Journal articles: 'Debts, External Korea (South)'

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Sim, Geum-Ok, and Hyun-Ah Lee. "Characteristics of firms that issue redeemable convertible preferred stock: Evidence from South Korea." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.6.40.

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Purpose: The issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock (RCPS) has been steadily increasing in Korea since the revision of the Commercial Act, which allows firms to issue various types of stocks, in 2010. This study aims to verify equity financing behavior by examining the characteristics of firms that issue RCPS. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 12,768 firm-year observations of Korean listed companies from 2011 to 2018, this study conducts univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the factors that affect firms' decisions regarding RCPS issuance. For multivariate analysis, logistic regression analysis is used. Findings: This study shows that firms issuing RCPS have higher debt ratios and lower operating cash flows than non-issuing firms. It is also found that firms issuing RCPS are smaller and younger than non-issuing firms. These findings indicate that firms with higher costs of financial distress, lower internal cash flow, and lower credibility/reputation are more likely to issue RCPS because they are constrained by debt capacity. Research limitations/implications: According to pecking order theory, firms prefer debt over equity if external funds are required. The results of this study support the pecking order theory by providing evidence that firms rely on hybrid securities financing like redeemable preferred stock, a priority after debt when they are constrained by debt capacity. Originality/value: This study sheds light on financing decisions related to the issuance of hybrid securities from the perspective of pecking order theory. It also contributes to broadening the scope of research on hybrid securities by providing empirical evidence on the financial characteristics of firms that issue RCPS.

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Choi, Hyunjung, and Haeyoung Ryu. "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212689.

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This study examines the impact of a company’s performance in terms of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on investors’ perceptions of corporate cash holdings in South Korea. The study postulates that, in emerging markets, such as South Korea, companies’ CSR activities are often implemented strategically by the management. In emerging economies, companies’ cash holdings are not subject to strict regulation of external capital providers. Hence, companies raise cash easily and manage cash holdings at their discretion, often resulting in agency problems between the management and shareholders. The study’s results reveal that capital market investors negatively perceive the cash holdings of companies actively engaged in CSR. Investors do not expect the cash held by such companies to increase their corporate value. In other words, companies may use internal funds rather than debt for financing CSR activities.

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Kazgan, Gülten. "Internal and External Constraints of Export Oriented Growth Strategy." New Perspectives on Turkey 3 (1989): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000728.

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The rapid industrial growth accompanied by even more rapid export growth of such Far East economies as South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan has drawn due attention from students of economic development. Economists with a Neo-classical ideological stance, favoring a perfectly free market economy, tend to attribute the industrial growth of these LDCs to the phenomenal increase in their exports. They argue that export expansion will be conducive to growth and the problems that might arise on the way will be taken care of by market forces. They identify the export sector of the economy as the “leading sector” and label the growth strategy patterned after this model as “export-oriented growth.” Over the last decade this growth strategy has been effectively “recommended” to a large number of LDCs facing debt servicing difficulties.

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Chaban, Natalia, and Martin Holland. "Seeing the EU from Outside its Borders: Changing Images of Europe." Baltic Journal of European Studies 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2013-0018.

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Abstract This paper outlines the importance of the studies of EU external perceptions in the Asia-Pacific region in the times of global multipolar redesign and an ongoing eurozone sovereign debt crisis. It links understanding of the concepts of EU external images and EU international ‘branding’ to the conduct of the EU’s foreign policy. The paper also details the methodology of the transnational comparative research project ‘The EU in the Eyes of Asia Pacific’ which informs all contributions to this Issue. The paper then presents those contributions which explore EU external perceptions in nine Asia-Pacific locations, members of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) process: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia.

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Fischer, Andrew M. "Debt and development in historical perspective: The external constraints of late industrialisation revisited through South Korea and Brazil." World Economy 41, no. 12 (February 15, 2018): 3359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12625.

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Cha, Victor D., and Katrin Katz. "South Korea in 2010." Asian Survey 51, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.1.54.

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For the Obama administration, unforeseen dynamics in East Asia over the past year have escalated the importance of the U.S.-ROK alliance to unprecedented levels for the United States. But the alliance remains vulnerable to external shocks, rendering the continuation of the current phase of unmitigated harmonious ties far from certain.

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박성욱. "Assessing the Effect of External Assets and Debts on FX Market Liquidity in Korea." Review of International Money and Finance 9, no. 1 (May 2019): 5–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34251/ifadoi.9.1.201905.001.

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Baek, Seung-Gwan. "External factors and adjustment policies in South Korea." Journal of Asian Economics 2, no. 2 (September 1991): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(91)90039-n.

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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645768.

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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1997.37.1.01p01954.

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Coe, Neil M., Yong-Sook Lee, and Steve Wood. "Conceptualising contemporary retail divestment: Tesco's departure from South Korea." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 12 (October 2, 2017): 2739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17733265.

