Journal articles on the topic 'Death rates and cause'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Death rates and cause.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Death rates and cause.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Artac Ozdal, Macide, and Seda Behlul. "Causes of Deaths in Northern Cyprus: Implications for Accurate Recording and Prevention of Deaths." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010014.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Reporting the causes of deaths completely and correctly is important to develop interventions for reducing death rates in populations. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the death rates, major causes of deaths and accuracy of recording of death causes in Northern Cyprus between 2007 and 2016. Methods: Data on death rates and causes of deaths between 2007 and 2016 were collected. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 vs to determine the trends in death rates and to evaluate the ranking of causes of deaths. Results: There was an overall decrease in crude death rates between 2007 and 2016. The proportion of deaths in Northern Cyprus varied in terms of gender and age between 2007 and 2016, with death rates greater in males compared to females (1.89 times greater in 2007) and with higher death rates in people of older ages compared to younger people. The most common cause of death was ischemic heart diseases in all years, except in 2008, where senility was reported as the most common cause of death. Conclusion: There were decreasing trends in mortality rates in Northern Cyprus, with ischemic heart diseases reported as the top cause of deaths in the population. Accurate and complete reporting must be ensured for effective health policies and reduction of health expenditures.
2
Adih, William K., Richard M. Selik, H. Irene Hall, Aruna Surendera Babu, and Ruiguang Song. "Associations and Trends in Cause-Specific Rates of Death Among Persons Reported with HIV Infection, 23 U.S. Jurisdictions, Through 2011." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010144.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Published death rates for persons with HIV have not distinguished deaths due to HIV from deaths due to other causes. Cause-specific death rates would allow better assessment of care needs. Methods: Using data reported to the US national HIV surveillance system, we examined a) associations between selected decedent characteristics and causes of death during 2007-2011, b) trends in rates of death due to underlying causes among persons with AIDS during 1990-2011, and among all persons with diagnosed HIV infection (with or without AIDS) during 2000-2011. Results: During 2007-2011, non-HIV-attributable causes of death with the highest rates per 1,000 person-years were heart disease (2.0), non-AIDS cancers other than lung cancer (1.4), and accidents (0.8). During 1990-2011, among persons with AIDS, the annual rate of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased by 89% (from 122.0 to 13.2), and the rate due to non-HIV-attributable-causes decreased by 57% (from 20.0 to 8.6), while the percentage of deaths caused by non-HIV-attributable causes increased from 11% to 43%. During 2000-2011, among persons with HIV infection, the rate of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased by 69% (from 26.4 to 8.3), and the rate due to non-HIV-attributable causes decreased by 28% (from 10.5 to 7.6), while the percentage of deaths caused by non-HIV-attributable causes increased from 25% to 48%. Conclusion: Among HIV-infected persons, as rates of death due to HIV-attributable causes decreased, rates due to non-HIV-attributable causes also decreased, but the percentages of deaths due to non-HIV-attributable causes, such as heart disease and non-AIDS cancers increased.
3
Oh, Hyo Jung, Donng Min Yang, Chong Hyuck Kim, Jae Gyu Jeon, Nam Hyung Jung, Chan Young Kim, Jürgen Symanzik, et al. "Exploring Mortality Rates for Major Causes of Death in Korea." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010016.
Full textAbstract:
Background:The trends and patterns of the mortality rates for causes of death are meaningful information. They can provide a basis for national demographic and health care policies by identifying the number, causes, and geographical distribution of deaths.Objective:To explore and analyze the characteristics of the mortality rates for major causes of death in Korea.Methods:Some common data analysis methods were used to describe the data. We also used some visualization techniques such as heat maps and line plots to present mortality rates by gender, age, and year.Results:Our analysis shows the crude mortality rates have continually decreased over the last 25 years from 1983, though they have increased slightly since 2006. In addition, the top eight causes of death accounted for 80% of all Korean deaths in 2015. During the period 2005-2015, the leading cause of death was cancer in male and circulatory diseases in female. The trend for respiratory diseases shows a steep upward trend in males, while a similar trend can be observed for respiratory and nervous system diseases in females.Conclusion:The deaths for circulatory, respiratory, nervous system, digestive, and infectious diseases are the highest in the age 80 to 84, while cancer is the leading cause of death for ages 75 to 79. In addition, the mortality rates for circulatory, nervous, and respiratory diseases increase rapidly after the age of 80. Therefore, policies on health and welfare for the elderly are getting more and more important.
4
Nwancha, Andy-Bleck, Eduardo Alvarado, Jiali Ma, Richard F. Gillum, and Kakra Hughes. "Atherosclerotic Peripheral Artery Disease in the United States: Gender and Ethnic Variation in a Multiple Cause-of-Death Analysis." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 54, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574420928158.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an important cause of morbidity in the United States. In this article, we conducted a multiple cause-of-death analysis of PAD to determine patterns and trends in its contribution to mortality. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics data were used to determine the number of deaths with the following 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes selected as an underlying cause of death (UCOD) or a contributing cause considering multiple causes of death (MCOD): 170.2, 170.9, 173.9, 174.3, and 174.4. The age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population by age, gender, race, ethnicity, and region were computed for the United States between the years 1999 and 2017. In these years, there were 47 728 569 deaths from all causes. Results: In 1999 to 2017 combined, there were a total of 311 175 deaths associated with PAD as an UCOD. However, there were 1 361 253 deaths with PAD listed as an UCOD or a contributing cause in MCOD, which is 4.3 times higher than UCOD. Age-adjusted MCOD rates were higher in males (25.6) than in females (19.4). Among non-Hispanics, the rate in African American males and females was 1.2 times higher than in Caucasians. Age-adjusted MCOD rates have declined in African Americans and Caucasians irrespective of gender from 2000 to 2017. Conclusion: Peripheral artery disease is mentioned 4 times as often on death certificates as a contributing cause of death as it is chosen as the UCOD. Overall, age-adjusted MCOD rates were higher in African Americans than Caucasians, males than females, and declined between 2000 and 2017.
5
Bressler, Sara S., Dana Bruden, Leisha D. Nolen, Michael G. Bruce, Lisa Towshend-Bulson, Philip Spradling, and Brian J. McMahon. "Mortality among Alaska Native Adults with Confirmed Hepatitis C Virus Infection Compared with the General Population in Alaska, 1995–2016." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022 (February 8, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2573545.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence rates in the United States have increased since 2010 as a byproduct of the opioid crisis despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents in 2013. HCV infection is associated with higher rates of liver-related and nonhepatic causes of death. Methods. This study compared demographic characteristics and age-adjusted death rates from 1995 to 2016 among Alaska Native (AN) adults infected with HCV (AK-HepC) to rates among the AN and non-AN adult populations living in Alaska. Liver-related disease (LRD) and other disease-specific age-adjusted death rates were compared between the populations. Results. The all-cause death rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 2.2- and 3.4-fold higher than AN and non-AN adults, respectively, and remained stable over time in all populations. The LRD death rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 18- and 11-fold higher than the non-AN and AN, respectively. The liver cancer rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 26-fold higher compared to the Alaska statewide population. The AK-HepC cohort had elevated rates of death associated with nonhepatic diseases with circulatory disease having the highest rate in all populations. Among liver cancer deaths in the AK-HepC cohort, 32% had HCV listed as a contributing cause of death on the death certificate. Conclusions. Death rates in the AK-HepC cohort remained stable since 1995 and higher compared to the general population. People with HCV infection had an elevated risk for all-cause, liver-related, and nonhepatic causes of death. Hepatitis C infection may be underrepresented as a cause of mortality in the United States.
