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Academic literature on the topic 'Debt, 1897'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Debt, 1897"

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Ibrahim, Carole. "Primary Fiscal Performance, Economic Growth, and Public Debt in Lebanon." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.443.

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Lebanese public debt has been accumulating since 1990, after the end of the civil war. Recently, concerns about the ability of the government to keep servicing its debt have emerged, particularly because the debt-to-GDP ratio reached almost 147% at the end of 2018. This study aims to examine whether a cointegrating relationship exists among primary fiscal performance, real economic growth, and public debt in Lebanon using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model between 2000 and 2018. The ARDL results suggest the non-existence of a cointegrating relationship and hence the unsustainability of the Lebanese public debt. The evidence of the short-run estimation indicates that better primary fiscal performance and a higher economic growth rate reduce Lebanese public debt in the short run. This study proposes that immediate reforms that increase the primary fiscal surplus and attract investors are crucial to prevent a debt crisis in the country.
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Tran, Long Thanh. "The Impact of Capital Flows from Commercial Banks and FDI on Sustainable Economic Growth in ASEAN Countries." Contemporary Economics 16, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.487.

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The paper is aimed at assessing the impact of capital flows from commercial banks and FDI on sustainable economic growth in ASEAN countries. The study has conducted quantitative secondary analysis on data collected from 1980 to 2018 for Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Descriptive statistics, correlation and ARDL are applied to measure the impact of each variable on sustainable economic growth. The study has shown a significant long-run relationship of short-term debt, long-term debt, technology, capital flows and savings and investment on sustainable economic growth. Short-term debt is found to have a negative impact in the long run. The short-run relationship between long-term debt, short-term and sustainable economic growth is significant while insignificant for all other variables. The study is useful for countries that are aiming for sustainable economic growth since all the factors are helpful to consider. Future researchers can use other regions to empirically examine the same model. The study is focused on only 3 countries from ASEAN countries and is only focused on one region. As economic and political scenarios different, results might not be same in other parts of the world.
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Ribeiro, Nuno Adriano Baptista, and Susana Margarido Faustino Jorge. "Political-Ideological Circumstances and Local Authorities’ Debt: Evidence from Portuguese Municipalities." Contemporary Economics 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.164.

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Sarkar, Aditya. "The Tie That Snapped: Bubonic Plague and Mill Labour in Bombay, 1896–1898." International Review of Social History 59, no. 2 (June 9, 2014): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000157.

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AbstractIn September 1896, the city of Bombay witnessed the beginning of a long-drawn-out epidemic crisis, with the outbreak of bubonic plague. This article investigates one particular dimension of this crisis – its effects upon the city's cotton textile mills, and its profound, though temporary, alteration of the relations between employers and workers. It argues that the structure of industrial relations in the textile mills in the second half of the nineteenth century rested upon the retention of wage arrears by mill managements, which forced workers into permanent debt, and bound them to the mill and their employers. The demographic and industrial crisis ushered in during the plague years, the article shows, cracked open this structure of industrial control, and workers were able to sustain a new, fleeting system of industrial “regulation from below”, based on the daily payment of wages. Through a study of the tensions in textile mills in 1897, situated within the broader context of a crisis of urban labour relations, the article shows the ways in which industrial relations were both deconstructed and reconstituted in a new form.
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Malewska, Alicja. "Failed Attempt to Break Up the Oligopoly in Sovereign Credit Rating Market after Financial Crises." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.441.

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For decades, the credit rating market has been dominated by three major agencies (Moody's, S&P and Fitch Ratings). Their oligopolistic dominance is especially strong in sovereign credit ratings industry, where they hold a collective global share of more than 99%. Global financial crisis and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis exposed serious flaws in rating process and forced public authorities to act. This study investigates effectiveness of new regulations adopted in the United States and in the European Union after financial crises in terms of reducing oligopolistic dominance of the “Big Three” in sovereign credit ratings market. The study applies descriptive statistical analysis of economic indicators describing concentration rate in a market, as well as content analysis of legal acts and case study methodology. Analysis shows that the Dodd-Frank reform and new European rules on supervision of credit rating agencies were not effective enough and did not lead to the increased competition in the market. The evidence from this study is explained using two alternative perspectives – economic theory of natural oligopoly and hegemonic stability theory coming from international relations field.
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Sinković, Dean, Sebastian Zemla, and Nataniel Zemla. "Monitoring of Economic Indicators in the Context of Financial and Economic Crises." Contemporary Economics 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.469.

