Relevant bibliographies by topics / Debts

Academic literature on the topic 'Debts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Debts"

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Do Thi Kim Tien. "DEBT TRADING OF ENTERPRISES AND CREDIT INSTITUTIONS: A STUDY IN THE VIETNAMESE MARKET." International Journal of Advanced Economics 6, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v6i4.1054.

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The State Bank has issued Circular No. 18/2022/TT-NHNN amending and supplementing certain provisions of Circular No. 09/2015/TT-NHNN regulating the activities of buying and selling debts of credit institutions. Effective from February 9, 2023, Circular No. 18/2022/TT-NHNN is attracting the attention of many enterprises and banks in the process of implementation with new regulations. This article analyzes and clarifies the amendments and new supplements related to the trading of debts of credit institutions. The formation and development of the debt trading market, specifically bad debts of enterprises, are objective requirements in Vietnam today. The absence of a debt trading market is considered a major bottleneck in the current bad debt resolution process. According to the Economic Committee of the National Assembly, bad debts in the banking system in 2017 were below 3%, but in reality, bad debts throughout the economy are still high. However, the debt trading market still faces many limitations and requires adjustments to achieve higher efficiency. The activity of buying and selling debts of commercial banks in Vietnam is gradually becoming an objective necessity for the development of the economy. Debt trading is a very new field in Vietnam, but in essence, it is a fundamental economic activity in commercial banks. However, in recent years, the debt trading market has not truly developed, lacking competition among debt buyers, with low debt handling experience, and failing to meet market expectations with a large amount of bad debts to be resolved. This somewhat reduces the demand for debt trading of commercial banks with bad debts, hampering the development of the debt trading market of commercial banks. Keywords: Debt Trading Market, Bad Debts, Vietnam, Commercial Banks.
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Tsvirko, S. E. "PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN RUSSIA." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 6 (October 25, 2014): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2013-6-56-63.

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The problems of the Russia’s debt management are revealed. Evolution of the public debts’ problem of the Russian Federation including the question of its interaction with private debts is discussed. Risks in debt sphere are analyzed. Specific features of the Russian economy such as the dependence on world energy prices, low efficiency of public expenditures, rapid growth of internal public debts and external quasi-sovereign and private debts are defined. Principles of debt management and areas of improvement in the system of Russia’s debt management were defined.
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Ishak, Suraiya, and Ahmad Raflis Che Omar. "Youths and Credit: An Analysis of Debt Perspective and Management Among Youths." Global Journal Al-Thaqafah 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072020-7.

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Youths are no exception when it comes to being in debt and getting exposed to negative consequences of debts. This study surveys debt management practices among the youths. Furthermore, this study analyzes the relationship between debt management and independent variables such as debt perspectives, lifestyle and knowledge about debts. The survey method was used to gather the data. The descriptive analysis, principal components and independent t-test were employed to describe practices of the youths in debt management. Meanwhile, the Pearson correlation analyzes the relationship among debt management practices, lifestyle, debt perspectives and debt knowledge of the youths. Research findings indicate that the youths perceived debts as a financing means to fulfill their needs and desires. Most of the respondents practiced prudent debt management. The t-test result shows the male and female youths are no different in the ways thet managed their debts. The principle components analysis has identified three debt management behaviors consisting of “prudent and cautious”, “courageous and opportunistic” and “tight budget”. The correlation analysis shows that lifestyle, debt knowledge and debt perspectives have significant relationships with debt management practices. This implies that youths should embrace right perspective about debts, as well as practice affordable lifestyles to avoid imprudence and debts.
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El-Khoury, Gabi. "Public debts of Arab countries: selected indicators." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1311104.

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This statistical file is concerned with the issue of public debts in Arab countries. It assumes that public debt is a key source to fund the budget deficit in most Arab countries, and the rising public debt, particularly external debt, is increasingly becoming a concern for several countries in the region due to the pressure debt servicing might impose on these countries, which basically suffer an uncomfortable primary balance, in addition to the impact of crises in the region. Table 1 provides indicators on domestic public debts with ratios of debts to GDP, while Table 2 gives figures of external public debts with debt ratios to GDP. Table 3 provides estimates of total public debts with their ratios to GDP, while Tables 4 and 5 show figures of external public debt service, ratios of debt servicing to exports of goods and services and external public debt service ratios to Arab governments’ revenues respectively.
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Chen, Shiyi, and Wang Li. "Local government debt and regional economic growth in China." China Political Economy 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 330–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpe-10-2019-0028.

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Purpose With China’s economic growth slowing down and the growth rate of fiscal revenue decreasing, the pressure on local government debts is further increasing. Under this background, it is of great significance to clarify the relation between local government debts and China’s economic growth in order to give full play to the positive role of local debts in stabling growth. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Therefore, this paper explores the impact of Chinese local government debt on economic growth from theoretical and empirical aspects, respectively, and compares the regional differences between different debts and economic growth dynamics. Findings In the theoretical model part, this paper constructs a three-sector dynamic game model, under the two circumstances of whether local government is subject to debt constraints, and examines the relation between local government debt and economic growth and other variables through numerical simulation. Research shows that when the government is not constrained by debt, there is an inverted “U” relation between government debt and economic growth. When the government is constrained by debt, the economic growth rate gradually decreases as the government debt increases. Originality/value In the theoretical analysis part, this paper tries to estimate the amount of local debts under different calibers and examines the impact of different types of local government debts on China’s economic growth and their regional differences. The results show that excessive accumulation of government hidden debts in the eastern region is not conducive to economic growth, while explicit debts in the central and western regions significantly contribute to local economic growth. The results of empirical analysis are basically consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.
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Zhang, Xi. "Analysis of the Objective Elements of the Crime of Collecting Illegal Debts." International Journal of Education and Humanities 11, no. 1 (October 19, 2023): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v11i1.13083.

