Relevant bibliographies by topics / Debt, 1907

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Debt, 1907'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Gerber, James, and Thomas Passananti. "The US Panic of 1907 and the Coming of the Mexican Revolution." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 37, no. 1 (2021): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2021.37.1.35.

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Speculation about the causal relationship between the US panic of 1907 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 has generated many hypotheses. We review the hypotheses of contemporary observers and recent historians. Our analysis begins with a timeline of events in both countries and then examines the available data for activities that are theoretically possible avenues for the international transmission of economic events, including trade and investment. Mexican wages, banking, and government debt levels are also examined for signs of stress. We conclude that the US panic and recession had little effect on revolutionary conditions in Mexico.
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Alexander, Polunov. "“The White Tsar-Warrior”: Perception of the Russian Empire and its Ruler by the Peoples of Asia and Africa in the Late Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Century." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 2 (May 27, 2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-2-151-160.

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Strengthening of the ties between different parts of the world, intensification of the colonial policy of Western powers increased in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century the interest of the peoples of Asia and Africa to Russia and its ruler. The latter was often perceived in the mythologized way, as a defender of all the weak and oppressed who relied on colossal military power and spiritual unity with his people. The formation of such image was facilitated by the stories of Russian diplomats and travelers, and by the trips of the people from distant countries to the “empire of tsars”. The strengthening of the ties with the peoples of Asia and Africa was also stimulated by the widespread ideas in the Russian society that Russia had a moral debt, an obligation to help the oppressed. The defeat of Russia in the war against Japan and the socio-political upheavals associated with the revolution of 1905–1907 dealt a heavy blow to such ideas and the policy pursued by Russia.
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Savelov, Vjacheslav V. "Yu. A. Sidorov and Mystical Anarchism (on the basis of lifetime publications)." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 61 (2021): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-61-252-267.

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Based on two only lifetime publications, the paper examines the history of Yu. A. Sidorov`s (1887–1909) perception and discussion of ideas of the “mystical anarchism”. In the almanac Chrysopras (1906) Sidorov published two poems that were obviously influenced by the slogans of this movement. I study parallels between these debut poems and the texts of authors related to the movement, in particular, between the poem Dreamer, you sent a revelation to the world… and Georgy Chulkov's article On the confirmation of personality (1906). The study proves that a number of young writers (not only Yu. Sidorov, but also V. Grigoriev, E. Kazakov) were striving to declare their solidarity with slogans of the moment on the pages of the almanac Chrysopras, ideologically close to the Moscow Vesy. In the second lifetime publication, his review (Russkaya Mysl, 1, 1909) on the book of essays by Chulkov The Cover of Isis (1908), Sidorov showed new sharply critical and subverting attitude to the movement. I try to find the reason for Sidorov's new skeptical position to these principles and slogans. The paper showed it to be the poet’s disappointment with the results of the 1905–1907 revolution and his turn towards monarchist sentiments, with subsequent support of the ideology within symbolism that was promoted by the Moscow magazine Vesy. The author pays particular attention to the parallels between Sidorov's polemic attacks against Chulkov and similar invectives against him by the Vesy magazine collaborators (Zinaida Gippius, Andrey Bely, Boris Sadovskoy, etc.)
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Lee, Moon-key. "Types and characteristics of the National debt repayment movement prospectus written and distributed at Daegu in 1907." DAEGU HISTORICAL REVIEW 155 (May 30, 2024): 79–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.17751/dhr.155.79.

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Cotarelo, Lucía. "Entre la tradición castellana y el lesbianismo queer: amor y erotismo en la poesía de Ana María Martínez Sagi." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 57, no. 3 (October 2023): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvs.2023.a924216.

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Abstract: Love, corporality, and eroticism, oscillating in their ethical and aesthetic configuration between tradition and modernity, are present throughout the seven decades of poetic production of the Catalan poet Ana María Martínez Sagi (1907–2000). It is so in her pre-war work, Caminos (1929) and Inquietud (1932) and, more prominently, in her work of exile and return to the homeland, on which this paper focuses on. Although Sagi's love poetry demonstrates her complex and contradictory debt to both the Castilian love tradition and modern poetics, it is through her approach to eroticism, the corporality and the subject's identity from where she definitively distances herself from them. She approaches heterodox spaces that destabilize that normative framework in which the critics of her time placed her. In her aesthetics, in her heritage, and worldview, Sagi demonstrates great modernity and relevance as a renovator, since the 1930s, of an alternative intimacy: profoundly queer.
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Shannon, Brent. "“THE TERRIBLE MÄELSTROM OF DEBT”: CREDIT, CONSUMPTION, AND MASCULINITY IN OXBRIDGE FICTION, 1841–1911." Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000686.

