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Journal articles on the topic 'Debts, External – Soviet Union'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ritter, A. R. M. "The Cuban Economy in the 1990s: External Challenges and Policy Imperatives." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, no. 3 (1990): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166090.

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Cuba has entered the decade of the 1990s in a state of profound existential crisis. The countries of Eastern Europe, whose economic and political institutions and ideologies were adopted by Cuba, albeit with some modifications, were abandoning those same institutions and ideologies. Cuba's place in the international system had become one of growing isolation: Cuba had become a curiosity from the 1960s rather than the wave of the future, as it once perceived itself. By mid-1990, it appeared almost certain that the generous subsidization of the Cuban economy by the Soviet Union was about to end.

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2

Dabrowski, Marek. "Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension." Russian Journal of Economics 8, no. (2) (2022): 95–121. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947.

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The paper contains a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic policy and reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) from 1992 to 2021, after obtaining political and economic independence in 1991. Special attention is given to problems of macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth. As a result of structural distortions inherited from the Soviet economy and the slow pace of economic and institutional reforms, the FSU countries suffered from a long and deep output decline in the 1990s. Their post-transition growth recovery in the 2000s did not last long. Furthermore, they remai

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Jalal, Syed Umair. "Sectarianism, Geopolitics, and the Legacy of Mujahideen: Pakistan's Role in the Soviet-Afghan War." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 2 (2023): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.369456438.

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The study explores the significant consequences of sectarianism for Pakistan's domestic security, linking its origin to Zia's Islamization drive and U.S. strategic partnerships during the Soviet-Afghan War. Zia's government, supported by substantial foreign assistance, gave more importance to importing consumer goods than to essential industries, leading to poor economic management and a rapidly growing national debt. In this context, Pakistan played a crucial role in the Afghan conflict, driven by its geopolitical ambitions. It sought to establish itself as a stronghold of Islam and suppress

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Zhiltsov, S. S. "Coronavirus hits former-Soviet countries." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 1 (2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-1-8-17.

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The year of 2020 started a new chapter in the development of former-Soviet countries. The coronavirus epidemic, which began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has spread to affect all countries throughout the world, including the countries of the former Soviet Union. Its influence has already affected the economic and social development of the countries in the post-Soviet space. Closing borders, stopping tourism, and imposing severe restrictions on transport services were the first measures that contributed to reducing the incidence rates. At the same time, these measures affected bilateral and mul

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Boiko, I. V. "Technological Restructuring of Economies of the Former Soviet Union: from “Destruction” to “Creation”." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 17, no. 2 (2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2023-02-24-33.

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Modern geo-economic and geopolitical processes create a need to rethink the integration interaction between the republics of the former USSR, now — sovereign countries. This is due not only to the rapidly increasing instability of the global financial system, the growth of trade and economic contradictions between countries, but also to the possibility of using the previous experience of inter-republican industrial-technological and intellectual cooperation to achieve the goals of economic development.Aim and tasks. The article’s main aim is to frame the technological and economic interaction

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6

Velchev, Andrey. "Role of Economic Sustainability in Strengthening National Security: Case of Post-Soviet Countries." International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies 12, no. 2 (2025): 361–71. https://doi.org/10.14419/zf7kfx55.

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This study focused on analysing the relationship between economic resilience and national security in the context of post-Soviet countries and Bulgaria. The research employed a comprehensive strategy, incorporating the examination of economic, demographic, and quantitative factors, alongside a comparative analysis methodology. The study found that the economy plays a key role in national security, protecting against external economic and political threats such as sanctions and trade wars, as well as internal risks related to corruption and inefficiency. The study summarised the effects of the

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Romanchuk, E. S. "View at the Reform of the Economy of Uzbekistan through the Prism of the Republic’s Cooperation with International Development Institutions." Post-Soviet Issues 9, no. 1 (2022): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2022-9-1-44-57.

