Academic literature on the topic 'Debt, Public, 1914-'
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Journal articles on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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VERBYTSKA, POLINA. "PECULIARITIES OF WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ESTABLISHMENT IN GALICIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF BEREZHANY TEACHER'S SEMINARY." Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: pedagogy 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.21.1.23.
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The study, based on archival sources and scientific publications, identifies a number of issues related to the history of the formation of women's educational institutions in Galicia in the early twentieth century. Coverage of the peculiarities of the formation and development of women's seminaries for teacher training in Ukraine as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered on the example of the State Women's Teachers' Seminary in Berezhany. It has been found that the introduction of new educational institutions – men's and women's teachers' seminaries had been based on the Austrian state school law of 1869, which introduced significant changes in the process of teacher training. From the results of the article it has been identified that women's educational institutions had been created in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to provide public (primary) schools with teachers and aimed at professional self-realization of women. The research focuses on the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany which was opened in 1910/1911. The article analyzes archival documents from the collection of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in L’viv, in particular the materials of the fund № 179 "Curator of the L’viv School District", case 1111 "Case of transfer of premises in Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for a women's seminary". Based on the documents of the case on the transfer of the Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for the women's seminary, the content of the official correspondence of state and local authorities regarding the location and financing of the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany during 1913-1926 has been revealed. It has been found that before the war, the magistrate of Berezhany had handed over a house and 1 ½ of morgue - land in the center to the needs of the seminary, but the construction of the seminary building had not been started due to the war. On March 5, 1915, the Ministry of Religion and Education in Vienna granted the Berezhany community an annual subvention of 6,000 kroons as donations to a house on a needs of a teachers' seminary. The war made it impossible to further pay that subvention in the school years from 1914/1915 to 1918/1919. Therefore, the school regional council, expressing a request to the magistrate of Berezhany, appealed to the Ministry of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to support the commitment of the Ministry of Finance regarding the annual subvention payment for 1919 and 1920. The Polish government refused any legal obligations to the Berezhany community to pay debts. subventions for the years 1914-1919 instead of the Austrian government. In the case of the seminary in Berezhany, the curator of the Lviv school district, in a letter dated January 4, 1923, proposed to accept the gift of the castle in Berezhany proposed by Mr. Yakub Potocki for the use of the teacher's seminary, which was rejected by the Ministry of Education of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, based on a careful analysis of the condition of the monument. As a result of an agreement with the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Religion and Education decided to distribute the community of Berezhany the amount of 20,000 Polish marks for the needs of the teachers' seminary. The article reveals that the historical experience of the formation and development of women’s education in Galicia on the example of the Berezhany Teachers’ Seminary as an important asset of Ukrainian science and education.
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Dobrescu, Vasile. "Landmarks in the Evolution of the Main Types of Banking Operations of Albina in Sibiu 1872-1946. II." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsh-2021-0004.
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Abstract The 75 years history of Albina Bank reflects in its main characteristics that particularize it in the modern banking system the forms and crediting policies present in its statutes. The initial focus of the Albina Bank board was to activate a diverse palate of credit activities – in the first statute of the bank we can find no less than 15 types of loans. Few were actually accommodated, according to the possibilities of financing and also related to the social and economic background of the future debtors that came, the majority until 1918 from the rural areas. More so, the bank took into account the economic, financial and political context where the Romanian elite from Transylvania activated. Thus, in the first period of activity of the Albina bank its board will activate the most mobile types of crediting (credit of input and lending with public collaterals) wanting to increase the funding sources. Later on, after a period of stability with regard to its financing capacity the bank will activate the mortgages and credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage more suitable for economic investments in the rural areas with the perspective to use the higher lending for larger scale investments to modernize the land properties and acquiring land properties. In the same time for the everyday needs of the small owners the bank will open the so-called peasant credits or credits on agricultural products. For the needs of merchants and craftsmen the bank will introduce the overdraft. Until 1914 the credit of input and the mortgages will predominate. The mortgages will be backed financially by the ability of the bank to issue land bills. Next in value we can find credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage, followed by the overdraft rather unstable in earnings. The credits for peasants and the credits on agricultural products were dropped at the beginning of the 20th century. A special place had the buying of the bills of exchange that Albina has issued in the first two decades of its existence to support its own banking business. Later on, with the development of its own liquidities it started to offer credits and buy bills of exchange from a large number of Romanian banks and credit institutions this turning Albina into a major trader in bank securities intermediating buying and selling of bills of exchange between Romanian and Austro Hungarian banks until 1918, preserving this role even in the interwar period for some of the small and mid-size banks. The bank will also acquire shares and public effects to consolidate its financial capability. The negative consequences of World War 1 were reflected in the drop in the nominal and real value of the bank’s business but also the crediting policies by reevaluating the volume of the main crediting activities. Thus the value of the mortgages and the exchange credits has decreased and the overdrafts became dominant by 1924, maintaining first place in the activity of the bank even after. The major political changes after the unification and the economic changes brought in by inflation, conversion, and depreciation of the currency along with the financial practices of the Old Kingdom banking system will bring about new options in the crediting policy of the bank in the post-war period. First, the bank sought to diversify the crediting targets to expand the lending to companies and industrial enterprises. This opening towards the urban environment imposed faster trading of capital and the transformation of the credits. They became more mobile, the long-term credit being reduced gradually until its extinction. The overdraft and the credits with bills of exchange will be preferred and the credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage will diminish until their disappearance from the accounts starting with 1934. The economic crisis between 1929 and 1933 will negatively impact the bank. The debts, especially those of the peasant clients, will be blocked. This situation will be partially resolved by the Conversion of Debt Law in April 1934 but has impacted greatly its financial capabilities. The law for the organization of banking commerce in June 1934 will help bank Albina to redefine its crediting policies towards more mobility but the rhythm of its progress will be slow until the Second World War. The accounts of the bank show a focus towards more mobility in crediting. There were two main directions in the bank activity. Of exchange credit and overdraft with titles, mortgages, and goods as collateral. Then there were the shares and titles portfolios, the debt conversions, the long-term lending (not significant and registered only until 1940), and the real estate portfolio. Concluding we note that the crediting mode of Albina was structured over time, based not just on the financial resources, intentions, and bank policies but was influenced by the changes in legislation that organized the everyday functioning of the financial and banking business, and overall they were influenced by the economic and geopolitical context.