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Financial and economic crises repeat themselves at indefinite intervals. As in the Great Recession (also known as Subprime Crisis) of 2007/2008 there was a bundle of events and processes that preceded it and contributed to its emergence, whether it be economic, political, or ideological. Based on observations presented in this paper, explanations are suggested that crises are significantly related to the development of various indicators. Relevant indicators include the impact of economic indicators (e.g., GDP, key interest rates, debt ratios), capital markets and - as the current Corona Crisis shows - supposedly unforeseen factors or shocks. The study deals with a comparative analysis of indicators regarding both crises and the Great Depression, with the aim of identifying possible trends or patterns. It uses a comparative method and reveals some significant similarities. This insight can be seen as a support for the birth of further crises. The work aims to provide a contribution to current crisis research in a comparative context and to advance findings in the field of early warning and crisis education.
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Gajewski, Dominik. "Tax-related and Economic Consequences of Selecting the Method of Debt Financing of Companies with Regard to Thin Capitalisation in OECD Member Countries." Contemporary Economics 7, no. 2 (June 25, 2013): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.84.

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Sierpińska-Sawicz, Agata, and Maria Sierpińska. "Depreciation Capital as a Source of Financing of Mining Companies Activities." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 4 (December 2021): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.458.

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The issue discussed in the paper is highly relevant and topical in economic practice because of changes in the recognition of certain assets and their depreciation. The author’s research established that depreciation write-off in financial terms constitute capital comprising two components: depreciation and the tax shield effect. The non-tax shield is more important relative to other tax shields because the vast majority of entities in the raw materials industry own assets which are depreciated for the purposes of balance sheet accounting and tax accounting. As a cost depreciation, on the one hand, reduces the financial result and on the other, generates additional operating cash flows. Depreciable assets account for a large portion of coal companies’ assets. In addition, due to the implementation of IFRS 16 on leasing their share increased as did the amount of depreciation. Hence, its share in operating cash flows in Polish coal companies is slightly higher than in global companies. An overwhelming part of the additional depreciation arising from the inclusion in the assets reported in the balance sheet of assets used based on contracts of lease, lending or rental does not reduce the tax basis and does not constitute a tax shield. Consequently, it creates a disparity between the gross profit/loss and taxable income, thereby increasing the effective tax rate. An increase in the depreciation level in coal companies facilitates maintenance of liquidity and provides financing for investment projects and improves debt servicing, especially in times of declining financial result when coal prices are low.
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Hansen, Thorvald. "Grundtvigianism and Danes in America." Grundtvig-Studier 49, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v49i1.16278.

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Grundtvigianisme og danskere i AmerikaAf Thorvald HansenArtiklen beskæftiger sig med to forbundne emner: den »Grundtvigianerskræk«, der i sidste århundrede fandtes inden for protestantiske kredse i USA, samt den kirkelige splittelse blandt de danske immigranter. Da det danske udvalg for kirkeligt arbejde blandt udvandrere i 1867 sendte repræsentanter til USA, konstateredes en udtalt biblicisme blandt immigranterne, kombineret med en voldsom afstandtagen fra grundtvigianismen, den nævnte »Grundtvigianer-skræk«. Dette var resultatet af en længere udvikling, hvor Grundtvigs kirkelige synspunkter oprindelig var blevet vel modtaget blandt norske immigranter og lagt til grund for det første forsøg på en norsk-dansk synodedannelse, i hvilken også den danskfødte præst Claus L. Clausen medvirkede. I 1850-erne skiftede det teologiske miljø i Norge imidlertid den oprindelig positive holdning til Grundtvig ud med en afvisning, immigranterne fulgte moderkirken og op gennem 1860-erne voksede den amerikanske modstand mod Grundtvig. Da den danske kirke som et resultat af det førnævnte udvalgs arbejde i 1871 indledte sin virksomhed, havde den derfor særdeles vanskelige vilkår.En konkret sag forværrede den i forvejen spændte situation. Den danske præst Adam Dan, - der ikke var grundtvigianer, men heller ikke i opposition til Grundtvig, - var blevet præst inden for den norsk-danske kirkedannelse.Han kætterdømtes under medvirken af den tyske Missouri Synodes lærestol. Sagen medvirkede til at umuliggøre et samarbejde mellem den norsk-danske synode og den danske kirke. Da de danskere, der hørte til den norsk-danske kirke, i 1884 i fuld forståelse med nordmændene gjorde sig selvstændige, tilsluttede de sig ikke den danske kirke, men dannede en ny gruppe the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Association, der skabte et præsteseminarium i Blair, Nebraska.Til disse den første danske kirkedannelses vanskeligheder føjedes den almindelige amerikanske puritanisme og tendensen til uniformitet inden for de protestantiske immigrantkirker. Den danske kirke prægedes af en liberal holdning og rummede både pietistiske kredse, grundtvigske miljøer og grupper uden retningspræg og havde det derfor ikke nemt, hverken udadtil eller indadtil.I 1892 førte spændinger mellem de pietistiske og ikke-pietistiske grupper til nedlæggelsen af kirkens præsteseminarium i Luck, Wisconcin. Seminariet havde været ledet af grundtvigianeren Thorvald Helveg i samarbejde med den indremissionske Peder Sørensen Vig. Nedlæggelsen af seminariet grundede sig på disses uenighed om bibelsyn og luthersk konfessionalisme, og indtil oprettelsen af Grand View College i Des Moines, Iowa, i 1897 havde kirken da ingen præsteskole, men måtte klare sig med de præster, der uddannedes på Askov Folkehøjskole i Danmark.Andre stridsemner inden for kirken var spørgsmålet om holdningen til hemmelige selskaber, eksempelvis the Danish Brotherhood, idet Grundtvigs søn, Frederik Lange Grundtvig, præst i Clinton, Iowa, markerede sig som modstander af disse; endvidere diskussionen om, hvorvidt det hørte til kirkens arbejdsområde at oprette danske kolonier, samt striden om det af F.L.Grundtvig stiftede Dansk Folkesamfund. En række præster og lægfolk følte, at Dansk Folkesamfund fremstod som et konkurrenceforetagende i forhold til kirken.I 1890-erne markerede en pietistisk orienteret gruppe sig med tidsskriftet Danskeren, og efter en lang og opslidende debat splittedes kirken i to i 1894. En tid var der således tre danske kirker i USA, men i 1896 forenede den pietistiske udbryderkirke sig med den danske kirke, der drev præsteseminariet i Blair, Nebraska. Et vist samarbejde fandt i årenes løb sted mellem kirkerne, bl.a. om udgivelsen af en salmebog. Først i 1960-erne og senere i 1980-erne er de to kirker igen forenet i den samme kirke, men da som resultat af foreningen af to større lutherske kirker i USA, hvortil de to danske kirker tidligere havde sluttet sig, og ikke som en følge af de to danske kirkers selvstændige bestræbelser.
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Skalik, Michał. "Achievements of Poland’s national team in the European Women’s Basketball Championships in the years 1938–2021." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 5, no. 2 (2022): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2022.02.01.