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In order to effectively regulate the repeated violent and soft-violence collection of loansharks, gambling debts and other illegal debts in social life, Amendment (XI) to the Criminal Law establishes the crime of collecting illegal debts. The establishment of this crime not only makes up for the legislative gap of "soft violence" debt collection in the field of criminal law, but also provides a solid legal support for actively combating the violent collection of illegal debts in future judicial practice, and reasonably differentiating the application of the crime. In this paper, in the context of the legislation of the crime of collecting illegal debts, combined with the judgment published on the China Judgement and Documentation Network which has been applied to the crime of collecting illegal debts, the crime of collecting illegal debts in the judicial practice of the problems and theoretical controversial part of the problem is studied. It mainly analyzes the terms "illegal debt" and "act of collection" in the crime of collecting illegal debts.
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Mahmoud Aghdam, Parviz, and Amir Mohammadzadeh. "Analysis of The Effect of Inflation, Operating Cycle and Operating Cash Flow on Debt’s Term Structure." Journal of Management and Accounting Studies 4, no. 04 (July 21, 2019): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol4iss04pp87-95.

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Structure of capital is one of the important matters in every company. Choosing an appropriate capital structure is an important matter in determining the value of every company and this structure, is the combination of the company’s supply of the financial resources. Debts and the rights of the stock holder are components of capital structure. Type of debt used in the Company has influence on the company's risk. Some of the companies for the supplying required financial resources use current debts and financial risk is increased naturally, and some of them use non-current debts. Methodology: In this study the effect of operating’s cycle, operating cash flow and inflation during 1385 to 1392 is analyzed. The number of observations of this study including 98 companies and by using OLS method the hypotheses of the study is tested. Results: The results suggest there is a significant relationship between c operating cash flow and time deadline and there is no significant relation between operating cycle and inflation with the time deadline of the debts. Conclusion: Finally, there is a positive relation between operating cycle and debt’s term structure but not significant, and operating cash flow’s coefficient is 0.0893 and there is a significant and positive relation between operating cash flow and debt’s term structure, and there is an opposite relation between them, but it is not significant.
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Faria, João Ricardo, Le Wang, and Zhongmin Wu. "Debts on debts." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 23, no. 2 (August 2012): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2012.02.003.

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Kirichenko, Elina. "Consolidated Debts of the U.S. non-financial sector: Post-pandemic Estimates." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760023472-6.

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The purpose of the article is to study the trends, problems and risks of consolidated domestic debts of the US non-financial sector at the present stage. The problems of budgets of different levels are considered: the federal budget, state budgets, the influence of the “pandemic” crisis on their income and expenses. In the framework of the analysis of the debts of the US non-financial sector the national (sovereign) debt of the United States, the aggregated debts of states and municipalities are singled out, and the heterogeneity of their financial situation is studied. The debt problems of the US non-financial business, primarily corporate debts, are touched upon. Particular attention is paid to the debts of American households.
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Shafter, Jonathan. "The Due Diligence Model: A New Approach to the Problem of Odious Debts." Ethics & International Affairs 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00060.x.

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Odious debts are debts incurred by a government without either popular consent or a legitimate public purpose. There is a debate within academic circles as to whether the successor government to a regime that incurred odious debts has the right to repudiate repayment. In the real world, however, repudiation is not currently an option granted legitimacy by either global capital markets or the legal systems of creditor states. There are, thus, compelling reasons to reform the law of odious debts to allow for such repudiation in strictly limited circumstances. Beyond the moral problem of requiring the formerly captive citizens of a tyrant to repay their oppressor's personal debts, the burden of odious-debt servicing can perpetuate the cycle of state failure, which has direct national security consequences. In addition, a properly designed odious debt reform could function as an alternative punitive mechanism to trade sanctions with fewer harmful implications for the general population of the targeted state. Classical proponents of odious debt reform advocate for recognition of a legal rule under which successor governments could challenge the validity of debts incurred by prior regimes against the odious debt legal standard in a judicial-style forum. I make the case for an alternative “Due Diligence Model” of reform that provides far greater ex ante certainty for lenders, both as to which debts might be classified as odious debts and what steps the lender must take to protect its investments from subsequent invalidation. The Due Diligence Model also solves certain time-consistency problems inherent to the Classical Model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Debts"

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Sathe, Ommeed S. (Ommeed Sanjay). "Local debts, international authority : rating agencies' emergence in regulating subnational debt." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37469.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99).
This thesis explores the growth of subnational debt ("SND") and the different regulatory responses to this debt. It focuses on the recent emergence of credit rating agencies (e.g. Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch) as an alternative regulatory mechanism, which has the potential to stabilize these markets, improve risk pricing, and alter traditional conceptions of local governance. The first chapter traces SND's long legacy of debt defaults, federal bailouts, and improperly priced risk; as well as the profound benefits that SND can provide to local governments, particularly as a means of resisting the siren song of privatization. Unfortunately, it finds that conventional strategies for regulating SND - including federal oversight, financial rules and market discipline - have not properly balanced these trade offs and have left lingering moral hazards, overly restricted debt markets, and a legacy of mispricing. The second chapter examines the emergence of debt rating agencies in Mexico as a possible alternative. It traces their growth, particularly the role of domestic and international agreements, their methodology, and their historic accuracy. It finds that they should improve debt pricing and obviate moral hazards when compared to existing regulatory interventions.
(cont.) However, these significant benefits come with profound implications on local governance and decentralization. The third chapter investigates rating agencies infringement on traditional local autonomy as well as the more subtle ways in which these bodies can actually improve local deliberation by enhancing transparency and formality. The thesis argues further that any restrictions are outweighed by the benefits from stabilizing SND markets and replacing more onerous regimes. The thesis also suggests that the agencies' view of governance actually fits in with broader international approaches and is part of a broader movement towards international local government law. The paper concludes by considering potential regulation to improve agencies' performance further.
by Ommeed S. Sathe.
M.C.P.
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Cavalcanti, Carlos Brandão. "Transferência de recursos ao exterior e substituição de dívida externa por dívida interna." Rio de Janeiro : [BNDES], Gabinete do Presidente, Departamento de Projetos de Comunicação, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21118412.html.

