Relevant bibliographies by topics / Debts, External Korea (South)

Academic literature on the topic 'Debts, External Korea (South)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Sim, Geum-Ok, and Hyun-Ah Lee. "Characteristics of firms that issue redeemable convertible preferred stock: Evidence from South Korea." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.6.40.

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Purpose: The issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock (RCPS) has been steadily increasing in Korea since the revision of the Commercial Act, which allows firms to issue various types of stocks, in 2010. This study aims to verify equity financing behavior by examining the characteristics of firms that issue RCPS. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 12,768 firm-year observations of Korean listed companies from 2011 to 2018, this study conducts univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the factors that affect firms' decisions regarding RCPS issuance. For multivariate analysis, logistic regression analysis is used. Findings: This study shows that firms issuing RCPS have higher debt ratios and lower operating cash flows than non-issuing firms. It is also found that firms issuing RCPS are smaller and younger than non-issuing firms. These findings indicate that firms with higher costs of financial distress, lower internal cash flow, and lower credibility/reputation are more likely to issue RCPS because they are constrained by debt capacity. Research limitations/implications: According to pecking order theory, firms prefer debt over equity if external funds are required. The results of this study support the pecking order theory by providing evidence that firms rely on hybrid securities financing like redeemable preferred stock, a priority after debt when they are constrained by debt capacity. Originality/value: This study sheds light on financing decisions related to the issuance of hybrid securities from the perspective of pecking order theory. It also contributes to broadening the scope of research on hybrid securities by providing empirical evidence on the financial characteristics of firms that issue RCPS.
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Choi, Hyunjung, and Haeyoung Ryu. "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212689.

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This study examines the impact of a company’s performance in terms of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on investors’ perceptions of corporate cash holdings in South Korea. The study postulates that, in emerging markets, such as South Korea, companies’ CSR activities are often implemented strategically by the management. In emerging economies, companies’ cash holdings are not subject to strict regulation of external capital providers. Hence, companies raise cash easily and manage cash holdings at their discretion, often resulting in agency problems between the management and shareholders. The study’s results reveal that capital market investors negatively perceive the cash holdings of companies actively engaged in CSR. Investors do not expect the cash held by such companies to increase their corporate value. In other words, companies may use internal funds rather than debt for financing CSR activities.
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Kazgan, Gülten. "Internal and External Constraints of Export Oriented Growth Strategy." New Perspectives on Turkey 3 (1989): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000728.

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The rapid industrial growth accompanied by even more rapid export growth of such Far East economies as South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan has drawn due attention from students of economic development. Economists with a Neo-classical ideological stance, favoring a perfectly free market economy, tend to attribute the industrial growth of these LDCs to the phenomenal increase in their exports. They argue that export expansion will be conducive to growth and the problems that might arise on the way will be taken care of by market forces. They identify the export sector of the economy as the “leading sector” and label the growth strategy patterned after this model as “export-oriented growth.” Over the last decade this growth strategy has been effectively “recommended” to a large number of LDCs facing debt servicing difficulties.
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Chaban, Natalia, and Martin Holland. "Seeing the EU from Outside its Borders: Changing Images of Europe." Baltic Journal of European Studies 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2013-0018.

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Abstract This paper outlines the importance of the studies of EU external perceptions in the Asia-Pacific region in the times of global multipolar redesign and an ongoing eurozone sovereign debt crisis. It links understanding of the concepts of EU external images and EU international ‘branding’ to the conduct of the EU’s foreign policy. The paper also details the methodology of the transnational comparative research project ‘The EU in the Eyes of Asia Pacific’ which informs all contributions to this Issue. The paper then presents those contributions which explore EU external perceptions in nine Asia-Pacific locations, members of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) process: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia.
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Fischer, Andrew M. "Debt and development in historical perspective: The external constraints of late industrialisation revisited through South Korea and Brazil." World Economy 41, no. 12 (February 15, 2018): 3359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12625.

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Cha, Victor D., and Katrin Katz. "South Korea in 2010." Asian Survey 51, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.1.54.

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For the Obama administration, unforeseen dynamics in East Asia over the past year have escalated the importance of the U.S.-ROK alliance to unprecedented levels for the United States. But the alliance remains vulnerable to external shocks, rendering the continuation of the current phase of unmitigated harmonious ties far from certain.
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박성욱. "Assessing the Effect of External Assets and Debts on FX Market Liquidity in Korea." Review of International Money and Finance 9, no. 1 (May 2019): 5–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34251/ifadoi.9.1.201905.001.