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The reforms carried out recently in the Republic of Uzbekistan have caused a wide discussion. For many, the speed with which the liberalization of the economy is carried out, as well as the scale of transformations, came as a surprise. Being one of the most closed economies in the post-Soviet space five years ago, Uzbekistan managed not only to catch up with the progressive countries of the former Soviet Union, but also to do so with relatively small social consequences. As shown in the article, the “Uzbek miracle” was caused by three factors. Firstly, the reforms were prepared in advance. Sec

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3364.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which th

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.2999.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under

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10

Zou, Chengzhang. "INTERPRETING SINO-SOVIET RELATIONS IN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY." Politology bulletin, no. 91 (2023): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2023.91.139-148.

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The interpretation of Sino-Soviet relations in Soviet historiography is a complex issue that reflects various stages in the history of the Soviet Union, portraying contradictions and transformations in the interaction between the two communist states. Exploring this topic allows us to unveil the evolution of relations, the impact of domestic and foreign policy factors on diplomatic ties, and the changing perceptions of China within the USSR. The article provides an overview of the history of relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union. The main milestones in the

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11

Shinar, Chaim. "The Role of the National Problem in the Disintegration of the Soviet Union." European Review 21, no. 1 (2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798712000257.

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‘The Soviet Union, like the United States, was a country established to serve and promote a political idea, not to be a state for nations. The United States was founded in order to be a modern democratic polity; the Soviet Union in order to promote Marxism-Leninism. The Soviet Union thus began as a ‘modern,’ post-imperialist state. The cement holding the state together was a compound of ideology, a hierarchical, disciplinary party, charismatic leadership, and external treats. [In the 80s] this cement was crumbling… [The Soviet] state had lost its raison d’être and the people turned to the trad

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IZOTOV, A. V. "POST-SOVIET SPACE MULTILATERAL INTERACTIONS DYNAMICS PROMOTED BY THE INTRAREGIONAL AND EXTRA-REGIONAL ACTORS: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL IMPLICATIONS." Sociopolitical Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2024-14-4-118-123.

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The article examines the key aspects of multilateral economic cooperation between the countries of the post-Soviet space. In addition to Eurasian economic integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), there are other forms of multilateral economic cooperation in the post-Soviet space, mainly, initiated and promoted by the European Union, China and Turkey. On the other hand, the EAEU also seeks to build foreign economic relations with third countries located outside the pro-Soviet space, for example, by creating free trade areas with them. The article analyzes the main

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Suslov, Ivan V., Sof’ya V. Tikhonova, and Vladimir A. Balash. "Constructing the image of the USSR in traditional media (on the example of Argumenty i Fakty): Experience of statistical and qualitative analysis of communication strategies." Media Linguistics 11, no. 2 (2024): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu22.2024.205.

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The article defines the communication strategies of creating the image of the USSR on the basis of statistical and qualitative analysis of the Argumenty i Fakty content. The empirical basis of the article is based on the material of the newspaper published from 1992 to 2022. The use of statistical methods to analyze all issues (by continuous sampling) made it possible to identify the range of articles that mention the lexemes “USSR”, “Soviet Union”, “Union Soviet”, “country Soviet”. Communication strategies are determined by analyzing the frequency of mentioning certain word forms in the media

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Kramer, Mark. "The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 3)." Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no. 1 (2005): 3–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397053326185.

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This is the concluding part of a three-part article that discusses the transformation of Soviet-East European relations in the late 1980s and the impact of the sweeping changes in Eastern Europe on the Soviet Union. This final segment is divided into two main parts: First, it provides an extended analysis of the bitter public debate that erupted in the Soviet Union in 1990 and 1991 about the “loss” of Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. The debate roiled the Soviet political system and fueled the hardline backlash against Mikhail Gorbachev. Second, this part of the article offe

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Eltsova, E. V. "The I All-Union Congress of Soviet writers in the history of Komi literature." BULLETIN OF UGRIC STUDIES 14, no. 1 (2024): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2024-14-1-164-173.