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Sivakumar, Sivalingam. "Dancing on the edge : the dynamics of external debt in the United States, South Korea and Argentina." Title page, table of contents and preface only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arms624.pdf.

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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Sovereign debts in trouble times." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211300.

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Collette, Stephanie. "Sovereign bonds: odious debts and state succession." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209718.

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Though sovereign debts are often viewed as risk-free assets, some extreme events may lead to the repudiation of these debts. A large literature has been devoted to the motivations of repayment and to the causes of default. The impact of wars, which may lead to the repudiation of sovereign debt, on sovereign bond prices has also been analyzed. However, the impact of other types of seldom occurring but dramatic events, which may lead to the repudiation of debts, on bond prices has been overlooked. My current research aims to analyze three of them: the repudiation of debts because of their alleged "odiousness", the introduction of common debt after a state's unification and the debt partition following the break-up of a country. Since the events under consideration don't happen frequently, the dissertation will rely on four historical examples: Cuba, Russia, Italy and Belgium. The time period considered is the 19th century. Based on a historical analysis and the set-up of an original database, this project determines the effects of these events on sovereign debt valorization, using an econometric approach.

The first part of the research estimates the risk premium required by investors to hold debts which could be denounced as odious. Bondholders could require a premium to compensate for the higher default risk due to the odious character of the debts. The paper quantifies the risk premium required by investors to hold debts which could be denounced as odious and it analyses the relation between the value of the government bond and extreme "odious debt" events. In order to identify if such a premium exists, I focus on a Cuban case study. Based on an original database of Cuban bonds, the paper reveals the existence of a risk premium of at least 200 basis points which penalises bonds issued by dictatorial regimes. The bond market "odious" shocks are provided by a Structural VAR analysis. In a second case study, my research analyses the Tsarist bonds of 1906 and the premium to hold despotic regime debt. The paper shows that the market required a premium despite the attempts made by the Russian government to present the loan as clean.

The second and third parts of my research look at the effects of state succession on the sovereign bonds market. They analyze respectively the two subsets of state succession: state unification and "country break-up". The second part of the dissertation provides an empirical study of sovereign debt integration and analyses the evolution of sovereign bond prices when several countries merge to become a "unified country" or when the probability of such an event exists. Based on an original database made of pre-unification and post-unification Italian bonds, the paper shows the impact of Italy's unification on the bonds. The analysis puts forward that prior to the unification in 1862, the bonds issued by the future parts of the kingdom reacted in an idiosyncratic way. Around the sovereign debt integration, the paper highlights a large risk increase for low-yield bonds. Using a break point analysis and a Dynamic Factor Model, the paper proves that until the late 1860's the financial market did not believe in Italy's Unification. The third part of my research analyzes the financial impact on state bonds of a country which faces a risk to break up. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the evolution of sovereign debt prices when a state breaks up, or when it faces such an event. Based on an original database of Dutch and Belgian bonds, this research shows the impact of Belgian independence in 1830 on the Belgium bonds. This article analyses two risk premiums which may affect the sovereign debt of a state: the first one is linked to the country break-up (or the probability that one may occur) and the second one is due to the instability experienced by the new country. This analysis puts forward a "country break-up" risk premium of 142 basis points. The role of the debt underwriter has also been highlighted in the case of Belgian independence. Financial markets required no "new country" risk premium for Belgian bonds which were underwritten by Rothschild, but the risk premium remained for the Belgian authorities. This was likely due to the role of Rothschild as underwriter whose reputation persuaded the market that the risk is low, but who charged a premium to the Belgian government for their services.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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De, Soyres Constance. "Three Essays on Sovereign Debts and Macroeconomics." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10023.

