Journal articles: 'Decellularized matrix'

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Hashemi, Javad, Ghasem Barati, and Bahram Bibak. "Decellularized Matrix Bioscaffolds." Pancreas 50, no. 7 (August 2021): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000001868.

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Hashemi, Javad, Ghasem Barati, and Bahram Bibak. "Decellularized Matrix Bioscaffolds." Pancreas 50, no. 7 (August 2021): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000001868.

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Nakamura, Naoko, Ai Ito, Tsuyoshi Kimura, and Akio Kishida. "Extracellular Matrix Induces Periodontal Ligament Reconstruction In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133277.

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One of the problems in dental implant treatment is the lack of periodontal ligament (PDL), which supports teeth, prevents infection, and transduces sensations such as chewiness. The objective of the present study was to develop a decellularized PDL for supporting an artificial tooth. To this end, we prepared mouse decellularized mandible bone with a PDL matrix by high hydrostatic pressure and DNase and detergent treatments and evaluated its reconstruction in vivo. After tooth extraction, the decellularized mandible bone with PDL matrix was implanted under the subrenal capsule in rat and observed that host cells migrated into the matrix and oriented along the PDL collagen fibers. The extracted decellularized tooth and de- and re-calcified teeth, which was used as an artificial tooth model, were re-inserted into the decellularized mandible bone and implanted under the subrenal capsule in rat. The reconstructed PDL matrix for the extracted decellularized tooth resembled the decellularized mandible bone without tooth extraction. This demonstrates that decellularized PDL matrix can reconstruct PDL tissue by controlling host cell migration, which could serve as a novel periodontal treatment approach.

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Meyer, Tanja, Serghei Cebotari, Gudrun Brandes, Dagmar Hartung, Frank Wacker, Monika Theis, Tim Kaufeld, et al. "Decellularized Porcine Pericardium Enhances Autologous Vascularized Matrix as a Prosthesis for Left Ventricular Full-Wall Myocardial Reconstruction." Prosthesis 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5010010.

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Regenerative grafts for myocardial reconstruction are often mechanically not stable enough to withstand the left ventricle’s high blood pressure. Hence, decellularized pericardium may serve as a stabilizing structure for biological myocardium prostheses. The efficacy of detergent- and enzyme-based protocols to decellularize porcine pericardium was compared. Then, the decellularized pericardium was employed for a primary cover of a transmural left ventricular defect in minipigs (n = 9). This pericardium patch was applied to mitigate the high-pressure load on an autologous stomach tissue, which was utilized as a regenerative tissue prosthesis. Decellularization of the porcine pericardium with deoxycholic acid (DOA)- and enzyme-based protocols (trypsin/EDTA) removed 90% of the original cells (p < 0.001). The trypsin/EDTA protocol significantly altered the matrix architecture compared to the DOA protocol. There were no infections or clinical signs of graft rejection following the transplantation of the decellularized pericardium and the autologous segment of the stomach in the surviving animals (n = 7). A good left ventricular function could be detected via MRI six months following surgery. The biological integration of the graft into the host’s tissue was found histologically. The stabilization of initially fragile grafts with decellularized pericardium facilitates the application of regenerative myocardial prostheses even on the left ventricle.

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Belviso, Immacolata, Anna Maria Sacco, Domenico Cozzolino, Daria Nurzynska, Franca Di Meglio, Clotilde Castaldo, and Veronica Romano. "Cardiac-derived extracellular matrix: A decellularization protocol for heart regeneration." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): e0276224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276224.

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Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of the heart, guiding vital cellular processes during organ homeostasis. Most cardiovascular diseases lead to a remarkable remodeling of the ECM, accompanied by the formation of a fibrotic tissue that heavily compromises the heart function. Effective therapies for managing fibrosis and promoting physiological ECM repair are not yet available. The production of a decellularized extracellular matrix (d-ECM) serving as a three-dimensional and bioactive scaffold able to modulate cellular behavior and activities is considered crucial to achieve a successful regeneration. The protocol represents a step-by-step method to obtain a decellularized cardiac matrix through the combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100. Briefly, cardiac samples obtained from left ventricles of explanted, pathological human hearts were dissected and washed to remove residual body fluids. Samples were then snap-frozen and sliced by a cryostat into 350 μm thick sections. The sections obtained were decellularized using a solution containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1% SDS in combination, for 24 hours, until observing the color change from brownish-red to translucent-white. As a result, the protocol shows efficiency in preserving ECM architecture and protein composition during the whole process, suggesting that it is worthwhile, highly reproducible and produces a well- preserved decellularized extracellular matrix from cardiac samples. Notwithstanding, some limitations need to be addressed, such as the risk for microbial contamination and the unpredictable trend of the protocol when applied to decellularize samples other than myocardium, vessels, or skin. These issues require antibiotics mixture supplement during the procedure followed by UV sterilization, and appropriate adjustments for a tissue-specific utilization, respectively. The protocol is intended to produce a cardiac d-ECM for cell settlement, representing the ideal scaffold for tissue engineering purposes.

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Wu, Jinglei, Jiazhu Xu, Yihui Huang, Liping Tang, and Yi Hong. "Regional-specific meniscal extracellular matrix hydrogels and their effects on cell–matrix interactions of fibrochondrocytes." Biomedical Materials 17, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 014105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605x/ac4178.

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Abstract Decellularized meniscal extracellular matrix (ECM) material holds great potential for meniscus repair and regeneration. Particularly, injectable ECM hydrogel is highly desirable for the minimally invasive treatment of irregularly shaped defects. Although regional-specific variations of the meniscus are well documented, no ECM hydrogel has been reported to simulate zonally specific microenvironments of the native meniscus. To fill the gap, different (outer, middle, and inner) zones of porcine menisci were separately decellularized. Then the regionally decellularized meniscal ECMs were solubilized by pepsin digestion, neutralized, and then form injectable hydrogels. The hydrogels were characterized in gelation behaviors and mechanical properties and seeded with bovine fibrochondrocytes to evaluate the regionally biochemical effects on the cell–matrix interactions. Our results showed that the decellularized inner meniscal ECM (IM) contained the greatest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and the least collagen content compared with the decellularized outer meniscal ECM (OM) and middle meniscal ECM (MM). The IM hydrogel showed lower compressive strength than the OM hydrogel. When encapsulated with fibrochondrocytes, the IM hydrogel accumulated more GAG, contracted to a greater extent and reached higher compressive strength than that of the OM hydrogel at 28 days. Our findings demonstrate that the regionally specific meniscal ECMs present biochemical variation and show various effects on the cell behaviors, thus providing information on how meniscal ECM hydrogels may be utilized to reconstruct the microenvironments of the native meniscus.

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Ling, You, Weikang Xu, Lifeng Yang, Changyan Liang, and Bin Xu. "Improved the biocompatibility of cancellous bone with compound physicochemical decellularization process." Regenerative Biomaterials 7, no. 5 (August 30, 2020): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbaa024.