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In 1907, writer and Oxford graduate Lionel Portmanbegan his novelThe Progress of Hugh Rendal: A 'Varsity Storywith an impassioned attack on the university system of fees and credit. “An unrighteous anomaly it seems that on entering Oxford University the first thing you have to do is to pay money,” Portman protests,Once entered, apparently, you may owe it to the limit of your taste. The shops smile “Credit;” the streets sing of it, the breezes whisper “Put it down”; the whole spirit of the place assumes it as a matter of course; and that so sweet a symphony should begin on so harsh a chord appears an outrage unpardonable. But so in the wisdom of most colleges it is ordained. Thirty pounds, “caution money,” must be paid to the Bursar before he will write your name in his book of the Elect. And till this is paid, be your other debts what they may, you cannot owe to College or University. (1)Upon enrolling in Oxford, the novel's earnest freshman hero Hugh is immediately subjected to a “baptism of debt,” and, by the end of his first year, he agonizes over the £58 in bills he owes to his grocer and other merchants (2, 102). Portman suggests that young undergraduates from families of modest means were ill-equipped to negotiate the consumer temptations that characterized the university experience and often met with painful – even disastrous – financial consequences. “What undergraduate,” the novelist asks his readers, “finding himself for the first time in the sublime position of having unlimited credit if very limited cash gives a thought to that distant but inevitable sunset, when he is informed that ‘The accounts of Mr. ––– have been placed in our hands for collection,’ etc., etc.?” (30).
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Cardow, Andrew, and William Robert Wilson. "The establishment of savings banks in colonial New Zealand 1840-1907." Journal of Management History 22, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2016-0034.

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Purpose This paper aims to highlight the reasons for the establishment of savings banks in New Zealand, with a primary thesis being that savings banks in New Zealand were intended to operate in a similar way to those in the UK. That is, to provide banking services to the working classes and supply revenue to a cash-strapped government. Savings banks were reasonably successful in meeting the needs of their depositors but provided little revenue to the government. This gives rise to a secondary thesis that, when the Government was presented with the opportunity to establish the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB), they did so with revenue in mind. Design/methodology/approach Contemporaneous scholarly discussion along with newspaper, primary sourced bank and government archives builds an interpretation of why savings banks were established in New Zealand. This interpretation is presented in the form of a narrative, which tells the story of the rise of private savings banks in New Zealand and their eventual stagnation when the POSB was introduced. Findings Savings banks in New Zealand were initiated by Governor Grey primarily to provide an alternative source of development funding. New Zealand savings banks, initially modelled on UK and New South Wales variants, also appear to have been designed to meet the needs of the working classes, with deposits limited to £50 a year and a maximum balance set of £100 in total. However, as the requirement to invest in Government debt was removed from their founding legislation, they mainly provided mortgages to their local communities. To some extent, this situation was remedied in 1867 when the POSB was established, as it was required to invest as directed by the Government. Originality/value The narrative highlights the importance of savings banks and the POSB to both the people and government of New Zealand. This research adds to the discussion surrounding the purpose of savings banks and details the contributions made by both savings banks and the POSB in colonial New Zealand. As previous publications were in the main commissioned by various savings banks, this work provides an independent academic analysis of the first savings banks in colonial New Zealand in the period from the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 until New Zealand became a dominion in 1907.
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Fedoseev, Roman V. "Dynamics of Operations of the State Noble Land Bank on the Territory of the Samara Province in the late XIX – early XX century." Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.047.019.201903.263-273.

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Introduction. The nobles-landowners were in a difficult situation after the reforms of the middle of the XIX century. They lost the opportunity to use free labor in the form of their serfs, were in dire need of money, both for the purpose of hiring freelance workers and for the modernization of their economies. As a result, many of them used the services of actively created in this period of land credit institutions that issued loans at high interest rates and on unfavorable terms and, as a result, causing the ruin of the nobles-landowners. In connection with the above, the creation of a system of state noble land lending was an important tool to support the noble land ownership, being a powerful deterrent to the process of reducing the noble land ownership and at the same time providing the necessary funds for the modernization of estates. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical information contained in the reports of the Samara branch of the State Noble Land Bank, as well as archival data extracted from the Fund of the credit institution, located in the vaults of the Russian state historical archive. Results. According to the results of the analysis of data on the Samara province, the main indicators of the State Noble Land Bank, their dynamics, as well as the features of the studied processes were demonstrated. Noted and statistically confirmed reduction in lending after the revolution of 1905–1907, which caused a revision of agricultural policy. The uneven distribution of loans in the counties of the considered province was shown, which was primarily due to the different number of noble land ownership in them. It is revealed that the share of the Noble Bank in the studied province was more than 95 % of the total number of loans issued by land credit institutions secured by land ownership. Discussion and Conclusions. The preferential nature of lending allowed the State Noble Land Bank to concentrate in its hands almost the entire amount of debt of the local nobility of the Samara province. The Bank had pledged a large part of the land ownership of the nobility, a large part of the debt of the nobility of the land were in the State Noble Land Bank.
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Killingray, David. "Transatlantic Networks of Early African Pentecostalism: The Role of Thomas Brem Wilson, 1901–1929." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 3 (December 2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0193.

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Proto-Pentecostalist ideas in Britain owe a debt to the activities of the Gold Coast businessman Thomas Brem Wilson (1865–1929), who settled in London in 1901. His recently discovered diaries and personal papers detail his commercial interests and activities in West Africa and his relationships with a number of fellow Africans living in London. The diaries also record Brem Wilson's transatlantic involvement with J. A. Dowie's faith healing Catholic Apostolic Church in London and Zion City, Illinois, which he visited in 1904; evangelistic work among his African friends in London and in the Gold Coast; and his personal and financial relations with Alexander Boddy. In 1908 Brem Wilson helped found the first black-led Pentecostal church in Britain, where he was a pastor for the rest of his life.
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Zulumyan, Burastan S. "Poetry Collection of Marietta Shaginyan “First Meetings”." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-154-170.