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In this article, we critically analyse the September 2015 decision of the UK retailer Tesco to sell its highly profitable South Korean subsidiary Homeplus to private investors. For over a decade since market entry in 1999, Homeplus had grown steadily to achieve a market-leading position through a process of strategic localization in which Tesco's global business practices were selectively adapted to meet the specific needs of the South Korean market. Against this backdrop, we explain the exit decision through theorising the dynamic intersection of home and host market factors that developed contemporaneously from 2010 onwards. On the one hand, worsening market conditions and financial pressures in a post-crisis UK domestic market drove Tesco to refocus on its home operations and, ultimately, identify saleable assets to offset mounting debts. On the other hand, steadily growing resistance within the South Korean market from competitors, regulators, labour and consumers caused sales growth to stall and then start to decline. Our analysis contributes to the economic geography literature on retail divestment by conceptualising the relational process of divestment decision-making that encompasses the intersection of home and host market pressures as well as conditions across the wider portfolio of subsidiaries. The research is particularly distinctive in its profiling of this coevolution of drivers, and in distilling the different ‘domains’ of host market contestation. The analysis also has wider significance in the context of the broader literatures on economic globalization that have tended to focus heavily on processes of expansion and market entry and far less on the instances of failure and exit that are an integral and inevitable part of these wider dynamics.

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Oh, Je Hyeok, Gyu Chong Cho, Seung Mok Ryoo, So Hyun Han, Seon Hee Woo, Yong Soo Jang, Youngsuk Cho, Minseob Sim, and Oh Hyun Kim. "Mismatches Between the Number of Installed Automated External Defibrillators and the Annual Rate of Automated External Defibrillator Use Among Places." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20001508.

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AbstractAim:In South Korea, the law concerning automated external defibrillators (AEDs) states that they should be installed in specific places including apartment complexes. This study was conducted to investigate the current status and effectiveness of installation and usage of AEDs in South Korea.Methods:Installation and usage of AEDs in South Korea is registered in the National Emergency Medical Center (NEMC) database. Compared were the installed number, usage, and annual rate of AED use according to places of installation. All data were obtained from the NEMC database.Results:After excluding AEDs installed in ambulances or fire engines (n = 2,003), 36,498 AEDs were registered in South Korea from 1998 through 2018. A higher number of AEDs were installed in places required by the law compared with those not required by the law (20,678 [56.7%] vs. 15,820 [43.3%]; P <.001). Among them, 11,318 (31.0%) AEDs were installed in apartment complexes. The overall annual rate of AED use was 0.38% (95% CI, 0.33-0.44). The annual rate of AED use was significantly higher in places not required by the law (0.62% [95% CI, 0.52-0.72] versus 0.21% [95% CI, 0.16-0.25]; P <.001). The annual rate of AED use in apartment complexes was 0.13% (95% CI, 0.08-0.17).Conclusion:There were significant mismatches between the number of installed AEDs and the annual rate of AED use among places. To optimize the benefit of AEDs in South Korea, changes in the policy for selecting AED placement are needed.

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Hayes, Peter, and Roger Cavazos. "North Korea in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.68.

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North Korea upgraded its nuclear and military power and grew its economy slightly, thereby realizing Kim Jong Un’s byungjin line. It also attempted to open new external fronts and to coerce the South to cooperate on its terms, but failed. Instead, it retreated into a repaired relationship with China.

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Graham, Edward M. "Reunification of Korea: Economic Consequences from an External Point of View." International Studies Review 6, no. 2 (September 28, 2005): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00602002.

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Korean reunification remains an uncertainty. When and if it comes, the condition of the North Korean economy is primitive compared to the economy of South Korea. Because of massive investment needs in the North, and under plausible assumptions regarding savings rates in a unified Korea, the balance of payment of a reunified Korea is likely to deteriorate significantly in the event of reunification. Foreign direct investment could ameliorate this result, and might contribute to a more rapid catch-up of the North to the South.

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CHOO, Jaewoo. "South Korea’s Politics 2018: Unpredictable External Relations and a Slowing Economy." East Asian Policy 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000096.

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South Korea will face enormous challenges on two fronts for 2019. The country’s economic base will collapse because of the government’s inability to counter the trap it has laid on itself with a dramatic elevation of minimum wage and tax rates on property and housing. The government will be diplomatically isolated for its blind love towards North Korea, and confronted with rising friction with Japan over history issues and China on Terminal High Altitude Area Defence.

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Song, Joon, and Jay H. Hong. "The Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks on Household Debts and the Risks of Debt Adjustments in South Korea." Journal of Market Economy 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 89–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.38162/jome.48.2.4.

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Muliawati, Esty Fidhela, Widya Setiabudi, and Wawan Darmawan. "Trust-politik Korea Selatan kepada Korea Utara dalam Konteks Reunifikasi Korea Pada Pemerintahan Park Geun-hye." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2021): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v4i2.749.