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Abstract Due to the unique microstructures and components of extracellular matrix (ECM), decellularized scaffolds had been used widely in clinical. The reaction of the host toward decellularized scaffolds depends on their biocompatibility, which should be satisfied before applied in clinical. The aim of this study is to develop a decellularized xenograft material with good biocompatibility for further bone repair, in an effective and gentle method. The existing chemical and physical decellularization techniques including ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) were combined and modified to decellularize bovine cancellous bone (CB). After decellularization, almost 100% of ɑ-Gal epitopes were removed, the combination of collagen, calcium and phosphate was reserved. The direct and indirect contact with macrophages was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and immunological response of the materials. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used in the in vitro cells’ proliferation assay. The decellularized CB was proved has no cytotoxicity (grade 1) and no immunological response (NO, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion inhibited), and could support MSCs proliferated continuedly. These results were similar to that of commercial decellularized human bone. This study suggests the potential of using this kind of combine decellularization process to fabricate heterogeneous ECM scaffolds for clinical application.

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Rashidi, Farina, Mahdi Mohammadzadeh, Arash Abdolmaleki, Asadollah Asadi, and Mehrdad Sheikhlou. "Acellular carotid scaffold and evaluation the biological and biomechanical properties for tissue engineering." Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 16, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jcvtr.32899.

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Introduction: The issues associated with the limitation of appropriate autologous vessels for vascular reconstruction via bypass surgery highlight the need for new alternative strategies based on tissue engineering. The present study aimed to prepare decellularized scaffolds from ovine carotid using chemical decellularization method. Methods: Ovine carotid were decellularized with Triton X-100 and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) at 37 °C. Histological analysis, biochemical tests, biomechanical assay and biocompatibility assay were used to investigate the efficacy of decellularization. Results: Decellularization method could successfully decellularize ovine carotid without leaving any cell remnants. Scaffolds showed minimal destruction of the three-dimensional structure and extracellular matrix, as well as adequate mechanical resistance and biocompatibility for cell growth and proliferation. Conclusion: Prepared acellular scaffold exhibited the necessary characteristics for clinical applications.

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Brennan, Jordan, Michael L. Lu, and Yunqing Kang. "A New Model of Esophageal Cancers by Using a Detergent-Free Decellularized Matrix in a Perfusion Bioreactor." Bioengineering 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010096.

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The lack of physiologically relevant human esophageal cancer models has as a result that many esophageal cancer studies are encountering major bottleneck challenges in achieving breakthrough progress. To address the issue, here we engineered a 3D esophageal tumor tissue model using a biomimetic decellularized esophageal matrix in a customized bioreactor. To obtain a biomimetic esophageal matrix, we developed a detergent-free, rapid decellularization method to decellularize porcine esophagus. We characterized the decellularized esophageal matrix (DEM) and utilized the DEM for the growth of esophageal cancer cell KYSE30 in well plates and the bioreactor. We then analyzed the expression of cancer-related markers of KYSE30 cells and compared them with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue biospecimens. Our results show that the detergent-free decellularization method preserved the esophageal matrix components and effectively removed cell nucleus. KYSE30 cancer cells proliferated well on and inside the DEM. KYSE30 cells cultured on the DEM in the dynamic bioreactor show different cancer marker expressions than those in the static well plate, and also share some similarities to the FFPE-ESCC biospecimens. These findings built a foundation with potential for further study of esophageal cancer behavior in a biomimetic microenvironment using this new esophageal cancer model.

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Bobrova, M. M., L. A. Safonova, O. I. Agapova, A. E. Efimov, and I. I. Agapov. "The analysis of the proliferative activity of cells on microparticles obtained from decellularized liver and kidney tissue." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 20, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2018-4-69-75.

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Aim.To develop the protocols for liver and kidney tissue decellularization, and to develop an analysis of the proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells on various carriers.Materials and methods.Decellularization of the liver and kidneys was performed by perfusion of detergent solutions with gradually increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 (1, 2 and 3%). A histological analysis of the obtained samples was performed, and the method of optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the obtained samples. The proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells was studied on the obtained samples of decellularized liver and kidney tissue.Results.Decellularization of the organ does not lead to changes in the specific structure of the tissue matrix. Microparticles with an average size of 200 μm were made from their decellularized matrix of liver and kidney tissues. The level of proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells cultured on microparticles from a decellularized liver was significantly higher than on microparticles from a decellularized kidney.Conclusion.The decellularized matrix retains the native three-dimensional structure of the tissue. The level of cell proliferative activity is significantly higher on microparticles from the decellularized liver, which confirms the preservation of the specificity of the extracellular matrix of the tissue after the process of decellularization.

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Goyal, Ravi P., Anil K. Gangwar, Sangeeta D. Khangembam, Vipin K. Yadav, Yogendra Singh, and Prafull Kumar. "Preparation and Characterization of Decellularized Caprine Periosteum Scaffolds for Fracture Gap Healing." Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (September 15, 2022): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.18.4.23.

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Certain chemical and enzymes like sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 have been used as biological detergents but are responsible for residual cytotoxicity in the decellularized extracellular matrix. The periosteum plays a key role in bone regeneration. We aimed to prepare decellularized caprine periosteum scaffold by exploring the decellularization property of Sapindus mukorossi fruit pericarp extract (SPE). We developed decellularization protocols to completely remove the periosteum cellular components and for good maintenance of the hierarchical multilayer structures and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with no cytotoxicity. Histological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome stained tissue samples decellularized by 5% SPE extract confirmed decellularization with preservation of extracellular matrix microarchitecture. DAPI stained decellularized tissues revealed complete removal of nuclear components, verified by DNA content measurement. It was concluded that 5% SPE is ideal for preparation of decellularized caprine periosteum scaffold and these scaffolds can be used for bone regeneration.

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Long, MeyLign, Zhongying Huang, You Yang, Suxiu Sun, and Zhun Xiao. "Liquid nitrogen improves the decellularization effectiveness of whole-ovary." Cryoletters 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2024): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr24310110212.