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Ce travail de thèse est composé de trois chapitres unis par un même thème : l’étude des dettes souveraines avec une emphase particulière sur les recommandations de politiques publiques en vue de la résolution des crises de la dette. Dans le premier chapitre, j’étudie la maturité optimale des allègements de dette dans le cadre d’un modèle théorique de dettes souveraines. Le modèle que je construis est composé de trois acteurs principaux : un pays qui emprunte sur les marchés et peut décider de faire défaut sur sa dette, une autorité en charge des allègements de dette qui est affectée négativement en cas de défaut et peut choisir d’organiser un allègement de dette afin de l’éviter, et un marché compétitif et neutre au risque. Ces trois acteurs prennent leurs décisions en essayant d’anticiper les possibles évènements futurs ainsi que les réactions des autres acteurs à ces évènements. Ce modèle délivre un résultat original : l’organisation optimale d’un allègement de dette consiste à réduire la dette à long terme d’un pays et pas seulement celle à court terme. En effet, la diminution des remboursements futurs encourage un pays à honorer ses obligations courantes tout en évitant d’avoir à alléger la dette du pays à nouveau dans un futur proche. Dans le second chapitre, j’étudie la composition optimale d’un allègement de dette, en particulier entre une réduction de la dette privée et un transfert d’une institution comme le fonds monétaire international ou le mécanisme de stabilité européen au sein de la zone euro. A l’aide d’une nouvelle base de données composée des allègements de dette des vingt dernières années, je montre que les réductions de dettes privées ont tendance à discipliner la politique d’endettement des pays à l’inverse des transferts provenant d’institutions. En particulier, les taux d’intérêt sur les bons d’état souverain ont tendance à diminuer après les réductions de dettes privées, ce qui montre que les investisseurs incorporent moins de risque de défaut dans les prix des bons d’état. Je construis ensuite un modèle quantitatif de dettes souveraines dans lequel j’introduis une autorité qui organise des allègements de dette dès que le pays est au bord du défaut. Le principal résultat est que le hasard moral créé par ce mécanisme peut être atténué par l’introduction d’allègements de la dette privée, dans la mesure où ils sont incorporés dans le prix de la dette et découragent le pays d’emprunter de façon excessive. Cela montre que réduire les dettes privées en plus de transferts institutionnels est indispensable afin de discipliner la politique d’endettement du pays. Dans le dernier chapitre, j’étudie la performance des projections de dette réalisée au sein des analyses de soutenabilité de la dette pour les pays à bas revenus entre 2006 et 2016. Je montre que les projections ont tendance à être optimistes et relie ce biais à deux dimensions de la logique même dans laquelle sont construites ces projections : la règle fiscale du gouvernement ainsi que la relation entre investissement et croissance. En particulier, les projections ont tendance à surestimer la réduction du déficit primaire qui suit une augmentation de dette publique, et à surestimer l’augmentation de la croissance suivant une augmentation de l’investissement
This thesis focuses on sovereign debts with a particular emphasis on policy recommendations relative to debt crisis resolution. It is composed of three chapters.In the first chapter, I study the optimal maturity composition of a bailout within an original theoretical sovereign debt model. The framework I develop is composed of three main actors: a country that borrows from the market and cannot commit to repay its debt, a Bailout Authority who is negatively impacted when the country decides to default and can choose to bail it out in order to prevent negative spillovers, and the market which is assumed to be risk-neutral and competitive. Those actors are forward-looking and make policy decisions according to their expectations about future events and others’ reactions. It gives rise to novel insights, including the fact that an optimal bailout should reduce the country’s long-term debt as opposed to short maturities. Indeed, decreasing future debt payments encourages the country to honor its current debt obligations while preventing a costly situation of repeated bailouts in the future. In the second chapter, I investigate the optimal composition of a debt relief, and in particular the tradeoff between a haircut on private debt and a transfer from an Official Institution such as the International Monetary Fund or the European Stability Mechanism in the Eurozone. Building a novel database with the debt reliefs of the last twenty years, I find that haircuts tend to discipline the countries’ borrowing behavior as opposed to transfers. More precisely, sovereign bond spreads tend to significantly decrease following events of haircuts, suggesting that investors incorporate less default risk in sovereign bond prices. I then make sense of this observation in a structural quantitative sovereign debt model where I incorporate a Debt Relief Authority who organizes a debt relief whenever the sovereign is on the verge of a default. I show that the moral hazard problem created by such a mechanism can be mitigated by using haircuts, since they are incorporated into the debt price and hence deter the sovereign from overborrowing. It indicates that the inclusion of a dose of haircuts in debt relief packages is essential to discipline the country’s borrowing behavior. In the final chapter, I analyze the performance of debt projections realized in the IMF Debt Sustainability Analyses for Low-Income countries between 2006 and 2016. I find evidence of systematic optimism in debt projections and relate this bias to two dimensions of their internal logic: the government’s fiscal rule and the growth-investment relationship. In particular, projections tend to overestimate the reduction of the primary budget deficit following any increase in public debt, as well as to overestimate the increase in growth following any increase in investment
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Mupunga, Nebson. "Assessing the optimal size and composition of public debt in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8977.

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This study provides an analysis of public debt dynamics with a view to assess the optimal size and composition of public debt in Zimbabwe that is consistent with maintaining public debt at sustainable levels. The analysis was performed by applying public debt data for Zimbabwe over the period 1980 to 2012. Robustness checks were conducted, using data for selected low income countries in the sub-Saharan Africa. The study was motivated by the public debt management concerns caused by the 2008/09 global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis as well as the external public debt overhang experienced by Zimbabwe since the year 2000. The findings of the study complement existing research findings and information on public debt management of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other researchers. The major contribution of this thesis is the determination of optimal public debt thresholds for Zimbabwe. The optimal public debt thresholds were estimated from a joint analysis of the macroeconomic variables that affect public debt and the reaction of fiscal policy to changes in debt. The classical linear regression and Bayesian Vector Auto Regression (BVAR) models were applied to examine the drivers of debt accumulation and to assess the sensitivity of debt to macroeconomic shocks. The information from the drivers of public debt accumulation, together with the fiscal response mechanism was used to calibrate the long-run stable (optimal) public debt target. The optimal public debt threshold was also determined by assessing the link between public debt and economic growth. This assessment was carried out to establish the tipping point beyond which public debt adversely affects growth. Such a tipping point provides valuable information on the optimal size of public debt. The study also applied simulation approaches to determine the optimal composition of public debt. The results show that public debt dynamics in Zimbabwe largely comprised extensive stock flow adjustments emanating from extra budgetary expenditures to meet social and political related needs. The results of the assessment on the sensitivity of public debt to macroeconomic shocks show that Zimbabwe‟s public debt has been more vulnerable to economic growth, exchange rate and interest rate shocks. The significant influence of these variables highlights the role of automatic debt dynamics in public debt management. The results from the fiscal reaction function show that government has been responding positively to increases in public debt. This analysis also shows that government‟s policies are a-cyclical; as explained by the negative and insignificant response of the primary balance to the output gap. The dynamic stochastic simulation analysis suggests that Zimbabwe‟s public debt could follow an array of potential paths depending on the policy stance implemented by government. The simulated risk to public debt dynamics is larger, with an upper bound public debt to GDP ratio of 100 per cent and a lower bound public debt ratio of 32 per cent. The simulated lower bound provides a measure of a natural debt limit, which the government could adopt without fearing the risk of default. The results suggest that the main risks to public debt sustainability lie in growth shocks, whose volatility have been high for the period under study. The results from the analysis of growth and debt confirm the existence of an optimal growth maximising public debt ratio depicted by an inverted U-shaped relationship between public debt and economic growth. The optimal size of public debt was found to be at public debt levels of between 45-50 per cent of GDP. This means that higher public debt ratios have been associated with lower economic growth rates at debt levels above 50 per cent of GDP. The results are consistent with empirical findings for low income countries which suggest the existence of a debt laffer-curve. The results from an analysis of an optimal composition of public debt show a trade-off between a debt composition with more external concessional debt and one with more domestic debt. While a composition with more concessional borrowing was found to be desirable from a cost perspective, it proved to be less desirable from a risk perspective after taking into consideration stock flow adjustments due to changes in cross exchange rates. The findings of the study point to a need for the Zimbabwean government to swiftly respond to increases in public debt to control the swings in debt dynamics caused by macroeconomic shocks. The inverted U-shaped relationship between debt and growth suggests that government borrowing must be done in a way that simultaneously entrenches debt sustainability and ensures sustained economic growth rates in the medium to long-term. The study also highlights the need for counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies to avoid explosive debt dynamics emanating from frequent changes in the business cycle, and to minimise the interest/growth rate differential to ensure sustainable public debt dynamics. There is also a need for authorities to ensure a true balance between external and domestic borrowing to minimise the volatility in debt service costs caused by macroeconomic shocks. Generally, the findings from this study can assist in informing the policy agenda to address the imperatives of debt resolution, fiscal consolidation and economic growth acceleration.
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So, Wang-ming. "An analysis of mortgage prepayment in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2084234X.

