine) Poland, worked long: it took only ten years to develop only decentralization plan. In the countries of "old" Europe, for example in Germany, the reform of local self-government (as a rule, took place within the framework of the reform of the administrative-territorial system) began in the 1960s and in some places continues to this day. However, there are states, of course, that have had several months or weeks to implement decentralization projects. It is concluded that if we compare the time limits of the formation of UTC in Ukraine and other countries, it is likely that the experience of the Republic of Poland, was used by Ukraine to some extent. Despite the fact that in Ukraine the process of UTC formation is essentially completed, the first elections were held in almost all of them. However, the ability of such UTCs to perform the role and functions defined by Ukrainian law remains unresolved. And in this case, the experience of Latvia, in the form of subsidies from the state budget - would be very appropriate for use in such decentralization processes.
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Iwasaki, Ichiro, and Taku Suzuki. "Transition strategy, corporate exploitation, and state capture: An empirical analysis of the former Soviet states." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 393–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.10.001.
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It is difficult to find, at a glance, a clear connection between corruption and the reform processes in the states of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The key to untangling this issue is to look at the peculiarities of their transition strategies and economic crisis compared with those of Central and East European countries. This paper aims to unravel the complex ties between the transition process and corruption in the FSU states through theoretical and empirical analyses of the impact of multiple factors. These factors include the extent of decentralization of the government–enterprise relationship and the degree of state intervention in corporate management as well as the impact of economic distress that have been affecting the frequency and degree of corporate exploitation and state capture. In this manner, our study aims to complement earlier achievements in this field.
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Finn, Dan. "Welfare to Work: the local dimension." Journal of European Social Policy 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a010187.
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Welfare systems in the European Union and in other OECD countries are under pressure. In response, governments have embarked on major reforms aimed at creating work-based welfare systems. The new approaches involve radical changes in traditional welfare and employment agency bureaucracies. In most countries this has been coupled with decentralization and the increased use of local partnerships and organizations in designing and implementing new 'Welfare to Work' programmes. This article assesses these broad developments and describes the implementation of recent Welfare to Work strategies in three countries – Great Britain, the United States, and the Netherlands. The article compares and contrasts the approach of each country and outlines some of the key developments and implementation problems that have emerged. It briefly assesses the evaluation evidence so far available and analyses the potential and problems that more flexible local delivery arrangements are likely to generate.
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Gryshchenko, Iryna, Yurii Bondar, Svitlana Serohina, Irina Bodrova, and Olha Stohova. "Building the capacity of territorial communities by revealing their latent potential." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 53 (July 4, 2022): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.53.05.5.
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Decentralization is a common component of public finance development and reform strategies through efficiency, better governance and accountability. It has become particularly important for the local governments to recognize and test policies and practices that promote building the capacity of local communities by revealing their latent potential. The aim of the article was to identify and describe the current state of the decentralization process in Ukraine and in the EU, the problems and achievements of local communities. Observation and comparison were the leading methodological tools. The research found that the effective development of territorial communities of Ukraine requires further implementation of the relevant regional strategic planning of the European Union. The appropriateness and prospects of the LEADER/CLLD approach in the form of cooperation and partnership between urban and rural areas were established. Fiscal decentralization as a basic factor on the way to improving the level of regional development was determined through a comparative analysis of the factors of positive dynamics of development of territorial communities in the EU and Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the practice of Ukraine and EU countries in the implementation of LEADER/CLLD projects in the context of building the capacity of local communities by revealing their latent potential is a promising vector of further research.
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Rajabiun, Reza. "Strategic Considerations in the Emergence of Private Action Rights." World Competition 32, Issue 3 (September 1, 2009): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2009038.
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The design of mechanisms for the enforcement of rules regarding anticompetitive practices has been the subject of considerable controversy in both developed and developing countries. Public competition authorities have advantages in terms of scale economies and coordination of competing policy objectives. Private rights of action enhance the capacity of legal regimes to generate information and deter collusive agreements and exclusionary practices. Private enforcement also increases the transaction costs of regulatory capture. Given these differences, mixed regimes are likely to be superior to purely public or private arrangements. However, most national jurisdictions grant exclusive authority to public agencies and prosecutors. This article explores the puzzling resistance to the development of mixed competition enforcement regimes by studying recent attempts in the European Union (EU) to enhance private rights of access. The analysis suggests that decentralization of enforcement rights limits the capacity of a government to employ competition rules as an instrument of strategic trade policy. Evidence from EU illustrates that tensions between domestic and international policy considerations can generate distinctive paths of procedural development.
