Journal articles on the topic 'Decay of buildings'
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Loli, Arian, and Chiara Bertolin. "Indoor Multi-Risk Scenarios of Climate Change Effects on Building Materials in Scandinavian Countries." Geosciences 8, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090347.
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Within the built environment, historic buildings are among the most vulnerable structures to the climate change impact. In the Scandinavian countries, the risk from climatic changes is more pronounced and the right adaptation interventions should be chosen properly. This article, through a multidisciplinary approach, links the majority of climate-induced decay variables for different building materials with the buildings’ capacity to change due to their protection status. The method tends to be general as it assesses the decay level for different building materials, sizes, and locations. The application of the method in 38 locations in the Scandinavian countries shows that the risk from climatic changes is imminent. In the far future (2071–2100), chemical and biological decays will slightly increase, especially in the southern part of the peninsula, while the mechanical decay of the building materials kept indoors will generally decrease. Furthermore, the merge of the decay results with the protection level of the building will serve as a good indicator to plan the right level and time of intervention for adapting to the future climatic changes.
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Hopland, Arnt O., and Sturla F. Kvamsdal. "Optimal maintenance scheduling for local public purpose buildings." Property Management 34, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-01-2015-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set up and analyze a formal model for maintenance scheduling for local government purpose buildings. Design/methodology/approach – The authors formulate the maintenance scheduling decision as a dynamic optimization problem, subject to an accelerating decay. This approach offers a formal, yet intuitive, weighting of an important trade-off when deciding a maintenance schedule. Findings – The optimal maintenance schedule reflects a trade-off between the interest rate and the rate at which the decay accelerates. The prior reflects the alternative cost, since the money spent on maintenance could be saved and earn interests, while the latter reflects the cost of postponing maintenance. Importantly, it turns out that it is sub-optimal to have a cyclical maintenance schedule where the building is allowed to decay and then be intensively maintained before decaying again. Rather, local governments should focus the maintenance either early in the building’s life-span and eventually let it decay toward replacement/abandonment or first let it decay to a target level and then keep it there until replacement/abandonment. Which of the two is optimal depends on the trade-off between the alternative cost and the cost of postponing maintenance. Originality/value – The paper provides a first formal inquiry into important trade-offs that are important for maintenance scheduling of local public purpose buildings.
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Merillou, N., S. Merillou, E. Galin, and D. Ghazanfarpour. "Simulating How Salt Decay Ages Buildings." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 32, no. 2 (March 2012): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2011.107.
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Singh, Jagjit, and Nia White. "Timber Decay in Buildings: Pathology and Control." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 11, no. 1 (February 1997): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1997)11:1(3).
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Golder, Santu, Ramadas Narayanan, Md Rashed Hossain, and Mohammad Rofiqul Islam. "Experimental and CFD Investigation on the Application for Aerogel Insulation in Buildings." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113310.
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Reducing building energy consumption is a significant challenge and is one of the most important research areas worldwide. Insulation will help to keep the building’s desired temperature by reducing the heat flow. Additionally, proper insulation can provide an extended period of comfort, leading to reduced building energy requirements. Encapsulated air is the major aspect of most thermal insulation materials. Low thermal conductivity is a good characteristic of thermal insulation materials. Aerogel has low thermal conductivity, so it is suitable for glazing and insulation purposes. This research paper investigates the effectiveness of aerogel as an insulation material in buildings by incorporating a translucent aerogel-glazing system in the window and aerogel insulation in the wall of a building. Experimental investigation of a 10 mm thick aerogel blanket surrounded box was conducted to assess its performance. Additionally, a CFD simulation was conducted, and the results of temperature degradation for the wall showed good agreement with experimental results. Additionally, the CFD simulation of temperature decay was compared between the aerogel-glazed window and argon-glazed window. It was found that the aerogel-glazed window has slower temperature decay compared to the argon-glazed window. The results showed that integrating aerogel in the glazing system and wall insulation in a building has the potential to reduce the building’s energy consumption. Moreover, a numeric simulation was conducted, and showed that the building’s annual energy consumption is reduced by 6% with the use of aerogel insulation compared to fiberglass.
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Johansson, Pär, and Paula Wahlgren. "Deterioration in brick buildings: hygrothermal performance and measures to save them." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 23005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017223005.
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Many former industrial building sites in Sweden have been abandoned and left to deteriorate. Nowadays, there is a large interest to refurbish and retrofit these buildings for other purposes. Commercial and housing developers are attracted to these areas which are often in the outskirts of the city centers. There are several challenges facing architects and engineers to preserve these buildings, also connected to cultural heritage demands. The aim of this study is to propose measures to preserve cultural heritage buildings. A brick building in Gothenburg, on the Swedish west coast, is used as a case study. The building was used for paper production until 2005. After that, it deteriorated quickly after the heating was turned off. The rapid decay affected the hygrothermal performance as well as the load-bearing capacity of the structure. Small scale laboratory investigations of the building materials show a high degree of decay. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity is used to monitor the hygrothermal performance. Observations show that the brick masonry has heavy salt efflorescence and is in need of further protective measures.
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FAHEY, Carolyn. "URBAN OR MORAL DECAY? THE CASE OF TWENTIETH CENTURY DETROIT." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 41, no. 3 (June 14, 2017): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1301292.
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This paper provides an alternative narrative of Detroit from one of economic struggle and racial division. It instead discusses other forces at play, focusing on questionable moral standing and its relationship to built form, specifically the city. The paper explores whether a compelling claim on building’s moral use can be established, and in doing so seeks to establish a causal link between moral relationship and the built environment. Moral relationship is established through three main avenues. The first is a brief discussion of Detroit’s history, particularly its history from WWII onward, in order to establish the complex moral context into which this argument is situated. The second avenue provides a concise summary of Stanley Cavell’s moral framework and discusses the conundrum of having moral obligation in the absence of moral relationship. The final avenue is a look to the famous Renaissance Center as emblematic of the moral relationship at play. The resulting form of analysis relies on the premises that buildings can embody the knowledge and agreement required for (moral) relationship, and that buildings are artifacts of moral relationship. The paper concludes that buildings are therefore morally appraisable, which is to say they can be appraised for their moral appropriateness.