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The beginning of basketball in the world dates back to 1891 when a Canadian, James Naismith, invented the game for students in Springfield. After a short time, matches were played in Europe, in Paris (1893) and London (1894). The first demonstrational game in Poland was played by women in 1909, in Lviv. The discipline spread throughout Europe after World War I. In the 1920s, some state and international organizations were established to standardize the rules of the game. They allowed to play the first national championships and afterwards to organize interstate matches. In 1935, the First European Men’s Basketball Championship was organized, and three years later, women made their debut in the competition of this rank. Between 1938 and 2021, there were thirty-eight editions of the championships, in which the Polish national team participated twenty-nine times. Most medals were won by athletes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Czechoslovakia, France, Bulgaria, and Spain. Poland’s most outstanding achievement was the gold medal won in Katowice in 1999. What is more, Polish women won two silver medals (1980,1981) and two bronze medals (1938,1968).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Debt, 1897"

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Kassman, Per. ""Det skabbiga fåret må smitta hela hjorden" : Synen på barns och ungdomars vanart i Svensk läraretidning 1893-1897." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1892.

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Gintzburger-Bourseiller, Christophe. "Ombre invaincue : de la destruction du "collaborationnisme" à sa survie dans la France de l'après-guerre, 1944-1954." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H061.

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La destruction de trois ensembles « collaborationnistes » (Parti populaire français, Rassemblement national populaire, mouvance « cagoularde ») en 1944 et 1945 ne signe pas leur disparition définitive. Au contraire, le Parti populaire français inspire le renouveau de l’extreme droite après la guerre et contribue au phénomène populiste. Les anciens du Rassemblement national populaire participent à l’effort anticommuniste de la guerre froide et le vertèbrent. Quant-aux « cagoulards », ils se sont toujours éparpillés dans les différents camps (collaborationnisme, pétainisme, gaullisme, Résistance). On observe leur redéploiement, dans l’anticommunisme, dans l’européisme de l’après-Guerre et dans la droite modérée.On observe ainsi entre 1944 et 1954 un phénomène de dissémination des extrémistes dans la France politique, leurs idées rencontrant plusieurs thèmes de l’après-Guerre : anticommunisme, réconciliation franco-allemande, construction européenne
The destruction of three « colaborationist » collectives (Parti Populaire Français, Rassemblement National Populaire, and « cagoulard » movement) does not mean they completely disappear.On the contrary, the Parti Populaire Français inspires the renewal of the post-war extreme right and contributes to the « populist » phenomenon.Those who arise from the Rassemblement National Populaire are part of the an-ticomunist effort during the Cold War and structure it.Concerning the « cagoulards », they have always be scattered among the different factions (collaborationism, petainism, gaullism, Resistance). We observe their redeployment in anticommunism, europeism and the moderate right wing.We finally spot between 1944 and 1954 the dissemination of the extreme righ-tists in the french political field, their ideas meeting several post-war topics : anticommunism, french-german reconciliation, european construction
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Horton, Zachary Ryan. ""Wherein Shall We Return?": A Historical and Analytical Examination of Lorenzo Snow's 1899 Reemphasis of Tithing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6141.