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the article is devoted to the problem of the formation and functioning of the Komi writers’ organization in the period 1920–50s. A significant stage in its history is the holding of the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (Moscow, 1934) and the participation of the Komi delegation in it. The article examines the forms and degree of influence of the results of the congress on the work of the Komi Writers’ Union, the development of national literature and journalism. Objective: determination of the main trends in the development of the Komi literary process as a result of the I All-Union Cong

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16

Guangxiang, Zhang. "The role of intelligence in the creation of the first samples of Soviet nuclear weapons." Российская история, no. 3 (June 15, 2023): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x2303015x.

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The successful completion of the Soviet nuclear project was due to the combination of internal and external factors. Of course, the privileges and guarantees provided by the government for the scientific research and production of nuclear weapons, as well as the arduous efforts made by scientists to overcome various difficulties, have played an important role. But equally important is the use of foreign experience, mainly known through intelligence. Intelligence activities helped the Soviet Union absorb and utilize foreign experience. Neither the emphasis on the decisive role of intelligence,

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Bibi, Ruqaiya, Anfal Afridi, and Javeria Noor Sawal. "Cold War and its Effects on Developing Countries: The Case of Afghanistan." Global Political Review VII, no. III (2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-iii).05.

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Afghanistan is one of the emerging nations still feeling the effects of the cold war. The Soviet invasion, which lasted from 1979 to 1989, had a significant impact on Afghanistan. In response, the United States the Cold War opponent of the Soviet Union supported the rebel mujahedeen organizations to force the Soviet soldiers to withdraw. Not only Afghanistan but also its neighbors, Iran and Pakistan in particular, have been impacted by numerous internal and external crises. As a result of finding asylum in these nations, many Afghans committed crimes. This study examines how the Cold War affec

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18

Tsedilin, L. "Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2012): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-1-96-114.

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The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

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Sinitsyn, Fedor. "External Challenges to Soviet Ideology in the Second Half of the 1960s and in the 1970s." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017638-0.

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The Soviet Union&apos;s foreign policy challenges of the 1960s and 1970s had an ideological aspect to them. Contradictions between Soviet Communism and Eastern European socialist models of development became more pronounced. Eastern European socialist countries began to emphasize the variety of models for “building socialism” and offered their own theories, not sanctioned by Moscow, of the construction of socialism in other European countries. Certain “ideological dangers” for the USSR also came from the Communist parties of capitalist countries. Authority of the Soviet Union and the CPSU

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20

Nikonov, Vyacheslav A. "Perestroika: Forty Years On. A Short Course." Rossiya v globalnoi politike 23, no. 2 (2025): 130–50. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2025-23-2-130-150.

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The West did not win the Cold War or dismantle the USSR. The Soviet Union was unintentionally destroyed not by external pressure but, on the contrary, by détente, an attempt at internal modernization, and a split in the elites.

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21

Lukin, A. G. "The Soviet and Western theories of financial management – The competition or the partnership?" Finance and Credit 26, no. 5 (2020): 991–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.5.991.

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Subject. This article explores the main points of the theory of financial management, developed within the framework of the Western general theory of finance, and the theory of financial management developed in the Soviet Union. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate an idea that these theories are complementary, and their harmonious application can help build the most effective system of financial relations management at both the macro-and microeconomic levels. Methods. For the study, I used a dialectical approach and the methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, and historical ana

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KUDRYASHOVA, Daria. "Influence of West on Post-Soviet Space: Progressive Movement to Change Cultural Code." Middle & Post-Soviet East, no. 1 (2023): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/j.2949-2408.2023.01.07.

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The European Union is one of the external players in the post-Soviet space, considering the region from the point of view of a rich resource base and a new affordable market. Having taken shape as a subject of international relations in 1992, the EU began to spread its influence in the countries of the post-Soviet space. The article examines the evolution of the approaches of the European Union to independent republics. Initially, the post-Soviet space was perceived by the leaders of the European Union as one whole, and the mechanisms and instruments of influence were universal for all countri

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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.