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Fuhelo, Pavlina, Olena Zharikova, Kateryna Blishchuk, Tetiana Baranovska, and Nataliia Gudzenko. "Financial support of territorial communities of Ukraine in the context of decentralization." Independent Journal of Management & Production 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): s291—s309. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v13i3.1979.
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The experience of the countries of the European Union shows that the driving force behind their social and economic development is local self-government, in Ukraine it is territorial communities. Decentralization reform should ensure that local governments are able to independently resolve all local issues with their own resources. The problem of financial provision of territorial communities is of particular relevance in the context of financial instability in the country. The methodological basis of the study was: a systematic approach - for the theoretical definition of the essence of the financial support of territorial communities and their assessment; methods of comparative analysis and synthesis - to identify patterns of financial support and the structure of budgetary resources of territorial communities; statistical methods for assessing the effectiveness of financial support for territorial communities; graphic - to display the main trends in the formation of monetary resources of territorial communities. To analyze the dynamics of financial provision of TC in Ukraine, statistical data for the last 5 years were used. The article considers the impact of decentralization on the financial support of territorial communities. Its advantages and disadvantages are determined. The filling of local budgets in Ukraine in the conditions of decentralization is analyzed. It was studied that own revenues of local budgets have been constantly growing during 2016-2020, which positively characterizes the introduction of decentralization. Although, compared to 2019, the total revenues of local budgets reduced due to a decrease in transfers from the state budget. The dynamics and structure of interbudgetary transfers in 2016-2020 are analyzed. The mechanism of equalization and receipt of basic subsidies is considered. The main sources of formation of incomes of local budgets are determined. The importance in the structure of incomes of territorial communities of the tax on the income of individuals is noted. An evaluation model of the sufficiency of financial support for territorial communities is considered and a ranked series of territorial units is constructed. The problems of the financial support system for territorial communities due to the existence of post-conflict and temporarily occupied territories are identified. Directions for improving the financial provision of territorial communities are proposed and alternative sources of funds for the budgets of territorial communities are considered.
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Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco. "La complessitŕ dei mercati energetici e la necessitŕ di una regolazione multilivello." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 3 (July 2009): 121–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-003006.
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- The energy markets are very complex, because, on the one hand, they imply several different activities and, on the other hand, they involve various levels of govern- 183 ment. The energy market is divided indeed in different segments: supply (generation or purchasing), transmission, distribution and sale, which are allocated at different levels of government, from the international and European level (with reference to the security of energy supply), to the local level (with specific regard to the distribution and sale). This complexity makes the energy sector particularly critical, under the pressure of political interests and economical needs. Another sensitive point is linked with the environmental protection, since the consumption of energy is one of the most polluting human activities, and the demand of energy is growing up together with the economical growth of the developing Countries. This problem is increasingly discussed at the international level, with reference to the climate change issue, in order to plan a sustainable development for the whole globe: because of it, the Kyoto Protocol was issued within the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change. It establishes legally binding commitments for the reduction of four greenhouse gases for all the 183 ratifying Countries, according the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and provides for the promotion of renewable energy. The European Union ratified the Protocol implementing the relative obligations through, for instance, the creation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The European Union most of all addressed the competitive issue, since the 70s, in order to achieve the result to create a free energy market in Europe. The last results of the European energy policy were the directives on electricity and natural gas in 2004, that imposed the complete opening of the energy markets in almost all the European Countries (with few exceptions). The implementation of the European directives requires the intervention of the national level, since each Country has to modify its own regulatory framework, in order to comply with the directives. Everywhere in Europe, this process faces with several difficulties, but it is particularly hard in Italy, since the energy sector is traditionally public owned. Indeed, in our Country, the privatization and liberalization processes are strictly linked to another trend: the decentralization of legislative and administrative powers from the State to the Regions and Local Communities. Thus it is evident that the global governance of the energy sector, for its complexity and its sensibility, can only derive from a network of interventions by several levels of government, and different international, national and local actors, which realize a typical case of multilevel governance.Key words: Energy markets, competition, sustainable development, multilevel governance.JEL classifications: K21, K23.Parole chiave: Mercato energetico, concorrenza, sviluppo sostenibile, multilevel Governance.