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BACKGROUND: Ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation carries a risk of malignant cell re-seeding. Artificial ovary is a promising method to solve such a problem. However, ovary decellularization protocols are limited. Hence, further studies are necessary to get better ovarian decellularization techniques for the construction of artificial ovary scaffolds. OBJECTIVE: To establish an innovative decellularization technique for whole porcine ovaries by integrating liquid nitrogen with chemical agents to reduce the contact time between the scaffolds and chemical reagents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine ovaries were randomly assigned to three groups: novel decellularized group, conventional decellularized group and fresh group. The ovaries in the novel decellularized group underwent three cycles of freezing by liquid nitrogen and thawing at temperatures around 37??C before decellularization. The efficiency of the decellularization procedure was assessed through histological staining and DNA content analysis. The maintenance of ovarian decellularized extracellular matrix(ODECM) constituents was determined by analyzing the content of matrix proteins. Additionally, we evaluated the biocompatibility of the decellularized extracellular matrix(dECM) by observing the growth of granulosa cells on the ODECM scaffold in vitro.RESULTS: Hematoxylin and eosin staining, DAPI staining and DNA quantification techniques collectively confirm the success of the novel decellularization methods in removing cellular and nuclear components from ovarian tissue. Moreover, quantitative assessments of ODECM contents revealed that the novel decellularization technique preserved more collagen and glycosaminoglycan compared to the conventional decellularized group (P<0.05). Additionally, the novel decellularized scaffold exhibited a significantly higher number of granulosa cells than the conventional scaffold during in vitro co-culture (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The novel decellularized method demonstrated high efficacy in eliminating DNA and cellular structures while effectively preserving the extracellular matrix. As a result, the novel decellularized method holds significant promise as a viable technique for ovarian decellularization in forthcoming studies.

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İnal, Müslüm Süleyman, Cihan Darcan, and Ali Akpek. "Characterization of a Decellularized Sheep Pulmonary Heart Valves and Analysis of Their Capability as a Xenograft Initial Matrix Material in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering." Bioengineering 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10080949.

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In order to overcome the disadvantages of existing treatments in heart valve tissue engineering, decellularization studies are carried out. The main purpose of decellularization is to eliminate the immunogenicity of biologically derived grafts and to obtain a scaffold that allows recellularization while preserving the natural tissue architecture. SD and SDS are detergent derivatives frequently used in decellularization studies. The aim of our study is to decellularize the pulmonary heart valves of young Merino sheep by using low-density SDS and SD detergents together, and then to perform their detailed characterization to determine whether they are suitable for clinical studies. Pulmonary heart valves of 4–6-month-old sheep were decellularized in detergent solution for 24 h. The amount of residual DNA was measured to determine the efficiency of decellularization. Then, the effect of decellularization on the ECM by histological staining was examined. In addition, the samples were visualized by SEM to determine the surface morphologies of the scaffolds. A uniaxial tensile test was performed to examine the effect of decellularization on biomechanical properties. In vitro stability of scaffolds decellularized by collagenase treatment was determined. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of scaffolds on 3T3 cells was examined by MTT assay. The results showed DNA removal of 94% and 98% from the decellularized leaflet and pulmonary wall portions after decellularization relative to the control group. No cell nuclei were found in histological staining and it was observed that the three-layer leaflet structure was preserved. As a result of the tensile test, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and decellularized groups in the UTS and elasticity modulus, and the biomechanical properties did not change. It was also observed that decellularized sheep pulmonary heart valves had no cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, we suggest that the pulmonary valves of decellularized young Merino sheep can be used as an initial matrix in heart valve tissue engineering studies.

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Kasimir, Marie-Theres, Guenter Weigel, Jyotindra Sharma, Erwin Rieder, Gernot Seebacher, Ernst Wolner, and Paul Simon. "The decellularized porcine heart valve matrix in tissue engineering." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 94, no. 09 (2005): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-01-0025.

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SummaryAn approach in tissue engineering of heart valves is the use of decellularized xenogeneic matrices to avoid immune response after implantation. The decellularization process must preserve the structural components of the extracellular matrix to provide a biomechanically stable scaffold. However, it is known that in vascular lesions platelet adhesion to extracellular matrix components occurs and platelet activation is induced. In the present study we examined the effects of a decellularized porcine heart valve matrix on thrombocyte activation and the influence of re-endothelialisation in vitro. Porcine pulmonary conduits were decellularized using Triton X-100, Na-deoxycholate and Igepal CA-630® followed by a ribonuclease digestion. Cryostat sections of decellularized heart valves with and without seeding with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with platelet rich plasma. Samples were either stained with fluorescent antibodies for CD41 and PAC-1 (recognizing the activated fibrinogen receptor) or fixed with glutaraldehyde. Thereafter, the samples were processed for laser scanning microscopy (LSM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examination by LSM showed numerous platelets with co-localized staining for CD41 and PAC-1 on the nonseeded decellularized heart valve matrix whereas after seeding with endothelial cells no platelet activation was detected. SEM revealed platelet adhesion and aggregate formation only on the surface of the non-seeded or partially denuded matrix specimens. We show in this study that the decellularized porcine matrix acts as a platelet-activating surface. Seeding with endothelial cells effectively abolishes the platelet adhesion and activation and therefore is necessary to eliminate thrombogenicity in tissue engineered heart valves.

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Song, Haixin, Zi Yin, Tao Wu, Yangzheng Li, Xun Luo, Mingzhu Xu, Lihong Duan, and Jianhua Li. "Enhanced Effect of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells Combined With Tendon-Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix on Tendon Regeneration." Cell Transplantation 27, no. 11 (October 9, 2018): 1634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689718805383.

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Decellularized extracellular matrices have been clinically used for tendon regeneration. However, only a few systematic studies have compared tendon stem/progenitor cells to mesenchymal stromal cells on the tendon-derived decellularized matrix. In the present study, we prepared extracellular matrix derived from porcine tendons and seeded with tendon stem/progenitor cells, embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells or without stem cells. Then we implanted the mixture (composed of stem cells and scaffold) into the defect of a rat Achilles tendon. Next, 4 weeks post-surgery the regenerated tendon tissue was collected. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry, determination of collagen content, transmission electron microscopy, and biomechanical testing were performed to evaluate the tendon structure and biomechanical properties. Our study collectively demonstrated that decellularized extracellular matrix derived from porcine tendons significantly promoted the regeneration of injured tendons when combined with tendon stem/progenitor cells or embryonic stem cell-mesenchymal stromal cells. Compared to embryonic stem cell-mesenchymal stromal cells, tendon stem/progenitor cells combined with decellularized matrix showed more improvement in the structural and biomechanical properties of regenerated tendons in vivo. These findings suggest a promising strategy for functional tendon tissue regeneration and further studies are warranted to develop a functional tendon tissue regeneration utilizing tendon stem/progenitor cells integrated with a tendon-derived decellularized matrix.

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Kobayashi, Mako, Naoki Ishida, Yoshihide Hashimoto, Jun Negishi, Hideki Saga, Yoshihiro Sasaki, Kazunari Akiyoshi, Tsuyoshi Kimura, and Akio Kishida. "Extraction and Biological Evaluation of Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBVs) from High-Hydrostatic Pressure-Decellularized Tissues." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 8868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168868.