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This thesis examines the events and discourses targeted to reemphasize the law tithing and to encourage increased tithe-paying from members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1899 and 1907. This examination begins at Church president Lorenzo Snow's journey to St. George and extends through Joseph F. Smith's announcement of the Church's freedom from its long-standing debts. Each chapter analyzes this period from a different perspective provided by contemporary sources. These perspectives include primarily newspaper reports and transcripts from Lorenzo Snow's journey to St. George, reports from general Church conferences, and articles in Church-sponsored publications.This examination yields a more contoured view of the discussion of tithing in the Church at the turn of the 20th century and shows, importantly, that one of Lorenzo Snow's main motivations for his reemphasis of tithing was to prepare the Church to return to and reclaim Zion in Jackson County, Missouri.
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Dzolkarnaini, Mohd Nazam. "Determinants of the use of debt and leasing in UK corporate financing decisions." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1736.

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This thesis investigates the determinants of the use of debt and leasing in the UK using a comprehensive measure of debt and leases, in recognition of the link between lease and debt-type financing decisions, based on financial contracting theory and the tax advantage hypothesis. The design of the study takes account three lacunae in our current understanding of this topic. Firstly, despite the fact that the capital structure literature is voluminous, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has been carried out on lease finance, given its significant role as a major source of finance for many firms. Secondly, the role of tax in the capital structure decision is unclear. Empirically testing for tax effects is challenging because spurious relationships may exist between the financing decision and many commonly used tax proxies. More importantly, our understanding of the impact of taxes on UK financing decisions is far from complete, especially since several major corporate tax reforms have taken place in the last decade. Thirdly, empirical evidence on capital structure determinants is also voluminous but far from conclusive. Notably, contradictory signs and significance levels are commonly observed. Using the standard regression approach invariably involves identification of the average behaviour of firms, and therefore does not measure diversity across firms. In response to these three major issues, this study employs empirical research methods, namely cross-sectional pooled regression, static and dynamic panel data regression, and quantile regression to analyse a large sample of 361 non-financial firms, drawn from the FTSE 350 and FTSE All-Small indices over the tax years 1995 through 2003. The operating lease data are estimated using the constructive capitalisation method while the simulated before-financing marginal tax rate is used to proxy for the firms’ tax status. The endogeneity of corporate tax status is evident since the use of simple tax proxy, the effective tax rate, leads to a spurious negative relation between debt usage and tax rates. The problem was avoided with a better measure of tax variable that is the simulated before-financing marginal tax rate where it is found that the empirical relationships between the tax factor and debt and leasing are consistent with those theoretical predictions. Furthermore, there is a clear distinction between the effect of taxes on debt and leasing where the firm’s marginal tax status is only relevant when managers make decisions on debt financing. The use of quantile regression method in the present study represents a novel approach in investigating the determinants of the use of debt and leasing. The results reveal that the determinants of debt and leasing are heterogeneous across the whole distribution of firms, consistent with the notion of heterogeneity as promoted by Beattie et al. (2006), but contradicting their claim that the large-scale regression approach cannot measure firms’ diversity. This finding implies that average model results (e.g., from OLS or panel data models) may not apply to the tails of debt and leasing levels, and hence assuming that the determinants of debt and leasing decisions are the same for all firms in the economy is clearly unrealistic. Using the dynamic panel data model, this thesis confirms that debt and leasing are substitutes rather than complements, and that the degree of substitutability is more pronounced among smaller firms, where the degree of information asymmetry is greater. More importantly, the use of a joint specification for debt and leasing improves our understanding of the determinants of the two fixed-claim financing instruments. There is also significant evidence to support the view that firm characteristics affect contracting costs which in turn impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance, namely equity, debt and leasing.
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Berthomier, Marjorie. "Du theatre a l'opera : composition dramatique et ecriture musicale au debut du xxe siecle (debussy/maeterlinck, berg/buchner, busoni)." Montpellier 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON30064.