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McGaughey, Jane. "Blood-debts and Battlefields: Ulster Imperialism and Masculine Authority on the Western Front 1916–1918." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 20, no. 2 (September 15, 2010): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044397ar.
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Men’s bodies were one of the more notable sites of conflict in Northern Ireland after the 1918 armistice. Long before the war was over, Ulstermen had become part of a public legacy of blood-sacrifice and the epic mythology of warrior manliness surrounding the 36th (Ulster) Division. The predominantly Protestant north-east of Ireland revelled in heroic language and romantic sentiment about their losses and the consequences of their sacrifice. For years after their most famous battle at the Somme on the 1st of July 1916, Unionists maintained a vibrant communal memory that pointedly excluded the achievements and sacrifices of the 16th (Irish) and 10th (Irish) Divisions, to the detriment of northern Nationalist veterans. More importantly, the ramifications of northern society’s understanding of soldiering masculinities directly led to some of the more infamous physical events of The Troubles from 1920 to 1922. These episodes included the violent shipyard expulsions in Belfast, the intimidation of shell-shocked ex-servicemen, membership in vigilante paramilitary societies, and government-mandated floggings of Catholic veterans in a society that prized service in the Great War as the greatest hallmark of modern Irish masculinity. The language of sacrifice within the public sphere, witnessed in public discourse and literally imprinted upon the bodies of those deemed unworthy and unmanly, mythologized one group of men at the expense of another, making the legacy of the Great War and the actions of and upon male bodies highly significant and influential factors in Northern Ireland for the rest of the twentieth century.
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DHALIWAL, DAN S., INDER K. KHURANA, and RAYNOLDE PEREIRA. "Firm Disclosure Policy and the Choice Between Private and Public Debt*." Contemporary Accounting Research 28, no. 1 (October 18, 2010): 293–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01039.x.
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Brady, Gordon L., and Cosimo Magazzino. "Sustainability of Italian budgetary policies: a time series analysis (1862-2013)." European Journal of Government and Economics 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2017.6.2.4326.
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In this paper, we analyze the sustainability of Italian public finances using a unique database covering the period 1862-2013. This paper focuses on empirical tests for the sustainability and solvency of fiscal policies. A necessary but not sufficient condition implies that the growth rate of public debt should in the limit be smaller than the asymptotic rate of interest. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio must eventually stabilize at a steady-state level. The results of unit root and stationarity tests show that the variables are non-stationary at levels, but stationary in first-differences form, or I(1). However, some breaks in the series emerge, given internal and external crises (wars, oil shocks, regime changes, institutional reforms). Therefore, the empirical analysis is conducted for the entire period, as well as two sub‐periods (1862‐1913 and 1947‐2013). Moreover, anecdotal evidence and visual inspection of the series confirm our results. Furthermore, we conduct tests on cointegration, which evidence that a long-run relationship between public expenditure and revenues is found only for the first sub-period (1862-1913). In essence, the paper’s results reveal that Italy have sustainability problems in the Republican age.
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Kaske, Elisabeth. "Taxation, Trust, and Government Debt: State-Elite Relations in Sichuan, 1850–1911." Modern China 45, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 239–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700418796178.
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This article explores the shifting relationship between the state and the rural elites in Sichuan during the last decades of the Qing dynasty through the lens of taxation and public debt by using a creditor-debtor model as a theoretical framework. Sichuan’s unique rewarded land tax surcharge, called the “Contribution” and levied since 1864, established a relationship of symbolic and economic indebtedness of the imperial and local state to the taxpayer. Western-inspired reforms after 1898 directly attacked the symbolic and economic bonds established by the Contribution. The Railway Rent Share tax shifted the creditor-debtor relationship from the state to the public Sichuan-Hankou Railway Company by making individual taxpayers into shareholders. When Beijing eventually banned what it saw as a privatization of taxation and decided to nationalize the railway company, this ignited the Railway Protection Movement, which precipitated the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan.
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Dorofeev, Mikhail L. "The Current Problem of the US Government Debt in the Context of Socioeconomic Inequality Regulation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 54 (2021): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/54/16.