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Saha, Parumita. "Developing a Framework to measure Enterprise Architecture Debts." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289528.

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Technical debt is used to describe the changing or to maintain a system due to expedient shortcuts done during its development. In the context of the software development industry, technical debt is regarded as a critical issue in terms of the negative consequences such as increased software development cost, low product quality, decreased maintainability, and slowed progress to the long-term success of developing software. Code Smells are well informed in the domain of Technical Debt. They indicate to the common bad practices that may impair the future quality of the software system. By identifying those Code Smells, it is possible to give an improved solution or make the developers aware of a possible deficiency. I explore the premise that technical debt within the enterprise should be viewed as a tool. Extensible and Appropriate tools can check the Code Smells automatically and improve the quality assessment accordingly. However, in the field of Enterprise Architecture(EA), common bad habits in EA can be called EA Smells. EA Smells itself can be a component of EA Debt. Enterprise Architecture Debt can be defined as such a metric that depicts the deviation of the currently present state of an enterprise from a hypothetical ideal state.In this thesis, we introduce SmellCull as an extensible tool for capturing, tracking and managing Enterprise Architecture debt in the EA field. SmellCull allows measuring different kinds of Enterprise Architecture debts for EA Model. SmellCull is extensible since different types of Model can be integrated as input into the tool environment and provides developers with a lightweight tool to capture EA debt and make it easier to understand them indicating corresponding parts in the implementation. The tool is used to create propagation paths for the EA debt. This allows for an up-to-date and accurate presentation of EA debt to be upheld, which enables developer conducted implementation-level micromanagement as well as higher-level debt management.Since the tool is sophisticated enough, automated detection supports the design process and ongoing change of EAS(Enterprise Architecture System). This includes the strategic development of EAS with the corresponding roadmaps, as well as design assurance and performance monitoring to assess the quality of data in EA repositories and the compliance with certain standards defined by EA Smells. Due to the limited scope of master thesis, the tool will identify a few number of EA debt. At the end, some future work suggestions in the context of identifying more salable Enterprise Architecture Debts with this tool are given.
Teknisk skuld dvs dålig eller kortsiktig programutveckling som belastning på IT-system måste förr eller senare återbetalas. I industrin betraktas teknisk skuld som en kritisk fråga när det gäller de negativa konsekvenserna som ökad mjukvaruutvecklingskostnad, låg produktkvalitet, minska underhåll och långsammare framsteg till den långsiktiga framgången med att utveckla programvara. Dålig kodkvalitet “code smell” är vanligt förekommande teknisk skuld. Det uppkommer i vanliga dåliga metoder “anti-patterns” som försämrar programvarans framtida kvalitet. För att kunna identifiera bristande kodkvalitet är det möjligt att skapa en förbättrad lösning eller göra utvecklare medvetna om de möjliga bristerna. Jag undersöker förutsättningarna att en sådan teknisk skuld i företag bör undersökas med en programvara. Utbyggbara och ändamålsenliga programvaror kan analysera källkod och hitta var kvaliteten behöver förbättras. Företagens tekniska skuld kan definieras som ett mått som visar avvikelsen från ett hypotetiskt idealtillstånd genom att jämföra det aktuella tillståndet med praktiska rekommendationer “best practice”. I detta examensarbete introducerar jag SmellCull som ett utbyggbart verktyg för att hitta, spåra och hantera bristfällig kodkvalitet inom företagsarkitektur (EA). SmellCull tillåter mätning av olika typer av tekiska skulder för EA modellen. SmellCull är utbyggbart genom att olika typer av datamodeller kan integreras som indata i miljön, och det ger utveck-lare ett lätt verktyg för att hantera teknisk skuld i programmeringsprojekt och hjälpa projektdeltagarna i programmeringsprojekt att förstå vad orsakar brister i kodkvalitet.  Eftersom verktyget är tillräckligt sofistikerat finns det automatiserad spårning, designprocess och kontinuerlig förbättring av EAS (Enterprise Architecture System). Detta inkluderar strategisk utveckling av EAS med motsvarande färdplan, samt konstruktionssäkerhet och prestandäovervakning för att bedöma kvaliteten på data i EA förvar och efterlevnaden av vissa standarder som definieras av EA code smell detection. På grund av den begränsade omfattningen av examensarbetet kommer verktyget att  identifiera några få EA skuld. I slutet, några framtida arbetsförslag i samband med identifiering mer säljbara företagsarkitekturskulder med detta verktyg ges.
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Seroka, Ngwanatau. "The Influence of Financing Structure on Performance of MSMEs in South African: "The Valley of Death"." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28374.