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Decellularized tissues are widely used as promising materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Research on the microstructure and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) was conducted to improve the current understanding of decellularized tissue functionality. The presence of matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) embedded within the ECM was recently reported. Results of a previous experimental investigation revealed that decellularized tissues prepared using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) exhibited good in vivo performance. In the current study, according to the hypothesis that MBVs are one of the functional components in HHP-decellularized tissue, we investigated the extraction of MBVs and the associated effects on vascular endothelial cells. Using nanoparticle tracking assay (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and RNA analysis, nanosized (100–300 nm) and membranous particles containing small RNA were detected in MBVs derived from HHP-decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS), urinary bladder matrix (UBM), and liver. To evaluate the effect on the growth of vascular endothelial cells, which are important in the tissue regeneration process, isolated SIS-derived MBVs were exposed to vascular endothelial cells to induce cell proliferation. These results indicate that MBVs can be extracted from HHP-decellularized tissues and may play a significant role in tissue remodeling.

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Zheng, Le, Shuangshuang Zheng, Zilong Chen, Xiangqin Li, Chunyan Liu, Jie Bai, Daqing Jiang, et al. "Preparation and Properties of Decellularized Sheep Kidney Derived Matrix Scaffolds." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2160, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2160/1/012014.

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Abstract Scaffolds from tissues or organs have nanoscale microstructures. Derived matrix scaffolds prepared by decellularized method can provide more cell attachment sites, which is conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and other physiological activities on scaffolds. In this study, the sheep kidney decellularized matrix scaffold was prepared by the method of decellularization. Due to the poor mechanical properties of the decellularized matrix, the cross linking method was adopted to enhance its mechanical properties. The decellularization efficiency of sheep renal matrix scaffolds was observed by scanning electron microscopy and histological staining, and the biocompatibility of the scaffolds was investigated by inoculating adipose derived stem cells. It was found that the scaffold had good decellularization effect and good pore structure.

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Shafiq, Maryam A., Behrad Y. Milani, and Ali R. Djalilian. "In Vivo Evaluation of a Decellularized Limbal Graft for Limbal Reconstruction." International Journal of Tissue Engineering 2014 (February 12, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/754245.

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Corneal and limbal epithelial function is highly dependent on its underlying matrix. In this study, we report the in vitro and in vivo effects of a decellularized limbal matrix on corneal and limbal epithelial differentiation and repair. We demonstrate that a limbal matrix helps to maintain epithelial cells in a more proliferative and less differentiated state. We introduce a novel focal injury model to the limbus using an excimer laser and further show that transplanting a decellularized limbal graft after the limbal injury helps to promote epithelialization and reduce corneal haze formation. These results suggest that a decellularized limbal graft may be therapeutically beneficial in clinical cases of focal limbal deficiency.

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Hoshiba, Takashi. "Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Cancer Research." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081311.

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Genetic mutation and alterations of intracellular signaling have been focused on to understand the mechanisms of oncogenesis and cancer progression. Currently, it is pointed out to consider cancer as tissues. The extracellular microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), is important for the regulation of cancer cell behavior. To comprehensively investigate ECM roles in the regulation of cancer cell behavior, decellularized ECM (dECM) is now used as an in vitro ECM model. In this review, I classify dECM with respect to its sources and summarize the preparation and characterization methods for dECM. Additionally, the examples of cancer research using the dECM were introduced. Finally, future perspectives of cancer studies with dECM are described in the conclusions.

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Ivanov, A. A., A. V. Latyshev, N. N. Butorina, E. I. Domoratskaya, T. I. Danilova, and O. P. Popova. "Osteogenic Potential of Decellularized Tooth Matrix." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 169, no. 4 (August 2020): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-04920-8.

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Sembiring, Yan Efrata, Rafaela Andira Ledyastatin, Atiya Nurrahmah, Ni Kadek Sulistyaningsih, Jeconia Agrippina Ruth Sinatra, Ito Puruhito, and Heri Suroto. "Comparative Assessment of Various Concentration and Exposure Time of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate as Decellularization Agents for Small-Vessels Vascular Tissue Engineering." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (June 28, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9396.

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BACKGROUND: Finding the optimum vascular grafts (VG) to replace damaged blood arteries in cardiac surgery is still a work in progress. To be employed, a tissue-engineered VG (TEVG) must have the appropriate biological and mechanical qualities. Decellularized arteries may be a better TEVG than synthetic grafts because of their natural three-dimensional architecture. AIM: The goal of this study was to compare different concentrations and times of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to decellularize tissue to find the best decellularized VG. METHODS: In all decellularized scaffolds, which are 1% SDS-2 weeks group, hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining exhibited looser collagen networks and fewer nuclei. RESULTS: The orientation of collagen fibers was identical to native vascular scaffolds. Collagen I deposition was seen in the immunohistochemistry assay. A tensile strength test revealed that the decellularized scaffold (0.5% SDS for 4 weeks and 0.5% SDS for 2 weeks) had exceeded the native arteries’ maximal strength. In comparison to 1% SDS in 4 weeks treated groups, scanning electron microscopy following decellularization revealed no endothelial cells on the inner side of 1% SDS in 2 weeks group with minimum extracellular matrix damage. The endothelial cells remained marginally visible on the inner side of all 0.5% SDS treated groups. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the decellularized scaffolds. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that exposing a bovine mesenteric artery to 1% SDS for 2 weeks is an excellent procedure for extracting the most acellular VG, potentially serving as a biological scaffold for TEVGs.

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Chakraborty, Juhi, Subhadeep Roy, and Sourabh Ghosh. "Regulation of decellularized matrix mediated immune response." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 5 (2020): 1194–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm01780a.

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Bual, Ronald, Marionilo Labares, Kit Dominick Don Valle, Job Pague, Zesreal Cain Bantilan, Princess Grace Ducao, Johnel Alimasag, and Catherine Acibar. "Characterization of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix from Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Skin." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (November 24, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040213.

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Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is an abundant fish commodity in the Philippines that generates a large number of wastes such as skin, scales, viscera, and bones, which, upon disposal, cause environmental pollution. The abundance of these wastes, such as fish skin, rich in bioactive natural products such as collagen, elicits interest in their conversion into high-market-value products. The decellularization of milkfish skin waste can extract its extracellular matrix (ECM), a potential raw material for biomedical applications such as the repair of damaged skin tissues. In particular, this study characterized the developed decellularized ECM with different concentrations (0.1%, 1.0%) of the decellularizing agents (Triton X-100, SDS) and temperature (4 °C, room temperature) using milkfish skin. The decellularized ECM structure was better preserved using Triton X-100, while SDS was more effective in cell component removal, especially at 1% concentration and 4 °C temperature. There were significant effects of varying the temperatures and concentrations on the physical and mechanical properties of the decellularized ECM. Future studies could explore more variables to further establish protocols and more analyses to better characterize the decellularized milkfish skin.

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Zhang, Yaxin, Jihang Dai, Lianqi Yan, and Yu Sun. "Intra-articular injection of decellularized extracellular matrices in the treatment of osteoarthritis in rabbits." PeerJ 8 (April 22, 2020): e8972. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8972.