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Global debt has risen dangerously since the early 2000s, but most governments and central banks are more supportive of investors, because they keep printing money and buying back financial assets to provide markets and economy with liquidity. In this regard, we can see increasing concern not only about the growing debt burden of the world economy, but also about the impact of this problem on the dynamics of economic inequality. The aim of the work is to analyse and clarify the relationships between public debt and economic inequality in the USA for the period of 1910–2018. This study concludes that the level of economic inequality is not directly related to the specific level of public debt and changes under the influence of other factors, such as taxes and government spending on combating poverty, financed by the new government debt. Modern financial policies lead to increased economic inequality in wealth, which is confirmed by the data for most countries. In many developed countries, there is a progressive taxation system that curbs the rising income inequality. However, in most of them, there are complex tax relief and deduction systems for long-term investors, the problem of offshore and tax avoidance remains unresolved, which creates great obstacles to solving the problem of the growing economic inequality. In the context of the galloping inflation of financial assets, the growth rate of labor income is guaranteed to be lower than the growth rate of investment income. In the recommendations, the author justifies the modern problem of the public debt growth. The main risk in addressing this problem in the context of economic inequality regulation is the risk of increasing intergenerational economic inequality. We see how the tax burden is being transferred to future generations, while modern taxpayers have better opportunities to improve their quality of life, accumulate adequate pension capital and generally live with a higher level of financing of public goods. All this may not be the case for future generations of taxpayers due to the likely exacerbation of the debt problem in the future, since they will either have to pay more taxes on their income, pay a high inflation tax, or go to reduce public spending and finance public goods to solve the “unsolvable debt problem”. In this regard, the main recommendations today are to make every possible effort to contain the growth of public debt to a rate no higher than the growth of the economy; to develop a system of fiscal regulation of investor wealth and investment income; to optimize inheritance taxes; and, of course, to continue solving the problem of tax avoidance and offshore.
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Deja, Barbara Maria. "Renovation And Adaptation Of The Historic Olsztyn Purification House Bet Tahara Into A Public Utility Building." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2015-0033.
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Abstract The historic Jewish Purification House Bet Tahara was erected in Olsztyn in 1913 on the basis of the debut design of Erich Mendelsohn, a world-famous architect born in Olsztyn. The most valuable element of the building is a self-supporting pyramid vault above a mourning hall. The paper presents the interesting structure of the building, its technical condition before renovation, as well as the scope of work involved in adapting it into a public utility building - MENDELSOHN HOUSE Intercultural Dialogue Centre. The undertaking was executed thanks to the commitment of the building’s leaseholder - “Borussia” Cultural Community Association, which raised money for this goal from public funds.
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Santarelli, Ignacio Martín. "El currículo médico, los alumnos y los docentes. ¿Cuál debe ser su papel?" Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba 79, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n4.36786.
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Un siglo después del informe Flexner en 1910 se publicó el libro titulado “Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency”, que hizo un llamado a fortalecer la formación de la identidad profesional, integrar las ciencias básicas con el aprendizaje clínico e implementar la evaluación por competencias. La educación tradicional no es compatible con estas recomendaciones. A hacer se aprende haciendo, y la forma de lograrlo es “jugar el juego completo”.
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Gwaindepi, Abel, and Johan Fourie. "Public Sector Growth in the British Cape Colony: Evidence From New Data on Expenditure and Foreign Debt, 1830‐1910." South African Journal of Economics 88, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/saje.12257.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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Chounet, François. "Endettement public et crédibilité des accords monétaires : l'expérience de l'entre-deux guerres." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0004/document.
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Pour comprendre les enjeux li´es `a l’endettement public dans la cr´edibilit´e des accords mon´etairesdans le cas de l’entre-deux-guerres, nous ´etudierons l’influence de l’endettement public sur l’´etalon-or,de sa fondation dans la seconde moiti´e du XIXe si`ecle, `a son abandon au cours de la grande d´epression.La qualit´e des finances publiques, en particulier l’endettement public, fut d´eterminante dans la capacit´ed’une nation `a adh´erer `a cet accord mon´etaire. L’endettement public joua aussi un rˆole d´ecisif dans lafin de ces syst`emes mon´etaires, `a l’issue de la Grande Guerre et lors de la grande d´epression. Dans unsecond temps, notre d´emarche consistera `a comprendre les m´ecanismes qui conduisirent l’endettementpublic `a ˆetre en partie responsable de la fin de l’´etalon de change-or et de l’´emergence de nouveauxblocs mon´etaires dans les ann´ees trente. Face `a la grande d´epression, les modalit´es d’organisation et defonctionnement de cet accord mon´etaire, rendirent impossible son maintien. Si les variables ´economiqueset politiques furent d´eterminantes dans son abandon, celles d’endettement public jou`erent aussi. Apr`esavoir d´ecrit les modalit´es de sortie de l’´etalon de change-or, nous montrerons les m´ecanismes th´eoriquesqui lient les crises mon´etaires et les crises d’endettement et les appliquerons `a la grande d´epression. Nous´etudierons en particulier le cas de la France. Nous montrerons `a l’aide d’un mod`ele de dur´ee, l’influencede la dette publique dans le maintien des parit´es-or pendant la crise. Enfin, nous verrons comment denouveaux blocs mon´etaires se form`erentTo understand the challenges linked to public debt in credibility of monetary agreementsbetween the World Wars, we shall study influence of public debt on the gold standard, from its founda-tion in the second half of the XIXth century to end during the Great Depression. The quality of publicfinances, in particular the public debt, was determining in the capacity of a nation to subscribe to thismonetary agreement. The public debt also had a decisive role in the end of these monetary systems, atthe end of World War I and during the Great Depression. In a second part, our approach will consistin understanding mechanisms which led public debt to be partly accountable for the end of the gold-exchange standard and the rise of new monetary blocks in the thirties. Facing the Great Depression, themodalities of organization and functioning of this monetary agreement, made impossible to sustain it. Ifeconomic and political variables were determining in its end, variables linked to public debt played too.Having described modalities of release of gold-exchange standard, we shall show the theoretical mecha-nisms which link monetary crisis and debts crisis and we will applied them to the Great Depression. Wewill study in particular the case of France. We shall show using a duration model, influence of publicdebt in preservation of gold parity during the crisis. Finally, we shall see how new monetary blocks formed
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FREITAS, VICTOR ALMEIDA SANTOS DE. "FISCAL POLICY RESPONSE AND PUBLIC DEBT SUSTAINABILITY IN BRAZIL, 1994-2008." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16708@1.