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Литвин, І. І. "SYSTEM OF CONTROL OVER THE ENTITIES PROVIDING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.26.
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The study discusses the general principles of building the education system in some foreign countries that are part of the European Union and are allied to Ukraine, were from the Soviet camp and faced similar problems for Ukraine to reform their own state institutions and national legislation (Poland and Estonia), as well as the relevant legal framework. It is noted that Poland began to reform the education system in the 1990s, where the general trend in the management and control of educational institutions is decentralization and increasing the autonomy of the latter. It is emphasized that during 1990-1999, not only at the level of legislation, but de facto local governments began to play a major role in the change and control of secondary education. It is indicated that the main laws regulating the functioning of secondary education are the Laws "On the Education System" of 1991 and the Law "On Education" of 2016. The provisions of the Law "On Education" of 2016 are highlighted, the main links of the Polish secondary education system are revealed. In accordance with the provisions of this Law, the powers of the Minister in the implementation of state policy in the field of secondary education, coordination and control in which aspects are indicated. The role and powers of the curator of education as a special official in exercising control over institutions providing secondary education services in the voivodship are disclosed on the basis of the said Law, it is noted that control over the activities of such institutions. The content of the concept of pedagogical supervision and the role and place in it of the Minister of Education and Science as a representative of the central government, curators of education and school management are revealed. The norms of the Law "On Higher Education and Science" of 2018, which contains norms on the control of higher education institutions in Poland, are covered. The basic administrative and legal bases for the control of education in Estonia in accordance with Estonian national law are also defined.
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Kulchytska, Nadia. "Foreign experience of financial support of municipal education and possibilities of its adaptation to domestic realities." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(97) (September 1, 2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2020.03.069.
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Introduction. Under conditions of radical social change, a sensitive segment of the development of a modern civilized country is the social sphere, whose activities directly depend on the amount of funding, efficiency and speed of transformational change, which has an impact on the level and volume of local services. The study of experience gained abroad in the socio-economic development of municipal education as a segment of the social sphere, in the context of the budgetary mechanism for state and regional priorities is relevant in terms of organic integration of Ukraine’s economy into the European Union (EU) and rapid changes in geopolitical environment. The purpose of the study is to reveal the specifics of the functioning of the budgetary mechanism of socio-economic development of municipal education, based on lessons learned from foreign countries, and to apply them to the maximum benefit for the development of municipal education in Ukraine. Methods. During the study, methods of data collection and systematization, analysis, synthesis, grouping, comparison, generalization, as well as tabular-graphical method of budget regulation instruments in EU countries, foreign experience in forming sources of local budgets, etc. were used. Results. Under the current conditions, solving financial problems in the field of municipal education is an urgent task for Ukrainian and foreign practice of state and local government. Risky economic conditions, significant budget insecurity and low efficiency of local authorities in the management of financial resources often lead to the emergence and existence of local communities that are financially insolvent. The process of functioning of the budgetary mechanism of socio-economic development at the state and regional levels is accompanied by a number of such factors: the approved model of cooperation between state and local administrations, the current budgeting system, the level of decentralization of revenue and the distribution of responsibilities. Local taxes and fees are an important tool of the budgetary mechanism of socio-economic development of the social sphere at the regional level in foreign countries. Perspectives. Acquired foreign lessons are very useful for Ukraine due to the stimulation of socio-economic development of education in the context of decentralization in the direction of: redistribution of management functions and increase the level of responsibility in favor of local government representatives; granting local authorities and management the right to form budget funds through the regulation of local tax rates, as well as the right to distribute such funds; strengthening the level of diversification of the tax base of the regions, namely: by expanding the revenue base of local budgets.
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Chumakova, Iryna, and Alla Dvihun. "Mechanisms for the improvement of the utility sector management efficiency within the local authorities." Regional Economy, no. 2(92) (2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2019-2-6.