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The article is devoted to the initial period of creativity of the poet of the Silver Age Marietta Shaginyan in 1906-1909, when the poetry collection “First Meetings” (1909) was created, her acquaintance and friendship with V. Khodasevich, A. Bely, Z. Gippius. The structure and poetics of the debut collection, the originality of the creative manner and the principles of symbolist aesthetics are analyzed. Reminiscences from V. Bryusov’s poetry are revealed. The title of the collection and the epigraph “The Great Feast of the First Meetings”, preceding the cycle, is a line from the poem “At Noon” from the cycle “From Hell Expelled” “Wreath”, the intertextual correspondent of structure and composition is the poetry collection “Urbi et Orbi”. Here we can talk about the creative interpretation of symbolism, and the last cycles of the collection Ynterieurs and The Enchanted Castle, written after they met in 1908, bear the direct influence of the poetry of Z. Gippius.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Lindström, Matts. "Drömmar om det minsta : Mikrofilm, överflöd och brist, 1900–1970." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142895.

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This thesis explores the cultural history of microfilm and microphotography during the period 1900–1970, thus contributing to the broader field of research on the history of 20th century information management in the era before digital technology. The aim is to study how microfilm repeatedly, in various contexts and over time, was described and perceived as a new medium. To this end the book examines and analyses the plans, dreams and visionary prognostics put forth by various historical actors with an interest in microfilm – using case studies situated at different junctures and periods (1904–1910, 1937, 1940–1952, 1950–1970), while also ranging geographically from the United States to Europe and Sweden. From a theoretical and methodological point of view the thesis seeks to understand the historical formation of microfilm by developing the notions of configuration and reconfiguration, employing a perspective which emphasizes the continuous ontological interplay and interdependence of materiality and discourse in the formation of media. Thus, at the empirical level, the analysis takes into account realized technological materialities as well as unrealized imaginary articulations, dreams and expectations integral to the configuration of microfilm within a broader culture of paperwork. As a result of this approach the study draws on scientific texts and articles in journals, as well as newspaper reports, commercial messages, ads, handbooks and various archival documents. The analysis reveals a close relationship between microfilm and experiences of entropy connected to information systems based on paper and paperwork. It is argued that, within the dreams and plans that are studied, the most important function of microfilm was to regulate noise, decay and disorder associated with the materiality of paper – through ordering, operating on and modifying the capacities of paper media. It is also noted that microfilm was perceived and articulated as a new medium over a long period of time, even though very little changed at the technological level. From a historiographical point of view, it is thus argued, microfilm can be characterized as a simultaneously continuous and discontinuous phenomenon, taking part in a history that unfolded through repetitions, returns and non-linear steps rather than along an uninterrupted, linear path.
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Henningsson, Börje. "Det röda Dalarna : Socialdemokrater, anarkosyndikalister och kommunister inom Dalarnas Arbetarrörelse 1906-1937." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3995.

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This dissertation investigates the internal struggles within the labour movement in Dalarna at the beginning of the twentieth century. I investigate Social Democracy, Anarcho-Syndicalism and Communism, the three major factions of the working class. I study the relationship between these organisations and their supporters in the complex socio-economic area of Dalarna. I have based my study on the three party programs and their answer to two central questions of the time: Will the conflicts of society lead to revolution? and How should politics and production be organised in the non capitalist society to come? Generally, anarcho-syndicalists argue that state power must be transformed to local government, social democrats hope to make different social interests compromise into political consensus. Communists want a proletarian state through social revolution. How were those ideologies received in Dalarna? In the beginning, anarchists fought social democrats: The opposition excluded from social democracy 1917 was also more influenced by anarchism than by communism. The opposition founded a party, witch towards the 1920´s turned from anarchism into communism, and the small farmers, that erlier had been attracted by the anarchist influenced rural propaganda, left and more industrial workers joined. Simultaneously, anarchists reorganised from a political party to a syndicalistic trade union, gradually mowing from the industrialised south to northern Dalarna. Communists, mainly left in the industrialised south, were shaken by two splits in the 1920´s and they lost their ability to compete with the social democrats in democratic elections. In Dalarna, social democrats, confronting anti-parliamentary anarchy and totalitarian communism alike, won the contest within the labour movement: At the end of the period, they dominated the area.
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Eriksson, Per. "Stadshypoteks plats och bana inom det svenska kreditväsendet 1909-1970 : en socialhistorisk studie." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1200.

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Henningsson, Börje. "Det röda Dalarna : socialdemokrater, anarkosyndikalister och kommunister inom Dalarnas arbetarrörelse 1906-1937 = Dalarna became red : Social Democrats, Anarcho-Syndicalists, and Communists of the labour movement in Dalarna 1906-1937 /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3995.

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鄭會欣 and Hwei-shing Cheng. "Foreign debt policy of the Nationalist government, 1927-37." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210193.