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O período de 1994 a 2008 caracteriza um momento da história fiscal
brasileira importante. Durante esse período observou-se uma retomada do controle
sobre o endividamento público, por meio de aumento expressivo do superávit
primário. Nesta dissertação essa correção é analisada, qualitativamente e
quantitativamente, mostrando que a condução austera da política fiscal foi capaz
de estabilizar a trajetória do endividamento. Salienta-se a importância de uma
posição primária que dependa dos movimentos da dívida, garantindo seu controle
em um patamar estável. Foram feitos testes tradicionais da literatura, em que se
avaliam diretamente os movimentos conjuntos das variáveis, e, adicionalmente,
testa-se o poder preditivo do endividamento sobre o superávit primário. Apesar de
encontrar evidências de que a correção na posição primária foi suficiente para
induzir o controle do movimento da dívida, a análise qualitativa aponta para uma
fonte de instabilidade, o crescimento constante das despesas primárias.The years between 1994 and 2008 were a very important period in Brazil s fiscal history. The government regained control over its public deficit during those 14 years by increasing its primary surplus to as much as 3% of gross domestic product. This dissertation analyses these changes through qualitative and quantitative methods, exposing the strict fiscal policies that led to control of public debt. It also places emphasis on the significance of an active fiscal policy on public debt levels and the size of the primary surplus. Traditional tests were utilized to evaluate fiscal policy sustainability and, in addition, tests how the primary surplus is impacted, and predicated, by public debt levels. While there is enough evidence showing how primary balance adjustments were sufficient for stabilizing the debt in question, qualitative analysis points out a new source of instability: the continuous growth of primary expenses.
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Santos, Marcelo [UNESP]. "Política fiscal no Brasil, 1994-2008." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99152.
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O trabalho apresenta um estudo (panorama) da política fiscal no Brasil no período de 1994 a 2008, analisando as receitas federais, as despesas da União, as variáveis Resultado Primário do Governo Central, Necessidade de Financiamento do Setor Público (NFSP) e Dívida Líquida do Setor Público (DLSP). Afirmamos que a política fiscal no Brasil foi conduzida de acordo com o novo regime macroeconômico e que as medidas adotadas no âmbito da política fiscal resultaram na construção de um novo regime fiscal. Coube à política fiscal, nesse novo regime, o papel de sustentabilidade da dívida, por meio de políticas adequadas de gastos e receitas, conduzida de maneira que pudessem ser alcançadas as metas de resultado primário
The paper presents a study of fiscal policy in Brazil from 1994 to 2008, analyzing the federal revenues, the expenditures of the whole government sector in Brazil, the Primary Result of the Central Government, the of the Public Sector Borrowing Requirements (PSBR) and Public Sector Net Debt . We assert that fiscal policy in Brazil was conducted in accordance with the new macroeconomic regime, and that the measures adopted in that framework of fiscal policy resulted in the construction of a new fiscal regime. The fiscal policy in this new system has the role of debt sustainability, with suitable revenue and spending policy, conducted in a manner that could achieve the goals of the primary results
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Santos, Márcio Éder dos. "Política fiscal no Brasil, 1994-2008 /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99152.
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Orientador: Eduardo StrachmanBanca: Francisco L. C. Lopreato
Banca: Cláudio C. de Paiva
Resumo: O trabalho apresenta um estudo (panorama) da política fiscal no Brasil no período de 1994 a 2008, analisando as receitas federais, as despesas da União, as variáveis Resultado Primário do Governo Central, Necessidade de Financiamento do Setor Público (NFSP) e Dívida Líquida do Setor Público (DLSP). Afirmamos que a política fiscal no Brasil foi conduzida de acordo com o novo regime macroeconômico e que as medidas adotadas no âmbito da política fiscal resultaram na construção de um novo regime fiscal. Coube à política fiscal, nesse novo regime, o papel de sustentabilidade da dívida, por meio de políticas adequadas de gastos e receitas, conduzida de maneira que pudessem ser alcançadas as metas de resultado primário
Abstract: The paper presents a study of fiscal policy in Brazil from 1994 to 2008, analyzing the federal revenues, the expenditures of the whole government sector in Brazil, the Primary Result of the Central Government, the of the Public Sector Borrowing Requirements (PSBR) and Public Sector Net Debt . We assert that fiscal policy in Brazil was conducted in accordance with the new macroeconomic regime, and that the measures adopted in that framework of fiscal policy resulted in the construction of a new fiscal regime. The fiscal policy in this new system has the role of debt sustainability, with suitable revenue and spending policy, conducted in a manner that could achieve the goals of the primary results
Mestre
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Andersson, Per-Olof. "Den kalejdoskopiska offentligheten : Lokal press, värdemönster och det offentliga samtalets villkor 1880-1910." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-381.