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The key risks and problems in the field of decentralization and formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine in the context of providing transparent and responsible management of utility sector enterprises by local self-government bodies are identified. In the framework of Ukraine’s implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement with the European Union in domestic practice, the reasonability of reforming the utility sector in Ukraine at the regional level based on the positive experience and best practices of the European countries and on the generally recognized world standards and principles of corporate governance is substantiated. The paper outlines the mechanisms for ensuring the management efficiency of utility sector and for introduction of new standards of transparency and accountability of utility sector enterprises. On the basis of the analysis of the respective provisions of the national legislation the authors conclude that Ukraine has created the legislative preconditions for the transparency and accountability of utility sector enterprises within the territorial communities. However, the changes introduced into the national legislation on accounting and financial reporting, as well as the revision of the Law of Ukraine on Auditing, imposes more stringent requirements for the disclosure of information about the activities of utility companies, recognizing them as companies of public interest and / or as the subjects of natural monopoly within the national market. In order to strengthen the supervision over such enterprises the collegial bodies - audit committees or appropriate supervisory boards - should be established within their management system. The article considers the differences of such bodies’ functioning and the procedural peculiarities of the respective supervisory councils’ establishment that are based on the legislative norm that is of recommendatory nature as for the establishment of such councils for village and city, and for all others - district, region - is of obligatory nature. The paper proves that it is not economically feasible to create supervisory boards within all utility sector enterprises. The author analyzes the competences of the relevant local councils within the national legislation of Ukraine. On the basis of the generalization of the best European experience and practices, criteria for determining the economic justification for the establishment of supervisory boards at domestic utility sector enterprises in Ukraine are proposed. Moreover, the recommendations for local authorities regarding the criteria for the selection of independent auditors (audit firms) for carrying out the statutory audit of annual financial statements of utility sector enterprises are also formulated. The introduction of the proposed recommendations will increase the competitiveness of the utility sector companies of Ukraine compared to the enterprises of private sector of economy, as well as will promote the implementation of international standards and European principles and the best practices of effective management of large corporations in the utility sector of Ukraine.
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Patonov, Nikolay Andonov. "Searching for A Restraint on the European Leviathan." Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aicue-2013-0027.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization on the government size in the European Union member states. The Two-Stage Least squares procedure is applied on the panel data for the period 2000-2010. The regression model which is constructed includes the total amount of government tax revenue as a dependent variable. The revenue and expenditure variable for fiscal decentralization are put as main explanatory variables. The empirical results support the theoretical assumptions for the restrictive influence of the revenue decentralization as well as the increasing effect of the expenditure decentralization on the government intrusion into economy measured via the amount of tax revenue.
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Visković, Josip, Paško Burnać, and Maja Herman. "IMPACT OF POLITICAL AND FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON THE GOVERNMENT QUALITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Ekonomska misao i praksa 30, no. 1 (June 2021): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/emip/2021/1.14.
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Since the 1970s, the process of decentralization has spread throughout the world, and today more than 95% of democratic countries are decentralized. Decentralization should lead to a well-organized and more efficient local government. Nevertheless, the empirical results are rather vague. The motivation for this paper is to examine the impact of political and fiscal decentralization on the quality of government in seventeen countries in Central and Eastern Europe for the period 1998 - 2012. The main objective of the paper is to explore whether fiscal decentralization positively influences the quality of government and whether political decentralization reduces its positive influence. An additional contribution of the paper comes from the introduction of a decentralization interaction variable. Our results have shown that fiscal decentralization has a positive impact on governance, while political decentralization was found to be statistically insignificant. Our results also showed that richer countries have higher government quality, that government size increases the level of corruption and decreases government quality, and that in more democratic countries politicians behave more responsibly and accountably, which decreases the level of corruption and increases government quality. We conclude that political decentralization cancels out the positive effects of fiscal decentralization on the quality of government, which can be explained by less developed institutions at the local level in Central and Eastern European countries.
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Gocha Tsopurashvili, Gocha Tsopurashvili. "The Role and Opportunities of the Regional Economy in the Agrarian Sector In Ensuring the Production of Competitive Products." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/20210160.