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Pelleas et melisande et wozzeck, malgre la diversite apparente de leur ecriture musicale, ont en commun de pouvoir temoigner du rapport complexe qu'entretient cette derniere avec les textes dont berg comme debussy s'inspirent pour composer leur opera. L'etude des modifications que chacune des deux oeuvres fait subir a la piece dont elle nait le pelleas et melisande de maurice maeterlinck, le woyzeck de l'allemand georg buchner -, et l'analyse de l'ecart que prennent les musiciens avec un modele theatral auquel ils affirment pourtant vouloir se conformer, montrent une identique tension de la composition dramatique de l'opera vers l'unite - jamais assuree - de son devenir proprement musical. Cette unite, c'est ferruccio busoni qui la theorise. Apres avoir mesure, au plus pres de l'histoire et de la forme variee des textes concernes, la distance qui separe debussy de maeterlinck, et berg de buchner, on se fondera sur la lecture et l'analyse des manuscrits et des textes critiques qui accompagnent la genese du doktor faust, pour se donner la possibilite d'un ultime rapprochement entre berg et debussy. La tentative inaboutie du musicien italien - qui cherche en vain a valider dans un ultime opera son "esquisse d'une nouvelle esthetique musicale" - revele en effet quelles forces travaillent les oeuvres des compositeurs francais et autrichien. Elle offre par la le moyen de (re)mettre en contact, historique et poetique, les esthetiques de la modernite - expressionnisme, symbolisme. . . - auxquelles la musicologie rapporte, souvent dans l'exclusive, les oeuvres de berg et de debussy.
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Magitot, Émile. "Étude sur le développement et la structure des dents humaines, accompagnée de deux planches gravées sur cuivre thèse pour le doctorat en médecine présentée et soutenue le 29 décembre 1857 /." Paris : BIUM, 2003. http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/cote?TPAR1857x287.

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Ekberg, Joakim. "Värmländska förstakammarval : Konflikter och offentlighet i det plutokratiska landstinget 1866-1894." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-307.

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Idén med den svenska tvåkammarriksdagen var att Andra kammaren skulle vara den politiskt berättigade befolkningens direkta röst, medan den likaberättigade Första kammaren skulle frånhålla sig från kortsiktiga politiska schatteringar. Detta skulle genomföras genom de indirekta valen, genom nioåriga och successivt förnyade mandat, och genom ledamöternas ekonomiska oberoende, för vilket den främsta garanten var arvodeslösheten, som kvarstod fram till 1909.

Medan Första kammaren studerats ur olika synvinklar har just omsättningen i praktiken av dessa valprinciper tilldragit sig relativt liten uppmärksamhet. Var valen präglade av konflikt eller konsensus? Interagerade valkorporationerna, landstingen, på något sätt med offentligheten och den allmänna opinionen? Här studeras dessa frågor när det gäller det värmländska landstinget under åren 1866–1894. Källmaterialet utgörs av protokoll, privat korrespondens och dagstidningsartiklar.

Svaret på den första frågan är att valen successivt övergick från en konfliktsituation till en konsensussituation. De tidigaste konflikterna gällde personliga kvalifikationer eller lokalpolitiska hänsyn, till exempel i järnvägsfrågan. När partiväsendet började växa fram på 1870- och 1880-talen började vissa delar av landstinget, samt inte minst Karlstadstidningen, försöka skapa klassgemenskap bland landstingets bönder, som utgjorde nära hälften av ledamöterna. Detta misslyckades dock, delvis på grund av att majoriteten såg till att hålla samman mot denna nya situation. Tullfrågan ledde till ett stort utbyte av ledamöter, då många frihandlare tidigare suttit på Värmlandsbänken medan landstingets hade en mycket stark protektionistisk majoritet. Detta faktum, tillsammans med att det inte var frågan om någon proportionell representation och att man börjat se till att ena sig om kandidater redan vid gemensamma valmöten med provval, ledde till att valen under det tidiga 1890-talet saknade all spänning.

Angående offentligheten var tidningarna under denna tid den viktigaste kommunikationskanalen. Dessa började först i samband med partiväsendets framväxt kommentera eller försöka påverka valens utgång. Detsamma gäller insändarna från enskilda landstingsmän, som dock aldrig blir särskilt vanligt förekommande. Både Nya Wermlandstidningen och Karlstadstidningen försökte framhålla sig själva som folkets representanter och motståndarsidan som intrigant och konspirativ. Inga försök, vare sig genom ledarartiklar eller insändare, att påverka valen tycks dock ha lyckats, och efter den inledande tullstriden insåg båda tidningarna att det nuvarande systemet inte gjorde den typen av externa påtryckningar möjliga. KT började då i stället kritisera själva systemet som "barockt" och "allt utom vist". Övergången från konflikt till konsensus tycks alltså ha genomförts helt utanför den borgerliga offentlighetens sfär.