6
Peterson, Mark D., Allecia M. Wilson, and Edward A. Hurvitz. "Underlying Causes of Death among Adults with Cerebral Palsy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 6333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216333.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The objective of this study was to examine temporal trends in cerebral palsy (CP) as the underlying cause of death overall. Methods: National cohort from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database from 1999 to 2019. The underlying cause of death was determined using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10 code G80, Infantile CP) based on death certificate adjudication. Crude mortality rates, age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs), and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for adults with CP from 1999 to 2019. Results: Between 1999 and 2019, there were 25,138 deaths where CP was listed as the underlying cause. There was a steady increase in deaths attributable to CP in both crude mortality rates and AAMRs from 1999 to 2019, with the highest rates occurring in 2019. The highest co-occurring causes of death were other diseases of the nervous system (36.4%), diseases of the respiratory system (17.2%), symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings (15.3%), and diseases of the circulatory system (8.2%). Conclusions: Labeling a cause of death as CP must be accompanied by other mechanisms leading to death in this population.
7
Raknes, Guttorm, Marianne Sørlie Strøm, Gerhard Sulo, Simon Øverland, Mathieu Roelants, and Petur Benedikt Juliusson. "Lockdown and non-COVID-19 deaths: cause-specific mortality during the first wave of the 2020 pandemic in Norway: a population-based register study." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e050525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050525.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo explore the potential impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on all cause and cause-specific mortality in Norway.DesignPopulation-based register study.SettingThe Norwegian cause of Death Registry and the National Population Register of Norway.ParticipantsAll recorded deaths in Norway from March to May from 2010 to 2020.Main outcome measuresRate (per 100 000) of all-cause mortality and causes of death in the European Shortlist for Causes of Death from March to May 2020. The rates were age standardised and adjusted to a 100% register coverage and compared with a 95% prediction interval (PI) from linear regression based on corresponding rates for 2010–2019.Results113 710 deaths were included, of which 10 226 were from 2020. We did not observe any deviation from predicted total mortality. There were fewer than predicted deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases excluding asthma (11.4, 95% PI 11.8 to 15.2) and from other non-ischaemic, non-rheumatic heart diseases (13.9, 95% PI 14.5 to 20.2). The death rates were higher than predicted for Alzheimer’s disease (7.3, 95% PI 5.5 to 7.3) and diabetes mellitus (4.1, 95% PI 2.1 to 3.4).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in the frequency of the major causes of death in the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Norway compared with corresponding periods 2010–2019. There was an increase in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s deaths. Reduced mortality due to some heart and lung conditions may be linked to infection control measures.
8
Ward, Mark, Peter May, Robert Briggs, Triona McNicholas, Charles Normand, Rose Anne Kenny, and Anne Nolan. "Linking death registration and survey data: Procedures and cohort profile for The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing." HRB Open Research 3 (July 8, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13083.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Research on mortality at the population level has been severely restricted by an absence of linked death registration and survey data in Ireland. We describe the steps taken to link death registration information with survey data from a nationally representative prospective study of community-dwelling older adults. We also provide a profile of decedents among this cohort and compare mortality rates to population-level mortality data. Finally, we compare the utility of analysing underlying versus contributory causes of death. Methods: Death records were obtained for 779 (90.3% of all confirmed deaths at that time) and linked to individual level survey data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Results: Overall, 9.1% of participants died during the nine-year follow-up period and the average age at death was 75.3 years. Neoplasms were identified as the underlying cause of death for 37.0%; 32.9% of deaths were attributable to diseases of the circulatory system; 14.4% due to diseases of the respiratory system; while the remaining 15.8% of deaths occurred due to all other causes. Mortality rates among younger TILDA participants closely aligned with those observed in the population but TILDA mortality rates were slightly lower in the older age groups. Contributory cause of death provides similar estimates as underlying cause when we examined the association between smoking and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Conclusions: This new data infrastructure provides many opportunities to contribute to our understanding of the social, behavioural, economic, and health antecedents to mortality and to inform public policies aimed at addressing inequalities in mortality and end-of-life care.
9
Anderson, C., J. Connelly, Eve C. Johnstone, and D. G. C. Owens. "V. Cause of Death." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, S13 (October 1991): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296335.
Full textAbstract:
High mortality rates among schizophrenic patients from infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, pneumonia and gastro-enteritis, reported for periods up to the 1940s were shown not to be specific for schizophrenia, but were characteristic of the mental hospital population as a whole (Alstrom, 1942). Studies covering more recent times confirm the decline and virtual disappearance of mortality from tuberculosis (Baldwin, 1979), but an extensive literature continues to emphasise the relatively high mortality of the mentally ill, including those defined as schizophrenic (Innes & Millar, 1970; Tsuang & Woolson, 1977), and more recent record linkage studies (Herrman et al, 1983; Allebeck & Wistedt, 1986) have continued to show an excess of both natural and unnatural deaths. Long follow-up studies of reasonably large groups of well documented cases are relatively uncommon in this area and therefore the 532 cases in the Harrow study were carefully followed up from the point of view of the occurrence and cause of death.
10
Rasheed, Hiba A., Huda Al Jadiry, and Eman A. Al-Kaseer. "Neonatal mortality rates at Al-Sadar city 2015 – 2019." Technium BioChemMed 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v3i2.6430.
Full textAbstract:
Neonatal mortality is an index for newborn care and maternal health care. It is a useful indicator for obstetrical and neonatal healthcare services quality and availability. It is influenced by environmental, economic and social factors. Therefore, it is a measure of socio-economic status and health system. The study was a cross sectional one. It was conducted at Al Resafa side in Baghdad city. The requested data were reviewed from medical records (sex, cause of death, etc.). Chi-square was used to show the impact of dependent variables (death causes) on the independent variables (sex, and type of neonatal death). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed number of neonatal deaths per 1000 livebirths ranged from 19.30-19.08 per 1000 livebirths between 2015 - 2019 respectively. Males had the highest neonatal deaths through studied years (54.8%, 54.5%, 56.4%, 57.2%, and 59 respectively). Prematurity (487, 32.1%), and respiratory distress syndrome (387, 25.5%) were significantly the common causes of early neonatal deaths. Sepsis (216, 30.1%), and respiratory distress syndrome (149, 20.8%) were significantly the main late neonatal deaths causes (kh 2= 429.582, p value = 0.001). Both males and females mainly died from prematurity (340, 285; 27%, 29.2% respectively). The distribution of causes of neonatal death were significantly varied between sexes (kh2= 20.782, p value= 0.001). In conclusions, neonatal mortality rate is high in the studied period. Two thirds of neonatal death occurred early.
11
Russolillo, Maria. "Tackling non-communicable diseases by a forecasting model for critical illness cover." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(2).2016.01.