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Background We investigated the role of decellularized cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis to seek a new treatment for this disease. Methods Knee cartilage from rabbits was decellularized and the degree of decellularization was assessed. A grinder was used to turn acellular cartilage into particles, which were then used in a suspension. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to an operation on their anterior cruciate ligament for the osteoarthritis model. The success of the animal model of osteoarthritis was evaluated using results from six rabbits. The remaining 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (groups A, B, C, and D). Rabbits in groups A, B, C, and D were injected with 200 µl of normal saline, 200 µl of 10% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, 200 µl of 20% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, and 200 µl of 40% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension into the knee joints, respectively. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed three months after surgery to assess the degree of osteoarthritic changes. Results Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that the cartilage decellularized matrix removed cells after decellularization but retained components of collagen and glycosaminoglycan. Group A exhibited the most significant changes from osteophyte and cartilage erosion, which was macroscopically observable on the surface of the femoral cartilage. HE staining in group A revealed damage to the cartilage surface, disorganized chondrocytes, and spontaneous fibrocartilage formation. Safranin O-fast green staining revealed a cavity formed at the osteochondral junction in group A that did not appear in other groups. Conclusion Our study shows that decellularized cartilage matrix has a certain therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis and provides new insights in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

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Zhou, Shukui, Ying Wang, Kaile Zhang, Nailong Cao, Ranxing Yang, Jianwen Huang, Weixin Zhao, Mahbubur Rahman, Hong Liao, and Qiang Fu. "The Fabrication and Evaluation of a Potential Biomaterial Produced with Stem Cell Sheet Technology for Future Regenerative Medicine." Stem Cells International 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9567362.

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To date, the decellularized scaffold has been widely explored as a source of biological scaffolds for regenerative medicine. However, the acellular matrix derived from natural tissues and organs has a lot of defects, including the limited amount of autogenous tissue and surgical complication such as risk of blood loss, wound infection, pain, shock, and functional damage in the donor part of the body. In this study, we prepared acellular matrix using adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) sheets and evaluate the cellular compatibility and immunoreactivity. The ADSC sheets were fabricated and subsequently decellularized using repeated freeze-thaw, Triton X-100 and SDS decellularization. Oral mucosal epithelial cells were seeded onto the decellularized ADSC sheets to evaluate the cell replantation ability, and silk fibroin was used as the control. Then, acellular matrix was transplanted onto subcutaneous tissue for 1 week or 3 weeks; H&E staining and immunohistochemical analysis of CD68 expression and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and biocompatibility. The ADSC sheet-derived ECM scaffolds preserved the three-dimensional architecture of ECM and retained the cytokines by Triton X-100 decellularization protocols. Compared with silk fibroin in vitro, the oral mucosal epithelial cells survived better on the decellularized ADSC sheets with an intact and consecutive epidermal cellular layer. Compared with porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) in vivo, the homogeneous decellularized ADSC sheets had less monocyte-macrophage infiltrating in vivo implantation. During 3 weeks after transplantation, the mRNA expression of cytokines, such as IL-4/IL-10, was obviously higher in decellularized ADSC sheets than that of porcine SIS. A Triton X-100 method can achieve effective cell removal, retain major ECM components, and preserve the ultrastructure of ADSC sheets. The decellularized ADSC sheets possess good recellularization capacity and excellent biocompatibility. This study demonstrated the potential suitability of utilizing acellular matrix from ADSC sheets for soft tissue regeneration and repair.

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Mendibil, Unai, Raquel Ruiz-Hernandez, Sugoi Retegi-Carrion, Nerea Garcia-Urquia, Beatriz Olalde-Graells, and Ander Abarrategi. "Tissue-Specific Decellularization Methods: Rationale and Strategies to Achieve Regenerative Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155447.

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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network with multiple functions, including specific functions during tissue regeneration. Precisely, the properties of the ECM have been thoroughly used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research, aiming to restore the function of damaged or dysfunctional tissues. Tissue decellularization is gaining momentum as a technique to obtain potentially implantable decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) with well-preserved key components. Interestingly, the tissue-specific dECM is becoming a feasible option to carry out regenerative medicine research, with multiple advantages compared to other approaches. This review provides an overview of the most common methods used to obtain the dECM and summarizes the strategies adopted to decellularize specific tissues, aiming to provide a helpful guide for future research development.

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Hochman-Mendez, Camila, Dilza Balteiro Pereira de Campos, Rafael Serafim Pinto, Bernardo Jorge da Silva Mendes, Gustavo Miranda Rocha, Gustavo Monnerat, Gilberto Weissmuller, et al. "Tissue-engineered human embryonic stem cell-containing cardiac patches: evaluating recellularization of decellularized matrix." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142092148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420921482.

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Decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix scaffolds with preserved composition and architecture can be used in tissue engineering to reproduce the complex cardiac extracellular matrix. However, evaluating the extent of cardiomyocyte repopulation of decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix scaffolds after recellularization attempts is challenging. Here, we describe a unique combination of biochemical, biomechanical, histological, and physiological parameters for quantifying recellularization efficiency of tissue-engineered cardiac patches compared with native cardiac tissue. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were seeded into rat heart atrial and ventricular decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix patches. Confocal and atomic force microscopy showed cell integration within the extracellular matrix basement membrane that was accompanied by restoration of native cardiac tissue passive mechanical properties. Multi-electrode array and immunostaining (connexin 43) were used to determine synchronous field potentials with electrical coupling. Myoglobin content (~60%) and sarcomere length measurement (>45% vs 2D culture) were used to evaluate cardiomyocyte maturation of integrated cells. The combination of these techniques allowed us to demonstrate that as cellularization efficiency improves, cardiomyocytes mature and synchronize electrical activity, and tissue mechanical/biochemical properties improve toward those of native tissue.

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Yesniyazov, Dias, Tussupbekova Maida, Nurkasi Abatov, Yekaterina Yukhnevich, and Ruslan Badyrov. "Myringoplasty with Morphological Rationale of Application of Xenoperitoneum Decellularized Matrix in Experiment." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (October 5, 2021): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5897.

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AIM: The aim of the study is to create a myringoplasty technique with decellularized matrix of xenoperitoneum in an experiment on rabbits with morphological rationale of a new biological material application. METHODS: Sixty rabbits were included in research. The animals were randomly divided in two groups for use the bioimplant – decellularized matrix of xenoperitoneum and control. Each subgroup corresponded to the observation period and the removal of the animal from the experiment. Observation period was: 7 days, 21 days and 30 days after myringoplasty. RESULT: The maturation of connective tissue in both groups was completed by the 30th day. But the change in the exudative phase into the proliferative phase occurred faster and the dynamics of reparative processes after myringoplasty were better in experimental group. CONCLUSION: The use the decellularized matrix of xenoperitoneum had better reparative properties

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McInnes, Adam D., Michael A. J. Moser, and Xiongbiao Chen. "Preparation and Use of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (November 14, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040240.