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Previous researchers, especially on large enterprises, have revealed that debt financing structure influences enterprise performance. Though the issue has been extensively researched, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have traditionally been operating differently as compared to large enterprises in terms of their financial decisions, ownership and management style, and behaviour. Therefore, this study will explore the gaps encountered by all MSMEs to grow their businesses. These include forms and type of industry, firm size, asset tangibility, and a firm’s current assets in relation to its current liabilities and profitability level. The study examines the influence of financing structures on performance of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in South Africa. The ordinary least squares (OLS) technique of measurement is applied to examine the effects of financing structure on performance across various industrial sectors in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. The findings in this study indicate an increase in the use of leverage to drive the influence of total debt on performance in all industrial sectors of MSMEs in South Africa. From the cross-sectional regression analysis, the results show that financing structure has a negative effect on the profitability of MSMEs, although not absolutely. The findings show that the size of the enterprise, asset tangibility, and the ratio of current assets to current liabilities are the most influential of borrowing decisions in total debt, short-term debt, and long-term debt. A significantly negative effect is observed for long-term debt, while short-term debt (STDR) exhibits a significantly positive effect. Thus the influence on MSMEs’ leverage on performance is driven by the usage of short-term debt. The variables of size of the firm, and ratio of current assets to current liabilities, do not have the same effect in all debt levels; the significance is substantially higher for long-term debt than for total debt and short-term debt. On the other hand, our empirical results suggested that transactional costs, and an asymmetric information problem in smaller firms, may lead to a mainly negative influence on size and total debt. The asset structure on profitability observed across the years showed mixed experiences. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities was found to be positive and significant on long-term debt and short-term debt leverage.
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Books on the topic "Debts"

1

Shleifer, Andrei. Will the sovereign debt market survive? Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Fajana, F. Olufemi. Nigeria's debt crisis. Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Socio-Economic Research and Planning Division, 1993.

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Público, Comisión para la Auditoría Integral del Crédito. Final report of the integral auditing of the Ecuadorian debt: Executive summary. Quito, Ecuador: Internal Auditing Commission for Public Credit of Ecuador, 2008.

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Osaze, Bob Es. Domestic debt: Its bondification for national development. Lagos: The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, 2005.

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A, Frenkel Jacob, Dooley Michael P. 1944-, and Wickham Peter 1947-, eds. Analytical issues in debt. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1989.

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Carles, Joseph. Gérer l'endettement: Entreprises, collectivités locales, ménages, Etat. Paris: Editions Liaisons, 1992.

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Patricio, Pazmiño Freire, and Jochnick Chris, eds. Otras caras de la deuda: Propuestas para la acción. Quito, Ecuador: CDES, 2001.

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Cohen, Daniel. The Sustainability of African debt. Washington, DC: World Bank, International Economics Department, International Finance Division, 1996.

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Soberón, Luis Rebolledo. Deuda externa: En búsqueda de salidas viables para la crisis. [Lima]: Universidad de Lima, Facultad de Economía, Centro de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, 1985.

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Molina, Elda. La deuda externa de los paises subdesarrollados. La Habana: Editora Política, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Debts"

1

Einaudi, Luca, Riccardo Faucci, and Roberto Marchionatti. "Debts." In Luigi Einaudi, 112–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522978_10.

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Marsh, Brendan. "Debts, deaths, and more debts." In The Logic of Violence, 61–79. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429424311-4.

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Stevens, P. "Bad Debts and Bad Debts Provision." In Work Out Principles of Accounts for First Examinations, 58–62. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18141-4_10.

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Stevens, P. "Bad Debts and Bad Debts Provision." In Work Out Accounting GCSE, 59–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09460-8_10.

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Gan, Li, Zhichao Yin, Nan Jia, Shu Xu, Shuang Ma, and Lu Zheng. "Household Debts." In Data you need to know about China, 133–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38151-5_5.

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Eskelinen, Teppo. "Odious Debts." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 774–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_181.

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Astore, Marianna. "Una montagna di debiti. L'Italia e la gestione del debito pubblico tra le due guerre." In Studi e saggi, 191–214. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-202-7.10.

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The surge in public debt during the recent pandemic crisis has made high debt a prominent policy issue. Italy is an interesting case study since it has experienced high levels of debt for a significant part of its history. This article revisits the history of Italian public debts in the inter-war period. Italy emerged from WWI with public debt that peaked around 160 percent of GDP. In the mid-1920s a significant reduction of public debt occurred, in concomitance with a regime of fiscal austerity and two restructuring agreements that wiped more than 80 percent of Italian foreign debts. By the early 1930s, the US reaction to the Great Depression that opposed any form of international cooperation, led to an Italian default on war debts in 1934 and a move toward autarky.
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Paterson, Ron. "Factoring of Debts." In Off Balance Sheet Finance, 79–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12613-2_10.

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Hülsmann, Thomas. "ODDE and Debts." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 1–22. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_31-1.