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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of u

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Rusina, Yulia A. "“THE PARTY’S COMMANDS OR THE HEART’S DESIRE…”: SEVERAL PAGES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SVERDLOVSK BRANCH OF THE UNION OF SOVIET WRITERS (1946)." Ural Historical Journal 71, no. 2 (2021): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-169-176.

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The article considers the traces of external influences on the works of Soviet (including Ural) writers in the first post-war year, which marked the end of the so-called first thaw period (1943–1946), a brief spiritual upsurge in the society recovering from the global catastrophe. In this article, the term external influence refers to the ideological pressure coming from the literary critics, colleagues, and other similar phenomena of Soviet culture expressed in ideological discourse. Addressing historical materials that preserved such evidence makes it possible to see the goals of the authori

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Kramer, Mark. "The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 3)." Journal of Cold War Studies 1, no. 3 (1999): 3–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039799316976805.

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The East German uprising and the downfall of Lavrentii Beria had profound short- and long-term effects on Soviet policy toward Germany and on the political configuration of the Eastern bloc. This article, the final segment of a three-part analysis of Soviet—East European relations in the early post-Stalin era, discusses the changes in the Soviet bloc at some length. It then ties together the three parts of the analysis by exploring the theoretical implications of the linkages between internal and external events in the Soviet Union and East-Central Europe in 1953, drawing on recent theoretical

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Fu, Tingchen. "Sino-Soviet Relations in the Early 1950s - Late 1960s." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, no. 1 (2023): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230689.

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From 1950 to 1960, Sino-Soviet relations transitioned from a close alliance to an eventual split. This change was influenced by various factors, including the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, as well as the Korean War. Despite sharing communist ideologies, the two countries had fundamental differences in their developmental objectives, which led to irreparable divisions and an ultimate severance of ties. Additionally, the personal characteristics of the leaders further exacerbated suspicions and military tensions between the two nations. In the early 1950s, th

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Ugulava, Gocha. "The Political-Economic Transformation of the Post-Soviet Space and Contemporary Challenges." Economic Profile 20, no. 1(29) (2025): 115–26. https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2025.29.11.

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The political and economic transformation of the post-Soviet space represents one of the most extensive and complex developments in the contemporary system of international relations. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, newly independent states entered a turbulent period of political, social, and economic transition, the consequences of which continue to shape their domestic and foreign policies. This paper aims to analyze the transformation processes in post-Soviet countries, focusing on the political-economic dynamics that define the region’s stability and development prospects. S

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Rahmatulina, Eugenia Yu. "Process of Institutionalization of the Union of Artists of the Kazakh ASSR/SSR in the Middle and Second Half of the 1930s." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(139) (December 6, 2024): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2024)5-06.

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The article examines the process of institutionalization of the Union of Soviet Artists of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic/SSR, which occurred in the mid and second half of the 1930s. Based on a systematic approach, an analysis of the main stages of the process under study was carried out: from the stage of preparatory work to the adoption of a control system and the status-role structure of the Union. It was revealed that the final stage, the 1938-1940s, became the most productive under the chairmanship of V.N. Sladkov, when the foundations of the social prestige of the organi

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Nikolina, Inna, Inna Mazur, and Volodymyr Ocheretianyi. "Organizational and Legal Bases Military-Economic Cooperation of USSR, Britain and the United States at the Beginning of World War II." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 40 (June 2022): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-124-130.

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. The purpose of the article is an attempt to objectively cover the organizational and legal basis of military-economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain at the beginning of World War II. Efforts have been made to prove that the Soviet Union was also interested in providing logistical assistance to prevent its defeat in the Soviet-Nazi war. The research methodology based on the principles of historicism, systematics, objectivity, generalization. Preference was given to such special historical methods as historical-systemic, problem-chronological, desc

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Fokin, Alexander A., and Olesya I. Sharafutdinova. "American Observers in the Election of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, no. 2 (2024): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.214.