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The reunification of Korea is something that has been continuously discussed in every government of the presidents of South Korea. The concept of foreign policy of the 11th President of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, is known as Trust-Politics Policy. Trust-politics is President Park's overarching political philosophy. It is a vision and a policy tool applied to domestic politics and international relations. At its heart lies the concept of trust. Trust-Political Policy, influenced by internal and external factors. This politics seeks to build mutually binding expectations based on global norms. The purpose of the problem in this research is to find out the idea of reunification of South and North Korea during President Park and to explain South Korea's Trust-Political Policy to North Korea in the context of Korean Reunification. Researchers used qualitative research methods with literature study techniques in the process of collecting data. Based on the results of discussion and data analysis, reunification can be carried out using three Korean reunification scenarios, namely unification through evolution and adaptation systems, unification through collapse and absorption, and unification through conflict. As well as the idiosyncratic factors that influence Park in politics are factors of leadership, belief, culture, and the political system.

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Lee, Yong-Shik. "Law and Development: Lessons from South Korea." Law and Development Review 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0026.

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Abstract South Korea has achieved unprecedented economic and social development in history. This country, which had been among the poorest in the world until the early 1960s, became one of the world’s leading economies by the mid-1990s as demonstrated by high per-capita income and world-class industries. In the early 1960s, Korea had much of the characteristics shared by many developing countries today, such as prevalent poverty, low economic productivity, low levels of technology and entrepreneurship in society, insufficient capital, poor endowment of natural resources, over-population in a relatively small territory, and internal political instability and external threats to its security. Korea has successfully overcome these obstacles and achieved economic development within a single generation. Korea’s success in economic development was also accompanied by the advancement of the rule of law and elective democracy by the 1990s. What are the causes of this unprecedented success? This article, applying a recently developed theory of law and development, explores the legal and institutional dimensions of Korea’s development and draws lessons from its successful development.

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19

Pugacheva, O. S. "Social and Humanitarian Factor in South Korea's External Relations and The Korean Question." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-147-168.

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The development of the socio-humanitarian dimension of world politics provides new opportunities for enhancing the role and influence of the middle powers in the global affairs. That is why for understanding and assessment of their political opportunities on the international arena, it is necessary to analyze the approaches and policies of such countries on using socio-humanitarian factor to balance in the existing world balance power and ensure their foreign policy interests. The aim of the article is to analyze South Korea’s activities in the social and humanitarian sphere of world politics in the context of its foreign policy interests. The research question is: what is the role of the socio-humanitarian factor, in particular public diplomacy, in the external activities of South Korea with regard to the settlement of the Korean question? The author argues that South Korea sees social and humanitarian sphere as a possibility to strengthen its role and influence on the international arena. While developing the discourse of South Korea as a middle power, the South Korean leadership seeks to take part in creating norms and rules in different fields of global governance. Despite controversies concerning its status and policy as that of a middle power, South Korea advances through public diplomacy the discourse that constructs and enhance its middle power status and can contribute in forming the corresponding national identity. South Korea uses national branding as well to strengthen its political image. Further, the article points out that promoting South Korea’s stance and defending its interests on the Korean Peninsula represent a key task of South Korea’s public diplomacy. In particular, the article examines South Korea’s public diplomacy mechanisms on the Korean track towards the United States and emphasizes that although South Korea has actively engaged in public diplomacy in the USA, it still has a lot to do to explain South Korea's concerns to American political elites and U.S. publics and ensure that the relationship with the United States fully serves South Korean interests. Moreover, it is noted that enhancing South Korea’s role in global governance as well as forming constructive unification discourse (unification as a process now and as a result someday in the future) within the country and abroad are supposed to expand its opportunities to maneuver in the regional politics of East Asia and provide support for the South Korean initiatives on the Korean settlement. In the end, the author turns to the inter-Korean relations. The author states that different South Korean administrations have prioritized different functions of the socio-humanitarian factor. Conservative administrations put an emphasis on information pressure on the DPRK while the development of inter-Korean relations was conditioned by the denuclearization of North Korea. Progressive administrations prefer engaging the DPRK in social, humanitarian and economic interactions. In the first case the result was a rollback in inter-Korean relations with the North Korean leader-ship receiving additional grounds for the development of its military nuclear program. In the second case the social and humanitarian area was and remains a dimension providing promising opportunities for cooperation that is beneficial to the both parties as it is aimed at solving specific and practical problems of common interest. In that sense, the author argues that social and humanitarian factor in inter-Korean relations could serve as a safety cushion during intensification of the inter-Korean conflict and provide a launch pad for finding a way out of the impasses.

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Kim, H., H. M. Kang, S. I. Choi, and S. Jeon. "Identifying relevant international forest regimes for South Korea based on their issues." International Forestry Review 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820831255498.

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South Korea has focused on bilateral agreements to supply timber since the 1990s which requires cooperation with forest-related international organisations. This study analysed the relationship between South Korean and international forest regimes by identifying the issues these regimes face and analysing South Korea's contribution to these regimes. The study used data from an in-depth content analysis of key policy documents between South Korea and each of the regimes. The results confirm six forest-related international issues: Sustainable Forest Management, Sustainable Development Goals, forest land degradation and desertification, climate change, illegal logging, forest biodiversity, and species conservation. South Korea contributed to these regimes through cooperative initiatives and projects. This contribution, furthermore, directs other countries' participation to confront the issues. Most of the international forest-related issues in South Korea are derived from external elements such as international agreements or governances. South Korea also uses international regimes to encourage national goals.