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The overall aim with this dissertation is to contribute to a deeper knowledge of three interwoven problem complexes. First, the aim is to analyse the functions of the press in society, in this context with a particular focus on the provincial press. Second, special attention is given to the significance of regional patterns of values for the potential of the newspapers to function. Third, the dissertation deals with the difficult and complex questions of the conditions for the public discourse. The primary aim is to analyse in detail what can be expressed in a particular environment at a particular time. The area investigated is the county of Kronoberg in the period 1880-1910. The empirical basis for the dissertation consists of in-depth studies of some attempts to establish newspapers in the county, along with a number of thematic studies. On the basis of previous research a number of functions of the press has been identified: information, politics, economy, education, entertainment and identity. The thematic studies of this dissertation reveals the context-bound relationship between the various functions. All the studies conducted here shows clearly that the occurrence of specific regional patterns of values was of great significance for the actions of the newspapers. All the newspapers studied recognize the existence of a shared foundation of values in the region. Some of the newspapers supported the ideals, others tried to combat them. None of them tried to deny that they existed or that they were significant. With Jürgen Habermas' model of public discourse as a starting-point and with the aid of four key terms - public sphere, accessibility, critique and discursive tone - I have systematically tried to capture the significance of the press for the conditions in which the public discourse is carried on.
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Terra, Fábio Henrique Bittes. "A dívida líquida do setor público no Brasil pós-real : uma interpretação keynesiana." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/36100.
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A dívida líquida do setor público apresentou um notável crescimento no Brasil desde 1995, quando a estabilização monetária na era do Real passou a ser uma realidade. Quais foram os condicionantes da dinâmica do endividamento público no Brasil pós-Real? Responder essa questão é o objetivo deste trabalho. Norteará o alcance deste objetivo a hipótese de que o crescente endividamento deveu-se aos excessivos gastos financeiros incorridos pelo setor público brasileiro em função do modo de condução da política monetária, tanto no período em que o regime monetário era a âncora cambial (de julho de 1994 a janeiro de 1999) quanto após a instituição do Regime de Metas para a Inflação (julho de 1999 em diante). Para interpretarem-se as contas públicas brasileiras e conceberem-se os gastos financeiros como causadores do crescente endividamento público, este trabalho terá como referencial a teoria de John Maynard Keynes, desde sua concepção das economias monetárias de produção enquanto unidades orgânicas até as suas prescrições de política econômica. Não obstante, o norte teórico será complementado pelos autores da perspectiva pós-keynesiana. Nesse particular, destaque será conferido à Hyman Minsky e sua Hipótese de Fragilidade Financeira, a partir da qual se desenvolve o Índice de Fragilidade Financeira do Setor Público Brasileiro, que será aplicado para se aferir a posição ocupada pelas finanças públicas brasileiras entre 1995 e 2009. As conclusões do trabalho apontam para a necessidade de se instituir um novo padrão de operacionalização das políticas econômicas em que, por um lado, a política monetária seja conduzida de um modo tal que leve à redução dos gastos financeiros, e, por outro lado, que os gastos públicos em investimentos sejam elevados, a bem das criações tanto de um orçamento público equilibrado de forma intertemporal quanto, e principalmente, de um ambiente institucional propício ao investimento privado, fundamental à geração de emprego, renda e riqueza novas.The public sector’s net debt in Brazil has showed a remarkable growth in Brazil since 1995, immediately after the period in which the monetary stability, based on Real, became a reality. What are the determinants of the public debt’s during the Brazilian Real era? Providing an answer for this question is the main objective of this thesis. In order to achieve this goal, we formulate the hypothesis that increasing public debt was due to excessive financial costs incurred by the Brazilian public sector in the way of conducting monetary policy, both in the period when the monetary regime was the exchange anchor (July 1994 to January 1999) and after the institution of the Inflation Targeting Regime (since June 1999). To analyze the figures of the Brazilian public sector and to show that there is a relationship between the financial costs and the growing of public debt we will explore the theory of John Maynard Keynes, more specifically, his conception related to the monetary economies of production as an organic system and his economic policies prescriptions. Moreover, our theoretical framework will also explore the arguments and theories of some post-Keynesian economists, in particular Hyman Minsky and his Financial Fragility Hypothesis (FFH). The Minsky`s FFH is adapted to the Brazilian public sector and, as a result, it is elaborated a Financial Fragility Index for the Brazilian Public Sector. This Index measures the Brazilian sector public performance between 1995 and 2009. As a conclusion, on the one hand, it suggests that the monetary policy has to be operated in such a way that leads to a reduction in financial expenses of the Brazilian public sector. On the other hand, the economic policy, especially fiscal policy, must be implemented to create a favorable institutional environment to the private investment, which it is essential to expand the levels of employment, income and wealth, and balance, intertemporaly, the public budget.