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Souček, Jiří, and Petra Tichá. "Modeling Interior Environment of Historical Building and Determination of Critical Places for Application of Nanotextiles Protection." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.1141.
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Reconstruction of internal plaster in historical buildings belongs to significant and obvious treatment in a landmark area that helps protect irreplaceable cultural resources. Original form of historical buildings has been usually altered over time and alterations are an important part of the building's history. These interventions don ́t often respect the basic function of interior. Results of these changes cause plaster and painting decay, slow air flow and higher air moisture concentration. Computer simulation plays major role in determining places where is necessary to apply surface protection that will preserve the valuable interior surface against negative influences such as high level of moisture, fungus, chemical reactions etc. Abatement of negative influences within historic buildings requires particular care if important historic finishes are not to be adversely affected. Reconstruction of historical interiors should be designed to minimize visual changes to a historic building. Choosing the most appropriate treatment for a historical building requires careful decision making about using of appropriate material for renovation. Using of nanofibers should be minimal modifications to the historic appearance and protect from negative influences.
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Cardellicchio, Luciano, and Paolo Tombesi. "Learning from Failures: Reflections on the Role of Project Design and Design Management in the Procurement of Non-Standard Buildings." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060253.
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The opening of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao in 1997 heralded the beginning of an era in world architecture defined by iconic buildings underpinned by mediatic exposure and the belief in the power of design to leverage urban conditions. Today, a conspicuous number of such buildings featuring non-standard geometries are experiencing accelerated forms of decay with the emergence of construction defects. This study compares the type of problems encountered in the Jubilee Church in Rome (1996–2003), analysed in previous studies, with the failures of other two contemporary buildings of analogous features, namely: the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia in Valencia (1996–2005) and the Museum of the Arts of the XXI Century in Rome (1998–2010). The findings of the study show that the accelerated decay of the three buildings shares familiar features and common challenges: geometry of the façade, local environmental factors, labour organisation, and limited regard of maintenance principles. Building on the patterns identified here, the paper suggests structural reasons for their emergence and speculates on the potential benefits deriving from the amplification of the design function.
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Goto, Satoru, Yoshinori Takahashi, and Mikio Tohyama. "Structural Vibration Monitoring Using Cumulative Spectral Analysis." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2013 (March 5, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/158329.
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This paper describes a resonance decay estimation for structural health monitoring in the presence of nonstationary vibrations. In structural health monitoring, the structure's frequency response and resonant decay characteristics are very important for understanding how the structure changes. Cumulative spectral analysis (CSA) estimates the frequency decay by using the impulse response. However, measuring the impulse response of buildings is impractical due to the need to shake the building itself. In a previous study, we reported on system damping monitoring using cumulative harmonic analysis (CHA), which is based on CSA. The current study describes scale model experiments on estimating the hidden resonance decay under non-stationary noise conditions by using CSA for structural condition monitoring.
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Spennemann, Dirk H. R. "Earth to Earth: Patterns of Environmental Decay Affecting Modern Pisé Walls." Buildings 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060748.
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Rammed earth/pisé is an earth building technique with a deep history in several countries across the globe. In the past twenty years, pisé buildings have seen a resurgence in popularity, primarily because of their environmentally friendly, passive energy characteristics, but also due to the aesthetic appeal of the fabric. As with all other earth architecture, pisé is susceptible to decay by moisture ingress. This paper presents longitudinal observations on the decay of capped and uncapped pisé walls of an early twenty-first-century complex of four buildings in Albury (NSW, Australia). It can be shown that while surface treatment with water-repellent sealants prevents the ingress of penetrating damp, it also traps moisture (falling damp) in the fabric by restricting evaporation. This leads to internal cleavage between the consolidated and the unconsolidated fabric and accelerates the decay of uncapped walls. The future design of both stabilized and unstabilized external rammed earth walls must ensure effective protection from rainfall through well-proportioned overhanging eaves. While the capping of feature walls may be aesthetically pleasing, and thus architecturally desirable, it does not adequately protect the walling against long-term decay.
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Guidetti, Elena, and Matteo Robiglio. "The Transformative Potential of Ruins: A Tool for a Nonlinear Design Perspective in Adaptive Reuse." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105660.
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In recent years, the heritage preservation debate has seen a growing interest in emerging theories in which the concept of potential plays an essential role. Starting from the assumption that memory is an evolving mental construct, the present paper introduces the concept of “transformative potential” in existing buildings. This novel concept regards the inevitability of loss and the self-destructive potential as part of the transformation of each building. The “transformative potential” is defined here as the relationship between spatial settings and material consistency. This research hypothesizes five “transformative potential” types by analyzing five best-practices adapted ruins in the last 15 years. The analysis integrates quantitative and qualitative research methods: morphological analysis (dimensional variations, critical redrawing, configuration patterns) and decay stages evaluation (shearing layers analysis, adaptation approaches). The goal is to test the “transformative potential” effectiveness in outlining patterns between specific stages of decay and adaptive design projects. Adaptation projects may actualize this potential in a specific time through incremental and decremental phases, outlining a nonlinear relationship between decay and memory. The study provides insights for future research on adapting existing buildings in a particular decay stage.
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March, Susan D. Turner, J. Bryan Blundell, and Brian Ridout. "Timber Decay in Buildings: The Conservation Approach to Treatment." APT Bulletin 31, no. 4 (2000): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504679.
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Ridout, Brian. "Timber Decay in Buildings: The Conservation Approach to Treatment." APT Bulletin 32, no. 1 (2001): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504694.
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Tan, S. W., M. A. Othuman Mydin, N. Md Sani, and M. Z. Sulieman. "Investigation into Common Decay of Educational Buildings in Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 10 (2014): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141005001.