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Sung, Heungsup, Myung-Guk Han, Cheon-Kwon Yoo, Sang-Won Lee, Yoon-Seok Chung, Jae-Sun Park, Mi-Na Kim, et al. "Nationwide External Quality Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing, South Korea." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 10 (October 2020): 2353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2610.202551.

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CHOI, JIN-KYUNG, JANKO KOLAROV, and JONG-WOOK LEE. "Descriptions of two new species of Brachyzapus Gauld & Dubois (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from South Korea with key to a Palaearctic species." Zootaxa 4711, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.4.

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Two new species of the genus Brachyzapus Gauld & Dubois are described from South Korea: Brachyzapus convergens sp. nov. and B. pyramidalis sp. nov. Four species of this genus are newly recorded from South Korea, with diagnoses provided. A key to species of the Palaearctic region of this genus and illustrations of their external characters are provided.

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Lim, Chang-Ho. "The Measures of Enhancing Police Accountability Mechanisms in South Korea." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 395–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.395.

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It is true that South Korea’s police accountability mechanisms, unlike those of United States and United Kingdom, have been not systematically established and that academic research on the police accountability mechanisms has been also very poor. The purpose of this study is first to analyze previous studies published recently in South Korea and foreign countries on the police accountability mechanisms, second to summarize the police accountability mechanisms of western countries, third to explain six types of the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea and, fourth to suggest the measures for improving the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea. In particular, this study presented six types of police accountability mechanisms in South Korea: legal, political, administrative, societal, communal, and judicial. In order to improve the police accountability system in South Korea, the measures to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms and strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms have been proposed. First, in order to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to strengthen the performance evaluation of the police department, introduce the early warning system, strengthen the education and training of police officers, and operate the existing internal police accountability mechanisms more systematically. Second, in order to strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to activate the police supervision system, activate the police ombudsman system of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, establish the police accountability mechanisms step by step, and promote research on the police accountability mechanisms.

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Sang Hyun, Moon. "Global Pressure, Local Adjustment: The Political Economy of Telecommunication Liberalization in Korea in the 1990s." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2008): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps22201.

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This paper examines the political and economic implications of the liberalization of international telecommunications in South Korea in the 1990s and the changing roles of the South Koran state. Until the end of the 1980s, the South Korean telecommunications sector was controlled by a public monopoly. With the internal political and economic need for industrial restructuring, various external forces have driven liberalization of the telecommunications industry since the late 1980s. Intertwined with the national political economy, those external forces and, more generally, structural transformations in the global political economy have also significantly affected the nature and roles of the South Korean state.

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HAN, JUNGHEE, and ALMAS HESHMATI. "DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL REWARDS FROM INDUSTRY–UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION IN SOUTH KOREA." International Journal of Innovation Management 20, no. 07 (August 5, 2016): 1650075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919616500754.

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The external circumstances for universities have been changing rapidly. In order to be competitive, survive and flourish, universities have turned to external sources to generate revenues. The literature refers to this phenomenon as academic capitalism, defined as the involvement of colleges and their faculty in market-like behaviours, which has become a key feature of higher education finances in most countries. As a result, technology transfer, technological commercialisation, and patents via industry–university collaboration represent a source of financial rewards. This paper explores the determinants of financial rewards of universities sourced from academic engagement through industry–university collaboration in South Korea. We have found that technology transfer per employees working at technology licensing offices, participation of engineering faculty, patent approvals, and the number of firms with incubators within universities significantly contributes to university revenues. The following determinants of financial performance are unexpectedly not contributors to revenue: technological commercialisation using technology transfer, distinguished faculty and incentive rules for inventors. In the light of these findings, it appears that an entrepreneurial university program is likely to play a strong role in university finances in Korea.

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Lee, Junhan, and Wonjae Hwang. "External Crisis, Information Cues, and Presidential Popularity in Korea, 1993–2008." Asian Survey 55, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 665–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.665.

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As information cues grow diverse, the public becomes better equipped with the information necessary to independently judge external crises, and thus their support for the president is less likely to be influenced by elite discourse. Our analysis of South Korean presidential popularity (1993–2008) confirms this expectation.

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LIM, KAYUN, and SEUNGHWAN LEE. "A key to species of Nomada ruficornis species-group (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of South Korea, with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.2.

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In this study, three new species (Nomada adustaspinae, sp. n., Nomada atra, sp. n., Nomada biaulacis, sp. n.) and two species new to South Korea (Nomada aswensis Tsuneki, 1973, Nomada fusca Schwarz, 1986) are reported. The adult external morphology and male genitalia are illustrated with a key to 29 species of Nomada ruficornis species-group in South Korea. Additionally, the flower associations for each species are also provided.

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Lee, Sang Kyung. "The politics of anti-austerity protest: South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 62, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715221988951.