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Magud, Nicolas Ernesto. "Output structure, debt denomination, and exchange rate regimes." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/244.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Bi, Ran. "Essays on sovereign debt structure, default and renegotiation." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8024.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lars, Ahnland. "Financialization in Swedish Capitalism : Debt, inequality and crisis in Sweden, 1900-2013." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148711.

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This dissertation adresses financialization – the increasing role of financial activities in the overall economy – in Sweden in 1900-2013. The focus is on the long run relationships between private debt, asset markets, inequality and financial crisis during this period. In line with established scholarship, the present study finds that changes in bank debt had a positive impact on the probability of financial crisis in Sweden. Functional income distribution between profits and wages was an underlying factor influencing the formation of bank debt levels through its impact on collateral in stock markets. Expenses related to the Swedish welfare state – the size of the public sector, government investment and housing construction – had a long run relationship with the wage share. The welfare state has been an effective counter-measure not just against a high profit share, but also against financialization. Moreover, the dissertation shows that the recent era of financialization in Swedish capitalism is not unique in kind. Rather, recent financialization is very similar to the macroeconomic situation during the early decades of the 20th Century. These findings are consistent with much of heterodox economic theory, in particular the Neo-Marxist approach.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Nilsson, Niclas. "Varför Storbritannien? : Svenska uppslagsverk och det historiska förklaringsperspektivet (1907-1998)." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Cultural Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-7250.

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Title: Why Great Britain? – Swedish Encyclopaedias and the Explanatory Perspective of History, Essay in History

 

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In my essay I describe how Swedish 20th century encyclopaedias interpret the coming about of the British Empire, the overall purpose being to establish a pattern of evolution in terms of historical understanding on the part of the encyclopaedic literature. Firstly, I have tried to determine whether the presentations at all constitute explanatory efforts. In those cases where they do, I have sought to ascertain whether the reasons put forward are to be understood as structural and stable, or as matters of less permanence. I have also tried to link these interpretations to significant “constructions” of history – i. e: to important theories within this discipline. Finally, I have tried to discern a diachronic pattern, both in regard to explanatory efforts and in regard to the grounds for explanation (time perspective and construction). I have also tried to establish a relationship between explanatory effort and grounds for explanation. As far as the explanatory efforts themselves are concerned, no diachronic pattern emerged. As for time perspective and construction, a significant shift had occurred between the youngest and oldest encyclopaedias. The former discussed conditions of little permanence created by historical actors, while the latter stressed the significance of structural, more stable, conditions. The intermediate period, however, held varying perspectives in terms of time and construction. I also found that the explanatory effort itself, seemed to affect these perspectives.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Arráiz, Irani. "Essays on sovereign debt default, settlement, and repayment history /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3752.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Books on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Wagner, Drago Kisic. De la corresponsabilidad a la moratoria: El caso de la deuda externa peruana, 1970-1986. [Lima]: Centro Peruano de Estudios Internacionales, 1987.

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World Bank. International Finance Division., ed. World debt tables, 1970-1986. 3rd ed. Ann Arbor, Mich. (P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106): Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1988.

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World Bank. Economic Analysis and Projections Dept. External Debt Division., ed. World debt tables, 1970-1982. Ann Arbor, Mich. (P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor 48106): Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1985.

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World Bank. Economic Analysis and Projections Dept. External Debt Division., ed. World debt tables, 1970-1985. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Mich. (P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106): Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1987.

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Letellier, Armand. DND language reform: Staffing the bilingualism programs, 1967-1977. Ottawa: Directorate of History, 1987.

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Fitz-Gerald, Christine Maloney. Julia Dent Grant, 1826-1902. New York: Children's Press, 1998.

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Banks, Herbert C. Albuquerque Fire Dept.: Established 1900. Edited by Turner Publishing Co. Paducah, Ky: Turner Pub. Co., 2003.

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Cakrabarttī, Ratana Lāla. Rural indebtedness in Bengal, 1928-1947. Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 1997.

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Sohal, Sukhdev Singh. Credit, rural debt, and the Punjab peasantry: 1849-1947. Amritsar: Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University, 2012.

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Vivian, Blaine, Irwin Warren, Moore Melanie, and ScotiaMcLeod (Firm), eds. ScotiaMcLeod's Handbook of Canadian debt market indices: 1947-1988. [Toronto, Ont.]: ScotiaMcLeod, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Gobbin, Niko. "Budgetary stabilisation and the level of public debt." In Contributions to Economics, 107–27. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1970-0_4.

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Forestier-Peyrat, Étienne, and Kristy Ironside. "The Communist World of Public Debt (1917–1991): The Failure of a Countermodel?" In A World of Public Debts, 317–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48794-2_13.

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AbstractThis chapter looks at the construction of a communist community of public debt in the twentieth century. Despite emerging as some of public debt’s most vehement critics in the early years of that century, communist governments made relatively conventional use of public debt to fund economic initiatives, foster bonds within the socialist bloc, and gain political influence. As these regimes’ economies stagnated, they borrowed heavily from capitalist lenders and ran into economic troubles in the 1980s, but they did not repudiate their debt, as the Bolsheviks had in 1918. Instead, they accepted technical solutions to their economic woes, which, in turn, helped to erode their already tenuous popular legitimacy in Eastern Europe.
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Vos, Rob. "Global Financial Shocks, Asymmetric Adjustment and the LDC Debt Crisis, 1970–88." In Debt and Adjustment in the World Economy, 118–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23645-9_5.