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Maher, Edward F., Stephen N. Rudnick, and Dade W. Moeller. "Effective Removal of Airborne 222Rn Decay Products Inside Buildings." Health Physics 53, no. 4 (October 1987): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198710000-00001.
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HORISAWA, Sakae. "Associations of airbone fungi with decay of wood buildings." MOKUZAI HOZON (Wood Protection) 44, no. 3 (2018): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.44.134.
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Lahusen, Thomas. "Decay or Endurance? The Ruins of Socialism." Slavic Review 65, no. 4 (2006): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4148452.
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The building of socialism, in its concrete and metaphorical sense, has been in a state of constant decay—in ruins—from its very foundation. For those who inhabited it, endurance became a way of life. It is precisely this endurance that explains the resistance, by both people and the landscapes in which they live, to the market. Nostalgia for socialism has become a commodity, but not for those who still live in its ruins, because they are home. This essay by Thomas Lahusen explores this ruined landscape, from the vanishing Palace of the Republic in Berlin and the decrepit-looking buildings made of precast concrete slabs of real socialism, to its culture, which shares decay and ruin with its built structures. Lahusen juxtaposes this landscape to philosophical essays on the collapse of communism and to recent histories, some of which yield new fetishes and new commodities.
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YANG, YAN, XIAOQIAN ZHANG, QIAN XU, PEIYANG WANG, SHILONG JIANG, YAN MIN, WENYE SUN, BIN LI, YULONG FAN, and SHUANG YANG. "EVALUATION OF THE DECAY LEVELS OF WOODEN COMPONENTS IN ARCADE BUILDINGS IN THE ANCIENT TOWN CHIKAN VIA POLARIZED LIGHT, FLUORESCENCE AND FTIR SPECTRA." WOOD RESEARCH 67(4) 2022 67, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.4.545557.
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In order to classify the decay levels of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood components in arcade buildings in the ancient town Chikan and to provide basic data for future protection measures, the extent of decay of the samples was determined via polarized light, fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results were as follows: (1)Thetotal birefringence brightness of crystalline cellulose and the green fluorescence brightness of the lignins were reducedto different degreesin almost all samples. (2)Theabsorption peaks at 1731 cm-1representing hemicellulose and at 891 cm-1representing cellulose in all samples disappeared. The absorption peak heights at 1370 cm-1, 1159 cm-1and 1058 cm-1which represents holocellulose,and at 1508 cm-1, 1424 cm-1, and 1262 cm-1which represents lignin decreased to varying degrees. (3)From the analysis, the decay level of wooden components in arcade buildings was divided into three classes, i.e., Level I (severe decay), Level II (moderate decay), and Level III (mild decay).
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Souček, Jiří, and Petra Tichá. "Investigating Interior Changes in Historical Building by Computational Modeling and Determination Critical Places for Structural Conservation." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.161.
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Maintenance and restoration of historical buildings are an important contribution to sustainability of cultural heritage. Refurbishment should be adopted to preserve the essential features of the building ́s history and cultural heritage. Reconstruction of internal plaster in historical buildings belongs to important treatment in a landmark area. Plaster of historical buildings is usually characterized by an open porosity, which makes it sensitive to the degradation caused by physical and chemical agents. Alterations and structural faults can lead to invasive interventions which modify permanently the cultural value and the structural behavior of the buildings, in conflict with necessary preservation requirements.Knowledge of the historical building interior microclimate is essential for the definition of suitable reconstruction. Computer simulation plays major role in determining air flow, which can cause negative influence within historic buildings such as high level of moisture, fungus, chemical reactions etc. In order to prevent deterioration of plaster and to retard their decay, protective products – nanofibers – could be applied on the historical surfaces. Using nanofibers should cause minimal modifications to the historic appearance and protect from negative influences.
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Diana, Lorenzo, Saverio D’Auria, Giovanna Acampa, and Giorgia Marino. "Assessment of Disused Public Buildings: Strategies and Tools for Reuse of Healthcare Structures." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042361.
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The aim of this paper, in line with the 2030 European Agenda and 2021 Italian “Recovery and Resilience Plan” objectives, is to define an evaluation methodology and tool to support public administrations to detect buildings, currently unused or underused, that might be apt for transformation interventions. The focus is on historical Italian healthcare buildings since these show widespread decay and neglect. A five-step methodology has been developed: screening of public assets; classification, evaluation, and identification of buildings, based on the “potential index”; GIS mapping and inventory; selection of buildings for in-depth analysis; BIM digitization and definition of the “transformability index”. In the fifth phase, an evaluation tool is integrated into the BIM software to automatically calculate the transformability index of each building using six indicators: usability, fragmentation, modifiability, roof implementation, external envelope, and window-to-wall ratio. The “transformability index” helps define the most appropriate buildings to intervene with for reuse. Building transformation is connected to construction features and layout organization and it is limited by architectural, structural, and artistic constraints.
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D’Agostino, Diana, Roberto Landolfi, Maurizio Nicolella, and Francesco Minichiello. "Experimental Study on the Performance Decay of Thermal Insulation and Related Influence on Heating Energy Consumption in Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052947.
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The External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) is one of the most common passive strategies to obtain energy savings in existing buildings. Despite previous studies dealing with ETICS durability in real building case studies or involving accelerated ageing tests in climatic chambers, little progress has been made in the knowledge of the long-term durability and energy efficiency of the system. In this work, following previous experiments on ageing cycles, different climatic chambers are used to accelerate performance decay by simulating the natural outdoor exposure to assess the thermal transmittance decay of a building wall. After evaluating through laboratory tests the decay of the thermal performances of grey expanded polystyrene sintered (EPS) and polyurethane, the results are applied to an existing building. The case study building is virtually located in three different Italian climatic zones and an evaluation in terms of thermal transmittance values and their influence on heating energy consumption is made by using the dynamic simulation software DesignBuilder. The results show no significant variations during ETICS service life; the thermal performances are reduced little over time and therefore there is an increase in consumption for building heating of about only 2% after a time t1 equal to 8 years.