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Baek, Seung-Gwan. "External factors and adjustment policies in South Korea." Journal of Asian Economics 2, no. 2 (September 1991): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(91)90039-n.

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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645768.

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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1997.37.1.01p01954.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Sivakumar, Sivalingam. "Dancing on the edge : the dynamics of external debt in the United States, South Korea and Argentina." Title page, table of contents and preface only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arms624.pdf.

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Shayanewako, V. B. "The impact of foreign debt on economic growth in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015140.

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This study analyses the economic impact between foreign debt and economic growth in South Africa. By fitting a production function model to annual data for the period 1980-2011, the study examines the dynamic effect of debt service, capital stock and labour force on the economic growth of the country. By following Cunningham (1993), it has identified the long-run and short-run causal relationships among the included variables. The results indicate that the debt servicing burden has a negative effect on the productivity of labour and capital, and thereby affect economic growth adversely. The results also illustrate that the debt service ratio tends to negatively affect GDP and the rate of economic growth in the long-run, which, in turn, reduces the ability of the country to service its debt. Similarly, the estimated error correction term shows the existence of a significant long-run causal relationship among the specified variables. Overall, the results suggest the existence of short-run and long-run causal relationships running from debt service to GDP.
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Youmans, Hernandez Pamela M. "The doctrine of odious debt : a solution for post apartheid South Africa." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/347.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
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Health and Public Affairs
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Chung, Sae Won. "External Images of the EU: Comparative Analysis of EU Representations in Three Major South Korean Newspapers and Their Internet Editions." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8921.

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This thesis explores textual and visual images of the EU in South Korea's three prestigious popular newspapers - Chosun Ilbo, Dong A Ilbo and Joong Ang Ilbo - and compares them to the imagery created by the internet versions of these newspapers. In recent years, much scholarly work has been done on the topics of EU imagery in print media, but no systemic attempt has yet been made to EU imagery in internet media. The thesis analyses EU news monitored daily in 12 months of 2008 (a year of the first G20 Summit in Washington and the 6th and 7th rounds of EU-Korea FTA negotiations). This study is interdisciplinary. The thesis draws on several significant theories and concepts from the media studies and linguistics. On top of this, a wide range of approaches of content and visual analysis were reviewed. The study then considers and adopts a multimethodological approach of content analysis (studies by Chaban and Holland) and of visual analysis (by Bain) based on visual semiotics. However, to cope with internet media it also adds several categories which add the notion of interactivity to the original content analysis. It incorporates categories originating from a social semiotic approach (elements of interactive and compositional meta-functions) into the original visual analysis. The results of this study are presented in three case studies. In the first section of each case study the thesis provides a comprehensive overview featuring the latest information and various perspectives (political, economic, social, environmental and developmental). The second section presents formal characteristics of EU images in print newspapers and their internet versions. The third section covers substantive characteristics in both versions. The last section suggests the results of visual analysis. The results of this thesis contribute to two areas of studies: EU external perception studies and internet communication studies: as well as enhancing a deeper understanding of EU-Korea relations.
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Tomíšek, Jakub. "Přímé zahraniční investice z Korejské republiky do zemí EU (zejména do ČE, Polska, Slovenska a Maďarska)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4302.

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Presented thesis is focused on the nature of Korean direct investments in European Union, especially in the new central European member states (The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). The major task of thesis is to clarify, which Korean companies invest in central Europe and why do these companies locate their investments in new member states. Additionally, character of existing investments is analyzed. Thesis is divided into three main parts. Firstly, the explanation of development of Korean multinationals is provided. The main question of second part is why Korean multinationals invest in Europe and what the impact of European economic integration is. In the third part, distribution of Korean investments in central Europe is demonstrated. Both the nature of foreign direct investments and the effect of economic integration are analyzed from theoretical perspective first. Subsequently, theoretical concepts are applied on real data. Answer to all three main questions (which, why and how) will provide insight into future development of Korean direct investments in central Europe (middle- and long-term perspective).
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Joseph, Stacey-Leigh. "Consolidating democracy, building civil society : the South African Council of Churches in post-apartheid South Africa and its policy of critical solidarity with the state." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007957.