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The paper discusses the importance of using the opportunities of the regional economy in the production of competitive agricultural products at the modern stage. The 8-year cycle of declared priority and state protectionism has not substantially changed the situation, the field still needs to bereformed, most of the systemic-structural and organizational-technical issues are unresolved. The importance of the synergistic effect of centrifugal policies is completely ignored. Georgia’s commitments under the Deep and Comprehensive Agreement with the European Union in terms of strengthening, decentralization and deconcentration of self-government, are not actually fulfilled; Therefore, in the current situation, the opportunities of the regional economy are untapped in the country. Accordingly, nowadays the opportunities of the regional economy are unused in the country, initiatives and proposals from the places are not considered at all. The principle of action adopted in the EU countries, which actively use the specific model in governance, is completely ignored. Moreover, all types of stimulus and protectionist policies are implemented only from the center and lack of the full-fledged on-site resource research, understanding the information-analytical reality, the visions of identifying risks and benefits, as well as the initial competitiveness. Solving the issues of territorial arrangement of Georgia, the active use of the opportunities of the regional economy and proper spatial development of the territories give us additional opportunities to solve the existing problems in the field and to ensure the activation of mechanisms for creating the competitive products. The agenda raises the need to address a number of fundamental problems that can be broken down into stages and implemented in the form of targeted action-program modeling. In order to make full use of the regional factor, it is necessary to be directly involved in policy management issues and to offer a microzonal adjusted incentive system, synergistic effect of centrifugal and centrifugal policies, generalization of all local specific problems, situational and contextual analysis, resource research. The role of an active land management policy issues, the establishment of the principles of competitive culture zones and the definition of sectoral-territorial specifics are an incomplete list of topics. Moreover, in order to achieve competitiveness, it is important to highlight the starting advantage, which in this context must beexercised under multilateral responsibility, where both levels of the state hierarchical system will have their own rights and responsibilities. And the structural unit (cooperative, cluster) is fully responsible for ensuring the project-defined outcome. By implementing the regional economic principles, it is possible to consider the economic-commercial, on the one hand, within the framework of the targeted program, and on the other hand, the socio-demographic aspects that underlie the state policy on the development of the sector and the region. In the current situation, the importance of the convergent nature of development and inclusive involvement, which should be the result of a reasonable policy of the state, and it has no alternative in the current situation. Keywords: regional economy, competitive products, involvement of self-governing bodies, decentralization, socio-economic situation, System-structural reform, analytical studies, targeted programs.
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SLAVINSKAITĖ, Neringa. "FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 18, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1292312.
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The paper analyses the fiscal decentralization effects on economic growth in unitary countries of European Union for the period 2005–2014. The empirical analysis was based on the multiple regression method. The fixed effect panel model was used as framework for the analysis. In order to examine the different impact of fiscal decentralization, the same analysis was applied to subsets of countries categorized into two groups according to countries’ level of economic development. This further analysis found that there is positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in low level of economically developing countries and no relationship in high level of economically developed countries. These results suggested that fiscal decentralization is not always instrument for promotion of economic growth, which means that country’s economic development level is an important factor when introducing reform of fiscal decentralization. The originality of this article – new fiscal decentralization index and evaluated fiscal decentralization level influence for countries economic growth.
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Haydanka, Yevheniy. "DECENTRALIZATION IN SLOVAKIA: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE TRNAVA REGION." Economic Profile 16, no. 1(21) (July 16, 2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.21.12.
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Decentralization is the priority reform in the post-socialist countries of Central Europe. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union has accelerated decentralization, which is being implemented at the political, fiscal and administrative levels. Based on the example of the Trnava region, located in Western Slovakia, it was determined that administrative-territorial decentralization is prioritized in the region. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union and the political situation have little effect on decentralization, and municipal utilities improvements are still issues of concern in the region. The level of decentralization effectiveness in Slovakia is determined as 60–70%, and in the Trnava region – 70–80%.
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Slavinskaite, Neringa, Miloslav Novotny, and Dainora Gedvilaitė. "Evaluation of the Fiscal Decentralization: Case Studies of European Union." Engineering Economics 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.31.1.23065.