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The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate, or replace tissues and organs with functional engineered constructs. To this end, tissue engineering combines scaffolding materials with cells and biologically active molecules into constructs with the appropriate structures and properties for tissue/organ regeneration, where scaffolding materials and biomolecules are the keys to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For this, one emerging way is to decellularize the native ECM into the materials suitable for, directly or in combination with other materials, creating functional constructs. Over the past decade, decellularized ECM (or dECM) has greatly facilitated the advance of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, while being challenged in many ways. This article reviews the recent development of dECM for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with a focus on the preparation of dECM along with its influence on cell culture, the modification of dECM for use as a scaffolding material, and the novel techniques and emerging trends in processing dECM into functional constructs. We highlight the success of dECM and constructs in the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications and further identify the key issues and challenges involved, along with a discussion of future research directions.

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Nie, Ziyan, Xuesong Wang, Liling Ren, and Yunqing Kang. "Development of a decellularized porcine bone matrix for potential applications in bone tissue regeneration." Regenerative Medicine 15, no. 4 (April 2020): 1519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0125.

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Aim: The objectives of this study were to develop a new decellularized bone matrix (DBM) and to investigate its effect on the in vitro cell behavior of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), compared with porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds. Materials & methods: Triton X-100 and deoxycholate sodium solution, combining DNase I and RNase, were used to decellularize porcine bones. The DBM were then characterized by DNA contents and matrix components. hMSCs were then seeded on the DBM and β-TCP scaffolds to study cell behavior. Results: Results showed that most porcine cells were removed and the matrix components of the DBM were maintained. Cell culture results showed that DBM promoted cell attachment and proliferation of hMSCs but did not significantly promote the gene expression of osteogenic genes, compared with β-TCP scaffolds. Conclusion: DBM has similar function on cell behavior to β-TCP scaffolds that have promising potential in bone tissue regeneration.

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Isaeva, E. V., E. E. Beketov, N. V. Arguchinskaya, S. A. Ivanov, P. V. Shegay, and A. D. Kaprin. "Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering (Review)." Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17691/stm2022.14.3.07.

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Rijal, Girdhari. "The decellularized extracellular matrix in regenerative medicine." Regenerative Medicine 12, no. 5 (July 2017): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2017-0046.

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Gao, Rui, Wanquan Wu, Junxi Xiang, Yi Lv, Xinglong Zheng, Qian Chen, Haohua Wang, Bo Wang, Zhengwen Liu, and Feng Ma. "Hepatocyte Culture in Autologous Decellularized Spleen Matrix." Organogenesis 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476278.2015.1011908.

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Zang, Mengqing, Qixu Zhang, Edward I. Chang, Anshu B. Mathur, and Peirong Yu. "Decellularized Tracheal Matrix Scaffold for Tissue Engineering." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 130, no. 3 (September 2012): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31825dc084.

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Lee, Dong Joon, Shannon Diachina, Yan Ting Lee, Lixing Zhao, Rui Zou, Na Tang, Han Han, Xin Chen, and Ching-Chang Ko. "Decellularized bone matrix grafts for calvaria regeneration." Journal of Tissue Engineering 7 (January 2016): 204173141668030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731416680306.

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Song, Jeremy J., and Harald C. Ott. "Organ engineering based on decellularized matrix scaffolds." Trends in Molecular Medicine 17, no. 8 (August 2011): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2011.03.005.

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Burgkart, Rainer, Alexandru Tron, Peter Prodinger, Mihaela Culmes, Jutta Tuebel, Martijn van Griensven, Belma Saldamli, and Andreas Schmitt. "Decellularized Kidney Matrix for Perfused Bone Engineering." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 20, no. 7 (July 2014): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0270.

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Wang, Lina, Joshua A. Johnson, David W. Chang, and Qixu Zhang. "Decellularized musculofascial extracellular matrix for tissue engineering." Biomaterials 34, no. 11 (April 2013): 2641–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.048.

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Qiu, Shuai, Zilong Rao, Fulin He, Tao Wang, Yiwei Xu, Zhaoyi Du, Zhi Yao, et al. "Decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel and glial‐derived neurotrophic factor modifications assisted nerve repair with decellularized nerve matrix scaffolds." Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 14, no. 7 (May 30, 2020): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.3050.

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Melkonyan, K. I., R. Z. Nakokhov, T. V. Rusinova, Y. A. Kozmai, I. M. Bykov, A. N. Redko, and S. N. Alekseenko. "Serum cytokine profile indicators after subcutaneous implantation of the decellularized esophagus matrix in rats." Genes & Cells 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23868/202012008.

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Study of postimplantation immune response to decellularized matrices has great importance for assessing biocompatibility of tissue-engineered structures based on them, since inflammatory process and excessive production of inflammatory mediators lead to complications and implant rejection. The aim of this research: serum cytokine profile studying after subcutaneous implantation of decellularized esophagus matrix in rats. Experimental data were obtained on male Wistar rats aged 5-6 months (n=55). Rats were divided into 4 groups: two control groups, experimental and comparison group. Control group 1 consisted of conditionally healthy rats (n=10), control group 2 - shame-operated animals (incision in scapula without implantation, n=15). In experimental group (n=15), rats underwent subcutaneous implantation of decellularized esophagus fragments; in group 2 (n=15) - native esophagus fragments. Peripheral blood sampling and fragment explantation were performed on 7th, 14th and 21st experimental days. Serum samples were tested for IL1a, IL2, IL4, IL17A, TNFa, IFNy, GM-CSF content by ELISA. Explanted native esophagus and decellularized esophagus fragments were subjected to histological analysis. On 7th experimental day, significant increase in IL1 a content was observed in rats with implantation of decellularized esophagus fragments. IL17A, IFNy, GM-CSF content significantly decreased. On 14th day, IL17A concentration sharply decreased in comparison with value on 7th experimental day and control 1. IL1 a and IFNy concentration decreased in comparison with control group 1 values and 7th day respectively. On 21st day, dynamics of decrease in IL17A, IFNy, IL1 a content in this rat group was revealed. Thus, it was found change in concentrations of studied cytokines corresponds to regeneration histomorphological picture in group that underwent implantation of acellular matrices against of active inflammatory reaction in comparison group. Concentrations of IL1 a, IL4, IL17A, IFNy reflect positive dynamics of wound healing process and absence of decellularized matrix rejection.

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Yilmaz-Bayraktar, Suheda, Jana Schwieger, Verena Scheper, Thomas Lenarz, Ulrike Böer, Michaela Kreienmeyer, Mariela Torrente, and Theodor Doll. "Decellularized equine carotid artery layers as matrix for regenerated neurites of spiral ganglion neurons." International Journal of Artificial Organs 43, no. 5 (August 22, 2019): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398819868481.