Full textAbstract:
Non-communicable diseases are the most frequent causes of death in most countries in the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific. In the African Region, there are still more deaths from infectious diseases than NCDs. WHO projections show that NCDs will be responsible for a significantly increased total number of deaths in the next decade (WHO, 2014). In this context, the market of illness insurance is strongly being developed, allowing policyholders to reduce the financial impact of diseases. Indeed, critical illness insurance typically provides a payment of a lump sum in the event of the person insured suffering a condition covered under the policy. In other words, the insured receives a fixed sum on the diagnosis of a specified list of critical illnesses. The contract terms may also be structured to pay out regular income cash-flows on the policyholder. In general, since the policy face amount has to be paid on diagnosis, the incidence rates or diagnosis rates have to be accurately estimated. The research is here developed around the following focal and original points: • the estimation of the diagnosis rates by means of an analysis by cause of death for obtaining cause-specific diagnosis rates: in particular, the author modelі the probability of death by cause as a proxy of the estimate of the diagnosis rates; • the cause-specific death rates are modelled by a stratified stochastic model for avoiding the durable problem in literature of the dependence among different causes of death; • a fair valuation framework is adopted for pricing a specific product of critical illness insurance. The analysis is completed by empirical findings
12
DeGiorgio, Christopher M., Ashley Curtis, Armen Carapetian, Dominic Hovsepian, Anusha Krishnadasan, and Daniela Markovic. "Why are epilepsy mortality rates rising in the United States? A population-based multiple cause-of-death study." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e035767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035767.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionEpilepsy mortality rates are rising. It is unknown whether rates are rising due to an increase in epilepsy prevalence, changes in epilepsy causes of death, increase in the lethality or epilepsy or failures of treatment. To address these questions, we compare epilepsy mortality rates in the USA with all-cause and all-neurological mortality for the years 1999 to 2017.ObjectivesTo determine changes in US epilepsy mortality rates versus all-cause mortality, and to evaluate changes in the leading causes of death in people with epilepsy.DesignRetrospective population-based multiple cause-of-death study.Primary outcomeChange in age-adjusted epilepsy mortality rates compared with mortality rates for all-cause and all-neurological mortality.Secondary outcomeChanges in the leading causes of death in epilepsy.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2017, epilepsy mortality rates in the USA increased 98.8%, from 5.83 per million in 1999 to 11.59 per million (95% CI 88.2%–110.0%), while all-cause mortality declined 16.4% from 8756.34 per million to 7319.17 per million (95% CI 16.3% to 16.6%). For the same period, all-neurological mortality increased 80.8% from 309.21 to 558.97 per million (95% CI 79.4%–82.1%). The proportion of people with epilepsy who died due to neoplasms, vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s increased by 52.3%, 210.1% and 216.8%, respectively. During the same period, the proportion who died due to epilepsy declined 27.1%, while ischaemic heart disease as a cause of death fell 42.6% (p<0.001).ConclusionsEpilepsy mortality rates in the USA increased significantly from 1999 to 2017. Likely causes include increases in all-neurological mortality, increased epilepsy prevalence and changes in the underlying causes of death in epilepsy, led by increases in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s. An important finding is that ischaemic heart disease and epilepsy itself are declining as underlying causes of death in people with epilepsy.
13
Santo, Augusto Hasiak. "Cysticercosis-related mortality in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1985-2004: a study using multiple causes of death." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, no. 12 (December 2007): 2917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200013.
Full textAbstract:
Cysticercosis-related mortality has not been studied in Brazil. Deaths recorded in the State of São Paulo from 1985 to 2004 in which cysticercosis was mentioned on any line or in any part of the death certificate were studied. Causes of death were processed using the Multiple Cause Tabulator. Over this 20-year period, cysticercosis was identified in 1,570 deaths: as the underlying cause in 1,131 and as an associated cause of death in 439. Standardized mortality rates with cysticercosis as the underlying cause showed a downward trend and were higher among men and older individuals. Intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, and cerebrovascular diseases were the main associated causes in deaths due to cysticercosis. AIDS was the principal underlying cause of death in which cysticercosis was an associated cause. The counties (municipalities) with the most cysticercosis-related deaths were São Paulo, Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, and Santo André. Wide variation was observed between counties regarding the value ascribed to cysticercosis as the underlying cause of death. This leads to underestimation of the disease's importance in planning health interventions.
14
Samorodskaya, I. "Cause-of-death coding as a factor influencing mortality rates from individual causes." Vrach 32, no. 5 (2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2021-05-04.
Full text
15
Brown, Tyler S., Kathryn Dubowski, Madia Plitt, Laura Falci, Erica Lee, Mary Huynh, Yoko Furuya, and Neil M. Vora. "Erroneous Reporting of Deaths Attributed to Pneumonia and Influenza at 2 New York City Teaching Hospitals, 2013-2014." Public Health Reports 135, no. 6 (October 8, 2020): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920953209.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives Cause-of-death information, reported by frontline clinicians after a patient’s death, is an irreplaceable source of public health data. However, systematic bias in cause-of-death reporting can lead to over- or underestimation of deaths attributable to different causes. New York City consistently reports higher rates of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza than many other US cities and the country. We investigated systematic erroneous reporting as a possible explanation for this phenomenon. Methods We reviewed all deaths from 2 New York City hospitals during 2013-2014 in which pneumonia or influenza was reported as the underlying cause of death (n = 188), and we examined the association between erroneous reporting and multiple extrinsic factors that may influence cause-of-death reporting (patient demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities, time and hospital location of death, type of medical provider reporting the death, and availability of certain diagnostic information). Results Pneumonia was erroneously reported as the underlying cause of death in 163 (86.7%) reports. We identified heart disease and dementia as the more likely underlying cause of death in 21% and 17% of erroneously reported deaths attributable to pneumonia, respectively. We found no significant association between erroneous reporting and the multiple extrinsic factors examined. Conclusions Our results underscore how erroneous reporting of 1 condition can lead to underreporting of other causes of death. Misapplication or misunderstanding of procedures by medical providers, rather than extrinsic factors influencing the reporting process, are key drivers of erroneous cause-of-death reporting.
16
Drapkina, O. M., I. V. Samorodskaya, I. S. Yavelov, V. V. Kashtalap, and O. I. Barbarash. "Regional differences in cardiac mortality rates in Russia: the role of statistical features." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 20, no. 7 (November 28, 2021): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2928.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To analyze the contribution of cardiac causes to all-cause mortality, to characterize the differences in standardized mortality rates (SMRs) in Russian regions, as well as to identify promising directions for improving establishment of cardiovascular death and its coding.Material and methods. We used the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) data on the mortality rate and the average annual population in one-year age groups for 2019. To calculate the SMR, the European Standard Population was used. For each cardiac death, the SMR from 23 causes was calculated, which were combined into 4 groups, and for each of these groups, the regional mean and standard deviation of SMR in Russian regions were estimated.Results. In 2019, the cardiac SMR in Russian regions was 301,02±77,67, which corresponded to 30,5±5,8% of all death causes. At the same time, the coefficient of variation of regional cardiac SMR was 25,8%. In general, in 60,9±13,8% of cases, the cause of cardiac death was chronic diseases, mainly related to atherosclerosis. The proportion of deaths from acute types of coronary artery disease was 17,3±9,7%, deaths not associated with atherosclerosis (heart defects, myocardial diseases, etc.) — 17,5±8,2%, deaths associated with hypertension — 4,2±5,2%. The coefficient of variation of regional SMR was 34,66, 64,47, 50,99 and 122,7, respectively.Conclusion. Significant regional differences in SMR from certain cardiac causes and groups of causes, as well as their contribution to mortality pattern, were revealed. It is necessary to continue the research on the methodology of statistical recording of certain cardiovascular diseases.
17
Jones, D. R., and P. O. Goldblatt. "Cause of death in widow(er)s and spouses." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016667.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryMany studies have suggested that following the experience of ‘stressful’ life events the risks of accidents, myocardial infarctions and other diseases are elevated. In the OPCS Longitudinal Study, routinely collected data on deaths, and deaths of a spouse occurring in a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales in the period 1971–81 are linked together, and with 1971 Census records of sample members. The timing and patterns of death following the very stressful event of conjugal bereavement may thus be analysed.Overall the mortality of widowers was about 10% in excess of that in all males in the sample whereas that of widows was only slightly raised. Some increases in death rates shortly after widow(er)hood are observed. Unusually, these increases in all-cause mortality rates are more marked in widows than in widowers, with a two-fold increase in mortality from all causes in the first month after widowhood. Marked peaks of post-bereavement mortality from accidents and violent causes are clear in both sexes. Possible explanations for the increased mortality rates are examined.