From 1867 until 1970, the Swedish people was represented by a bicameral parliament. The idea of this structure was to have the Lower House (Andra kammaren) as a direct voice of the population, or rather the part of it that possessed suffrage, while the equally powerful Upper House (Första kammaren) should ideally be a corporation void of short-term political partisanship. This was to be achieved by three measures: first, by indirect elections through the County Councils (Landsting); second, by nine-year, successively renewed mandates; and third, by the economical independence of the members, which was guaranteed by high financial demands for eligibility and by the lack of remuneration. This semi-democratic idea was mostly abandoned during the first few decades of the 20th century, but was highly active during the period studied here, 1866–1894.

There have been few studies on the realization of these principles. Were the elections marked by conflicts or by consensus? Were the preparations carried out within the semi-private sphere of the County Council, or did they involve interaction with the public sphere and the public opinion? By studying the tradition of one specific county, Värmland in western Sweden, we are able to give these questions partial answers. The study includes, apart from the officially produced material, private cor-respondence and newspaper articles.

The answer to the first question is, briefly summarized, that the elections started out marked by conflicts but gradually grew into consensus. The earliest conflicts were often local or personal in nature, and there seems to have been few successful efforts to remove these. When the emergence of a national party system during the 1870s and 1880s led to radical forces attempting to invoke class consciousness in certain groups of the Council, the majority reacted by keeping stronger together. In the largest political struggle of the late 19th century, the customs debate, the Council was more unified than ever in replacing old candidates with new ones, sharing the views of the majority. The minority interests were not allowed to gain representation due to the majority block vote system, and much weight was put in the Council's unity behind the nominees of the informal pre-election meetings.

Regarding the public sphere, its most important instances were the local newspapers. Studies of the moderately liberal Nya Wermlandstidningen (NWT) and the more radical Karlstadstidningen (KT) have shown that the newspapers did not participate in, or at all comment on, the earliest conflicts. Only with the aforementioned changes in the 1870s did KT begin attempts to influence the Council, claiming, not entirely without cause, to represent the public opinion. NWT followed suit to counter the efforts. The same timeline is valid for letters to the editors, which were sometimes sent in from indi-vidual members of the Council, but seem to have had little effect on the elections. KT soon realized that the Council was uninclined to listen to external suggestions, and that the outcome of the elections could not realistically be altered without a radical change in the representation system. In other words, the metamorphosis from conflicts to consensus took place almost entirely outside the public sphere.

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Petters, Kristin. "Betydande bokstäver : Det broderade monogrammets utformning och placering mellan 1892-2007." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15009.

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Kvinnor har under stora delar av 1900‐talet broderat monogram på hemmets textilier för att skilja tillhörigheter åt och undervika förväxling. Monogrammet hade även en prydande funktion på textilierna, som broderats mer eller mindre synliga på textilierna under åren. Ordet monogram kommer från grekiskans mono´grammos och betyder en bokstav av enbart linjer. Det broderade monogrammet består av ägarens begynnelsebokstäver eller det gifta parets gemensamma begynnelsebokstäver, vilket har varierat under tiden från en till fyra bokstäver och hela namn beroende på trender. Mönsterförlagor till monogrammen spreds via märk‐ och broderiböcker vilka ligger till grund för uppsatsen. Före märk‐ och broderiböckernas tid broderades dukar som förlagor och inspiration till kommande märkning, så kallade märkdukar. Idag är det enbart ett fåtal som dekorerar hemmets textilier med ett handbroderat monogram, troligen beror det på ett minskat behov av märkning för att skilja tillhörigheter åt, en jäktande nutid, ett minskat kunnande samt ett förändrat synsätt på textil som hållbar produkt.

Jag riktar i uppsatsen uppmärksamheten mot monogrammets funktioner, komposition och placering på hemmets textilier mellan 1892‐2007. Monogrammet är intressant att studera då det gått från självklarhet till bortglömt på drygt 100år. Uppsatsen är genomförd i en kvalitativ litteraturstudie med hermeneutikisk metod. För framtida forskning inom området är det av intresse att ta reda på hur monogrammen skiljer sig geografiskt och vilka influenser som påverkat.

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Li, Hao. "The role of CEO compensation in the cost of debt, expectations management, and the investment policy of UK firms." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3024.