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Baptista-Neto, José A., Bernard J. Smith, John J. McAllister, Maria Augusta M. Silva, and Fabio S. Castanheira. "Surface modification of a granite building stone in central Rio de Janeiro." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 2 (June 2006): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000200011.
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In order to evaluate environmental controls on the soiling formation and decay of building stones a set of mapping and physical and chemical analyses were carried out on granite from a historical church in the polluted centre of Rio de Janeiro. These techniques highlight the increasing of threatening damage on generally perceived as a durable building material, caused by granular disaggregation and contour scaling in areas close to ground level. Mapping also indicated the formation of black crusts over entire building façades, concentrated on areas sheltered from rain-wash. Analyses demonstrated the influence of marine aerosols, rock and mortar composition and mostly of the atmospheric pollutants on the decay and soiling of the granite. Much of the decay is associated specifically with the presence of halite (NaCl) and gypsum (CaS04.2H2O). The fact that black, gypsum crusts are able to develop over entire façades in a humid subtropical environment is testimony to the high levels of local pollution, especially particulate deposition. Reduced rainwash, in sheltered micro-environments of narrow, canyon-like streets, overcomes the gypsum tendency to bewashed away from buildings façades. These observations further highlight that decay processes are primarily controlled by microclimatic conditions.
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Lobkina, Valentina. "Analysis of Roof Collapse Cases Caused by Snow Loads in Russia (2001–2021)." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 8, 2021): 13580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413580.
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Cases of building decay and structural damage caused by the impact of snow loads are registered every year throughout the world. Such destruction not only results in property loss, but also leads to human losses. A database on 266 cases of roof collapse caused by snow loads in Russia for the period from 2001 to 2021 was collated for this study. The data were analyzed by date and place of collapse, building data, and number of victims. The analysis showed that civilian buildings are the most vulnerable, comprising 78% of the total number of collapses, followed by industrial buildings with 15% and agricultural buildings with only 7%. The relationships between roof shape, roofing material, number of floors, and type of collapsed building were determined. The data processing results showed that low-rise residential buildings (one to two floors) with a gable roof covered with fiber cement should be considered the most vulnerable. A linear relationship was revealed between a collapse area of more than 150 m2 and the cumulative number of collapse cases. The obtained results have practical application for rating building vulnerability to natural hazards and assessing the risk of emergencies associated with snow loads.
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Butlin, R. N. "Effects of air pollutants on buildings and materials." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005376.
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SynopsisThe main pollutants affecting materials are sulphur dioxide and sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone. In marine environments it is important to separate the effects of anthropogenic pollutants from marine sources of the same substances. The effects of paniculate matter, especially from diesel vehicle emissions is of increasing significance.In buildings containing books, historical artefacts or other works of art indoor pollutants may cause significant degradation. These pollutants may either be lower concentrations of pollutants originating outdoors or other substances generated from synthetic materials, paints, varnishes and display cases as well as from combustion for heating.The materials most sensitive to pollutants are calcareous building stones and ferrous metals. Manifestations of damage include losses of mass, changes in porosity, discoloration and embrittlement. In the case of stone it is difficult to (1) dissociate the effects of historical concentrations of pollution from current ones and (2) to establish background rates of erosion or decay in the absence of pollutants.Damage to materials in polluted atmospheres can be attributed to dry or wet deposition of pollutants, or dissolution in rainfall in the case of stone. Estimates of the contributions of the different mechanisms of decay have been made in programmes in the U.S.A. and the U.K.To obtain estimates of the economic cost of damage from acid deposition it is necessary to know how decay rates are related quantitatively to pollutants and meteorological parameters (damage functions), and the distribution of materials exposed in buildings and in geographical areas. There are few damage functions available and those in existence lack general applicability. There is. therefore, much importance attached to national and international exposure programmes that have been established to assess the responses of a range of materials to different environments. Such work is also of interest in predicting the potential effects of climatic changes on materials.Methodologies have been developed to enable estimates of economic costs of damage to be made. These are being refined with better data on rates of decay obtained from mathematical models and from exposure programmes. The concept of target loads for damage, originally devised for the natural environment, is being introduced to help assess the action needed to reduce degradation of sensitive materials and buildings.
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Silva, Ana, Jorge de Brito, André Thomsen, Ad Straub, Andrés J. Prieto, and Michael A. Lacasse. "Causal Effects between Criteria That Establish the End of Service Life of Buildings and Components." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020088.
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In the last decades, considerable work has been done regarding service life prediction of buildings and building components. Academics and members of the CIB W080 commission, as well as of ISO TC 59/SC14, have made several efforts in this area and created a general terminology for the concept of service life, which is extremely relevant for property management, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costs (LCC) analyses. Various definitions can be found in the literature that share common ideas. In fact, there are different criteria that trigger the end of a building’s service life, but the trap that building practitioners too often fall into and that should be avoided is dividing a problem into separate boxes, labels, and specializations without the mutual cohesion and interaction, and ignoring human behavior. Some definitions of service life are discussed in this review paper, in which the cause-effect processes underlying aging and decay are described. These descriptions highlight the continuous interrelation between different criteria for the end of a building’s service life, considering too often neglected and misunderstood causes of the end of life.
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Marzouk, Mohamed, Maryam ElSharkawy, Pakinam Elsayed, and Aya Eissa. "Resolving deterioration of heritage building elements using an expert system." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2019-0106.
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PurposeThe maintenance of original building materials is crucial to extending their lifetime and avoiding their repeated replacement in heritage buildings. In order to maintain the identity of built heritage and resolve possible deterioration over the years, special expertise is required to avoid possible materials decay and to preserve building elements in a way that allows them to function efficiently as originally intended.Design/methodology/approachAn expert system is created to identify the most effective method of repair for each specific building material and to propose the appropriate conservation methods for resolving different types of damages. Artificial intelligence is used to provide a systematic problem-solving technique that saves time and provides the most efficient conservation and preservation method for heritage building elements.FindingsThose expert systems could be generalized on similar historical structures to be used as a systematic guide for examining material, evaluating deterioration state and objectively suggesting their related repair techniques. Further deteriorated materials in heritage buildings should be investigated, such as stone and timber staircases, to provide a guide for usage by restoration and conservation authorities.Originality/valueUsing a user-friendly method, with special considerations to three major problematic building elements in terms of decay and material dysfunction in heritage structures, timber doors, iron gates, and ceiling paintings are selected for diagnosis and repair in an Egyptian heritage building.