18
Levy, Marina Ros, Valtyr Thors, Sigríður Haralds Elínardottir, Alma D. Moller, and Asgeir Haraldsson. "Decreasing death rates and causes of death in Icelandic children—A longitudinal analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): e0257536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257536.
Full textAbstract:
Background Global death rate in children has been declining during the last decades worldwide, especially in high income countries. This has been attributed to several factors, including improved prenatal and perinatal care, immunisations, infection management as well as progress in diagnosis and treatment of most diseases. However, there is certainly room for further progress. The aim of the current study was to describe the changes in death rates and causes of death in Iceland, a high-income country during almost half a century. Methods The Causes of Death Register at The Directorate of Health was used to identify all children under the age of 18 years in Iceland that died during the study period from January 1st, 1971 until December 31st, 2018. Using Icelandic national identification numbers, individuals could be identified for further information. Hospital records, laboratory results and post-mortem diagnosis could be accessed if cause of death was unclear. Findings Results showed a distinct decrease in death rates in children during the study period that was continuous over the whole period. This was established for almost all causes of death and in all age groups. This reduction was primarily attributed to a decrease in fatal accidents and fewer deaths due to infections, perinatal or congenital disease as well as malignancies, the reduction in death rates from other causes was less distinct. Childhood suicide rates remained constant. Interpretation Our results are encouraging for further prevention of childhood deaths. In addition, our results emphasise the need to improve measures to detect and treat mental and behavioural disorders leading to childhood suicide.
19
Lona, Elia Lara, Christian Andrés Díaz-Chávez, Gilberto Flores -Vargas, Nicolás Padilla Raygoza, Efraín Navarro Olivos, Francisco Javier Martínez-García, and Daniel Alberto Díaz-Martínez. "Characterization of Excess Death in the Mexican State of Guanajuato, During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2356.
Full textAbstract:
Due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which causes COVID-19, the total number of annual deaths increased in Mexico during 2020. To analyze the mortality in the Mexican state of Guanajuato from 2015 to 2020, we designed an ecological study. We used the registries of deaths in the vital statistics database of the Epidemiological and Statistical Subsystem of Deaths that includes age, sex, cause of death, epidemiological week of death as variables. Mortality Rates, Rates Ratios, Difference of Rates, Adjusted Mortality Rates, Adjusted Rates Ratios, and Difference of Rates were computed as part of the statistical analysis. To show the patterns regarding deaths in Guanajuato Sate from 2015 to 2020, we also calculated some dendrograms. The difference between the number of deaths in 2020 and 2019 is 13,286, while, in previous years, the differences were under 3000. The percentage of males that died (59.30%) shows an increment in 2020. Also, the mean age increased in 2020 (62.9 ± 22.56). The gender ratio of deaths (males/females) is greater than 1 in all the age groups except for those over 80. The age and geographic patterns of deaths changed in 2020. The 3rd cause of death among the top 10 leading causes is COVID-19. It has been detected an excess of mortality in 2020, although the integrity of the record is questionable since COVID-19 is an emergent disease. The highest effect is observed among males and older people. This situation has changed the age and geographic patterns of death in Guanajuato state. The long-term consequences on society remain to be observed.
20
Ingvarsson, R. F., A. J. Landgren, A. A. Bengtsson, and A. Jönsen. "Good survival rates in systemic lupus erythematosus in southern Sweden, while the mortality rate remains increased compared with the population." Lupus 28, no. 12 (September 24, 2019): 1488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203319877947.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To ascertain the mortality rate and causes of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) within a defined region in southern Sweden during the time period 1981–2014 and determine whether these have changed over time. Methods In 1981, a prospective observation study of patients with SLE was initiated in southern Sweden. All incident SLE patients within a defined geographic area were identified using previously validated methods including diagnosis and immunology registers. Patients with a confirmed SLE diagnosis were then followed prospectively at the Department of Rheumatology in Lund. Clinical data was collected at regular visits. Patients were recruited from 1981 to 2006 and followed until 2014. The patient cohort was split into two groups based on the year of diagnosis to determine secular trends. Causes of death were retrieved from medical records and from the cause of death registry at The National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden. Results In all, 175 patients were diagnosed with SLE during the study period. A total of 60 deaths occurred during a total of 3053 years of follow-up. In the first half of the study inclusion period 46 patients died, compared with 14 in the latter. The majority of patients (51.7%) died of cardiovascular disease. Infections caused 15% of the deaths and malignancy was the cause of death in 13.3% of patients. SLE was the main cause of death for 6.7% of the patients and a contributing factor for half of the patients. Standardized mortality ratio was increased in patients by a factor of 2.5 compared with the general population. Deaths occurred at an even rate throughout the whole observation period. No significant difference in standardized mortality ratio was observed between genders but was increased in older female patients. Furthermore, secular mortality trends were not identified. Conclusions In this long-term epidemiologic follow-up study of incident SLE, we report a substantially raised mortality rate amongst SLE patients compared with the general population. The mortality rates have not changed significantly during the observation period that spanned three decades. The main cause of death was cardiovascular disease and this finding was consistent over time.
21
Paulukonis, Susan, Todd Griffin, Mei Zhou, James R. Eckman, Robert Hagar, Angela Bauer Snyder, Lisa Feuchtbaum, Althea M. Grant, and Mary Hulihan. "Sickle Cell Disease Mortality in California and Georgia 2004-2008." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.439.439.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract On-going public health surveillance efforts in sickle cell disease (SCD) are critical for understanding the course and outcomes of this disease over time. Once nearly universally fatal by adolescence, many patients are living well into adulthood and sometimes into retirement years. Previous SCD mortality estimates have relied on data from death certificates alone or from deaths of patients receiving care in high volume hematology clinics, resulting in gaps in reporting and potentially biased conclusions. The Registry and Surveillance System for Hemoglobinopathies (RuSH) project collected and linked population-based surveillance data on SCD in California and Georgia from a variety of sources for years 2004-2008. These data sources included administrative records, newborn screening reports and health insurance claims as well as case reports of adult and pediatric patients receiving care in the following large specialty treatment centers: Georgia Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Georgia Regents University, Georgia Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Grady Health Systems and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta in Georgia, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland in California. Cases identified from these combined data sources were linked to death certificates in CA and GA for the same years. Among 12,143 identified SCD cases, 640 were linked to death certificates. Combined SCD mortality rates by age group at time of death are compared to combined mortality rates for all African Americans living in CA and GA. (Figure 1). SCD death rates among children up to age 14 and among adults 65 and older were very similar to those of the overall African American population. In contrast, death rates from young adulthood to midlife were substantially higher in the SCD population. Overall, only 55% of death certificates linked to the SCD cases had SCD listed in any of the cause of death fields. Thirty-four percent (CA) and 37% (GA) had SCD as the underlying cause of death. An additional 22% and 20% (CA and GA, respectively) had underlying causes of death that were not unexpected for SCD patients, including related infections such as septicemia, pulmonary/cardiac causes of death, renal failure and stroke. The remaining 44% (CA) and 43% (GA) had underlying causes of death that were either not related to SCD (e.g., malignancies, trauma) or too vague to be associated with SCD (e.g., generalized pulmonary or cardiac causes of death. Figure 2 shows the number of deaths by state, age group at death and whether the underlying cause of death was SCD specific, potentially related to SCD or not clearly related to SCD. While the number of deaths was too small to use for life expectancy calculations, there were more deaths over age 40 than under age 40 during this five year period. This effort represents a novel, population-based approach to examine mortality in SCD patients. These data suggest that the use of death certificates alone to identify deceased cases may not capture all-cause mortality among all SCD patients. Additional years of surveillance are needed to provide better estimates of current life expectancy and the ability to track and monitor changes in mortality over time. On-going surveillance of the SCD population is required to monitor changes in mortality and other outcomes in response to changes in treatments, standards of care and healthcare policy and inform advocacy efforts. This work was supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, cooperative agreement numbers U50DD000568 and U50DD001008. Figure 1: SCD-Specific & Overall African American Mortality Rates in CA and GA, 2004 – 2008. Figure 1:. SCD-Specific & Overall African American Mortality Rates in CA and GA, 2004 – 2008. Figure 2: Deaths (Count) Among Individuals with SCD in CA and GA, by Age Group and Underlying Cause of Death, 2004-2008 (N=615) Figure 2:. Deaths (Count) Among Individuals with SCD in CA and GA, by Age Group and Underlying Cause of Death, 2004-2008 (N=615) Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