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The South African Council of Churches (SACC) played an extremely crucial role during the struggle against apartheid. The role of the SACC was first and foremost to provide a voice for the voiceless. It managed, among other tasks, to actively fill the void left by movements banned by the illegitimate apartheid government. As a result of its fight against the inequalities that existed in South Africa, its work adopted a political character. In the aftermath of post-apartheid South Africa, the SACC was left with the task of redefining its role within South African society and civil society, specifically. The euphoric sentiment in the mid-1990s was in part reflected in the SACC. However, the conclusion reached by the Council in 1995 was that it would also play a role of 'critical solidarity' which essentially meant that it would not shy away from attacking the government when the need arose. Since 1994, the South African government has implemented a number of policies that do not appear to be in the immediate interest of the majority of South African citizens atld have brought church and state into conflict. This thesis attempts to tackle three issues which are pertinent to the South African situation and which shed light on state-civil society interactions. These issues are HIV I Aids, the question of odious debt and the Zimbabwe crisis. By using both primary and secondary sources, the SACC's responses to government's handling of these matters will be compared with the responses of the South African Catholic Bishops Conference in order to determine their relationships with government. The conclusion of this investigation is that the SACC has in fact managed to maintain a position of critical solidarity. It has been faced with numerous challenges with regard to maintaining the fragile boundary of alliance with government on the one hand, and becoming anti-government on the other. However, by forming alliances with other civil society actors as well as fostering a relationship with government in order to facilitate mediation this dissertation argues that the SACC has become an essential member of South Africa's vibrant civil society.
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Sivakumar, Sivalingam. "Dancing on the edge : the dynamics of external debt in the United States, South Korea and Argentina." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/109242.

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Cho, Jaeho. "External debt and openness policy in Korea." 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/34014323.html.

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Kohl, Richard David. "The causes of the third world debt crisis a comparison of Brazil and South Korea /." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29196606.html.

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Kim, Chu-hun. "External debt and the growth of the Korean economy." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9616.

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Books on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Jayaraman, T. K. External debt and economical growth in the south pacific island countries: T.K. Jayaraman. Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific, 1996.

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Hwang, Sang-in. Economic impact of foreign debt in Korea. Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 1997.

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Gerald, Schmitz, ed. Population, food and debt: The challenges to North and South. [Ottawa]: Research Branch, Library of Parliament, 1991.

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Feinberg, Richard E. Debt reduction and North-South resource transfers to the year 2000. Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, 1992.

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United, States Congress House Committee on Banking Finance and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on International Development Finance Trade and Monetary Policy. Rescheduling South Africa's debt. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Marín, Gustavo. Elementos de reflexión sobre una política alternativa a la crisis de la deuda externa. [Buenos Aires?]: PRIES-Cono Sur, 1988.

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Hak-chun, Kim. North and South Korea: Internal politics and external relations since 1988. [Mississauga, Ont.]: Society for Korean and Related Studies, 2006.

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South Asian Workshop on International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the Debt Crisis (2nd 2009 Kathmandu, Nepal). Debt crisis in South Asia: Role of international financial institutions : a collection of case studies from South Asia. Mumbai: Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, 2009.

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South, Asian Workshop on International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the Debt Crisis (2nd 2009 Kathmandu Nepal). Debt crisis in South Asia: Role of international financial institutions : a collection of case studies from South Asia. Mumbai: Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, 2009.

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Vikas Adhyayan Kendra (Bombay, India) and South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication, eds. Debt crisis in South Asia: Role of international financial institutions : a collection of case studies from South Asia. Mumbai: Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Seo, Jeongmin. "South Korea–Gulf relations and the Iran factor." In External Powers and the Gulf Monarchies, 159–75. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking Asia and international relations: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315110394-10.

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You, Jong‐Ii, and Ju‐Ho Lee. "South Korea: Economic and Social Consequences of Globalization." In External Liberalization, Economic Performance and Social Policy, 283–316. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145465.003.0009.

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Woo, Jaejoon. "A Case for Korea as a Developed Market?" In Confronting South Korea's Next Crisis, 437–87. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864424.003.0011.