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Why does austerity confront varying degrees of popular resistance? While prior research primarily addresses the economic threat of austerity as the stimulus for anti-austerity protest, a growing volume of studies highlights the roles of external environments in moderating the mobilizing effect of austerity. This study challenges the recent literature on the moderating role of external environments, pointing out that it tends to overlook the distinction between structural and contingent aspects of external environments. I undertake a paired comparison of carefully chosen cases, South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010, to examine the moderating roles of the two aspects of external environments—each aspect is characterized through the notion of political opportunity drawing on Rootes’ work. Results reveal that structural and contingent opportunities played distinct roles in promoting (Greece) and hampering (South Korea) the growth of anti-austerity movements, initially triggered by the economic threat of austerity in both countries.

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Shastri, Shruti, A. K. Giri, and Geetilaxmi Mohapatra. "An empirical assessment of current accounts sustainability for major South Asian economies." South Asian Journal of Business Studies 7, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-05-2017-0064.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the sustainability of current accounts for five major South Asian economies, namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, for the period 1985–2016. Design/methodology/approach The study employs the intertemporal solvency model of Hakkio and Rush (1991) and Husted (1992). Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds test, Gregory and Hansen’s test and Carrion-i-Silvestre and Sanso’s test are used to assess the cointegration between current account inflows and outflows. The coefficients of long-run relationship are obtained using dynamic ordinary least squares. Besides the econometric investigation, the study also examines some other indicators such as the composition of current account, size of external debt, etc., to shed further light on the sustainability of current accounts. Findings The study finds support for the long-run relationship between the current account outflows and inflows for all the countries. The estimates of slope coefficient indicate strong sustainability in case of India, Bangladesh and Nepal, whereas weak sustainability holds for Sri Lanka and Pakistan underscoring the need for policy interventions. In a comparative perspective, the current accounts in India, Nepal and Bangladesh conform more to a sustainable behavior in terms of the size of deficits, external debt stock and compliance to the intertemporal budget constraint. Originality/value The study employs econometric techniques allowing for structural breaks in the assessment of current account sustainability. Besides using the intertemporal model, the study also examines factors such as composition of current accounts, size of external debts, etc., to evaluate sustainability.

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Yoon, Heun-Keung. "A Study of Nurses' Internal, External, and Social Images as Perceived by College Students in South Korea." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 1 (December 17, 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n1p156.

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PURPOSE: This study is a descriptive survey study aiming to examine the internal, external, and social images of nurses as perceived by Korean college students and clarifying the relationship between these images.METHODS: This study was performed using a structured questionnaire from May 2 to 14, 2016. Data were collected from 221 college students and were statistically interpreted using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.RESULTS: The study results are as follows: First, the internal image of nurses was scored at 3.46 points, the external image at 2.78, and the social image at 2.76. Second, a significant positive correlation was found between the internal, external, and social images as well as between the external and social images, implying the importance of both internal and external images of nurses.CONCLUSION: The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference base for devising strategies and measures for the enhancement of internal, external, and social images of nurses for future healthcare consumers.

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Haggard, Stephan, and Marcus Noland. "North Korea in 2007: Shuffling in from the Cold." Asian Survey 48, no. 1 (January 2008): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.1.107.

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The year 2007 witnessed a gradual rapprochement between North Korea and the world, reflecting changes both in the country's external environment and domestic political economy. Key markers were the resumption of the Six-Party Talks and the second North-South summit. Whether these developments will endure depends largely on North Korean intentions.

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Heo, Inhye. "The Revival of ‘Big Government’ Discourse in South Korea, 2017." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 913–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619848075.

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After the democratisation of South Korea in 1987, political discourse on ‘big government’ nearly disappeared, largely because it recalled past authoritarianism. Authoritarian states are highly likely to employ ‘big government’ – exerting policy influence over the distribution of private resources – to sustain their political power, and Korea’s authoritarian state was no exception. Thus, newly inaugurated President Moon Jae-in’s official implication that he would pursue big government is notable, because he claimed to represent pro-democracy groups that opposed both historical authoritarianism and the former president’s undemocratic governance. In this context, this study examines external and internal political-economic factors behind the revival of big government discourse in Korea. Results show that critical factors included the lack of pressure in the global capitalist market and the dominance of governmentalists over marketists in the political-economic discourse influencing the administration’s maintenance and expansion of its political foundation.

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Wallace, Robert Daniel. "North Korea and diversion: A quantitative analysis (1997–2011)." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.04.004.

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In this research I propose that the concept of diversionary theory provides at least a partial explanation for North Korea’s conflict activities. I examine and analyze the country’s data on diplomatic and military activities from 1997 to 2011 and argue that North Korea’s domestic conditions influence its willingness to engage in external conflict. I also examine the impact of such external influences as UN sanctions, leadership changes in the region, national capacities of the US, South Korea and Japan, and strategic military exercises on DPRK-initiated conflicts. This study provides insight into the activities of this reclusive state and also demonstrates useful techniques that can be applied to analyze other similarly closed nations. The findings suggest that there are identified links between internal conditions and the Kim regime’s aggressive actions between 1997 and 2011 in support of the diversionary argument. Concurrently, there is less evidence that North Korea’s hostile diplomatic and military activities are based on external pressures.

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Yang, Jongmin. "A study on the structure of tax burden perception in South Korea : Focusing on the effects of income, assets, and debts." ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 132 (December 31, 2021): 168–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18207/criso.2021..132.168.