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Fiscal decentralization has been widely discussed at various levels and from various perspectives. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the OECD), similar to the World Bank, also pays great attention to it. Fiscal decentralization has always been an interesting investigation topic, and the researchers, in addition to considering the future of the economy, study this problem from different perspectives, i.e. geographic, political and others. The effect of fiscal decentralization on the economic development of the state has been investigated by various authors. Three different hypotheses provide the proofs of the positive effect of fiscal decentralization. The main advantage of fiscal federalism are efficient and adequate public services which are provided locally through the mobility of the citizens, voting power and competition between the local governments in the created ecosystem. The potential advantages of the competition among the local government powers are similar to the advantages associated with the competition on the private markets. The paper is focussed on fiscal decentralization of the state. It aims to investigate the theoretical aspect of the impact of fiscal decentralization on the economic development to calculate the index of fiscal decentralization and to evaluate the effect of fiscal decentralization on the economic development in the particular states of the European Union. Thus, Bulgaria and Lithuania have the lowest fiscal decentralization index of EU-13 (0.28), while the Czech Republic has the highest index (0.46). The researchers have proved the effect of fiscal decentralization on the economic development of the EU-13 states to be statistically significant and positive. The originality of this paper is that it introduces a theoretical model for evaluating the fiscal decentralization effect on the economic development and assesses the fiscal decentralization effect on the economic development of the particular EU-13 states.
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Eyraud, Luc, Anita Tuladhar, Julio Escolano, Marialuz Moreno Badia, and Juliane Sarnes. "Fiscal Performance, Institutional Design and Decentralization in European Union Countries." IMF Working Papers 12, no. 45 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781463936464.001.
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Klarić, Mirko. "Decentralization and Sub-Municipal Government in South- Eastern European Countries." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 58, no. 4 (2021): 1035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2021.58.142.1035.
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True this paper it would be analyzed sub-municipal government as a organizational form of local governance with comparative perspective, and elements which generally formed sub-municipal government as a tools for delivery of local public services and managing of local initiatives which are important for the local community. These two roles are crucial for understanding of dynamic in sub-municipal government. Special focus would be held on sub-municipal government in South- Eastern European countries, which they have a common history and institutional framework, with the main question: how can sub-municipal government contribute to strengthening of decentralization and democratic processes in the local community directly and, indirectly in whole society. Self-government systems which are highly decentralized usually have developed sub-municipal government. On the other side, in centralized countries sub-municipal government usually has reduced role which is connected with managing of public tasks connected with local community needs. The main question is how sub-municipal government can improve decentralization, and how those efforts at the end of the day contribute to better development of whole society.
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Klarić, Mirko. "DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Pravni vjesnik 38, no. 1 (April 2022): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/pv/15260.
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Local self-government is established as an institutional answer to create balance to the central government and improve democratic and development processes in the local community and the entire national society. On the other hand, sub-municipal government is established as a part of local political decentralization, with the aim of strengthening local political and administrative institutions of local government units. Both can be institutional solutions and an answer for initializing and supporting democratic processes in contemporary society. This article provides analysis of relations between political decentralization in local community and sub-municipal government as a tool for strengthening local political institutions in South-Eastern European countries. This analysis aims to show that sub-municipal government can be also a significant institutional instrument for changes in the local community.
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Ezcurra, Roberto, and Pedro Pascual. "Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Disparities: Evidence from Several European Union Countries." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 5 (May 2008): 1185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a39195.
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Halaskova, Martina, Renata Halaskova, Beata Gavurova, and Matus Kubak. "Fiscal Decentralisation of Services: The Case of the Local Public Sector in European Countries." Journal of Tourism and Services 12, no. 23 (December 22, 2021): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v12i23.234.
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Services are a dynamically developing economic sector in all countries. The paper focuses on public services, evaluated from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. It aims to evaluate the level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures in selected categories of public services in European countries. For this purpose, government expenditures by the local government sector are analyzed in the set of the selected 28 European countries in the period 2010-2018. Cluster analysis has been carried out in order to determine four clusters of countries based on their level of decentralization of expenditures on services. The results show differences in the extent of decentralization between the European countries in the provision of specific public services and reflect the form of financing of local public needs. A low level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (public order and safety; housing and community amenities; recreation, culture, and religion) was observed in the majority of the countries. However, the majority of the countries failed to prove a high level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (social protection, health, education) and a medium level of decentralization of expenditures in terms of general public services and services of economic affairs. These findings demonstrate that the degree of decentralization of public services is determined, to a certain degree, determined by country history and its geographical location, as well as by the different roles of sector-specific public policies. The findings can be helpful for creators of local public policies, strategic plans, and financial concepts.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Chernyavsky, A., and K. Vartapetov. "Fiscal Decentralization in Transition Economies." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2004): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-11-126-141.