22
Menezes, Ana M. B., Fernando C. Barros, Bernardo L. Horta, Alicia Matijasevich, Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi, Paula D. Oliveira, Cesar G. Victora, et al. "Stillbirth, newborn and infant mortality: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982–2015." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, Supplement_1 (March 18, 2019): i54—i62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy129.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Infant-mortality rates have been declining in many low- and middle-income countries, including Brazil. Information on causes of death and on socio-economic inequalities is scarce. Methods Four birth cohorts were carried out in the city of Pelotas in 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015, each including all hospital births in the calendar year. Surveillance in hospitals and vital registries, accompanied by interviews with doctors and families, detected fetal and infant deaths and ascertained their causes. Late-fetal (stillbirth)-, neonatal- and post-neonatal-death rates were calculated. Results All-cause and cause-specific death rates were reduced. During the study period, stillbirths fell by 47.8% (from 16.1 to 8.4 per 1000), neonatal mortality by 57.0% (from 20.1 to 8.7) and infant mortality by 62.0% (from 36.4 to 13.8). Perinatal causes were the leading causes of death in the four cohorts; deaths due to infectious diseases showed the largest reductions, with diarrhoea causing 25 deaths in 1982 and none in 2015. Late-fetal-, neonatal- and infant-mortality rates were higher for children born to Brown or Black women and to low-income women. Absolute socio-economic inequalities based on income—expressed in deaths per 1000 births—were reduced over time but relative inequalities—expressed as ratios of mortality rates—tended to remain stable. Conclusion The observed improvements are likely due to progress in social determinants of health and expansion of health care. In spite of progress, current levels remain substantially greater than those observed in high-income countries, and social and ethnic inequalities persist.
23
Marinkovic, Ivan. "Classifying countries according to leading causes of death in the world at the beginning of the 21st century." Stanovnistvo 48, no. 1 (2010): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1001075m.
Full textAbstract:
Cause mortality of a population is an important segment in the analysis of mortality, because it sums up all factors which influence death indicators on a certain territory in a direct way. At the beginning of the 21st century, the situation is not the same everywhere in the world and countries do not share a unique pattern of the causes of deaths. Infectious and parasitic diseases are still dominant in underdeveloped countries, while the leading causes of deaths in developed countries are circulatory disorders and neoplasm. Cardiovascular diseases are the cause of 29% of total mortality in the world, infectious cause 19%, tumors 13% and violent deaths about 9% (based on data from 2002). This paper gives an analysis of the spatial distribution of the leading causes of deaths using the geographic information system (Arc-View GIS), based on the ratio of total mortality and death rates of the population from a certain group of diseases. Based on data analysis, a hypothesis has been set on the significance of the regional factor in forming a picture of population mortality according to causes of death. A regional factor implies a set of physical geographical as well as general social specificities of a certain region which form a pattern of population behavior. Based on death rates, cardiovascular diseases are represented the most in the mortality rates of countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Infectious diseases imperil the population in the Sub-Saharan region of Africa; tumors are most common in Europe, North America and Japan. The highest rates of violent deaths are in countries of the former Soviet Union and the Sub- Saharan zone. Classifying death rates according to leading causes of death represents a prerequisite for forming a final picture of mortality according to causes of death in the world at the beginning of the 'new century'. The method of gathering together the causes of death is possible by applying a statistical model of classifying data (cluster analysis). The countries of the world have been classified into eight clusters according to the leading causes of death for the year 2002. Developed countries have been classified into three clusters based on this analysis. The Arab world has been singled out in a separate cluster, and the specific traits of Middle Asian countries also deserved separate classification. Countries of the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and South America formed regions on the basis of a combination of the leading causes of death. As opposed to epidemic transition, which tried to determine a uniform trend of the causes of death for all countries of the world, the cluster data analysis shows the significance of the regional factor when forming the depiction on the leading causes of death. Modeling population mortality based on data on causes of deaths structure bears much information, primarily in which direction should the health policies of a country flow and what are the priorities for decreasing mortality and increasing life expectancy. .
24
Hansen, Vidje, Bjarne K. Jacobsen, and Egil Arnesen. "Cause-specific mortality in psychiatric patients after deinstitutionalisation." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 5 (November 2001): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.5.438.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundSince the late 1970s, the psychiatric service system in Norway has been changed gradually according to the principles of deinstitutionalisation.AimsTo document the mortality of psychiatric patients in a deinstitutionalised service system.MethodsThe case register of a psychiatric hospital covering the period 1980–1992 was linked to the Central Register of Deaths. Age-adjusted death rates and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed.ResultsPatients with organic psychiatric disorders had significantly higher mortality regardless of cause of death. SMRs ranged from 0.9 for death by cancer in women to 36.3 for suicide in men. For unnatural death, SMRs were highest in the first year after discharge. Compared to the periods 1950–1962 and 1963–1974, there has been an increase in SMRs for cardiovascular death and suicide in both genders.ConclusionsDeinstitutionalisation seems to have had as its cost a relative rise both in cardiovascular death and unnatural deaths for both genders, but most pronounced in men.
25
Leierer, Gisela, Armin Rieger, Brigitte Schmied, Mario Sarcletti, Angela Öllinger, Elmar Wallner, Alexander Egle, et al. "A Lower CD4 Count Predicts Most Causes of Death except Cardiovascular Deaths. The Austrian HIV Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 12532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312532.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Objective: To investigate changes in mortality rates and predictors of all-cause mortality as well as specific causes of death over time among HIV-positive individuals in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. (2) Methods: We analyzed all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality among the Austrian HIV Cohort Study between 1997 and 2014. Observation time was divided into five periods: Period 1: 1997–2000; period 2: 2001–2004; period 3: 2005–2008; period 4: 2009–2011; and period 5: 2012–2014. Mortality rates are presented as deaths per 100 person-years (d/100py). Potential risk factors associated with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death were identified by using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Models were adjusted for time-updated CD4, age and cART, HIV transmission category, population size of residence area and country of birth. To assess potential nonlinear associations, we fitted all CD4 counts per patient using restricted cubic splines with truncation at 1000 cells/mm3. Vital status of patients was cross-checked with death registry data. (3) Results: Of 6848 patients (59,704 person-years of observation), 1192 died: 380 (31.9%) from AIDS-related diseases. All-cause mortality rates decreased continuously from 3.49 d/100py in period 1 to 1.40 d/100py in period 5. Death due to AIDS-related diseases, liver-related diseases and non-AIDS infections declined, whereas cardiovascular diseases as cause of death remained stable (0.27 d/100py in period 1, 0.10 d/100py in period 2, 0.16 d/100py in period 3, 0.09 d/100py in period 4 and 0.14 d/100py in period 5) and deaths due to non-AIDS-defining malignancies increased. Compared to latest CD4 counts of 500 cells/mm3, lower CD4 counts conferred a higher risk of deaths due to AIDS-related diseases, liver-related diseases, non-AIDS infections and non-AIDS-defining malignancies, whereas no significant association was observed for cardiovascular mortality. Results were similar in sensitivity analyses where observation time was divided into two periods: 1997–2004 and 2005–2014. (4) Conclusions: Since the introduction of cART, risk of death decreased and causes of death changed. We do not find evidence that HIV-positive individuals with a low CD4 count are more likely to die from cardiovascular diseases.