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Choi, Gayoung, Yoonjeong Jeong, and Seong-il Kim. "Success Factors of National-Scale Forest Restorations in South Korea, Vietnam, and China." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123488.

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The total global forest area is decreasing significantly, yet stories of successful large-scale forest restoration are still scarce. In the 1980s, when properly designed concepts and methodologies were absent, state-led, large-scale restoration projects in lower-income countries (LICs) in Asia were already successful. These then LICs—South Korea, Vietnam, and China—experienced dramatic forest land use changes driven by different socioeconomic and political developments, from deforestation and forest degradation to reforestation and ecological restoration. This study examines the institutional settings of each country’s restoration programs, focusing on the inputs of the external factors, their effects on the relevant action arena, and their payment mechanisms. By conducting critical comparisons between three country cases, we found that the ability of nations that had implemented reforestation programs to restore their forests was often influenced by external variables, which included biophysical conditions, local community attributes, and local, state, and federal rules. The result of this research provides practical implications and contributes to the body of literature comparing restoration cases from Asian countries, which have rarely been investigated.

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PARK, JONG-GEUN, and YE EUN. "A new species and a new genus of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea, Syncarida) from South Korea." Zootaxa 3368, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.15.

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Arisubathynella gen. nov. is established for a new species, A. cheongmiensis sp. nov. from South Korea. An illustrated description is given. The new genus stands out in the family Parabathynellidae by six-segmented antennules, three-segmented antenna without medial seta on inner margin of third segment, absence of mandibulartooth of the ventral edge, bare proximal segment of maxilla, two-segmented exopods of thoracopods II-VII, and male thoracopod VIII with elongated external lobe. Arisubathynella gen. nov. is the fourth genus known from South Korea and foreshadows the great diversity of bathynellaceans in the Far East.

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Ezeoha, Abel, and Ferdi Botha. "Firm age, collateral value, and access to debt financing in an emerging economy: evidence from South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i1.138.

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This paper applies the Blundell and Bond system generalised method of moments (GMM) two-step estimator to examine the impact of age and collateral value on debt financing, using a panel of 177 non-financial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange over the period 1999 to 2009. The results show that South African firms have target leverage ratios and adjust their capital structures from time to time to achieve their respective targets, that the relationship between firm age and debt financing is non-monotonic, and that firms with higher collateral value are likely to face fewer constraints on borrowing and therefore have greater access to medium-term and long-term debts. Robustness tests also reveal that during start-up and maturity stages, a firm’s access to debt markets is significantly influenced by investments in assets that are acceptable to external creditors as collateral. These findings suggest that debt financing policies could be more critical for firms in the start-up and maturity stages.

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Jeong, Young Sun. "Selection of Insulation Materials and Insulation Performance with Consideration of Building Energy when Designing a Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.724.

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Building designs should be reviewed from the aspects of both design aesthetics and energy performance. The installation of insulation materials in external walls, roofs, and floors is a basic method that could reduce energy losses from buildings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of insulation materials selected as building materials and the insulation performance of each building elements when designing new buildings in South Korea. The insulation performance of the external walls, roofs, and floors of buildings were compared with the insulation criteria of the Energy Saving Design Standards of Buildings in building energy code. The design documents, as well as drawings and building energy saving plan sheets, which are required to be submitted for buildings larger than a certain size in South Korea, were collected. The most widely used insulation material in multi-family housings and non-residential buildings was extruded polystyrene (XPS). The insulation performance of external walls, roofs, and floors were higher than that established by design criteria of building energy code. In particular, the external walls had roughly a 25.5% better insulation performance than the insulation criteria.

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Shin, Kwangsoo, Minkyung Choy, Chul Lee, and Gunno Park. "Government R&D Subsidy and Additionality of Biotechnology Firms: The Case of the South Korean Biotechnology Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061583.

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Government research and development (R&D) subsidies are more important in countries that are latecomers to the biotechnology industry, where venture capital has not been developed, and the ratio of start-ups is high. Previous studies have mostly focused on the additionality of the input and output through government R&D subsidies, such as private R&D investment, technological innovation, and financial performance. In addition, some studies have focused on the behavioral additionality (the change in a firm’s behavior) of firms through government R&D subsidies. However, each study is fragmented and does not provide integrated results and implications. Therefore, this study comprehensively investigated the effects of government R&D subsidies on the multifaceted aspects of input, output, and behavioral additionality based on data from South Korean biotechnology companies. This study used the propensity score matching (PSM) method to prevent selection bias. The results showed that firms benefiting from government R&D subsidies had a markedly higher R&D investment in terms of input additionality, and they produced more technological innovation within a shorter period in terms of output additionality, though financial performance was not determined. Moreover, government R&D subsidies have accelerated strategic alliances and suppressed external financing (debt financing) in terms of behavioral additionality.