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High degrees of trade and financial openness make Korea vulnerable to external shocks that disrupt trade or capital flows. Accordingly, the country’s governments have sought to build a more resilient financial system while strengthening external buffers, and indeed, Korea’s sovereign credit ratings are on a par with her counterparts of the UK and France. Nonetheless, the Korean economy often behaves more like a typical emerging market (EM) than a developed market (DM), even though it has already attained DM status in many aspects. Partly motivated by this intriguing puzzle, Chapter 11 examines the evolving patterns of Korea’s trade and financial linkages and the recent experiences of different types of external shocks (e.g., global shocks such as the US Fed’s monetary policy cycle versus the China shocks seen in 2015–2016). It is revealed that Korea’s deepening economic tie with EMs via trade and finance is an important source of the EM-style volatility of the Korean won’s foreign exchange rate. It also discovers that the impact on the Korean economy of external shocks and their operational channels have tended to vary, depending on the type of shocks and their places of origin. In particular, it further explores the effects on Korea and likely spillover channels of shocks from China.
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Pacheco Pardo, Ramon. "Global South Korea 2008–22." In Shrimp to Whale, 173–216. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197659656.003.0007.

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Abstract South Korea weathered the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 better than most other developed countries. Likewise, it was one of the countries that weathered the COVID-19 pandemic better at the global level. This period of time between the two crises marked South Korea's emergence on the global stage. Successive South Korean presidents sought to make the country a more active actor in global affairs. Yet, it was innovation-driven economic growth, leading to South Korean firms competing at the technological frontier stage, and global boom of the Korean Wave that better symbolized the country's new-found status. The Korean Wave, in particular, changed external perceptions about South Korea and brought recognition of the country to new heights. At the domestic level, South Koreans continued to hold their leaders accountable and demand change. Most notably, in 2016–17 the Candlelight Revolution led to the impeachment of Park Geun-hye due to corrupt practices during her presidency. Meanwhile, South Korean women adopted the #MeToo movement to demand an end to patriarchal practices in the job market and in society more generally. More broadly, civic nationalism continued to grow in importance as a way for South Koreans to identify themselves.
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Woo, Jaejoon. "Korea Joins the League of Wealthy Nations." In Confronting South Korea's Next Crisis, 488–520. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864424.003.0012.

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Korea’s large current account (CA) surplus has recently emerged as a silver lining of a country struggling to revive growth, providing a unique opportunity to build a significant net foreign asset (NFA) position. A new analysis predicts years of CA surpluses of a structural nature ahead. Under a central scenario, the NFA is forecast to reach 62 percent of GDP by 2030. In retrospect, however, it is surprising that Korea’s NFA position turned positive (i.e. Korea became a net creditor nation) only in 2014, although the country has run a CA surplus every single year since 1998. By definition, the current account balance and change in NFA move closely to each other, subject to valuation effects. Where did all the current account surpluses go? Why would this time be different? To provide answers for these questions, Chapter 12 examines Korea’s balance of payment system, the external capital structure (i.e. composition of foreign assets and liabilities), and valuation effects. The prospect of a more solid NFA position has positive implications for the economy, while helping to address issues such as the need for durable funding sources for the aging society and the emerging market-style volatility of the economy during major external events.
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Aymes, Juan Felipe López, and Jae Sung Kwak. "Patron or partner? Asymmetry and complementarity in economic relations between South Korea and Latin America." In External Powers in Latin America, 167–85. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429351808-11.

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"Policy Response to External Shocks: Brazil Versus Taiwan and South Korea." In Latin America vs East Asia, edited by Ching-yuan Lin, 73–127. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315492254-3.

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Yun, Joseph Jin-Hyo, and Avvari V. Mohan. "The Relation Between Internal and External Open Innovation: A Study of Firms Located in the Goomi and Banwol-Sihwa Clusters in South Korea." In Perspectives on Supplier Innovation, 257–86. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848169005_0007.

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Strebkov, Dmitry, Alexey Nekrasov, and Anton Nekrasov. "Resonant Power System for Electric Transport." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 342–69. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9179-5.ch014.