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Cencini, Alvaro. "1987–1995: Schmitt's first extended analysis of countries' external debt." In Bernard Schmitt's Quantum Macroeconomic Analysis, 233–56. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351271325-15.

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Miller, John. "The Literary Invention of In Vitro Meat: Ontology, Nostalgia and Debt in Pohl and Kornbluth’s The Space Merchants." In Literature and Meat Since 1900, 91–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26917-3_6.

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James, Henry, and Sarah Annes Brown. "Jacques-Emile Blanche, Portrait of a Lifetime (London: Dent, 1937)." In Lives of Victorian Literary Figures, Part IV, Volume 2, 65–74. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003513049-4.

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Weidenmier, Marc. "The Historical Political Economy of Financial Crises." In The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy, C33.P1—C33.S6. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.33.

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Abstract This chapter examines three important areas of research in the historical political economy of financial crises: the role of political factors in Confederate debt repayment during the American Civil War, the establishment of a central bank in the United States following the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and the Panic of 1907, and the dramatic expansion of the powers of central banks over the last one hundred years using the Great Depression as a historical case study. These three areas show, among other things, that issues of political economy and financial crises can take very different forms.
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"The Wanderer 1906–1907." In Edward J. Dent, 128–39. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136bttp.12.

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"5 The Wanderer 1906–1907." In Edward J. Dent, 128–39. Boydell and Brewer, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781787448261-010.

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"The Travelling Fellow 1902–1906." In Edward J. Dent, 86–127. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136bttp.11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Nesimoglu, Tayfun. "A frequency tunable amplifier for DCS-1800, PCS-1900, DECT and UMTS." In 2010 10th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmw.2010.5605171.

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Tipa, Violeta. "Identity visions in the creation of the filmmaker Constantin Balan." In Conferința științifică internațională "Învăţământul artistic – dimensiuni culturale". Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55383/iadc2022.18.

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One of the filmmakers from the studio „Moldova-Film”, who supported and promoted our national values was Constantin Balan. Following the activity path of the artist from his coming to the studio „Moldova-Film” as a painter-scenographer until his dissolution, we detect the value conceptions, to which he remains faithful throughout creation. He made his debut as a painter-scenographer for the film „Alone in the Face of Love” (1969), directed by Gheorghe Voda, and later he will be requested by Director Vlad Iovita for the film-story „Prince Charming” (1977) and the historical drama „At the gates of Satan” (1980), for which he anchors in our national mythofolchloric relating it to the history of the people. In 1970 his dream during his studies at VGIK (1964—1969) is fulfilled — to create animated films. In this context, especially significant becomes his first film „Guguta” (made with the support and competition of Estonian director Elbert Tuganov), which will be auspicious and will be the head of a whole series of films with the character of writer Spiridon Vangheli.
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Goad, Philip. "Designing a Critical Voice: Discourse and the Victorian Architectural Students Society (VASS), 1907-1961." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3992pwp5p.

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Students are a necessary part of the architecture profession. Their training and preparation have long been key to maintaining the business and culture of architecture, and in doing so perpetuating traditional territories that control the institutionalisation of a profession. Students have also created their own associations, often mirroring, and at the instigation of, their parent organizations. More often than not though, in addition to acting as social binders and playing out the role of disciplinary ‘club’, these associations have developed a critical voice, urging change and injecting critique: in short, setting the basis for the framing of a local discourse. Using its publications as primary source material, this paper explores the critical activities of the Victorian Architectural Students Society (VASS), which developed under the auspices of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects (RVIA). VASS published its annual from 1908, which evolved by 1932 to become Lines and, then additionally in 1939, students Robin Boyd and Roy Simpson expanded VASS’s publishing remit, producing the oft-controversial fold-away pamphlet Smudges that infamously gave ‘blots’ and ‘bouquets’ to new buildings. In 1947, VASS published Victorian Modern, Australia’s first polemical history of modern architecture and in 1952, it was the first publisher of the influential journal, Architecture and Arts. This paper examines the shifting ambitions of VASS, its chief protagonists, the role of graphics and the deft blending of the social, satirical and the critical that eventually framed and shaped Victoria’s architecture culture after World War II.
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Bal, Oğuz. "The Developing Countries External Debt and Growth Issues and Example of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01645.

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Today; country economies are dealt with from a global perspective. International capital, and technological developing, had accelerated the flow of factors also. This case demonstrates the international economic interdependence. In industrialized countries after the Second World War, while exports of industrial products increased by busy; In 1970's years, the oil crisis shocks had been lived. In the 1980s, in the world debt problems emerged. In the 1990s, world economy, has become multi-polar world with together globalization, and in order to the crisis by IMF and World Bank were began effective interventions, in the 2000s there has been a global crisis together with debt crises. The economic problem is a basic reason of the main of all crises. These crises are occurring frequently in emerging markets such as Turkey. For Turkey the real economy to financial fragility adversely affects and therefore the Current Account Balance / GNP status is important. This problem cited above, were discussed in five parts in the article. In the first part; In the case of Turkey was discussed; in general, the increase causes in imports were discussed. In the second chapter; increase in exports and imports coverage rate was examined. In the third chapter, the growth phenomena of dependent to import was discussed. In the fourth chapter; borrowing requirements, growth and debt relations were discussed. In the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations took place. The method used; the deductive method. CBT, Treasury data, World Bank data, Turkey Statistical Institute data were used.
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Hiç, Özlen, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "The 1994, 1997-98, 2001 and 2008 Crises and their Impacts on the Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02739.