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Andres, Bogusław, Krzysztof J. Krajewski, and Izabela Betlej. "Diversity of indoor wood decaying fungi in Poland." BioResources 17, no. 3 (July 5, 2022): 4856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.4856-4869.
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Results of research on the diversity of wood-rot fungi found in buildings and outdoor wooden engineering structures in Poland are presented in this article. A total of 47 species and genera of wood-rot fungi from Basidiomycota (19 brown rot fungi, 28 white rot fungi) and 1 genus from Ascomycota (1 fungus that does not cause wood decay) were found in damaged buildings. The greatest number of wood-rot fungi was reported on outdoor wooden engineering structures (33 species), followed by unoccupied residential buildings (30 species). The lowest diversity was found in occupied residential buildings (20 species). A total of 34 species and genera of fungi were found in all examined structures, out of which 17 species caused brown rot, 16 caused white rot, and 1 did not cause wood decay.
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Hygen, H. O., C. F. Øyen, and A. J. Almås. "Assessment of climate vulnerability in the Norwegian built environment." Advances in Science and Research 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-151-2011.
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Abstract. The main trends expected for the change of Norwegian climate for this century are increasing temperatures, precipitation and wind. This indicates a probable increase of climate-related risks to the Norwegian built environment. Through co-operation between the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, building and climate information have been combined to estimate changes in strain to the built environment due to climate change. The results show that the risk of wood decay will increase for the whole country. Almost two million buildings will be subject to an increase in risk of wood decay from medium to high level. Similar analyses have been performed for other climate indices, demonstrating a clear increase in potential damages due to water and humidity, while frost damage probably will decrease.
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Morkūnaitė, Žydrūnė. "CRITERIA SELECTION FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 11 (January 9, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2019.11347.
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Cultural heritage buildings are an important origin of a country‘s cultural memory, originality, and attractiveness, which motivated cultural growth, economic development, and social employment. However, cultural heritage buildings threaten to decay regarding the contributing poor funding for cultural heritage buildings preservation and maintenance, increasing urbanization changes. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings is one of the reasons, helping to preserve heritage buildings. This paper submits qualitative and quantitative criteria and subcriteria for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings. The set of criteria consists of economic, social, environmental, cultural heritage and legal criterion.
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Bertelsen, Reidar. "Et forsvar for hus som har kommet i knestående." Nordlit, no. 36 (December 10, 2015): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3687.
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<p>Norwegian cultural heritage management is based on a developed and strict legislation. The administration is placed under the Ministry of Environment and the different categories of cultural heritage are handled by a professional staff with different academic backgrounds, relevant to the categories. The ideology of cultural heritage management has changed through time and the present motto is “Vern gjennom bruk” (Protection through use).</p><p>The legislation, the categories linked to different academic disciplines, the motto and the influence of the demands derived from a modern lifestyle add up to an interesting contrast in the handling of buildings. Priority is given to buildings in a relatively stable condition of decay, called archaeological sites, and to buildings with a potential for use in a modern context after reconstruction, called architectural monuments.</p><p>Buildings between these two categories, especially those that are in a state of dynamic decay, are in general ignored or destroyed. This paper discusses the resources we overlook by this policy and practice of management. The author argues that an exposure of the process of dynamic decay has a potential for a deeper understanding of both history and cultural heritage.</p>
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Haugen, Annika, Chiara Bertolin, Gustaf Leijonhufvud, Tone Olstad, and Tor Broström. "A Methodology for Long-Term Monitoring of Climate Change Impacts on Historic Buildings." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100370.
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A new methodology for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts on historic buildings and interiors has been developed. This paper proposes a generic framework for how monitoring programs can be developed and describes the planning and arrangement of a Norwegian monitoring campaign. The methodology aims to make it possible to establish a data-driven decision making process based on monitored decay related to climate change. This monitoring campaign includes 45 medieval buildings distributed over the entirety of Norway. Thirty-five of these buildings are dated to before 1537 and include wooden buildings as well as 10 medieval churches built in stone while the remaining 10 buildings are situated in the World Heritage sites of Bryggen, in Bergen on the west coast of Norway, and in Røros, which is a mining town in the inland of the country. The monitoring is planned to run for 30 to 50 years. It includes a zero-level registration and an interval-based registration system focused on relevant indicators, which will make it possible to register climate change-induced decay at an early stage.
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Petersen, DR, RE Link, CG Carll, and TL Highley. "Decay of Wood and Wood-Based Products Above Ground in Buildings." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 27, no. 2 (1999): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12054j.
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Borge, Lars-Erik, and Arnt O. Hopland. "Schools and public buildings in decay: the role of political fragmentation." Economics of Governance 18, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10101-016-0187-z.
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Balboni, Laura, Paolo Corradini, Davide Del Curto, and Luca Valisi. "Historical Analysis and Structural Monitoring Cases – Studies for an Integrated Approach." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.247.
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The paper focuses on the structural analysis of monumental buildings, particularly upon the relationship between both instrumental measurements and the preliminary studies and the general comprehension of the construction history of each single building, including e.g. the historical evolution, materials, decay. A couple of case – study in the north of Italy are presented: the Trostburg Castle in South Tyrol and the S. Agata Church in Brescia. In these cases, cracks have been controlled by a long - time monitoring to investigate if structural damages could be influenced by the construction of underground galleries just near their foundations. The study focuses on the structural analysis of monumental buildings, particularly upon the relationship between both instrumental measurements and the preliminary studies and the general comprehension of the construction history of each single building, including e.g. the historical evolution, materials, decay. Collected data are discussed in comparison with the different approaches related to the knowledge of buildings, in order to evaluate limits and possibilities of proposed methods. Results underline how a deep investigation of an ancient and complex building, usually made up by a long time process of transformations and stratifications, allows to better understand the general structural behaviour. The strong comprehension of the constructive history of each single structure and a carefully discussed cracks board can provide a wider support to plan and make the diagnostic and structural investigation, e.g. this method helps in the choice of the type of tests and instrumentation to be employed and helps to localise where measurements should be taken, empowering the effectiveness of the results. Moreover, it allows to control and to understand results.