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In 1958, a three-member delegation from the United States was invited as observers in the election of the Supreme Soviet in the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership wanted to demonstrate the superiority of Soviet elections to the Western public. The key event during the visit of the American delegation was their meeting with the representatives of the Central Election Commission, when the Americans asked questions, and the Soviet side answered them. Despite some preparatory work to create a positive image of the elections in the USSR, there had not been plans to entirely stage them for the Amer

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Graziosi, Andrea. "Stalin's Antiworker “Workerism”, 1924–1931." International Review of Social History 40, no. 2 (1995): 223–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000113215.

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SummaryThis article sketches the background of the development of the “workerist myth” in the Soviet Union in the period 1924–1931. From 1924 onward workers were subjected to mounting pressure to increase productivity and tighten discipline, against the background of the great debate on how to transform the Soviet Union from an agrarian country into a country with a powerful industrial sector as rapidly as possible. Between 1928 and 1929 a vigorous antiworker campaign was launched in the Soviet Press, which in just a few months in the winter of 1929–1930 was transformed into a workerist campai

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Czyż, Anna. "Fenomen parapaństw na obszarze poradzieckim." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 19, no. 2 (2021): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2021.2.10.

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One of the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the outbreak of several conflicts in the post-Soviet area and the emergence of the so-called para-states. Based on the systemic method of treating parastates as a system, internal and external influence factors will be indicated. The article aims to present the reasons for creating para-states and analyze internal and external determinants, i.e. attributes of their statehood as factors that guarantee their operation and ensure continued survival. In this context, the thesis was made that Russian political, economic, and military s

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Maia, Kapanadze1* Raul Pevadze2. "THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM." ISRG Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (ISRGJHCS) II, no. III (2025): 26–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15478425.

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<em>The ongoing political processes in the South Caucasus are always characterized by different dynamism and diversity. The countries of this region are constantly fighting to protect their national interests. Regional actors always try to gain their political influence in the South Caucasus region. Their goal was to suppress all attempts to defend independence in the South Caucasus region. It turned out to be not so easy, because the Caucasian people were very resistant to all empires.  The situation changed significantly in the 19th century. Controversies took a different form for the S

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Zaytsev, Aleksandr V. "Yugoslavia on the pages of the journal Slavyane (1942–1958)." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2021): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2021.1-2.1.06.

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The journal Slavyane was created by the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) as an organ of internal and external political propaganda aimed at Russian-speaking Slavs. It reflected the pullback of Soviet foreign policy from proletarian internationalism. The policy of its editorial board towards Yugoslavia repeated the one of the Party, but sensitive subjects were avoided or covered with a delay on the pages of the journal. Josip Broz Tito as spokesman for the aspirations of Yugoslav peoples was extolle since 1943 while D. Mihajlović’s activities had not been covered unt

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Raeva, T. "«Against the fire of war»: the practices of soviet peacekeeping in the context of the cold war." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 20, no. 04 (2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh200408.

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The struggle for peace was of great importance to Soviet cultural diplomacy during the Cold War. In this article, the author analyzes the arsenal and content of the peacekeeping practices of the USSR, forms an idea of the stages of development of Soviet peacefulness, studies the dynamics of its transition from effective innovative strategies to formalized measures. The study of the peacekeeping efforts of the Soviet Union, the internal and external political context of the second half of the 20th century, makes it possible to determine the reasons for the depletion of the potential of the Sovi

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Way, Lucan A., and Steven Levitsky. "Linkage, Leverage, and the Post-Communist Divide." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 21, no. 1 (2007): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325406297134.

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An important source of the post-Communist divide between a relatively democratic Central and Southeastern Europe on one side and a highly autocratic former Soviet Union on the other is the different character of the international environments in the two regions. Post-Communist countries differ along two key dimensions of the post–cold war international environment: Western leverage, or governments' vulnerability to external pressure; and linkage to the West, or the density of a country's economic, political, organizational, social, and communication ties to the European Union and the United St

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Dabrowski, Marek. "Currency crises in post-Soviet economies — a never ending story?" Russian Journal of Economics 2, no. (3) (2016): 302–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2016.08.002.