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By employing the methodology developed by the OECD the paper assesses the degree of revenue decentralization in Russia in comparison with other post-communist European countries. The paper provides theoretical arguments underpinning fiscal decentralization, analyzes the composition of subnational government revenues, the level of regional and local tax autonomy and types of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. The analysis presents the composition of revenues depending on the degree of subnational and local government control. In comparison with other transition countries fiscal decentralization in Russia is relatively low. It is concluded that Russia's public finance reform has not progressed towards providing greater fiscal autonomy for regional and local governments.
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Gregor, Jiří. "Political Budget Cycles in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 2 (2016): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664020595.
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This paper provides research on the theme of the political budget cycles. The goal is to find out whether or not the government tries to manipulate the state budget and its components for the purpose of re-election across the countries of the European Union. In order to verify this theory a dynamic panel data model was used. The results were significant, but only if predetermined elections were not counted into the estimations. In that case, the theory of the political budget cycles could be accepted as valid for the EU countries. The main driving force of the political budget cycles across the countries of the European Union is fluctuation of the government expenditures. During the election year, the government expenditures are higher, and a year after the election, government expenditures are lower. This is reflected into the state budget balance.
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Petryshyn, Oleh, Maryna Petryshyna, Oleh Hyliaka, and Taras Didych. "The Features of the System of Normative-Legal Acts of Local Self-Government of Ukraine: A Rejection of the Soviet Union Postulates in Favour of the European Union Values." Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0034.
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Abstract In this article, the authors, collaboratively and based on their experience of related research (normative-legal activity of local self-government (Petryshyna, 2011), general theoretical problems of law-making and norm-making (Didych, 2018), problems of reception of foreign experience of reforming local self-government (Petryshyn, 2014), and pressing problems of decentralization reform (Hyliaka, 2015)) investigate the features and the shortcomings of the system of normative-legal acts of local self-government of Ukraine. These include: the problems of the legal status and the nature of the modern system of normative legal acts of local self-government, its normative-legal consolidation; the issues of practical law-making by bodies and officials of local self-government through the prism of the heritage of the Soviet system of local self-government; the shortcomings in the reforms undertaken since independence; the ongoing decentralization and associated reforms as well as existing concepts and plans aimed at the integration of Ukraine into European legal space and the European Union in particular. The result of the study was the identification of a number of substantiated features of the system and general recommendations aimed at the improvement of the overall state of local self-government and its law-making activity in the context of the current and future related reforms in Ukraine.
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Kudła, Janusz. "Determinants of Public Indebtedness in European Union Countries." e-Finanse 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2018-0021.
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AbstractThe paper strives to determine the impact of fiscal variables on factors determining the dynamics of public debt in European Union countries. Based on the literature, the dynamics of public debt are determined by changes of three elements: the primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and the change of government assets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to estimate the dynamics of these three values to find the variables crucial for limiting the growth of public debt. Three groups of dynamic panel regressions were estimated based on the one-step Generalized Method of Moments. The data was collected for the 1995-2015 period for 27 EU countries. Dependent variables included: primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and change of government assets. Independent variables consisted of: interest payable to GDP ratio, unemployment rate, squared unemployment rate, FDI stock to GDP, net FDI inflow to GDP, general government expenditures to GDP, share of social security expenditures and openness of the economy measured by the ratio of export and import to GDP. On the basis of statistical data, three components of debt changes were distinguished, and estimations of the dynamic panel regressions were applied to find the impact of independent variables. According to the basic models, the primary balance is lower for: countries with higher unemployment, greater FDI stock and higher general government expenditures. The interest-rate-growth-differential is lower in the case of: high subsidies and for a more open economy. However, unemployment and FDI remain the most important determinants of this variable. The change of government’s assets ratio decreases as FDI net inflows or the share of expenditures to GDP increase as well as in the case of very high unemployment.
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Serban, Florica Mioara, and Carmen Elena Stoenoiu. "The Analysis of Government Expenditures in the European Union." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.15.