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This article examines the impacts of four major economic and financial crises that significantly affected Turkey’s economic stability and growth: the 1994 crisis, the 1997-98 Asian crisis, the 2001 Turkish crisis, and the 2008 global crisis. The 1994 crisis was triggered by a sudden currency depreciation and resulted in a severe economic contraction. It revealed the vulnerabilities of the Turkish financial system and highlighted the need for structural reforms to improve fiscal discipline and monetary policy. The 1997-98 Asian financial crisis had a ripple effect on Turkey, leading to a sharp decline in exports, capital outflows, and a banking crisis. The Turkish Lira came under intense pressure, and the government had to implement stabilization measures with support from international institutions. The 2001 Turkish economic crisis stemmed from high public debt, banking sector weaknesses, and a loss of investor confidence, which led to a significant depreciation of the Turkish Lira, a banking sector restructuring, and the implementation of economic reforms. The 2008 global financial crisis, originated in the United States. The collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered a sharp decline in global demand, leading to a decline in Turkey's exports. The government implemented stimulus measures to mitigate the impacts of the crisis and prevent a severe recession. Overall, these crises exposed vulnerabilities in Turkey's economy and highlighted the importance of implementing structural reforms, improving financial regulations, and maintaining macroeconomic stability. The Turkish economy has demonstrated resilience in recovering from these crises, but ongoing challenges remain in sustaining long-term economic growth and stability.
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Martin, Alvin, George Doddington, Terri Kamm, Mark Ordowski, and Mark Przybocki. "The DET curve in assessment of detection task performance." In 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1997). ISCA: ISCA, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-504.

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Martin, Paul. "Det Norske Veritas Rule Philosophy With Regard to Gas Turbines for Marine Propulsion." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-116.

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Det Norske Veritas (DNV), has been in the process of updating its Rules for Marine use for some time now. Regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), and many others, change their requirements from time to time. IMO has introduced a revised code a few years ago. The requirements of these codes/standards and the implications are often very difficult to understand and implement both for the manufacturers and the class societies such as ours. Further, DNV’s Rule requirements need to be understood and acceptable world-wide, if the gas turbine industry, and the maritime industry as a whole is to function in a rational, safe, and profitable manner. This paper is mainly based on DNV Rules of January 1996, Part 4. Chapter 2. Section 4. - Gas Turbines, and is intended to at least open the dialogue between the gas turbine industry and DNV.
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Avella, Richard, Mayra Gabriela Lagos Jiménez, Juan Pablo Rubio Ospina, and Edwin Alexander Casallas Moreno. "PARTÍCULAS DE ALTA ENERGÍA Y SUS POSIBLES AFECTACIONES EN VUELOS AÉREOS SOBRE MADRID (CUNDINAMARCA)." In Mujeres en ingeniería: empoderamiento, liderazgo y compromiso. Asociacion Colombiana de Facultades de Ingeniería - ACOFI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26507/ponencia.1906.

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Uno de los temas que ha despertado gran interés tanto teórico como experimental en el mundo hace al menos cien (100) años, es el arribo a la tierra de partículas de alta frecuencia, algunas veces denominadas rayos cósmicos, provenientes de las erupciones solares y de núcleos de galaxias. El interés en estas partículas se debe a los efectos nocivos en satélites, sistemas navegación aérea, seguimiento de sondas espaciales, comunicaciones de radio, redes eléctricas y especialmente con afectaciones en el ser humano, al ser bombardeado con partículas de alta energía durante los vuelos en aeronaves. Algunas afectaciones de las partículas de alta energía en las diferentes actividades del ser humano durante los vuelos en aeronaves son descritas en nuestra investigación de manera preliminar. Como parte de esta investigación, se hizo el uso de drones para medir la presencia de partículas ionizantes a diferentes altitudes y en periodos de tiempo cortos. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se midieron la cantidad de partícula de alta frecuencia (fotones) a diferentes altitudes, identificando algunas afectaciones en la salud del ser humano en los vuelos sobre Madrid Cundinamarca.
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Öztürk, Rahime Hülya, Zeynep Karaçor, and Perihan Hazel Er. "Tobin Tax in Reducing the Negative Effects of Capital Controls and Short Termed Capital Movements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00883.