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Park, Yoonhee, Jin Gu Lee, Hong Jeon Jeong, Min Sub Lim, and Mi-Rae Oh. "How does the protean career attitude influence external employability? The roles of career resilience and proactive career behavior." Industrial and Commercial Training 54, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-06-2021-0045.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural relationships between protean career attitude, career resilience, proactive career behavior and external employability. Design/methodology/approach This study sampled 212 training apprentice employees who participated in training programs using a proportional stratified sampling in South Korea. The study tested the research model using structural equation modeling. Findings This study revealed that protean career attitude influenced external employability through career resilience and proactive career behavior. Career resilience fully mediated the relationship between protean career attitude and external employability and partially mediated protean career attitude and proactive career behavior. Proactive career behavior also mediated the relationship between protean career attitude and external employability. Research limitations/implications This study has a limitation by relying on cross-sectional data. In terms of theoretical implications, this study can add new knowledge to the protean career research by demonstrating that the protean career attitude influences perceived external employability through career resilience and proactive career behavior for the sample of young training apprentice employees. Originality/value This study uncovers the dynamic processes between protean career attitude and perceived external employability. Moreover, this study’s sample is significant because training apprentice employees are mostly young in their 20s and 30s with less than three years of working experience and working in small and medium-sized enterprises in South Korea.

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KWON, DAEUN. "Changing countries as a reference point for education in South Korea after PISA." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.1.719.

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Objectives This paper investigate whether the PISA rankings have resulted in the shifting of USA and high ranking countries referential status in South Korea education. Methods For the purposes of analysis, media representation and the number of articles of referential countries education in South Korea is analyzed by using a newspaper holding a high market share and diverse viewpoints from three time periods: two years before and after the first PISA release and for the last two years. Results Referential countries are diversified from only two countries, USA and Japan, after PISA in elementary and secondary education. Articles have much less detail about USA education. USA losing considerably slowly its status as a reference point for Korea education and the pattern of Japan articles has peculiarity. Conclusions The results of this study imply that the pattern of external referencing in media representation is affected by not only PISA but also historical, political, and cultural experiences in the case of South Korea. The world university ranking, meanwhile, has even bigger impact than PISA and cultural experience in a university education.

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CHO, YOUNG JAE, and YONG JUNG KWON. "A new genus and species of the Mirine plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirinae) from South Korea." Zootaxa 1825, no. 1 (July 18, 2008): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1825.1.7.

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This paper describes a unique new mirine plant bug collected in Jeollanamdo province and Gyeongsangbukdo province, South Korea. This mirid, which is represents a new genus of the tribe Mirini, exhibits external features such as an oval body, a vertex without transverse carina, an impunctate pronotum, and hemelytra that are shallowly punctate with blackish short pubescence. Although somewhat similar externally to certain species of the genus Lygocorides Yasunaga, the new mirid differs substantially with respect to the structure of the male genitalia; in particular, the vesica possesses a peculiar bundle of spinelike spicules and coiled-branched lobe-sclerites. Several external diagnostic characters also support the placement of this species into a new genus.

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Hwang, Wonjae, Hyejin Oh, and Jinman Kim. "Economic Integration, External Forces and Political Cooperation Between South and North Korea in the UNGA." North Korean Review 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3172/nkr.10.2.5.

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Choi, Hyunju, Ana Puig, Keunhwa Kim, Seongchan Lee, and Sang Min Lee. "Examining Differential Effects of Internal and External Resources on Counselor Burnout Symptoms in South Korea." Journal of Employment Counseling 51, no. 1 (March 2014): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2014.00037.x.

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Park, Hyeki, Boram Sim, Bo Zhao, and Eun Woo Nam. "Public Health Financing and Responses to COVID-19: Lessons from South Korea." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040750.

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Health financing strategies contribute significantly to containing the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to reassess Korea’s financing strategies in response to COVID-19 in 2020, to ascertain its effects and sustainability. The Joint External Evaluation tool was adopted to analyze the data collected from government reports, official statistics, and other sources. Findings show that Korea could maintain a low incidence and fatality rate compared with other countries, at low costs. It was a result of rapidly procured healthcare resources based on laws and policies established after the 2015 epidemic, and the National Health Insurance. However, to achieve long-term sustainability, it is important to enhance the financial stability of the national health insurance and increase the proportion of the public sector in healthcare resources.

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Kim, Ye-Soon, Sooyoung Kwon, and Seung Hee Ho. "Ten-Year Trend Analysis of Mortality Due to External Causes of Injury in People with Disabilities, South Korea, 2008–2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073672.

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External causes of injury are major contributors to mortality among people with disabilities. We analyzed the 10-year trend (2008–2017) of mortality attributed to external causes of injury among people with disabilities. We conducted an observational, population-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study among people with disabilities in South Korea. The database was compiled by merging two data sets: registered people with disabilities during 2008–2017 from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the data published by the Korea National Statistical Office. Between 2008 and 2017, the all-cause mortality among people with disabilities showed a rising trend and increased from 2641 per 100,000 in 2008 to 2751 per 100,000 in 2017. During this 10-year period, 6.5–9.2% of the total number of deaths were caused by injuries. Disabilities that were associated with a high crude mortality rate shared the same three most frequent causes of death: suicide, motor vehicle crashes, and falling. Mortality due to external causes of injury increased among older people with disabilities. Thus, effective strategies are required to decrease preventable deaths caused by unintentional injuries among people with disabilities.