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Garozzo, R., F. Murabito, C. Santagati, C. Pino, and C. Spampinato. "CULTO: AN ONTOLOGY-BASED ANNOTATION TOOL FOR DATA CURATION IN CULTURAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-267-2017.
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This paper proposes CulTO, a software tool relying on a computational ontology for Cultural Heritage domain modelling, with a specific focus on religious historical buildings, for supporting cultural heritage experts in their investigations. It is specifically thought to support annotation, automatic indexing, classification and curation of photographic data and text documents of historical buildings. CULTO also serves as a useful tool for Historical Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) by enabling semantic 3D data modeling and further enrichment with non-geometrical information of historical buildings through the inclusion of new concepts about historical documents, images, decay or deformation evidence as well as decorative elements into BIM platforms. CulTO is the result of a joint research effort between the Laboratory of Surveying and Architectural Photogrammetry “Luigi Andreozzi” and the PeRCeiVe Lab (Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision Lab) of the University of Catania,
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Abdelhamid, Mona M., and Mohamed M. Elfakharany. "Introducing the Rehabilitation Policy in Order to Safeguard the Built Heritage." Resourceedings 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v1i2.328.
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In order to maintain the old historical image of the city, it is necessary to look back into the past and identify the iconic buildings that have been existing during the last decades. By recognizing those valuable structures, architects together with the help of decision makers should take actions to revitalize the uses of those valuable buildings in order to prevent building’s decay or destruction.
Old historical Arabic public bathhouses (Hammam) were chosen as distinctive buildings that have been used frequently during the 19th century in Alexandria city. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of applying the rehabilitation policies for the revitalization of those heritage buildings that have shaped for a long time the character of the old town in Alexandria. This paper will first discuss the beneficial use of the rehabilitation scheme that helps in safeguarding the social, cultural and economical value of the built heritage. The concept of rehabilitation mainly focuses that no historic building should be pulled down until serious effort has been made. Then, El Masry Arabic public bathhouse (hammam) located at Minet El Basal district in Alexandria old town has been selected as a case study on which the rehabilitation process has been applied through field surveying study and a literature background as well. Finally the study has proved that the rehabilitation process for the historical structures can lead to a great social contribution that help in preserving the original identity of the historical town.
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Olanrewaju, Abdullateef, Wong Wai Fang, and Seong Yeow Tan. "Hospital Building Maintenance Management Model." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14010.
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Wellness of the patients correlated with the hospital building performance. For building to achieve it design objectives and provide value added services to owners, users and other stakeholders, maintenance functions are strategic. As a result, management of the maintenance of hospital buildings is a delicate and expensive task to perform. Despite the fact that there is a lack of representative data on the maintenance of hospital buildings in Malaysia, there is a growing concern surrounding the subject. Fire outbreaks and decay in hospital buildings suggest a need to conduct critical research to investigate the maintenance management practices of hospital buildings. This paper reports part of an ongoing research that aims to develop a maintenance model for hospital buildings. Hence, this current research reports the results of literature reviews and observations on hospital buildings in Malaysia and their maintenance practices. Upon reviewing the literature, a conceptual framework of maintenance model for hospital buildings was proposed. The research found that the current approaches to maintenance management in the hospital buildings were corrective, fragmented, cost-driven and expensive. The procurement of maintenance services was mainly outsourcings. All these call into question, the decision making processes of the hospital maintenance organisations. Collectively, the above considerations have led to the formulation of the main research question- what are the critical success factors [CSFs] for the maintenance of hospital buildings? The current study also discussed a proposed research methodology for the main research. Furthermore, issues pertaining to the research design, ontology and epistemology were briefly discussed. It was established that to enrich the findings of the main research, it was imperative to collect primary data using both quantitative and qualitative research paradigms.
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Nazari, Marzieh, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, and Mohammadreza Bemanian. "Protection of High-Tech Buildings Facades and Envelopes with One Sided Nano-Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.857.
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Pollution on building façades deteriorates buildings' image and causes structural problems as well as aesthetic issues. It is necessary to clean up pollutants from façades to prevent erosion of materials and further unpleasant consequences. Nowadays emergence of new skyscrapers increased and considerable amount of money wasted each year for façade cleaning processes. Thus it is necessary to find new methods to protect buildings facades by usage of recombinant nanomaterials and nanocoatings. Nanotechnology opens a new window in front of building industry and high technology in construction. Literature review of the paper shows that the most of pollutant origin is presence of moisture in air as well as building mortars. While current methods of cleaning pollutants accelerate erosion. The most important aim of this research is finding some waterproof coating that can protect building facades from variety of pollutants. In theoretical points of view here is dilemma about moisture conduction. Usage of waterproof coating may cause considerable damages to mortar of buildings' walls because the architectural elements in need of some occasions to be dried, especially masonry constructed buildings which have to be dried in a long period of time. Therefore the important issue is necessity existence of ventilation in order to moisture in mortar can be dried. Usages of waterproof coatings isolate the moisture in mortar behind coating layer and will result in decay. Our experimental studies show that Silane and Siloxane nanocoatings may help building facades resist against pollutants especially in high-tech architecture.
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Nikanov, Aleksandr N., Andrey B. Gudkov, Yngvar Thomassen, Valeriy P. Chashchin, and Ol’ga N. Popova. "Natural Background Radiation in Residential and Public Buildings Located in the Vicinity of Mining Operations in the Arctic." Journal of Medical and Biological Research 10, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z114.