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This article analyses data on general government expenditure, at the level of the European Union (EU 28) according to the Classification of the Functions of Government – COFOG over the 2008-2017 period. Data shows that the expenditures increased at the beginning of the economic crisis in all EU countries, being followed by a slowdown in expenditures growth. All countries have adopted policies in order to reduce government expenditures towards the end of the period, aiming to increase their efficiency. Usually in high-income countries, compared with low-income countries, government expenditures are much larger as percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but the relations are not very strong though.
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Kartashov, Evgeny Grigoryevich. "EUROPEAN LESSONS OF DECENTRALIZATION." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.59.
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The role of the state in the processes of European integration and decentralization is analyzed, the factors of threats for it are determined. The following common features of decentralization processes in the EU member states are highlighted as strengthening the role of the regional level, the need to choose between different models of separation of powers between different levels of government (exclusive or joint authority) and the search for ways to adequately finance transferred powers. Decentralization also actualizes the problem of territorial inequality and patronage for European countries. It is proved that the national state is a central actor in the process of decentralization, despite the fact that this process creates certain threats to the state itself. On the one hand, the EU as a supranational organization has already limited some aspects of the sovereignty of its member states, in particular, in the area of monetary policy. With the deepening of European integration, the powers of national states and in other areas are increasingly limited. On the other hand, the gradual increase in the share of powers conveyed by the state to decentralized and regional authorities further weakens its role. Moreover, the increasing influence of liberalism on state policy and the introduction of competition among the main providers of public services also limits the possibility of the state’s influence on its internal policies. Such a dynamics gives grounds for questioning the ability of states to effectively manage their territories. At the same time, it was noted that in most EU member states, the bodies of state power have long been the guarantor of national unity in both social and territorial terms. Such a “unity of opposites” (decentralization and centralization) is unlikely to change in the medium term.
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van Os, Jim, and Jan Neeleman. "European Union government legislation affecting psychiatric practice." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 7 (July 1994): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.7.390.
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Although the process of psychiatric reform is taking place across Europe, national political, economic and historical factors determine to a large extent the manner and pace of its implementation as well as its final shape. The degree of centralisation of health care systems and the degree of prominence of primary care affect how efficiently change can be achieved. Various forms of professional resistance may, in different degrees in European countries, hamper the implementation of community care. The widely varying contexts in which psychiatric reform takes place throughout Europe, should provide a fertile area for future comparative research.
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Guytor, Mykola, and Vasyl Karpo. "The Bodies of Local Self-Governing of Ukraine and Republic of Moldova: Comparative Analysis." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 40 (December 15, 2019): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.40.83-92.
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The article explores the main stages and trends of reforming the local government of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, explores the functions and powers of local governments. In 1997, these countries ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which affects the processes of reforming the local self-government system. However, decentralization in both countries is proceeding at a rather slow pace; at the same time as the new administrative entities, the previous system of administrative-territorial division of the country functions. There is a lack of political will of the countriesʼ elite to provide autonomy to local authorities.
Keywords: decentralization, local government, public administration, raion council, oblast council, administrative-territorial structure.
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Górniewicz, Grzegorz. "General government debt in European Union countries and economic growth." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 55, no. 3 (2018): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2018.3.6.
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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė, and Aušra Liučvaitienė. "Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2016-0365.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide more reliable estimates of the relationship between government spending and economic growth in the European Union (EU) during the period of 1995-2015. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consisted of several different stages. In the first stage for an assessment of dynamics of government spending and economic growth indicators over two decades, descriptive statistics analysis was employed. Correlation analysis helped to identify the relationships between government expenditures (GEs) and economic growth. In the third stage, for modeling the relationship and the estimation of causality between GE and economic growth, Granger causality testing was applied. Findings The research indicated that eight EU countries have a significant relationship between government spending and economic growth. Research limitations/implications This study has been bounded by general GE and economic growth only. The breakdowns of general GE on the basis of the activities they support have not been considered in this paper, which is the main limitation of the research. Despite the limitation, it might be maintained that the research highlights key relationships in the EU countries. Originality/value These insights might be useful for policy makers. In countries with unidirectional causality running from GE to economic growth, the government can employ expenditure as a factor for growth. The governments should ensure that resources are properly managed and efficiently allocated to accelerate economic growth in the countries with unidirectional causality from GDP to GE.