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The phenomenon liberalization, with the influence of Bretton Woods system that collapsed, following 1970 Oil Shock, first began with the efforts to search for the markets to value the investments of these countries in the developed countries. When arrived to 1980s, the developed countries, squeezed under the debt load accompanying the insufficient capital accumulation and low saving rates, in order to provide the desired capital figures, needed the foreign resources and, in this point, liberalization process of capital gained importance In realizing the growth and developmental targets of country economies, their integrating to liberalization process have a great importance. That the developing counties integrate to the system without the necessary arrangement in their financial structures made an effect in the direction of disturbing the stability of country economies, particularly in short termed capital inflows. As much as the problem created by the speculative capital inflow, the immediate outflow of this capital, disordering the balance of country economies, also caused crises. For maiming the negative influences of short termed capital, capital controls are emphasized. Just as these controls can have the various application ways, the most emphasized and discussed application was Tobin tax. Even though there are the various disagreements in the direction of whether or not Tobin tax affected the capital inflows, the examples of Malaysia and Chili gave the successful results.
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Allegri, Alessia. "Mientras apolo 70 viaja hacia Alvalaxia XXI, Colombo e Vasco da Gama nos descubren otra ciudad: la dimensión urbana del espacio comercial en Lisboa 1970-2010." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5940.

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Convencidos de que la planificación de las actividades comerciales no puede asumir un carácter puramente económico y de gestión, sino que debe ocupar un papel central en el discurso sobre la ciudad, esta investigación trata de arrojar luz sobre los mecanismos de producción recíproca de ciudad y sistema comercial, o de su mutua negación. La interpretación de la relación entre comercio y ciudad ha sido explicada a través del estudio de los modelos comerciales que caracterizan la ciudad de Lisboa. El análisis de la reciente historia comercial de la capital portuguesa -desde 1970 hasta 2010-, lleva a la definición de tres macro-categorías que corresponden a otros tantos tipos de relación entre ciudad y comercio: los sistemas comerciales simbióticos, comensalistas y parásitos. The planning of commercial activities cannot limit itself to purely economic and management dimensions, but should be central to any debate on the city. This inquiry contributes to illuminate the city and commercial systems production mechanisms that can be either mutually reinforcing or mutually negating. Our interpretation of the relationship between the commercial spaces and the city is based on the study of commercial models that characterize Lisbon. This analysis of its recent commercial history - from 1970 to 2010 - has led to the definition of three macro - categories of commercial systems that illustrate three types of relationships between the city and its commercial dimension: symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic.
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Reports on the topic "Debt, 1907"

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Fuentes, J. Rodrigo, and César Calderón. Government Debt and Economic Growth. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011505.

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The growth prospects of a nation are stymied by the burden of government debt. This study has two goals: first, it tests whether public debt hinders growth; and, second, it explores whether economic policy ameliorates this effect. A large panel data of countries for 1970-2010 reveal a negative and robust effect of public debt on growth. Strong institutions, high quality domestic policies, and outward-oriented policies partly mitigate this adverse effect. An enhanced policy environment and its interaction with public debt has helped explain the improved growth performance of industrial and developing countries for the years 2001-05 compared to the years 1991-95. Viewing the actual performance of the Latin America and the Caribbean region, South America encompasses the group of countries more benefited by improvement of economic policies, while Central America and the Caribbean lag considerably. A simultaneous sharp reduction in public debt and an improvement in the policy environment induce an increase in the growth rate per capita of 1.7 percentage points for the Caribbean and 2 percentage points for South America. A more conservative scenario that considers an upgrade in quality of policies and a reduction of public debt leads to lower but still significant growth benefits for the Caribbean and South America, by 0.85 and 1.5 percentage points, respectively.
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Lora, Eduardo. Public Investment in Infrastructure in Latin America: Is Debt the Culprit? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010876.

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Panel data for seven Latin American countries are used to assess the influence of public indebtedness on public investment in infrastructure in the period 1987-2001. Debt increases are associated with higher public infrastructure investment, an effect that is robust to the inclusion of many other fiscal and macroeconomic variables. This paper also finds some evidence of complementarity between public and private investment and of the negative effect of IMF adjustment loans on infrastructure expenditures. No evidence is found that debt defaults affect public investment in infrastructure
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Bordo, Michael, and Christopher Meissner. The Role of Foreign Currency Debt in Financial Crises: 1880-1913 vs. 1972-1997. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11897.

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Avella, Mauricio. Historical background of the public debt in Colombia. a general introduction to the management of public debt in Colombia during the postwar period, 1950-1970. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.317.

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Panadeiros, Monica, and Warren Benfield. Productive Development Policies in Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010823.

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Jamaica seems to be a puzzling case for economic growth: despite the structural reforms implemented in the last three decades and adequate investment levels, real GDP per capita is roughly the same as in 1970. The disappointing performance of this economy suggests that productive development policies (PDPs), including first-generation reforms, have not been enough to create a better environment for productivity growth. This paper examines the PDPs in Jamaica and concludes that behind the paradox of high investment and low growth of this economy are the "public debt trap" and a highly distortive tax incentive structure to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and promote exports. Although industrial policy is moving towards a more modern conceptual design, the old schemes seem politically difficult to dismantle.
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Imrohoroglu, Ayse, Juan Pablo Rud, and Andres Fernandez. Saving Rates in Latin America: A Neoclassical Perspective. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011810.