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Natural background radiation (NBR) largely contributes to the human inhalation of radionuclides originating from the decay of U-238, U-235 and Th-232 isotopes. This problem is of particular importance for public health in the areas with high seismicity induced by mining operations. The purpose of this article was to assess the impact of mining activities on NBR in the residential and public buildings located in the immediate vicinity of the apatite-nepheline ore mining operations in the Arctic. Materials and methods. The measurements were taken in residential and public buildings of Kirovsk (Murmansk Region) adjacent to open-pit and underground mines. The following were measured: total radioactivity dose of samples of raw ores and their concentrates, their spectral characteristics, as well as the aerosol concentration of radon decay products, and volumetric radon concentration in the basements of residential and public buildings located within 3 km from the mining area. Results. The radioactivity of open-pit ore was significantly (7.3 times) higher than that from underground mines (107,300 ± 9823 and 14,615 ± 1980 Bq/kg, respectively). However, the radioactivity of the final product (apatite concentrate) did not depend on the extraction technique (59,792 ± 865 and 61,827 ± 1022 Bq/kg, respectively). Indoor air concentrations of radon in the basements of buildings located up to 3 km from the mines, increased linearly by an average of 0.15 Bq/m3 for each ton of explosives used in ore breaking. The levels of radon and its decay products in residential and public buildings in areas adjacent to the mining operations did not exceed 100 Bq/m3. Thus, mining and blasting operations in the stress-strain state of ore-bearing rocks might have an important impact on the intensity of radionuclide emissions and changes in NBR inside residential and public buildings located in Arctic settlements adjacent to the areas of apatite-nepheline ore mining.
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Baltrukova, T. "Environmental and Hygiene Requirements for Ensuring Radiation Safety During the Construction and Reconstruction of Buildings in The Russian Federation." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering Technology 10 (December 22, 2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8741.2022.10.02.
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The levels of natural background radiation in certain territories of the Russian Federation differ significantly from each other and can vary widely. Most of the population receives radiation doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation from 2 to 4 mSv/year, but in some areas their radiation levels exceed 10 mSv/year. The population of the Russian Federation receives the main collective dose of radiation from natural radiation while living and working in enclosed residential, public and industrial buildings. In them, the levels of ionizing radiation in buildings, as a rule, depend on the level of the radiation background of the territory, which is determined by the geological, geochemical features of the area and its terrain, as well as on the type of building, radioactivity of the building materials used, emanation and exhalation of radon and daughter products of its decay into rooms from the ground and building materials used. The average annual individual doses of ionizing radiation in buildings, with the exception of certain territories, are small, but they can in isolated cases cause somatic and genetic effects in humans. To reduce the likelihood of such consequences in the Russian Federation, a system of legal and organizational provision of radiation safety of the population during the construction and reconstruction of buildings was developed, environmental and hygienic requirements for it were determined.
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Coelho, Guilherme B. A., Hugo Entradas Silva, and Fernando M. A. Henriques. "Development of a three-dimensional hygrothermal model of a historic building in WUFI®Plus vs EnergyPlus." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202079.
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Historic artefacts are crucial to transmit history to future generations. Depending on the characteristics of their components these objects can be prone to biological attacks, chemical decay or even mechanical degradation. These three types of decay are induced by the indoor relative humidity and temperature, which are largely dependent on the characteristics of the building envelope, the outdoor climate and the number of occupants. In order to attain a proper indoor climate for the conservation of the artefacts it may be necessary to implement some types of changes. However, and due to the high heritage value of most of the buildings that house these artefacts, any type of changes has to be thoroughly studied prior to its implementation. These studies are usually carried out using a hygrothermal model of the building validated by the measured indoor conditions. The development of these models is entirely based on non-destructive procedures, which is a key factor when studying historic buildings. The yearly indoor climate of a 13th century church in Lisbon was measured and then used to develop a hygrothermal model of the church in two of the most used software in cultural heritage: EnergyPlus and WUFI®Plus. The obtained results for each model were compared against the measured indoor temperature and water vapour pressure to determine which are the advantages of the two software.
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Stolarik, Martin, Miroslav Pinka, and Jan Nedoma. "Ground-Borne Vibration Due to Construction Works with Respect to Brownfield Areas." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183766.
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Ground-borne vibration caused by mechanized construction works is the most common problem in built-up areas in general. In post-industrial cities, there are many building facilities in the category of brownfields. Parts of these buildings are often technically and culturally valuable buildings with varying degrees of decay. These are very susceptible to vibrations. The revitalization of brownfield areas employs a wide range of works and practices, among which are those that have adverse effects in the form of vibrations and shocks. This paper presents a theoretical study and original results concerning the seismic load on historical and dilapidated buildings in brownfield areas due to the ground-borne vibration caused by mechanized construction works. Original data from seismic measurements are related to the post-industrial Ostrava agglomeration, in the area of one of the biggest successfully revitalized brownfields in Central Europe. All measurements were evaluated in terms of both amplitude and frequency. The results of all measurements were processed in the form of attenuation curves.
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Rahimi, Hooman, and Malihe Ahmadi. "Evaluating interventions for revitalization of urban decay of Jomhouri neighborhood of Tehran based on crisis management approach." Nexo Revista Científica 33, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i02.10774.
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Although urban decay of cities is important and valuable items; they are very vulnerable and unstable against natural disasters and on the other hands they are regarded as cultural capital and compressed buildings that are in fact treasury of social memories, methods of planning and life. The present research with the purpose of focusing on crisis management and describing its indices on revitalization of urban decay structure, examines the effective factors on revitalization of urban decay structure in Jomhouri neighborhood with the approach of crisis management. The research methodology from viewpoint of nature is descriptive- analytical and through comparing the defined indices obtained from theoretical fundamentals, the related data were analyzed by using statistical methods and SPSS software and also it is benefit from Expert Choice software. Through examining the effective factors for prioritizing intervention methods for decay structure the following 5 items based on priority were recognized and classified: Land adjustment of plaques (with final point of 0.79) as first priority, widening roads (with final point of 0.71) as second priority, consolidation of building (with final point of 0.57), reconstruction and granting bonus floor area ratio with points of 0.55 and 0.49 as fourth and fifth priority.