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Santos, Ana Carla. "Armadilha macroeconômica e impactos sobre a dinâmica da dívida pública brasileira pós 1994." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2011. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13556.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis study has as its main objective the study of the causal relationship between a set of macroeconomic and financial variables and the Public Debt, represented the Public Sector Net Debt, using the approach of multivariate regression model Self-Vector (VAR). Thus, we sougth to analyze the assumptions made by Correa and Biagi (2009), dealing about the growth of public debt to articulate financial factors linked to macroeconomic policy that interrelates financial openness, the volatile capital, high interet rates and the priority policy to fight inflation. The sample period includes the post form 1994 to 2010. Thus, for the proposed model, there was first the unit root test verifying that only two variables were not stationary, proceeding to theis use in first difference. Turthermore, it was tested for cointegration, resulting in failure to identify vector cointegrates, following to the application of VAR. Through Schwarz test, followed up to verify the selection criteria for the lag order of the variables in the matrix. Thus, based on these results, it became possible to say that the variables hava a behavior around a mean value, no significant structural breacks, which makes the design more robust. In arrays of contemporary relationships a significant relatioonship between the Public Debt and Public Debt. For other variables, the exchange rate, Aliens and Other Investments Other Investments Brazilian also had positive effects on the Public Debt. And, to a lesser extent, the variables Country Risk, Interesting Rate Long Term Selic rate, IPCA and Foreig Investiment in Portfolio. In the analysis of variance decomposition, the Public Debt demontrated hig explanatory power of more than 60% of its variation. This explanatory importance is followed by exchange and by interest. This result makes clear the determination of the decomposition of the forecast error as the impulse response function. Among the variables anlyzed, the Public Debt was the most impacted the Public Debt, showing its importance in the Brazilian economy.
Este estudo tem como principal objetivo o estudo da relação causal entre um conjunto de variáveis macroeconômicas e financeiras e a Dívida Pública, representada pela Dívida Líquida do Setor Público (DLSP), utilizando-se o enfoque multivariado do modelo de Auto-Regressão Vetorial (VAR). Assim, buscou-se analisar as hipóteses apresentadas por Corrêa e Biagi (2009), que tratam acerca do crescimento da Dívida Pública articulada aos fatores financeiros, ligados à política macroeconômica que interrelaciona a abertura financeira, os capitais voláteis, os juros altos e a prioridade à política de combate à inflação. O período analisado compreende do pós 1994 a 2010. Assim, para o modelo proposto, realizou-se primeiramente, o teste de raiz unitária verificando-se que apenas duas variáveis não eram estacionárias, procedendo-se para a utilização das mesmas em primeira diferença. Além disso, fez-se o teste de cointegração, tendo como resultado a não identificação de vetores co-integrados, seguindo-se para a aplicação do modelo VAR. Por meio do teste de Schwarz, seguiu-se para a verificação do critério de seleção da ordem de defasagem das variáveis na matriz. Assim, com base nos resultados obtidos, tornou-se possível afirmar que as variáveis possuem um comportamento em torno de um valor médio, não se observando quebras estruturais, o que torna o modelo mais robusto. Nas matrizes de relações contemporâneas se observou relação significativa entre a Dívida Pública e a Dívida Pública. Quanto às demais variáveis, o câmbio, Outros Investimentos de Estrangeiros e Outros Investimentos de Brasileiros também apresentaram efeitos positivos sobre a Dívida Pública. E, em menor grau, às variáveis Risco País, Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo, Taxa SELIC, IPCA e Investimento Externo em Carteira. Na análise da decomposição de variância, a Dívida Pública demonstrou alto poder explanatório, de mais de 60% de sua variação. Essa importância explicativa é seguida pelo câmbio e pelos juros. Esse resultado deixa clara a determinação da decomposição do erro de previsão quanto a função impulso resposta. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, a Dívida Pública foi a que mais impactou a Dívida Pública, mostrando a sua importância na economia brasileira.
Mestre em Economia
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Wilhelmsson, Thea. "Att minnas och att hedra det förflutna : Minnesmärken och Monument över Finska inbördeskriget 1918." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416664.
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This essay looks at memorials and monuments raised in Finland dedicated to the civil war 1918 from both the red and the white side. The earliest memorials are from 1918 and the newest one from 1964. The difference between the two sides and the change over time is looked at through a few chosen monuments and memorials analyzed using semiotics and reception aesthetics. The use of symbols is extensive throughout the period, but the form they take, as well as their connotation, change over time, depending on the political context they are created in. They are created with different aims.
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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Sovereign debts in trouble times." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211300.
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Persson, Emelie, and Louise Sörensen. "”Det är en övningsarena för liten och stor” : en intervjustudie kring familjecentralers hälsofrämjande och förebyggande arbete." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19714.
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Introduction: Authorities within the health care sector have a big responsibility for public health, where health promotive and preventive work methods applies to achieve a positive public health development. A big public health problem is obesity, which is a large contributing factor to lifestyle diseases that affects both adults and children. In Sweden statistic show that every fifth child is obese. An important arena is family centres which should work for guiding and supporting off families to a better health through informing the families about healthy habits. Purpose: Investigate how three family centres in southern Sweden work health promotive and preventive with families about obesity. Method: The study was performed with help from a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews with twelve occupational professions got to represent the result. The interviews were transcribed and evaluated with a content analysis. Results: Make healthy living habits visible, guide and educate parents, different working methods, approach to the families were meaningful for the health promotive and preventive work at the family centres. The result also highlighted challenges and difficulties in the family centres work. Conclusion: The theory KASAM could be linked to the work of the family centres, as a sense of context could be important for the work with the families to perceive comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. The visibility of people´s living habits is best done through a collaboration between several key players. The family centres work is important for the future public health, implementation of resources is therefore important.