26
Abeling, Shannon, Nick Horspool, David Johnston, Dmytro Dizhur, Nick Wilson, Christine Clement, and Jason Ingham. "Patterns of earthquake-related mortality at a whole-country level: New Zealand, 1840–2017." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878190.
Full textAbstract:
Fatalities directly or indirectly attributed to New Zealand earthquakes in the time period 1840–2017 inclusive were identified and classified by context and cause of death. There have been at least 489 deaths primarily attributed to 21 New Zealand earthquakes with Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMIs) of VII or greater, and an additional 11 deaths resulting from secondary earthquake causes (e.g. relief efforts). Earthquake-related deaths were caused by building damage (431 deaths, 88%), ground damage (34 deaths, 7%), or other causes (24 deaths, 5%). Damage to at least 95 unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings resulted in 272 deaths, and damage to five reinforced concrete (RC) buildings resulted in 145 deaths. Daytime earthquakes were more deadly than nighttime earthquakes, and mortality rates showed a significant increase with MMI. Mortality rates were nearly evenly distributed between males and females, the median age of death was 38 years, and the elderly population (>80 years) had the highest mortality rate.
27
Dewalt, Mark W. "Amish Mortality Rates in the Twenty-First Century." Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities 3, no. 1 (November 29, 2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/jpac.v3i1.9101.
Full textAbstract:
This research documents the mortality rates of the Amish from 2014 through 2021 using data found in The Diary of the Old Order Churches, a monthly publication designed to serve the Old Order Amish throughout the Americas. Data collected included month and year of death, age at death, gender, place of death by state/province/country, reported cause of death, and family name of parents in cases of stillbirth or infant mortality. Data revealed that the Amish have experienced five peaks in death rates, two prior to COVID and three during the COVID pandemic. Data also revealed differences in deaths due to accidents, cancer, and heart issues related to gender.
28
Natukwatsa, Davis, Adaeze C. Wosu, Donald Bruce Ndyomugyenyi, Musa Waibi, and Dan Kajungu. "An assessment of non-communicable disease mortality among adults in Eastern Uganda, 2010–2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): e0248966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248966.
Full textAbstract:
Background There is a dearth of studies assessing non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality within population-based settings in Uganda. We assessed mortality due to major NCDs among persons ≥ 30 years in Eastern Uganda from 2010 to 2016. Methods The study was carried out at the Iganga-Mayuge health and demographic surveillance site in the Iganga and Mayuge districts of Eastern Uganda. Information on cause of death was obtained through verbal autopsies using a structured questionnaire to conduct face-face interviews with carers or close relatives of the deceased. Physicians assigned likely cause of death using ICD-10 codes. Age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated using direct method, with the average population across the seven years of the study (2010 to 2016) as the standard. Age categories of 30–40, 41–50, 51–60, 61–70, and ≥ 71 years were used for standardization. Results A total of 1,210 deaths among persons ≥ 30 years old were reported from 2010 to 2016 (50.7% among women). Approximately 53% of all deaths were due to non-communicable diseases, 31.8% due to communicable diseases, 8.2% due to injuries, and 7% due to maternal-related deaths or undetermined causes. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for the largest proportion of NCD deaths in each year, and women had substantially higher cardiovascular disease mortality rates compared to men. Conversely, women had lower diabetes mortality rates than men for five of the seven years examined. Conclusions Non-communicable diseases are major causes of death among adults in Iganga and Mayuge; and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are leading causes of NCD deaths. Efforts are needed to tackle NCD risk factors and provide NCD care to reduce associated burden and premature mortality.
29
GJERULDSEN, S., M. ABDELNOOR, S. OPJORDSMOEN, and B. MYRVANG. "Death rates and causes of death in cohorts of serum hepatitis patients followed up for more than 20 years." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 1 (February 2001): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005064.
Full textAbstract:
A cohort of 214 drug addicts with serum hepatitis and a cohort of 193 hepatitis patients without drug addiction were examined in respect of death rates, causes of death and a number of risk factors for reduced survival. The death rate was significantly higher among the drug addicts than among non-addicts. The annual mortality rate was 1·5% in the drug addict group and 0·7% in the non-addict group. The highest relative risk of death was 860 for female drug addicts in age group 15–24 compared to females of the same age in the general population. The most prevalent cause of death in the drug addict group was drug overdose (53%), whereas in the other group 66% died from various somatic diseases. Hepatitis or complications of viral hepatitis played no role as cause of death among the drug addicts, and infections as a whole were also responsible for very few deaths. For male drug addicts, imprisonment before admission and leaving hospital without the doctors' permission were risk factors for early death.
30
Linares, Matheus Ferreira, Silvia Maria Paparotto Lopes, Adriana Eliza Brasil Moreira, Pablo Agustin Vargas, Alan Roger dos Santos Silva, and Márcio Ajudarte Lopes. "Causes of death in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 19 (December 7, 2020): e200266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8660266.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: In this study we described the causes of mortality in Brazil, its 5 geographic regions, and in the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State in order to contribute for development of prevention and intervention strategies. Methods: Data on causes of death and age distribution of the populations were collected from online public databases and then submitted to the 2001 World Health Organization age standardization of rates for better assessment. Results: Data showed that the main causes of death in Brazil and in all 5 geographic regions were diseases of the circulatory system. Neoplasms were the second most frequent cause of death in Brazil and in 3 regions (South, Southeast and Midwest). However, in the other 2 regions (North and Northeast) the second most common was associated to external causes, being neoplasms the third most often. Additionally, in the South and Southeast the third cause of deaths were from diseases of the respiratory system and from the external causes occupied the fourth position. Analyzing the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State it was observed that all of them have the same profile of the country. On the other hand, as speculated previously, in Piracicaba city, the most common cause of mortality was neoplasm. Conclusions: These findings showed that Brazil has a large spectrum of causes of death and methods to decrease the mortality rates should be implemented in a local scenario rather than a nation-wide approach, where each location has to focus on its most urging problem.
31
MacDorman, Marian F., Marie Thoma, Eugene Declercq, and Elizabeth A. Howell. "Causes contributing to the excess maternal mortality risk for women 35 and over, United States, 2016–2017." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 29, 2021): e0253920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253920.
Full textAbstract:
To better understand age-related disparities in US maternal mortality, we analyzed 2016–2017 vital statistics mortality data with cause-of-death literal text (actual words written on the death certificate) added. We created a subset of confirmed maternal deaths which had pregnancy mentions in the cause-of-death literals. Primary cause of death was identified and recoded using cause-of-death literals. Age-related disparities were examined both overall and by primary cause. Compared to women <35, the 2016–2017 US maternal mortality rate was twice as high for women aged 35–39, four times higher for women aged 40–44, and 11 times higher for women aged 45–54 years. Obstetric hemorrhage was the leading cause of death for women aged 35+ with rates 4 times higher than for women <35, followed by postpartum cardiomyopathy with a 3-fold greater risk. Obstetric embolism, eclampsia/preeclampsia, and Other complications of obstetric surgery and procedures each had a two-fold greater risk of death for women aged 35+. Together these 5 causes of death accounted for 70.9% of the elevated maternal mortality risk for women aged 35+. The excess maternal mortality risk for women aged 35+ was focused among a few causes of death and much of this excess mortality is preventable. Early detection and treatment, as well as continued care during the postpartum year is critical to preventing these deaths. The Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health has promulgated patient safety bundles with specific interventions that health care systems can adopt in an effort to prevent these deaths.