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Noncontact electric power supply with the use of cable line is an innovative trend in the development of electric transport. Work to develop such systems is carried out in the USA, South Korea, Germany, Israel, the Russian Federation. The VIESH researchers have developed and patented experimental models of a car and a tramway of the future without accumulators, which receive energy from external energy system through air gap from a single wire cable laid under the surface of road pavement. Noncontact systems for electric power supply to transport are developed at VIESH on the basis of resonant methods of electric power supply through a single-wire cable. This is a basic difference of the technology under consideration from similar ones. This technology makes it possible to realize at the new technological level the need for electric roads with minimal costs. Given that all the world's automakers are working on the production of an electric vehicle for mass production, the need for creating a motorway in the city and on inter-urban autobahns is even more topical.
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Ghosh, Raktim, and Bhaskar Bagchi. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Stock Markets: The Case of Select Asian Economies." In Sustainable Strategies for Economic Growth and Decent Work: New Normal, 179–87. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022sseg.021.

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Introduction: The present study attempts to capture the dynamic connection between the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and stock indices of select Asian emerging economies like China, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Thailand, along with the volatility in the select stock markets occurring out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The study period begins on January 1, 2019 and continues up to April 6, 2022. The Bai-Perron test for the identification of structural breaks and the Wald test for the determination of short-run causality are used. Granger causality test measures the existence of uni-directional or bi-directional causality. To capture the volatility, Dummy-GARCH (1,1) along with EGARCH are used. Results: The results reveal the existence of causality over the short-run among the indices and COVID-19, as well as the existence of ARCH and GARCH effects in most of the stock indices, which may have occurred due to the external shock of the pandemic. Conclusion: The stock markets across the globe are experiencing depressed sentiment, which is replicated in the numerous crashes in the stock indices in all parts of the world.
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Conference papers on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Mammadli, Rasim T., Alisa O. Khubaeva, Vladislav Y. Panchenkov, and Sergey I. Popov. "Relations between Russia and South Korea in the Arctic Region: Current Situation and Perspectives." In Proceedings of the External Challenges and Risks for Russia in the Context of the World Community’s Transition to Polycentrism: Economics, Finance and Business (ICEFB 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icefb-19.2019.21.

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Park, Yeun Chul, Ho-Kyung Kim, Chul-Hwan Yoo, and Suk-Hee Bong. "Estimation of Structural Safety for Internally Grouted Post-tensioned External Tendons." In IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2017: Ignorance, Uncertainty, and Human Errors in Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/helsinki.2017.086.

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In February, 2016, one of the external tendons in pre‐stressed concrete (PSC) box girder bridge in Seoul was failed due to corrosion after 17 years of service. The failure was found during the thawing season regular inspection. Since it was the first tendon failure occurred in South Korea, in‐depth investigation was performed and found that multiple tendons were corroded at many different locations. Seoul City had been preparing for the maintenance of PSC box girder bridges, but the draft maintenance guideline considered overall condition of the bridge and little attention was paid to the condition of tendons. The bridge was evaluated as per the draft guideline and rated as ‘Medium Risk’ although one external tendon was failed. The indices for the evaluation should be properly weighted to prevent failure of tendons.
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Kim, Hyun-Joong, Young Suk Park, Chul Young Kim, and Seung Hee Kwon. "Structural tests on 43- and 45-year-old pre-stressed concrete bridge for reinforcement effect of PSC-I girders reinforced by external strand tendons." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0180.

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<p>In this study, the flexural behavior of pre-stressed concrete-I (PSC-I) girders was investigated to intuitively and more accurately evaluate the structural behavior and load-carrying capacity increase of PSC-I girder bridges more than 40 years old and reinforced by the external pre-stressing (PS) tendon reinforcement method. Many bridges in South Korea, which were constructed after the 1960s, exhibit a significantly low load-carrying capacity due to aging and the application of loads that are different from originally designed loads. To improve the load-carrying capacity and working load of these old bridges, reinforcement methods that use external PS tendons have been conventionally used. However, the evaluation of the load-carrying capacity of a bridge and the calculation of the number of external tendons for reinforcement are performed through the vehicle load test within the working load range of the bridge. Most of the studies conducted so far have been limited to the calculation of the loss of the members required for the reinforcement of the bridge or their structural behavior. In this study, a flexural failure verification experiment was performed on PSC-I girder bridges that were constructed based on the standard design of the 1960s to verify the reinforcement effect of PS tendons. The target of the experiment was the girders of PSC-I girder bridges designed more than 40 years ago based on the working loads of DB-18 and DB- 24.</p>
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Reports on the topic "Debts, External Korea (South)"

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Collins, Susan, and Won Am Park. External Debt and Macroeconomic Performance in South Korea. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2596.

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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Abstract:
Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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