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AbstractRecent monetary policies of quantitative easing have produced a cognitive dissonance with the previous “there is no money” mantra and invite us to revisit our understanding of the costs and economics of distance education (DE). It turns out that study of the costs of DE was narrowly rooted in neoclassical microeconomics. Consequently, DE has focused on driving down costs and devolving costs to the students, thereby contributing to increasing student debt. The chapter summarizes the efficiency gains of traditional DE and their changes due to the emerging affordances of information and communication technologies (ICT). The chapter also notes changes in the “macroeconomic weather conditions,” which have led to regarding education less as means to raise productivity than as a center for profit itself. As a consequence, cost efficiency gains have often not been handed to the learner, leading to rises in tuition fees and, consequently, student debt.The second half of the chapter introduces modern money theory (MMT), a different economic paradigm, which suggests that monetary sovereign countries have enough policy space not to focus narrowly on driving down costs. It notably suggests that devolving costs to students turns out, from the MMT perspective, to be misguided. It identifies a policy space which can be used to build in additional resilience, especially required in times of crises.
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Hülsmann, Thomas. "ODDE and Debts." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education, 563–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_31.

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AbstractRecent monetary policies of quantitative easing have produced a cognitive dissonance with the previous “there is no money” mantra and invite us to revisit our understanding of the costs and economics of distance education (DE). It turns out that study of the costs of DE was narrowly rooted in neoclassical microeconomics. Consequently, DE has focused on driving down costs and devolving costs to the students, thereby contributing to increasing student debt. The chapter summarizes the efficiency gains of traditional DE and their changes due to the emerging affordances of information and communication technologies (ICT). The chapter also notes changes in the “macroeconomic weather conditions,” which have led to regarding education less as means to raise productivity than as a center for profit itself. As a consequence, cost efficiency gains have often not been handed to the learner, leading to rises in tuition fees and, consequently, student debt.The second half of the chapter introduces modern money theory (MMT), a different economic paradigm, which suggests that monetary sovereign countries have enough policy space not to focus narrowly on driving down costs. It notably suggests that devolving costs to students turns out, from the MMT perspective, to be misguided. It identifies a policy space which can be used to build in additional resilience, especially required in times of crises.
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Conference papers on the topic "Debts"

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Erkan, Çisil, Erdinç Tutar, Filiz Tutar, and Mehmet Vahit Eren. "An Analysis of External Debts of Turkey (1980–2012)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00483.

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One of the most important goals of developing countries is to materialize sustainable economic growth and development. Foreign external debts play a key role in accelerating economic growth, investment and exports. Insufficient level of domestic capital accumulation generally forces developing countries to source finances by means of debts from foreign countries, banks and international organizations. External debt is also important resource for Turkey. In Turkish economy, external debt is taken generally in order to counter the saving deficit and foreign Exchange deficit and reach the high growth rate. External debts, which are initially taken as additional resources, can accelerate the investments, economic growth and development when they are used efficiently. But if the external debts aren’t used efficiently and the principal and interest payments of the external debts become higher than national income increase, it is required to get debts again to pay debts and thereby it causes to increase external debt burden and decrease the country welfare. In this study, development of external debts has been analyzed, starting from Ottoman Period until today. it is concluded that, external debts have created a negative impact on total investments between 1980 and 2010 in Turkey, and this negative impact on total investments has prevented economic growth. This conclusion suggests that the amount of foreign debt should be reduced so as to increase the level of economic growth in Turkey.
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Бардина, Ирина Валентиновна. "ACCOUNTING FOR BAD DEBT OF AN ORGANIZATION FOR TAX ACCOUNTING PURPOSES." In Научные исследования в современном мире. Теория и практика: сборник статей XXVI всероссийской (национальной) научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2024). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/240503.2024.83.12.003.

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В статье рассматриваются вопросы безнадежных долгов организации и их отражение в налоговом учете. Налоговый кодекс РФ содержит требования для учета таких долгов. Они признаются во внереализационных расходах организации. Признание безнадежных долгов требует предварительной инвентаризации. На основании информации, полученной по результатам инвентаризации дебиторской задолженности необходимо сделать классификацию задолженности. The article discusses the issues of bad debts of an organization and their reflection in tax accounting. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains requirements for accounting for such debts. They are recognized in the non-operating expenses of the organization. The recognition of bad debts requires a preliminary inventory. Based on the information obtained from the results of the inventory of accounts receivable, it is necessary to classify the debt.
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Xiao, Lu. "Quantifying architectural debts." In ESEC/FSE'15: Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803194.

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Jurušs, Māris, Baiba Šmite-Roķe, Daiga Zēna-Zēmane, Montaa Celmiņ, and Egita Pole. "Possible options for ensuring of tax compliance." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.514.

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Tax evasion is one of the biggest challenges for tax administrations around the world. Tax non-compliance leads to a large tax debt in state budgets. Part of these tax debts is impossible to recover, since debtors have neither assets or cash. The aim of this research is to evaluate feasible options to ensure tax compliance. Solutions could be considered in two directions. In short-term it should be considered how to reduce already incurred debts. In the long-term, the segmentation of taxpayers and preventive measures for each segment could be used.
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Ganiev, Junus, and Damira Baigonushova. "External Debt Sustainability in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02383.

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After the global financial crisis, there have been serious increases in state debt of most countries. In addition, the debts for economic development are constantly increasing in the Eurasian Economic Union countries. As a result, the sustainability problem of government debt arises. In some countries, such as Kyrgyzstan, a significant portion of government debt is taken from a single country. This situation increases the risk even more. The aim of the study is to analyze the sustainability of state debts comparatively in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. To this end, the current state of government and total external debt were analyzed in light of various sustainability rates. The ratio of government debt and debt service to variables such as Gross Domestic Product and export was determined and compared. ADF and PP unit root tests and quarterly data for the period 2008-2019 was used to determine the stability of external debt. According to the empirical results, it is showed that the external debt is unsustainable in EAEU countries. Therefore, they need to implement rational policies on external debt management, in both the public and private sectors.
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Egeli, Haluk, and Pınar Egeli. "The Sustainability of External Debts for Turkic Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01379.