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Maeng, Seong-Jun, Dong-Jun Lee, and Jun-Hyeok Kang. "First Drinking Experiences during Adolescence in South Korea: A Qualitative Study Focusing on the Internal and External Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158200.

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This study explored the internal and external factors affecting the first drinking experience during Korean adolescence. To achieve this, we collected 34 cases revealing specific drinking experiences during adolescence in Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.), Korea. The collected data were analyzed using a qualitative case study method, and the analysis focused on the internal and external factors influencing drinking in adolescence. As per the results, internal factors that influenced drinking in adolescence were “curiosity” and “elevated mood and stress relief”, and external factors were “family”, “friends”, “older friends at school”, “neighbors”, “Korean tradition of alcohol making”, “workplaces that encourage alcohol consumption”, and “a generous drinking culture.” Based on these findings, we suggested several practical alternatives, such as a stringent alcohol punishment system, government-led campaigns to overcome the generous alcohol culture, monitoring the drinking status of working and intern youths, and using local crime prevention guards to curb youth drinking. In future research, it is necessary to quantitatively verify the results of this study to develop theories related to adolescent drinking behavior.

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Zueva, Alexandra. "Economy of the Republic of Korea in the Face of New Challenges." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 3 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120020657-3.

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The South Korean economic miracle is cited as an example of the consolidation of business and government acting in the interests of the country’s prosperity. Thanks to the industrialization carried out in a short time and the implementation of the export-oriented economy model, the Republic of Korea received the status of a developed country already in the mid-1990s. One of the important factors of South Korean success at the global level is that the foreign economic relations of the Republic of Korea were closely intertwined with access to world markets, technologies, and investments. However, the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the global geopolitical shift has been testing even the most sustainable economics. Since the South Korean economy has been deeply integrated into international trade and finance, it becomes very vulnerable to external challenges. Deepening partnership with the United States requires the administration of President Yoon to diversify foreign economic ties dramatically. At the domestic level new administration of President Yoon faces unresolved economic problems, which only have been worsening. First of all, it is unemployment (especially among young people), inflation, real estate crisis, problem of an aging population. One of the main focuses in the article is Russian-South Korean economic partnership and its prospects. The authors noted that our economic partnership due to strict sanction’s policy against Russia is under pressure. Economy of the Republic of Korea, diversification of the economy, foreign economic relations, entrepreneurship in the Republic of Korea, economic partnership between South Korea and Russia

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Tanaka, Hirokazu, Wilma J. Nusselder, Matthias Bopp, Henrik Brønnum-Hansen, Ramune Kalediene, Jung Su Lee, Mall Leinsalu, et al. "Mortality inequalities by occupational class among men in Japan, South Korea and eight European countries: a national register-based study, 1990–2015." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211715.

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BackgroundWe compared mortality inequalities by occupational class in Japan and South Korea with those in European countries, in order to determine whether patterns are similar.MethodsNational register-based data from Japan, South Korea and eight European countries (Finland, Denmark, England/Wales, France, Switzerland, Italy (Turin), Estonia, Lithuania) covering the period between 1990 and 2015 were collected and harmonised. We calculated age-standardised all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men aged 35–64 by occupational class and measured the magnitude of inequality with rate differences, rate ratios and the average inter-group difference.ResultsClear gradients in mortality were found in all European countries throughout the study period: manual workers had 1.6–2.5 times higher mortality than upper non-manual workers. However, in the most recent time-period, upper non-manual workers had higher mortality than manual workers in Japan and South Korea. This pattern emerged as a result of a rise in mortality among the upper non-manual group in Japan during the late 1990s, and in South Korea during the late 2000s, due to rising mortality from cancer and external causes (including suicide), in addition to strong mortality declines among lower non-manual and manual workers.ConclusionPatterns of mortality by occupational class are remarkably different between European countries and Japan and South Korea. The recently observed patterns in the latter two countries may be related to a larger impact on the higher occupational classes of the economic crisis of the late 1990s and the late 2000s, respectively, and show that a high socioeconomic position does not guarantee better health.

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Kim, Yun-Young, Seung-Ku Kyoung, and Yong-Gab Lee. "A Study of Care Workers’ Wages and Relevant Factors in South Korea." Healthcare 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020178.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the wages of South Korea’s care workers as reported by the Korean national health insurance services database. We also try to identify the factors determining the wages of these 1,221,085 care workers. According to the results of the analysis, first, the wage level of care workers is fundamentally low compared to other jobs; second, the labor conditions of home care facilities (compared to those in residential care facilities) are poor, because these depend on wages, which in turn depend on the external environment, such as care institutes’ management; and third, it was verified that the locations of care institutes affect the wages of care workers. As the South Korean population continues to age, the supply of high-quality care workers has important clinical implications for improving the quality of care received by the elderly. Throughout this study, it is argued that the establishment of a social service corporation has become desirable in terms of strengthening public care institutes in Korea.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Debts, External Korea (South)'

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