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Today’s best solution in compensating for sensorineural hearing loss is the cochlear implant, which electrically stimulates the spiral ganglion neurons in the inner ear. An optimum hearing impression is not ensured due to, among other reasons, a remaining anatomical gap between the spiral ganglion neurons and the implant electrodes. The gap could be bridged via pharmacologically triggered neurite growth toward the electrodes if biomaterials for neurite guidance could be provided. For this, we investigated the suitability of decellularized tissue. We compared three different layers (tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima) of decellularized equine carotid arteries in a preliminary approach. Rat spiral ganglia explants were cultured on decellularized equine carotid artery layers and neurite sprouting was assessed quantitatively. Generally, neurite outgrowth was possible and it was most prominent on the intima (in average 83 neurites per spiral ganglia explants, followed by the adventitia (62 neurites) and the lowest growth on the media (20 neurites). Thus, decellularized equine carotid arteries showed promising effects on neurite regeneration and can be developed further as efficient biomaterials for neural implants in hearing research.

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Chen, Deng, Yaxin Zhang, Qun Lin, Duoyun Chen, Xiaolei Li, Jihang Dai, and Yu Sun. "The effect of cartilage decellularized extracellular matrix-chitosan compound on treating knee osteoarthritis in rats." PeerJ 9 (October 12, 2021): e12188. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12188.

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Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) refers to a common disease in orthopaedics, whereas effective treatments have been rarely developed. As indicated from existing studies, chondrocyte death, extracellular matrix degradation and subchondral bone injury are recognized as the pathological basis of KOA. The present study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of decellularized extracellular matrix-chitosan (dECM-CS) compound on KOA. In this study, rat knee cartilage was decellularized, and a satisfactory decellularized extracellular matrix was developed. As suggested from the in vitro experiments, the rat chondrocytes co-cultured with allogeneic dECM grew effectively. According to the results of the alamar blue detection, dECM did not adversely affect the viability of rat chondrocytes, and dECM could up-regulate the genes related to the cartilage synthesis and metabolism. As reported from the animal experiments, dECM-CS compound could protect cartilage, alleviate knee joint pain in rats, significantly delay the progress of KOA in rats, and achieve high drug safety. In brief, dECM-CS compound shows a good therapeutic effect on KOA.

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Urciuolo, Anna, and Paolo De Coppi. "Decellularized Tissue for Muscle Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082392.

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Several acquired or congenital pathological conditions can affect skeletal muscle leading to volumetric muscle loss (VML), i.e., an irreversible loss of muscle mass and function. Decellularized tissues are natural scaffolds derived from tissues or organs, in which the cellular and nuclear contents are eliminated, but the tridimensional (3D) structure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are preserved. Such scaffolds retain biological activity, are biocompatible and do not show immune rejection upon allogeneic or xenogeneic transplantation. An increase number of reports suggest that decellularized tissues/organs are promising candidates for clinical application in patients affected by VML. Here we explore the different strategies used to generate decellularized matrix and their therapeutic outcome when applied to treat VML conditions, both in patients and in animal models. The wide variety of VML models, source of tissue and methods of decellularization have led to discrepant results. Our review study evaluates the biological and clinical significance of reported studies, with the final aim to clarify the main aspects that should be taken into consideration for the future application of decellularized tissues in the treatment of VML conditions.

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Pellegata, Alessandro F., M. Adelaide Asnaghi, Ilaria Stefani, Anna Maestroni, Silvia Maestroni, Tommaso Dominioni, Sandro Zonta, Gianpaolo Zerbini, and Sara Mantero. "Detergent-Enzymatic Decellularization of Swine Blood Vessels: Insight on Mechanical Properties for Vascular Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/918753.

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Small caliber vessels substitutes still remain an unmet clinical need; few autologous substitutes are available, while synthetic grafts show insufficient patency in the long term. Decellularization is the complete removal of all cellular and nuclear matters from a tissue while leaving a preserved extracellular matrix representing a promising tool for the generation of acellular scaffolds for tissue engineering, already used for various tissues with positive outcomes. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of a detergent-enzymatic decellularization protocol on swine arteries in terms of cell removal, extracellular matrix preservation, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the effect of storage at −80°C on the mechanical properties of the tissue is evaluated. Swine arteries were harvested, frozen, and decellularized; histological analysis revealed complete cell removal and preserved extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the residual DNA content in decellularized tissues was far low compared to native one. Mechanical testings were performed on native, defrozen, and decellularized tissues; no statistically significant differences were reported for Young’s modulus, ultimate stress, compliance, burst pressure, and suture retention strength, while ultimate strain and stress relaxation of decellularized vessels were significantly different from the native ones. Considering the overall results, the process was confirmed to be suitable for the generation of acellular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering.

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Hoshiba, Takashi, Guoping Chen, Chiho Endo, Hiroka Maruyama, Miyuki Wakui, Eri Nemoto, Naoki Kawazoe, and Masaru Tanaka. "Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as anIn VitroModel to Study the Comprehensive Roles of the ECM in Stem Cell Differentiation." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6397820.

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Stem cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. Stem cell differentiation must be regulated for applications in regenerative medicine. Stem cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM)in vivo. The ECM is composed of many types of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that assemble into a complex structure. The assembly of ECM molecules influences stem cell differentiation through orchestrated intracellular signaling activated by many ECM molecules. Therefore, it is important to understand the comprehensive role of the ECM in stem cell differentiation as well as the functions of the individual ECM molecules. Decellularized ECM is a usefulin vitromodel for studying the comprehensive roles of ECM because it retains a native-like structure and composition. Decellularized ECM can be obtained fromin vivotissue ECM or ECM fabricated by cells culturedin vitro. It is important to select the correct decellularized ECM because each type has different properties. In this review, tissue-derived and cell-derived decellularized ECMs are compared asin vitroECM models to examine the comprehensive roles of the ECM in stem cell differentiation. We also summarize recent studies using decellularized ECM to determine the comprehensive roles of the ECM in stem cell differentiation.

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Macagonova, Olga, Adrian Cociug, Tudor Braniste, and Viorel Nacu. "Structural and physical characteristics of the dermal decellularized structures evaluation." Moldovan Medical Journal 65, no. 2 (December 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.65-2.22.05.

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Introduction: Decellularized biomaterials derived from the biological tissues are ideal for tissue engineering applications because they mimic the biochemical composition of the native tissue. The physical and structural properties of the scaffold are important in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Material and methods: Study material was 20 decellularized dermal grafts. 10 samples were obtained from piglets slaughtered in the slaughterhouse. Other tissues (n=10) were received from the donor from the Human Tissue and Cell Bank of the Republic of Moldova. Extracellular matrices were obtained by decellularization with 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate/0.1% EDTA solution. The evaluation of the structural characteristics was carried out by the histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin, scanning electron microscopy and the quantification of the amount of deoxyribonucleic acids. Assessment of the physical characteristics included analysis of extracellular matrix volume porosity, density, and swelling rate. Results: Histological examination revealed fewer cells in decellularized tissues compared to non-decellularized ones. More than 80.5% of nucleic acids were removed from porcine matrix and 82.5% of genetic material – from decellularized human dermal structures. A mean correlation and inverse dependence of -0.43 was shown between porosity and swelling rate of decellularized dermis. Conclusions: The decellularization process significantly (P<0.05) removed the cellular components while preserving the connective three-dimensional structure of the dermal matrices clearly shown by quantification of the amount of DNA and microscopic examination of the structures.