32
Arnold-Gaille, Séverine, and Michael Sherris. "INTERNATIONAL CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATES: NEW INSIGHTS FROM A COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS." ASTIN Bulletin 46, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2015.24.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper applies cointegration techniques, developed in econometrics to model long-run relationships, to cause-of-death data. We analyze the five main causes of death across five major countries, including USA, Japan, France, England & Wales and Australia. Our analysis provides a better understanding of the long-run equilibrium relationships between the five main causes of death, providing new insights into similarities and differences in trends. The results identify for the first time similarities between countries and genders that are consistent with past studies on the aging processes by biologists and demographers. The insights from biological theory on aging are found to be reflected in the cointegrating relations in all of the countries included in the study.
33
Fernández-García, Alberto, Mónica Pérez-Ríos, Alberto Fernández-Villar, Gael Naveira, Cristina Candal-Pedreira, María Isolina Santiago-Pérez, Cristina Represas-Represas, Alberto Malvar-Pintos, Sara Cerdeira-Caramés, and Alberto Ruano-Raviña. "Four Decades of COPD Mortality Trends: Analysis of Trends and Multiple Causes of Death." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051117.
Full textAbstract:
There is little information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality trends, age of death, or male:female ratio. This study therefore sought to analyze time trends in mortality with COPD recorded as the underlying cause of death from 1980 through 2017, and with COPD recorded other than as the underlying cause of death. We conducted an analysis of COPD deaths in Galicia (Spain) from 1980 through 2017, including those in which COPD was recorded other than as the underlying cause of death from 2015 through 2017. We calculated the crude and standardized rates, and analyzed mortality trends using joinpoint regression models. There were 43,234 COPD deaths, with a male:female ratio of 2.4. Median age of death was 82 years. A change point in the mortality trend was detected in 1996 with a significant decrease across the sexes, reflected by an annual percentage change of −3.8%. Taking deaths into account in which COPD participated or contributed without being the underlying cause led to an overall 42% increase in the mortality burden. The most frequent causes of death when COPD was not considered to be the underlying cause were bronchopulmonary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. COPD mortality has decreased steadily across the sexes in Galicia since 1996, and age of death has also gradually increased. Multiple-cause death analysis may help prevent the underestimation of COPD mortality.
34
Nielsen, R. E., A. Lolk, M. Rodrigo-Domingo, J. B. Valentin, and K. Andersen. "Antipsychotic treatment effects on cardiovascular, cancer, infection, and intentional self-harm as cause of death in patients with Alzheimer's dementia." European Psychiatry 42 (May 2017): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD), the most common disease causing dementia, is linked to increased mortality. However, the effect of antipsychotic use on specific causes of mortality has not yet been investigated thoroughly.MethodsUtilizing the Danish nationwide registers, we defined a cohort of patients diagnosed with AD. Utilizing separate Cox regressions for specific causes of mortality, we investigated the effects of cumulative antipsychotic dosage after diagnosis and current antipsychotic exposure in the time period 2000–2011.ResultsIn total, 45,894 patients were followed for 3,803,996 person-years. A total of 6129 cardiovascular related deaths, 2088 cancer related deaths, 1620 infection related deaths, and 28 intentional self-harm related deaths are presented. Current antipsychotic exposure increased mortality rate with HR between 1.92 and 2.31 for cardiovascular, cancer, and infection related death. Cumulative antipsychotic dosages were most commonly associated with increased rates of mortality for cardiovascular and infection as cause of death, whereas the associations were less clear with cancer and intentional self-harm as cause of death.ConclusionsWe showed that cumulative antipsychotic drug dosages increased mortality rates for cardiovascular and infection as cause of death. These findings highlight the need for further investigations of long-term effects of treatment and of possible sub-groups who could benefit from treatment.
35
Rahib, Lola, Mackenzie Wehner, Lynn McCormick Matrisian, and Kevin Thomas Nead. "Projection of cancer incidence and death to 2040 in the US: Impact of cancer screening and a changing demographic." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.1566.
Full textAbstract:
1566 Background: Coping with the current and future burden of cancer requires an in-depth understanding of cancer incidence and death trends. As of 2020, breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the most incident cancers, while lung, colorectal, pancreas, and breast cancer result in the most deaths. Here we integrate observed cancer statistics and trends with observed and estimated US demographic data to project cancer incidences and deaths to the year 2040. Methods: Demographic cancer-specific delay-adjusted incidence and death rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (2014-2016) were combined with US Census Bureau population growth projections (2016) and average annual percentage changes in incidence (2011-2015) and death (2012-2016) rates to project cancer incidences and deaths through the year 2040. We examined the 10 most incident and deadly cancers as of 2020. We utilized Joinpoint analysis to examine changes in incidence and death rates over time relative to changes in screening guidelines. Results: We predict the most incident cancers in 2040 in the US will be breast (322,000 diagnoses in 2040) and lung (182,000 diagnoses in 2040) cancer. Continuing decades long observed incident rate trends we predict that melanoma (173,000 diagnoses in 2040) will become the 3rd most common cancer while prostate cancer (63,000 diagnoses in 2040) will become the 5th most common cancer after colorectal cancer (139,000 diagnoses in 2040). Lung cancer (61,000 deaths in 2040) is predicted to continue to be the leading cause of cancer related death, with pancreas (45,000 deaths in 2040) and liver & intrahepatic bile duct (38,000 deaths in 2040) cancer surpassing colorectal cancer (34,000 deaths in 2040) to become the second and third most common causes of cancer related death, respectively. Breast cancer deaths (29,000 in 2040) are predicted to continue to decrease and become the fifth most common cause of cancer death. Joinpoint analysis of incidence and death rates supports a significant past, present, and future impact of cancer screening programs on the number of cancer diagnoses and deaths, particularly for prostate, thyroid, melanoma incidences, and lung cancer deaths. Conclusions: We demonstrate marked changes in the predicted landscape of cancer incidence and deaths by 2040. Our analysis reveals an influence of cancer screening programs on the number of cancer diagnoses and deaths in future years. These projections are important to guide future research funding allocations, healthcare planning, and health policy efforts.
36
Letang, Emilio, Natalia Rakislova, Miguel J. Martinez, Juan Carlos Hurtado, Carla Carrilho, Rosa Bene, Inacio Mandomando, et al. "Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling: A Tool to Guide Efforts to Reduce AIDS-Related Mortality in Resource-Limited Settings." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, Supplement_5 (December 15, 2021): S343—S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab789.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Available information on the causes of death among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains scarce. We aimed to provide data on causes of death in PLHIV from two LMICs, Brazil and Mozambique, to assess the impact of clinical misdiagnosis on mortality rates and to evaluate the accuracy of minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) in determining the cause of death in PLHIV. Methods We performed coupled MITS and complete autopsy on 164 deceased PLHIV (18 children, 36 maternal deaths, and 110 adults). HIV antibody levels and HIV RNA viral loads were determined from postmortem serum samples. Results Tuberculosis (22.7%), toxoplasmosis (13.9%), bacterial infections (13.9%), and cryptococcosis (10.9%) were the leading causes of death in adults. In maternal deaths, tuberculosis (13.9%), bacterial infections (13.9%), cryptococcosis (11.1%), and cerebral malaria (8.3%) were the most frequent infections, whereas viral infections, particularly cytomegalovirus (38.9%), bacterial infections (27.8%), pneumocystosis (11.1%), and HIV-associated malignant neoplasms (11.1%) were the leading cause among children. Agreement between the MITS and the complete autopsy was 100% in children, 91% in adults, and 78% in maternal deaths. The MITS correctly identified the microorganism causing death in 89% of cases. Conclusions Postmortem studies provide highly granular data on the causes of death in PLHIV. The inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis may play a significant role in the high mortality rates observed among PLHIV in LMICs. MITS might be helpful in monitoring the causes of death in PLHIV and in highlighting the gaps in the management of the infections.