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Latin American countries have long exhibited low levels of saving rates when compared to other countries in relatively similar stages of economic development (e.g., Asian economies). Motivated by this fact, this paper examines the time path of the saving rates between 1970 and 2010 in three Latin American countries— Chile, Colombia, and Mexico—through the lens of the neoclassical growth model. The findings indicate that two factors, the TFP growth rate and fiscal policy (via tax rates and government expenditure), are capable of accounting for some of the major fluctuations in saving rates observed in these years. For instance, the impressive increase in Chile’s saving rate following the early 1980s debt crisis is likely to have resulted from a combination of high TFP growth and a tax reform that substantially reduced capital taxation. Counterfactual experiments also reveal that average saving rates in Latin America could have been some three percentage points higher, had the region experienced TFP growth similar to that of the Asian countries. This increase, however, is insufficient to bridge the observed gap between saving rates in the two regions.
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Bergström, Lena, Emma Svahn, and Anders Adill. Provfiske efter strömming i södra Bottenhavet – översikt av äldre studier och återbesök 2022. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.6rd1p380jp.

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Strömmingen (Clupea harengus membras) är en nyckelart i Bottenhavets ekosystem och en bas för traditionellt kustnära fiske, men det kustnära yrkesfisket har rapporterat att fångsterna av strömming i södra Bottenhavets kustområden har minskat mycket påtagligt. Analyser av data från utsjön bekräftar att förekomsten av större strömming har minskat, men det är en brist på fiskerioberoende data för kustnära vatten som kan belysa förändringar i strömmingsbestånden. Den här rapporten syftar till att sammanställa information om äldre kustprovfisken i Bottenhavets kustområden, som skulle kunna användas i detta syfte, samt bidra till att belysa hur förekomsten av strömming har förändrats över tid genom jämförelser mellan nu och då. Sammanställningen visar att det finns data som skulle kunna användas för att påvisa hur den kustnära förekomsten av strömming har förändrats över tid från provfisken i Forsmark och Finbo sedan 1970-talet. Provfiskena är utförda med varierande metodik och redskap. Dessa fisken utförs dock inte längre. Ett återbesök till en av de tidigare stationerna vid Forsmark visade att medelfångsten av strömming under vår och försommar år 2022 var påtagligt mindre än vid motsvarande årstid under 1970- och 1980-talen. Den totala fångsten strömming år 2022 var endast 8 procent av fångsten i medeltal de tidigare åren, 1975–1988. Skillnaden var ännu mer tydlig för strömming av större storlek. Av den strömming som fångades vid Forsmark år 2022 var ingen fisk större än 25 cm. Medelfångsten vid en station vid Finbo, Åland, som också återbesöktes år 2022, var av samma omfattning som de tidigare åren, och i fångsten år 2022 ingick även strömmingar av större storleksklasser. Resultaten belyser även vikten av sammanhängande tidsserier. Vid både Forsmark och Finbo fanns stor mellanårsvariation i data från de tidigare åren, vilket är viktigt att ta med i bedömningen av 2022 års data, som är baserad på upprepade provfisken vid endast en station och ett år. En upprepning av tidigare utförda provfisken under fler år och på fler stationer skulle ge en säkrare bild av beståndens biologiska status idag. Resultaten för 2022 stöder dock den minskning som rapporterats från yrkesfisket.
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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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Cavallo, Eduardo A., and Eduardo Fernández-Arias. The Risk of External Financial Crisis. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004579.

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This paper explores the empirical determinants of external crises on a world panel dataset of 62 countries over the fifty-year period 1970-2019 and estimates their risk trade-offs with the aim of informing macrofinancial prudential policies. The determinants include countries external balance sheets, macroeconomic imbalances, and structural and global factors. It finds that information on the composition of gross positions in countries external financial portfolios is required to gauge the risk of external crisis: debt liabilities are the riskiest component, FDI liabilities are half as risky, and FDI assets are the most protective. Macroeconomic imbalances increase risk but are usually not the key drivers of crises. Adverse global shocks significantly leverage domestic risks. International reserves are powerful risk mitigants that provide high insurance value. The evidence shows that advanced economies are structurally more resilient to withstand exposure to weak external portfolios, macroeconomic imbalances, and global shocks. For the average country the risk of external crisis is on a declining trend mainly driven by improvements in the composition of external portfolio assets magnified by increasing financial integration as well as rising international reserves.
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Behrman, Jere R., Miguel Székely, and Suzanne Duryea. Schooling Investments and Aggregate Conditions: A Household Survey-Based Approach for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010768.

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Schooling is a major factor in economic development. There is extensive empirical literature on what determines schooling attainment. But most of this literature uses micro data to explore connections between schooling attainment and family background and experiences, local markets, local schools and other community characteristics. These studies generally have not linked schooling attainment closely to changes in aggregate economic conditions. This paper uses a new high quality data set for 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries to assess the effects of macro conditions on schooling attainment. Household survey data are used to construct a quasi panel with information on attainment for birth cohorts born between 1930 and 1970, which is merged with country-specific aggregate data. We use the data to document schooling progress in Latin America and estimate multivariate relations for schooling attainment by birth cohorts as related to sets of variables for macroeconomic stability, factor endowments, demographic developments, institutions and culture and religion. These estimates are used to decompose the change in schooling progress by decade, and to explore the causes of the slowdown in schooling accumulation in the region since the 1980s debt crisis.
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