Books on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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Library of Congress. Division of Bibliography. The inter-allied debt to the United States: A bibliographical list, with special reference to cancellation and the moratorium. Washington, D.C: [Library of Congress], 1987.
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Self, Robert C. Britain, America and the war debt controversy: The economic diplomacy of an unspecial relationship, 1917-1941. London: Routledge, 2006.
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Division, Alaska Treasury, ed. Alaska public debt, 1984. [Juneau, Alaska]: Dept. of Revenue, 1985.
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United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Office of the Secretary. Treasury notes of July 15, 1994, series F-1994. Washington: The Office, 1987.
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United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Office of the Secretary. Treasury notes of April 15, 1994, series E-1994. Washington: Dept. of the Treasury, Office of the Secretary, 1987.
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United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Office of the Secretary. Treasury notes of October 15, 1994, series G-1994. Washington: Dept. of the Treasury, Office of the Secretary, 1987.
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Açba, Sait. Osmanlı devleti'nin dış borçlanması, 1854-1914. Afyon [Turkey]: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 1995.
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Açba, Sait. Osmanlı devleti'nin dış borçlanması (1854-1914). Afyon [Turkey]: Vadi Yayınları, 2004.
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Önsoy, Rifat. Osmanlı borçları, 1854-1914: Mali tutsaklığa giden yol. Kızılay, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 1999.
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Fund, International Monetary, ed. Fiscal deficit and public debt in industrial countries, 1970-1994. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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Gardner, Leigh. "Trading Sovereignty for Capital? Public Debt in West Africa, 1871–1914." In A World of Public Debts, 175–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48794-2_8.
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Astore, Marianna. "Una montagna di debiti. L'Italia e la gestione del debito pubblico tra le due guerre." In Studi e saggi, 191–214. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-202-7.10.
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The surge in public debt during the recent pandemic crisis has made high debt a prominent policy issue. Italy is an interesting case study since it has experienced high levels of debt for a significant part of its history. This article revisits the history of Italian public debts in the inter-war period. Italy emerged from WWI with public debt that peaked around 160 percent of GDP. In the mid-1920s a significant reduction of public debt occurred, in concomitance with a regime of fiscal austerity and two restructuring agreements that wiped more than 80 percent of Italian foreign debts. By the early 1930s, the US reaction to the Great Depression that opposed any form of international cooperation, led to an Italian default on war debts in 1934 and a move toward autarky.
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Brown, Richard P. C. "Managing the Unmanageable: Sudan without the IMF after 1984." In Public Debt and Private Wealth, 163–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22222-3_5.
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Forestier-Peyrat, Étienne, and Kristy Ironside. "The Communist World of Public Debt (1917–1991): The Failure of a Countermodel?" In A World of Public Debts, 317–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48794-2_13.
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AbstractThis chapter looks at the construction of a communist community of public debt in the twentieth century. Despite emerging as some of public debt’s most vehement critics in the early years of that century, communist governments made relatively conventional use of public debt to fund economic initiatives, foster bonds within the socialist bloc, and gain political influence. As these regimes’ economies stagnated, they borrowed heavily from capitalist lenders and ran into economic troubles in the 1980s, but they did not repudiate their debt, as the Bolsheviks had in 1918. Instead, they accepted technical solutions to their economic woes, which, in turn, helped to erode their already tenuous popular legitimacy in Eastern Europe.
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Ferguson, Niall. "Public Debt as a Postwar Problem: The German Experience after 1918 in Comparative Perspective." In Three Postwar Eras in Comparison, 99–119. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230294134_5.
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Pollack, Daniel. "Grkman v. Dept. of Public Welfare 637 A.2d 761 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1994)." In Social Work and the Courts, 135–37. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003249894-46.
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Queralt, Didac. "The Globalization of Public Credit." In Pawned States, 59–85. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691231426.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on the characteristics of the Bond Era while considering the difference between developmental and revenue finances under the notion of state building. It then examines the first global financial market 1816–1914 by referencing the expansion of capital exports and the secular decline of interest rates in sovereign lending. Public external finance in the Bond Era served three purposes: defense expenditure, debt conversion, and major infrastructure projects. The chapter explains how sovereign lending played a vital role in the rise of global finance. According to descriptive statistics, the lending frenzy in the Bond Era manifested in historically low nominal and effective interest rates and long maturities, all of which contributed to a culture of cheap money.
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"THE EMPLOYMENT POLICIES OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT ADMINISTRATION 1881-1909." In Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, 1730-1914, 137–40. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463229993-011.
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Zendejas, Juan Flores, Pierre Pénet, and Christian Suter. "The Revenge of Defaulters." In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies, 165–86. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0008.