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Wu, Tong, Yue-Yue Gao, Xia-Nan Tang, Jin-Jin Zhang, and Shi-Xuan Wang. "Construction of Artificial Ovaries with Decellularized Porcine Scaffold and Its Elicited Immune Response after Xenotransplantation in Mice." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040165.

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Substitution by artificial ovary is a promising approach to restore ovarian function, and a decellularized extracellular matrix can be used as a supporting scaffold. However, biomimetic ovary fabrication and immunogenicity requires more investigation. In this study, we proposed an effective decellularization protocol to prepare ovarian scaffolds, which were characterized by few nuclear substances and which retained the extracellular matrix proteins. The ovarian tissue shape and 3-dimensional structure were well-preserved after decellularization. Electron micrographs demonstrated that the extracellular matrix fibers in the decellularized group had similar porosity and structure to those of native ovaries. Semi-quantification analysis confirmed that the amount of extracellular matrix proteins was reduced, but the collagen fiber length, width, and straightness did not change significantly. Granulosa cells were attached and penetrated into the decellularized scaffold and exhibited high proliferative activity with no visible apoptotic cells on day 15. Follicle growth was compromised on day 7. The implanted artificial ovaries did not restore endocrine function in ovariectomized mice. The grafts were infiltrated with immune cells within 3 days, which damaged the artificial ovary morphology. The findings suggest that immune rejection plays an important role when using artificial ovaries.

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Burk, Janina, Amelie Plenge, Walter Brehm, Sandra Heller, Bastian Pfeiffer, and Cornelia Kasper. "Induction of Tenogenic Differentiation Mediated by Extracellular Tendon Matrix and Short-Term Cyclic Stretching." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7342379.

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Tendon and ligament pathologies are still a therapeutic challenge, due to the difficulty in restoring the complex extracellular matrix architecture and biomechanical strength. While progress is being made in cell-based therapies and tissue engineering approaches, comprehensive understanding of the fate of progenitor cells in tendon healing is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decellularized tendon matrix and moderate cyclic stretching as natural stimuli which could potentially direct tenogenic fate. Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were seeded on decellularized tendon matrix scaffolds. Mechanical stimulation was applied in a custom-made cyclic strain bioreactor. Assessment was performed 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h following mechanical stimulation. Scaffold culture induced cell alignment and changes in expression of tendon-related genes, although cell viability was decreased compared to monolayer culture. Short mechanical stimulation periods enhanced most of the scaffold-induced effects. Collagen 1A2 expression levels were decreased, while collagen 3A1 and decorin levels were increased. Tenascin-C and scleraxis expression showed an initial decrease but had increased 24 h after stimulation. The results obtained suggest that decellularized tendon matrix, supported by cyclic stretching, can induce tenogenic differentiation and the synthesis of tendon components important for matrix remodeling.

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McCrorie, Phoebe, Harry Porter, Jeffy Vinohar, Mohammed Diksin, David Scurr, and Ruman Rahman. "MODL-34. DECELLULARIZATION OF HUMAN AUTOPSY BRAIN TISSUE TO GENERATE A 3D EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA AND ATYPICAL TERATOID/RHABDOID TUMOUR MODELLING." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (November 1, 2022): vii298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.1161.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Childhood medulloblastoma (MB) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RT) are malignant brain tumours occurring in the posterior fossa, for which prognoses remains particularly poor for the MB Group 3 subtype characterised by amplification of the Myc oncogene and for AT/RT in general. Current in vitro models for these neoplasms rely on non-coated plastic, various hydrogels, or animal-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), which fail to recapitulate the physiological environment from which the cells are derived from. METHODS We have developed a method to decellularize ex vivo human brain tissue from different anatomical locations for the use in 3D in vitro models. Human cerebellar brain tissue was harvested from autopsy brain and sectioned into small cubes before bathing in a sodium dodecyl sulfate/phosphate-buffered saline mixture for several days, before washing and lyophilising. RESULTS The optimised method for generation of decellularized human brain ECM successfully removes nuclei as confirmed by histological staining and DNA quantification (DNA reduction of ≥ 60%). Orbitrap-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analysis confirmed the retention of the ECM components laminin (C9H11N3O2Na+), fibronectin (C9H14N4O2Na+ and C20H33N7O5Na+) and collagen (C4H5N2O2+), with a reduction in cell membrane lipid components (glycerophosphocholine, C9H19NPO4+; phosphocholine, C5H15NPO4+; and choline, C5H14NO+) relative to control tissue, with a < 2 ppm accuracy, which was further corroborated by glycosaminoglycan and collagen assays. Multiple molecular subtype-specific AT/RT and MB cell lines have been successfully grown on decellularized cerebellar-ECM/PEGDA hydrogel, showing no reduction in metabolic viability using PrestoBlue and Cell Titer Glo assays. CONCLUSIONS This methodology offers an innovative human-only high-throughput 3D drug screening model, whereby patient-derived MB or AT/RT cells are co-cultured with healthy human cerebellar astrocytes upon decellularized cerebellar ECM, which we term ‘Tumoursphere Matrices’.

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Mattioli-Belmonte, Monica, Francesca Montemurro, Caterina Licini, Iolanda Iezzi, Manuela Dicarlo, Giorgia Cerqueni, Florinda Coro, and Giovanni Vozzi. "Cell-Free Demineralized Bone Matrix for Mesenchymal Stem Cells Survival and Colonization." Materials 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091360.

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Decellularized bone matrix is receiving much attention as biological scaffolds and implantable biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a cell-free demineralized bone matrix on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) survival and differentiation in vitro. The seeding of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-SCs) on decellularized bone matrices up to 14 days was exploited, assessing their capability of scaffold colonization and evaluating gene expression of bone markers. Light and Scanning Electron Microscopies were used. The obtained cell-free decalcified structures showed elastic moduli attributable to both topology and biochemical composition. Morphological observation evidenced an almost complete colonization of the scaffolds after 14 days of culture. Moreover, in hUC-SCs cultured on decalcified scaffolds, without the addition of any osteoinductive media, there was an upregulation of Collagen Type I (COL1) and osteonectin (ON) gene expression, especially on day 14. Modifications in the expression of genes engaged in stemness were also detected. In conclusion, the proposed decellularized bone matrix can induce the in vitro hUC-SCs differentiation and has the potential to be tested for in in vivo tissue regeneration.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Decellularized matrix'

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