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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, its successor states have suffered from cyclical currency crises. The most recent episode of 2014–2016 was caused by a combination of external and domestic factors. The former include tighter US monetary policy, slower global growth, and declining commodity prices, whereas the latter include the former Soviet Union (FSU) economies' extreme macroeconomic fragility (a legacy of past crises), numerous microeconomic rigidities and structural distortions in addition to governmental deficits. In addition, the Russian–Ukraine conflict dealt a heavy blow to both

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САИДОВ, Бехруз Самадович. "Сравнительный анализ интеграционных инициатив и проектов России и Китая в Центральной Азии". Известия Восточного института, № 3 (30 вересня 2024): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2542-1611/2024-3/137-149.

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Based on the analysis, the author concludes that after the collapse of the USSR, Moscow made numerous attempts to create an integrated political and economic union in the post-Soviet space. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, none of these efforts was realized in reality, and the formation of the EAEU is seen as a step towards more effective economic growth and success compared to other post-Soviet initiatives. The path from the Customs Union to the Common Economic Space and from there to the Common Market appears not only logical but also realistic. In terms of military-politica

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Tauchelov, Batraz G. "Multivector strategy of Georgia in the context of geopolitical instability in the South Caucasus (1992–2003)." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2024): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-4-107-112.

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The article examines the multivector foreign policy of Georgia during the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze (1992–2003) in the context of the complex geopolitical situation in the South Caucasus. During this period, the country faced numerous challenges, including ethnopolitical conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, economic difficulties, and the need for recovery after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In response to these challenges, Georgia pursued a balanced foreign policy strategy aimed at developing relations both with the West and with Russia. The article analyzes the key directions

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Mironov, Boris N. "Disintegration of the USSR in Historiography: Collapse or Dissolution." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.108.

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Over the period of 30 years various scientists representing different fields have been studying disintegration of the USSR with unflagging interest. As of August 1, 2020, more than 300 books, 3000 articles, and 20 dissertations have been written in Russia alone. Generalization and critical analysis of this literature requires a monograph. But this task is so complex that for the time being the case is limited to historiographical articles. The purpose of this article is to identify the most popular points of view expressed by well-known experts on the problem of the disintegration of the Sovie

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Yazdani, Enayatollah. "The Impact of Post-Communist Central Asia’s Internal Dynamics on its External Relations." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 2, no. 5 (2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2020.2.5.9.

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Under the Soviet Union rule, Central Asia was a closed region with no access to the outside world. Both internal and external affairs in the region was directed by the central government in Moscow. When the Central Asian republics became dependence in 1991, the situation changed.Yet, in the new era Central Asia has faced many problems and challenges. This paper aims to explore how Central Asia’s internal dynamics have influenced its external relations? The paper concludes that the region’s external relations have been greatly affected by its internal dynamics.

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Rosser, Marina Vcherashnaya. "The External Dimension of Systemic Transformation: The Case of the Former Soviet Union." Journal of Economic Issues 27, no. 3 (1993): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1993.11505456.

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Melintei, Mihai. "Escaladarea conflictelor regionale în spațiul post-sovietic. Cazul conflictului transnistrean / Escalation of regional conflicts in the post-Soviet space. The case of the Transnistrian conflict." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 2 (2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_6.

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The last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a geopolitical event with long-lasting effects - the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. One of the „poles” of the bipolar system of international relations has completely disappeared, and its fragments have begun to move in different directions - the independent states of the post-Soviet space have begun to form. Thus, the adaptation of the independent states from the post-Soviet space to the new geopolitical realities and the determination of their own political and external development vector began. At the same time, na

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Novoselova, E. V., N. I. Chernova, and N. V. Katakhova. "Axiological aspects of teaching Spanish in the Soviet Union." Russian Technological Journal 10, no. 5 (2022): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2022-10-5-111-120.