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This chapter examines important changes in the way debtors and creditors settled sovereign debt disputes in the turmoil of the post–Second World War context. Post-war debt settlements represented an enormous task not only because of the sheer amount of debt in default but also because old methods of settlement no longer applied. Faced with the declining significance of bondholder committees, creditors increasingly sought the mediation of their governments. After 1945, the enforcement of sovereign debt claims was effectively transferred from creditor committees to creditor states. Drawing on archival data collected on several high-profile cases of debt restructuring, this chapter revisits the meaning of sovereign debt disputes in the age of interstate negotiations. First, we show that debt acquired a broader public and diplomatic meaning as states became the contractual enforcers of private debt claims. Second, we show that private creditors benefited from the active role of their states, but problems arose, notably in relation to equality of treatment between creditors. Third, we emphasize several cases of creditors attempting to elevate debt disputes to international legal forums. Although such attempts failed, they are nonetheless significant because they foreshadow many aspects and problems in the current debate on legal tools of debt dispute settlement. Section 4 assesses the efficiency of pre-1914, interwar, and post-war methods of debt settlements against several metrics of performance. Section 5 concludes.
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Ergüder, Başak. "The Past and the Present of Düyun-u Umumiye." In Handbook of Research on Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization, 628–45. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4459-4.ch034.
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In this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between the capitalist state and, institutions that affected Turkey's financial integration with the capitalist global economy in the context of a comparative analysis. In the study, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) which was effective during the process of the integration of the Ottoman state into the world capitalism in the First Globalization Phase (1870-1914) is analyzed by comparison with the General Directorate of Borrowing. The General Directorate of Borrowing is also called as the post-modern Düyun-u Umumiye because of its organizational structure. The common feature of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration and the General Directorate of Borrowing is that both were established after the financial crises. In this study, General Directorate of Borrowing will be evaluated in terms of global economic developments and prospects and, within an analysis in comparison with the Ottoman Public Debt Administration.
Conference papers on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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Hiç, Özlen, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "The 1994, 1997-98, 2001 and 2008 Crises and their Impacts on the Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02739.
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This article examines the impacts of four major economic and financial crises that significantly affected Turkey’s economic stability and growth: the 1994 crisis, the 1997-98 Asian crisis, the 2001 Turkish crisis, and the 2008 global crisis. The 1994 crisis was triggered by a sudden currency depreciation and resulted in a severe economic contraction. It revealed the vulnerabilities of the Turkish financial system and highlighted the need for structural reforms to improve fiscal discipline and monetary policy. The 1997-98 Asian financial crisis had a ripple effect on Turkey, leading to a sharp decline in exports, capital outflows, and a banking crisis. The Turkish Lira came under intense pressure, and the government had to implement stabilization measures with support from international institutions. The 2001 Turkish economic crisis stemmed from high public debt, banking sector weaknesses, and a loss of investor confidence, which led to a significant depreciation of the Turkish Lira, a banking sector restructuring, and the implementation of economic reforms. The 2008 global financial crisis, originated in the United States. The collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered a sharp decline in global demand, leading to a decline in Turkey's exports. The government implemented stimulus measures to mitigate the impacts of the crisis and prevent a severe recession. Overall, these crises exposed vulnerabilities in Turkey's economy and highlighted the importance of implementing structural reforms, improving financial regulations, and maintaining macroeconomic stability. The Turkish economy has demonstrated resilience in recovering from these crises, but ongoing challenges remain in sustaining long-term economic growth and stability.
Reports on the topic "Debt, Public, 1914-"
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Hansen, Erwin, and Roberto Alvarez. Corporate Currency Risk and Hedging in Chile: Real and Financial Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011780.
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This paper examines a panel (1994-2014) of Chilean non-financial firms, both publicly listed and private, which was built to analyze the determinants of the use of foreign currency debt and their potential consequences for firm investment and profitability. It is found that foreign assets and the use of FX derivatives are positively associated with firms' use of foreign currency debt. Also, depending on the estimation method, exports appear as an important determinant of the use of foreign currency debt. In terms of the potential effect of holding foreign currency debt on firms' performance after an exchange rate devaluation, no statistical differential effect is identified on either firm profitability or firm investment. This (lack of) result is interpreted as evidence that firms match liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currency and that firms actively involved in hedging aim to reduce their exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations.
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Research Department - Government Finance - Australian Public Debt - Australian Public Debt General Memoranda - File 1 - 1930 - 1944. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17119.
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Research Department - Government Finance - Australian Public Debt - Commonwealth Government Securities - General - 1918 - 1947. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17098.
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Research Department - Government Finance - Australian Public Debt - Loan Raising for the Commonwealth - War Loans - File 1 - 1940 - 1944. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17123.
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Private Infrastructure: Support from the Inter-American Development Bank Group 1990-2005. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005756.
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The infrastructure sector has been the recipient of a sustained lending effort by the IDB Group. Since 1994, when the Private Sector Department (PRI) was created, the Bank Group has approved loans and guarantees to 93 private projects in infrastructure, adding up to $3.9 billion. Since the January 2004 edition of this Private Infrastructure report, 14 additional private infrastructure projects were approved for a total IDB Group contribution of $593.4 million (versus $2.2 billion approved for the public sector). This publication provides an overview of the Bank Group's financial and nonfinancial activities in the sector. It describes the types of instruments developed so far, and contains an up-to-date list of funded projects since 1990. Emphasis is placed on providing brief and precise information on the project finance characteristics of individual loans, such as sponsors, borrowers, and debt structure. This report also includes a list of publications, as well as the Bank's operational policies and strategies in the specific sectors.