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Jones, Gary. "Dingy buildings point to decay in the NHS rather than in nursing." Nursing Standard 27, no. 6 (October 10, 2012): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.6.31.s44.
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Jones, Gary. "Dingy buildings point to decay in the NHS rather than in nursing." Nursing Standard 27, no. 6 (October 10, 2012): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.10.27.6.31.p9639.
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Cliff, K. D., J. C. H. Miles, and K. Brown,. "The incidence and origin of radon and its decay products in buildings." Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/31/1/507.
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Ferdyn-Grygierek, Joanna, Andrzej Baranowski, Monika Blaszczok, and Jan Kaczmarczyk. "Thermal Diagnostics of Natural Ventilation in Buildings: An Integrated Approach." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234556.
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Diagnostics of natural ventilation in buildings is problematic, as the airflow rate changes considerably over time. One constant average airflow is usually assumed when calculating energy demand for a building, however, such a simplification could be fraught with considerable error. The paper describes a comprehensive methodology for the diagnostics of a natural ventilation system in a building and its practical application. Based on in situ measurements and simulations in two existing buildings (dwelling house and school) in Poland, the real values of the ventilating airflows were analyzed and resulting heat demand was compared with the design values. The pros and cons of various methods for evaluation of natural ventilation are discussed. The real airflow was determined by measurements in a ventilation grille or by a tracer gas concentration decay method. The airtightness of the buildings’ envelope was evaluated based on the fan pressurization test. The last stage entailed computer simulations of air exchange in buildings using CONTAM software. The multizone models of the buildings were calibrated and verified with existing measured data. Measured airflow in a multifamily house was small and substantially deviated from the Polish standard. In case of a school, the air flow rate amounted to an average of 10% of the required value. Calculation of the heat demand for ventilation based on the standard value of the airflow led to a considerable overestimation of this value in relation to the real consumption. In the analyzed cases, the difference was 40% for the school and 30% for the residential building.
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Barišić Marenić, Zrinka, and Mia Andrašević. "Regeneration of Brownfield Area and Redundant Technical Culture Buildings to Symbols of Contemporary City." South East European Journal of Architecture and Design 2016 (February 13, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejad.2016.10014.
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BACKGROUND: Industrial complexes and technical culture complexes are significant morphological elements of the city.AIM: This paper focuses on the two European towns and showcases: Bilbao in Spain and Zagreb in Croatia.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The extravagant project of Gehry’s started the reformation of the Bilbao with growth of tourism and profit in general. Beside the urban regeneration, it started the trend of star-architects building their masterpieces one next to another along the river Nervion. This paper focuses on two complexes of technical culture buildings in Zagreb, presenting early conversion versus still unsolved regeneration.RESULTS: Former industrial city of Bilbao is nowadays a symbol of contemporary architecture featured by Guggenheim Museum and designed by Frank Ghery. It featured urban regeneration and numerous other examples of the contemporary architecture. This paper focuses as well on conversion of former wine-storage for mixed-use complex designed by Philippe Starck. The initial idea of the project was to revive the dying neighborhood because of the gentrification caused by the Guggenheim Museum. Zagreb intensive development in recent 150 years is based on industrialization process. After intensive deindustrialization, regeneration of redundant industrial complexes and technical culture buildings is segmented. Although the most prominent regenerations are significant architectural achievements winning the most prominent architectural awards, numerous complexes are awaiting for the conversions. Many of them are left to decay, or were demolished promptly, offering attractive location for new buildings that have been raised. This paper focuses on two complexes of technical culture buildings in Zagreb, presenting early conversion versus still unsolved regeneration. The first one is the avant-garde example of conversion of Tannery building for the Glypthotek of Yugoslav, i.e. Croatian Academy of Science and Art. The other example is Zagreb Fair, which realization since 1955 has initialized urbanization of late modern New Zagreb. Decay of Fair function, led to provisory or designed conversion of pavilions for new purposes, but the integral regeneration still is still missing.CONCLUSION:Urban regeneration should be considered seriously, and lead to transformation to contemporary city of 21st century.
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Aquino, Andrea, Stefano Pagnotta, and Marco Lezzerini. "Artificial Thermal Decay: Influence of Mineralogy and Microstructure of Sandstone, Calcarenite and Marble." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012123.
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Abstract Within a major framework of studies around artificial weathering and its effects on different lithotypes, in this work we study the effects of thermal stresses after artificial thermal decay on different types of stones used in historical buildings: a sandstone, a calcarenite and a marble. The sandstone belongs to the so called “Macigno” Formation and mainly outcrops along the northern Apennine (North Western Tuscany) and it has been widely used around Tuscany for building purposes (e.g., in Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoia, etc.); the analysed calcarenite (Gravina) comes from the surrounding of Matera Town and has been deeply used for the construction of the ancient buildings of the town itself; and the marble comes from the Carrara marble district (Northern Tuscany), a highly used stone throughout the centuries as ornamental stone. All these types of stone for their physical and mechanical properties, and aesthetic appearance, have been extensively used as both ornamental stones and as construction materials. To reproduce a plausible effect of natural thermal decay of the stones due to day-to-night and season-to-season fluctuations, we subjected the samples to artificial thermal decay. We carried out different thermal cycles on the samples by using a stove at 150°C and a muffle furnace at 300°C and 450°C. We analysed the physical and mechanical properties before and after each cycle to compare and evaluate the effects of thermal stresses on the stones. Among the different analyses: mass and volume measurements, water absorption tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thin-section observations and determination of chromatic alterations through image analysis and Munsell charts method. It was then possible to evaluate the influence of both mineralogy and microstructures on thermal decay of the studied stones (variations in fabric and modifications on physical and mechanical properties).