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Objectives. The paper analyzes core axiological aspects of Spanish teaching in higher educational institutions of the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the early 1980s based on various sources including textbooks, tutorials, etc. Methods. The study is based on textual-analytic, historical-comparative, and structural methods.Results. Scientific-pedagogical and sociological aspects of the subject are distinguished. The former are limited to the internal developmental logic of Spanish studies, while the latter refers to external circumstances, including ideological factors. The literature review sho

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Light, Matthew A. "What Does It Mean to Control Migration? Soviet Mobility Policies in Comparative Perspective." Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 02 (2012): 395–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01308.x.

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The migration policies of the former Soviet Union (or USSR) included a virtual abolition of emigration and immigration, an effective ban on private travel abroad, and pervasive bureaucratic controls on internal migration. This article outlines this Soviet package of migration controls and assesses its historical and international distinctiveness through comparison with a liberal state, the United States, and an authoritarian capitalist state, Apartheid South Africa. Soviet limitations on external migration were more restrictive than those of contemporary capitalist states, and Soviet regulatio

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Danyliv, N. "US PRESIDENTS’ POLICY ON THE JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM THE SOVIET UNION (1961–1989)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 138 (2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.138.2.

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In this article the author analyzed the features of the US presidents' administrations policy in the issue of Jews emigration from the Soviet Union. The pre-election promises concerning the liberalization of the emigration legislation and the degree of their actual implementation are described. The internal and external factors that influenced at the decisions of the presidents and their administrations are determined. The strength of the American-Jewish lobby influence is considered. In particular, it is tolk about replacing the conservative principles of immigration policy on a much more dem

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Dabrowski, Marek. "Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension." Russian Journal of Economics 8, no. 2 (2022): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947.

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The paper contains a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic policy and reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) from 1992 to 2021, after obtaining political and economic independence in 1991. Special attention is given to problems of macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth. As a result of structural distortions inherited from the Soviet economy and the slow pace of economic and institutional reforms, the FSU countries suffered from a long and deep output decline in the 1990s. Their post-transition growth recovery in the 2000s did not last long. Furthermore, they remai

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Церович, Маша. "Патриотизм без патриотов? Советские люди во Второй мировой войне". Qazaq Historical Review 3, № 1 (2025): 121–36. https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2025.1.121.136.

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The article examines the use of "traditional" Russian patriotic rhetoric during the German-Soviet War of 1941-1945. This war, from the first days of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, began to be called the Great Patriotic War in Soviet official documents. With the outbreak of the war, Soviet patriotic discourse turned to the historical experience of military victories of the Russian people and, above all, to the "Patriotic War" of 1812, thereby ending the period of revolutionary internationalism that dominated after the October Revolution of 1917. According to some hist

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Zvonarev, Archpriest Sergiy. "Observers of the Russian Orthodox Church at the Second Vatican Council." Issues of Theology 6, no. 4 (2024): 532–58. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2024.401.

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The purpose of the article is a comprehensive based on sources and researches presentation of one of the brightest and most intense pages of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church in the second half of the 20th century — the presence of Church observers from Moscow at the Second Vatican Council. Russian and foreign scientists have attempted to find out the reasons that prompted the authorities of the Russian Church to change its initially restrained attitude towards the prospects of its representatives’ presence at the Council of the Catholic Church, to lin

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Moiseev, S. "Government Policy of Financial Stability." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2008): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-11-51-61.

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Russian government has prepared the package of measures to help the country’s financial system maintain financial stability. The paper discusses the state measures and formulates the propositions of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP). The most important ones include coordination of regulators, unsecured refinancing and refinancing of external debts, guarantees of interbank loans, budget deposits in banks. The author analyzes subordinated loans for Russian banks from the state budget, nationalization of several banks and the future of government intervention in the stock m

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