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In this thesis, I explore the topic of chief executive officer (CEO) compensation in UK publicly traded firms. My objective is threefold. First of all, I investigate debt-holders‟ reaction to CEO compensation in terms of the cost of debt financing. Secondly, I examine the possible link between CEO compensation and expectation management. Thirdly, I examine whether and how the interactive relation between CEO career horizon and compensation package affects a firm‟s research and development spending. Multiple regression is employed in this thesis to investigate the causal relationship between these above mentioned aspects I‟m interested (the cost of debt, expectation management and research and development spending) and CEO compensation. I consider all major compensation components for a typical CEO in UK publicly traded firms: defined benefit pension, bonus, restricted shares, traditional stock options and performance-vested stock options. The accumulated equity incentives, such as ownership, are also examined. My major findings are as follows. First of all, I find that an increase in defined benefit pension and bonus in CEO compensation are associated with a lower bond yield spread, while an increase in stock options and ownership intensifies it. Secondly, I document that CEO equity incentives that will be vested in the following year are positively associated with the probability of employing expectation management to meet or beat financial analysts‟ forecasts about a firm‟s reporting earnings. Thirdly, I demonstrate that older CEOs will not spend less in research and development expenditures in general. However, older CEOs with more defined benefit pensions and ownership are reluctant to engage in such an investment. iii My results generate several implications for CEO compensation research. First of all, I show that debt-holders rationally incorporate the information of CEO compensation about risk-taking and risk-avoiding incentives when pricing a firm‟s publicly traded debts. Secondly, I provide the evidence that CEO compensation motivates top managers to manipulate information disclosure by employing expectation management for personal gains. Thirdly, the joint influence of CEO career horizon and compensation package on a firm‟s research and development spending is highlighted. CEO compensation motivates a short-sighed and risk-averse investment policy when top managers have a short career horizon. The first novel contribution in this thesis is the coverage of CEO pension, which is overlooked by the most of previous literature on compensation studies. Secondly, I provide the evidence that the popularity of expectation management in the UK, which is well documented in the literature, can be partly explained by CEO compensation. Finally, the interactive relation between CEO compensation and career horizon on a firm‟s investment policy is re-examined. It provides further material in the debate of career horizon problem, which has no consensus in the previous literature. Overall, this thesis generates some empirical evidence about the influence of CEO compensation on managerial behaviour. Some adverse effects of CEO compensation highlighted in this thesis may help remuneration committee to design a better pay package for top managers in the future.
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Olausson, Lisa. "Finns det Hjärterum så finns det Stjärterum : en matta att sitta på och samlas runt." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18397.

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The Swedish government has declared the year of 2006 a special Year of Mulitculture. This has inspired me to look for similarities and differences all over the world, especially the use of rug carpets. During travelling to Indonesia and a visit to the sister of the Sultan of Yogyakarta, I experienced a pleasant moment drinking chilled lemonade. We were all sitting on carpets on the floor. To sit on, and get together around a carpet, is an excellent function which we don’t do in the western world. Here we use chairs and tables, and there’s not enough room sometimes. The latter is something I want to change and develop. The purpose of this final work has been to examine how to cerate different patterns and outer shapes for woven rugs. The shapes will be formed by using PVC plastics and use it’s preferences to melt it in a certain way in order to create different shapes. My idea for this prototype is to fold it in different ways. That to get different colours, shapes, thicknesses and some level up. The patterns of my creations are inspired by the old Swedish carpenter’s tradition of ornate decorative carving. Another impotent aspect has been to get a serious cooperation with an established industry. Horredsmattan AB is a small company in the county. They have been my support in weaving, material access and ending the finish of my carpet. My project has generated two different carpets called Dubbel Lycka (Double Happiness) and Glädje (Joy). Each one can be folded and transformed in their own way. Dubbel Lycka looks like a double weaved fabric which can be folded in a large number of ways. Glädje has got a pattern that gets other expressions if you fouled it or if it is cut to pieces. Both carpets have a multipurpose function as a sittingand gettogether area. There’s always room for a friend, isn’t it?

Program: Textildesignutbildningen

Uppsatsnivå: C

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Books on the topic "Debt, 1897"

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Hakan, Sağlam Mehmet, ed. Osmanlı borç yönetimi: Düyûn-ı Umumiyye, 1879-1891. Beşiktaş, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2007.

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Ferns, H. S. A question of debt: The Baring crisis in Anglo-Argentine history 1890-1896. [s.l.]: [the Author], 1990.

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Carola, Durán Tort, ed. Propostes del catalanisme intransigent: Debat sobre Espanya, Cuba i Catalunya (1890-1899). Barcelona: R. Dalmau, 1999.

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Politics, markets, and Mexico's "London debt," 1823-1887. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Rasmussen, Jewell J. History of Utah's first century of taxation and public debt, 1896-1995. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, 1996.

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Aubrey, Bryan. Watchmen of eternity: Blake's debt to Jacob Boehme. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986.