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Resources provided from one country to another country fulfills the function of closing the gap for currency and savings for the country acquiring these resources. Regarding the current position of emerging countries, these two concepts take important place for their development efforts. In this paper, developments in Turkic Countries are analyzed to put forth their external debts' sustainability for the transition period. The model is constructed by using variables with inter temporal budgetary constraints approach. Inter temporal budgetary constraint approach take into consideration external debt as well as interest rates in international financial markets. Panel data techniques are used for empirical analysis and based on the empirical findings for above mentioned countries, comments are made for their liquidity constraints and the sustainability of their external debts.
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Katara, Sanjeev Kumar, and Nagesh Shastri. "e-governance in debts recovery tribunals and debts recovery appellate tribunals." In ICEGOV2014: 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2691195.2691243.

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Noyan Yalman, İlkay, Özcan Işık, and Şerife Merve Koşaroğlu. "Export-Led Growth Model and External Debt in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01917.

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After the 1980s, as the globalization movement accelerated, countries increased their foreign trade transactions. In with this process, import-based growth model was abandoned in the Turkish economy and an export-based growth model is adopted. The export-led growth model increased export revenues started to, growth has gained speed, however, due to fact that the industry is dependent on imported inputs, started to increase external balance and current account deficit problems. In addition, there have economic growth that is not create employment due to insufficient savings and investments. For this reason, the increase in external debt tended to increase further. Such causes have led to an increase in external debt. In this study, the effect of export-led growth on foreign debts will be analyzed. For this purpose, foreign debts and growth relation in Turkey will be analyzed with time series model and will be done causality analysis.
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Zhumakunova, Tolkun, and Zhainagul Kydyralieva. "The Effects of External Debts on Economic Growth of Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02019.

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In developing countries, insufficient internal sources cause the increase of need on external sources. These countries in order to maintain their economic growth apply for external debt to cover the gap of foreign currency and savings. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan began to use external funds. It is very important to use these sources in accurate areas and efficiently. Most empirical studies indicate a negative correlation between foreign debt and economic growth, especially in those countries whose foreign debts are relatively high. This work examines the correlation between foreign debt and economic growth in Kyrgyz economy. Toward this objective, it uses the economic indicators of Kyrgyzstan between 1993 and 2015. The stationarity of time series data used in this study was tested by the ADF test. Than a least-squares regression analysis is performed. According to the findings of study, foreign debt in Kyrgyzstan have a negative impact on economic growth. According to results foreign debt should be reduced in order to increase the level of economic growth in Kyrgyzstan.
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Ahmadjee, Sabreen, Carlos Mera-Gomez, and Rami Bahsoon. "Assessing Smart Contracts Security Technical Debts." In 2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techdebt52882.2021.00010.

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Reports on the topic "Debts"

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Briski, Karina. Debts. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7403.

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Dornbusch, Rudiger. Our LDC Debts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2138.

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Velasco, Andres. Debts and Deficits with Fragmented Fiscal Policymaking. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6286.

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Bhandari, Anmol, David Evans, Mikhail Golosov, and Thomas Sargent. Taxes, Debts, and Redistributions with Aggregate Shocks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19470.

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Han, Bada, Rashad Ahmed, Yothin Jinjarak, and Joshua Aizenman. Sectoral Debt Capacity and Business Cycles: Developing Asia and the World Economy. Asian Development Bank, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230151-2.

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This paper reviews the patterns of sectoral debts and growth and the mechanisms explaining the adverse effects of debt burdens on growth rates. The empirical analysis covers a sample of 55 emerging and frontier market economies. Future economic growth is more sensitive to rising household debt than corporate debt. However, these effects are highly heterogenous across economies and depend on relative income.
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Grossman, Herschel. The Political Economy of War Debts and Inflation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2743.

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Andrian, Leandro Gaston, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, Andrea Presbitero, and Alessandro Rebucci. Vulnerability, Debt and Growth in the Caribbean: A Fan Chart Approach. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009132.

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High government debts, weak economic growth, vulnerability to external shocks and the design of sound fiscal consolidation strategies are among the most critical issues that some of the Caribbean countries have currently to deal with. Stabilization programs may harm economic growth but, under certain conditions, they could be expansionary. The main result of this analysis is that the uncertainty about the future evolution of debt increases when the volatility of exogenous shocks that affect fiscal revenues are properly accounted for in the debt sustainability analysis.
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Sumrall, Jr, and George L. Enlistment and Reenlistment Bonus Debts: Can the Growth Be Curbed? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209070.

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Rose, Andrew. One Reason Countries Pay their Debts: Renegotiation and International Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8853.

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Vergara, Rodrigo, and Sebastián Edwards. Fiscal Sustainability, Debt Dynamics and Debt Relief: The Cases of Nicaragua and Honduras. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009172.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy, aggregate public sector debt sustainability, and debt relief. In particular, we develop a methodology to compute the fiscal policy path that is compatible with aggregate debt sustainability in the post-HIPC era (Highly Indebted Poor Countries relief initiative). This model explicitly considers the role of domestic debt, and quantifies the extent to which future debt sustainability depends on the availability of concessional loans at subsidized interest rates. The working of the model is illustrated for the cases of Honduras and Nicaragua. Both countries differ markedly in terms of the burdens of their external and internal debts. The results from our simulation analysis indicate that unless Nicaragua receives substantial concessional aid in the future, its public sector debt is likely to become unsustainable. In the case of Honduras, our simulation exercise shows that under reasonable parameters the country's fiscal stance as of 2001 is sustainable.
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