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Debat-Ponsan, Édouard Bernard. Dans la lumière de l'impressionnisme: Édouard Debat-Ponsan 1847-1913. Paris: Mare & Martin, 2014.

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Finnseth, Asle. Engasjert for mennesket: Innsteg i Diakonhjemmets historie 1890-2000. Oslo]: Forl. Snorre, 2005.

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Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France. and France. Ministère de l'économie, des finances et de l'industrie., eds. Emprunts russes et investissements français en Russie, 1887-1914. Paris: Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France, 1999.

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Maria Rosa N. Carrion- Buck. 113 years of the Department of Justice, its historical past & pathfinding present, 1897-2010. Manila, Philippines: Dept. of Justice ; in partnership with Seagull Philippines, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Debt, 1897"

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Tunçer, Ali Coşkun. "Financial Supervision and Political Resistance: Greece, 1879–1914." In Sovereign Debt and International Financial Control, 100–122. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137378545_6.

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Wang, Liangcheng, and Yi Zhu. "Green Credit Policy and the Maturity of Corporate Debt." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1709–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1837-4_138.

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Wang, Hong, Jie Huang, and Huiyu Li. "Local Government Debt Risk, Fiscal Expenditure Efficiency and Economic Growth." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1565–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1837-4_127.

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Weller, Leonardo. "Rothschilds’ Troubled Republic: Brazil, 1889–1898." In Sovereign Debt Crises and Negotiations in Brazil and Mexico, 1888-1914, 59–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73633-4_4.

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Ahmed, Shariq, and Asif Kamran. "Impact of Military Spending on External Debt in Indebt Developing Countries: A Cross Country Analysis." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1505–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1837-4_122.

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Weller, Leonardo. "Rothschilds and Coffee Finance: Brazil, 1898–1914." In Sovereign Debt Crises and Negotiations in Brazil and Mexico, 1888-1914, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73633-4_5.

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Weller, Leonardo. "From Defaults to Redemption: Mexico, 1821–1890." In Sovereign Debt Crises and Negotiations in Brazil and Mexico, 1888-1914, 105–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73633-4_6.

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Weller, Leonardo. "The Bankers’ Beloved Dictatorship: Mexico, 1890–1910." In Sovereign Debt Crises and Negotiations in Brazil and Mexico, 1888-1914, 127–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73633-4_7.

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Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. "Afterword." In Divine Style, 337–50. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0357.07.

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The main aim of this study is to measure the KJB’s impact on Whitman’s poetic style, especially as it is developing in the immediate run-up to the 1855 Leaves and during the period of the first three editions more generally. The style of Whitman’s later poems shifts dramatically in places (e.g., shorter lines, more conventional punctuation, less aversion to stock phrases) and a full accounting of the stylistic debt Whitman owes to the English Bible would require an equally substantial engagement with these later materials. This brief “Afterword” gestures toward this fuller accounting to come through a reading of Whitman’s late (and posthumously published) “Death’s Valley” (1889), a poem simultaneously provoked by George Inness’s painting, “The Valley of the Shadow of Death” (1867) and the psalm of the latter’s inspiration, including that most mesmerizing of the KJB’s mistranslations, “the valley of the shadow of death,” which Whitman deftly (and unbiblically) rephrases in his title.
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Conte, Giampaolo. "Credit, Debt and Power: Italian Foreign Policy in the Heavily Indebted Muslim Mediterranean Countries (1867–1914)." In Italy and the Suez Canal, from the Mid-nineteenth Century to the Cold War, 193–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88255-6_12.

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Reports on the topic "Debt, 1897"

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Pérez, Timoteo, Unai San Miguel, Antonio Corral, and Iñigo Isusi. Contribución de las empresas al desarrollo en Latinoamérica. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009808.

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Esta publicación analiza las actividades que realizan las empresas pertenecientes a cuatro clusters productivos en Argentina, Brasil, Chile y El Salvador y su grado de consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en sus regiones de influencia. En septiembre de 2000, en la "Cumbre del Milenio" de las Naciones Unidas, 147 Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno y un total de 189 países declararon su compromiso de hacer realidad para todos tanto el derecho al desarrollo como a la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de toda la especie humana. En esta misma Cumbre, los países participantes reconocieron que el progreso debe basarse en un crecimiento económico sostenible que debe concentrarse en los pobres y, particularmente, en los derechos humanos. El objetivo último de este trabajo es analizar la contribución que los grupos empresariales responsables están realizando para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio (ODM) en Latinoamérica. Se trata, en definitiva, de conocer cómo las empresas contribuyen a la mejora de los estándares sociales así como efectuar recomendaciones para alinear las operaciones empresariales con los ODM.
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