37
Tomedi, Laura E., Jim Roeber, and Michael Landen. "Alcohol Consumption and Chronic Liver Disease Mortality in New Mexico and the United States, 1999-2013." Public Health Reports 133, no. 3 (April 17, 2018): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918766890.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Current chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality surveillance methods may not adequately capture data on all causes of CLD mortality. The objective of this study was to calculate and compare CLD death rates in New Mexico and the United States by using both an expanded definition of CLD and estimates of the fractional impact of alcohol on CLD deaths. Methods: We defined CLD mortality as deaths due to alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, and other liver conditions. We estimated alcohol-attributable CLD deaths by using national and state alcohol-attributable fractions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application. We classified causes of CLD death as being alcohol-attributable, non–alcohol-attributable, or hepatitis C. We calculated average annual age-adjusted CLD death rates during five 3-year periods from 1999 through 2013, and we stratified those rates by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Results: By cause of death, CLD death rates were highest for alcohol-attributable CLD. By sex and race/ethnicity, CLD death rates per 100 000 population increased from 1999-2001 to 2011-2013 among American Indian men in New Mexico (67.4-90.6) and the United States (38.9-49.4), American Indian women in New Mexico (48.4-63.0) and the United States (27.5-39.5), Hispanic men in New Mexico (48.6-52.0), Hispanic women in New Mexico (16.9-24.0) and the United States (12.8-13.1), non-Hispanic white men in New Mexico (17.4-21.3) and the United States (15.9-18.4), and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico (9.7-11.6) and the United States (7.6-9.7). CLD death rates decreased among Hispanic men in the United States (30.5-27.4). Conclusions: An expanded CLD definition and alcohol-attributable fractions can be used to create comprehensive data on CLD mortality. When stratified by CLD cause and demographic characteristics, these data may help states and jurisdictions improve CLD prevention programs.
38
Pedrazzoli, Debora, Katharina Kranzer, H. Lucy Thomas, and Maeve K. Lalor. "Trends and risk factors for death and excess all-cause mortality among notified tuberculosis patients in the UK: an analysis of surveillance data." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 00125–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00125-2019.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionIn the UK, several hundred patients notified with tuberculosis (TB) die every year. The aim of this article is to describe trends in deaths among notified TB patients, explore risk factors associated with death and compare all-cause mortality in TB patients with age-specific mortality rates in the general UK population.MethodsWe used 2001–2014 data from UK national TB surveillance to explore trends and risk factors for death, and population mortality data to compare age-specific death rates among notified TB patients with annual death rates in the UK general population.ResultsThe proportion of TB patients in the UK who died each year declined steadily from 7.1% in 2002 to 5.5% in 2014. One in five patients (21.3%) was diagnosed with TB post-mortem. Where information was available, almost half of the deaths occurred within 2 months of starting treatment. Risk factors for death included demographic, disease-specific and social risk factors. Age had by far the largest effect, with patients aged ≥80 years having a 70 times increased risk of death compared with those aged <15 years. In contrast, excess mortality determined by incidence ratios comparing all-cause mortality among TB patients with that of the general population was highest among children and the working-age population (15–64 years old).ConclusionsEfforts to control TB and improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes in the UK need to be sustained. Control efforts need to focus on socially deprived and vulnerable groups. There is a need for further in-depth analysis of deaths of TB patients in the UK to identify potentially preventable factors.
39
Waruru, Anthony, Dickens Onyango, Lilly Nyagah, Alex Sila, Wanjiru Waruiru, Solomon Sava, Elizabeth Oele, et al. "Leading causes of death and high mortality rates in an HIV endemic setting (Kisumu county, Kenya, 2019)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): e0261162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261162.
Full textAbstract:
Background In resource-limited settings, underlying causes of death (UCOD) often are not ascertained systematically, leading to unreliable mortality statistics. We reviewed medical charts to establish UCOD for decedents at two high volume mortuaries in Kisumu County, Kenya, and compared ascertained UCOD to those notified to the civil registry. Methods Medical experts trained in COD certification examined medical charts and ascertained causes of death for 456 decedents admitted to the mortuaries from April 16 through July 12, 2019. Decedents with unknown HIV status or who had tested HIV-negative >90 days before the date of death were tested for HIV. We calculated annualized all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates grouped according to global burden of disease (GBD) categories and separately for deaths due to HIV/AIDS and expressed estimated deaths per 100,000 population. We compared notified to ascertained UCOD using Cohen’s Kappa (κ) and assessed for the independence of proportions using Pearson’s chi-squared test. Findings The four leading UCOD were HIV/AIDS (102/442 [23.1%]), hypertensive disease (41/442 [9.3%]), other cardiovascular diseases (23/442 [5.2%]), and cancer (20/442 [4.5%]). The all-cause mortality rate was 1,086/100,000 population. The highest cause-specific mortality was in GBD category II (noncommunicable diseases; 516/100,000), followed by GBD I (communicable, perinatal, maternal, and nutritional; 513/100,000), and III (injuries; 56/100,000). The HIV/AIDS mortality rate was 251/100,000 population. The proportion of deaths due to GBD II causes was higher among females (51.9%) than male decedents (42.1%; p = 0.039). Conversely, more men/boys (8.6%) than women/girls (2.1%) died of GBD III causes (p = 0.002). Most of the records with available recorded and ascertained UCOD (n = 236), 167 (70.8%) had incorrectly recorded UCOD, and agreement between notified and ascertained UCOD was poor (29.2%; κ = 0.26). Conclusions Mortality from infectious diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, is high in Kisumu County, but there is a shift toward higher mortality from noncommunicable diseases, possibly reflecting an epidemiologic transition and improving HIV outcomes. The epidemiologic transition suggests the need for increased focus on controlling noncommunicable conditions despite the high communicable disease burden. The weak agreement between notified and ascertained UCOD could lead to substantial inaccuracies in mortality statistics, which wholly depend on death notifications.
40
Adair, Tim, Sonja Firth, Tint Pa Pa Phyo, Khin Sandar Bo, and Alan D. Lopez. "Monitoring progress with national and subnational health goals by integrating verbal autopsy and medically certified cause of death data." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e005387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005387.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThe measurement of progress towards many Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and other health goals requires accurate and timely all-cause and cause of death (COD) data. However, existing guidance to countries to calculate these indicators is inadequate for populations with incomplete death registration and poor-quality COD data. We introduce a replicable method to estimate national and subnational cause-specific mortality rates (and hence many such indicators) where death registration is incomplete by integrating data from Medical Certificates of Cause of Death (MCCOD) for hospital deaths with routine verbal autopsy (VA) for community deaths.MethodsThe integration method calculates population-level cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) from the CSMFs of MCCODs and VAs weighted by estimated deaths in hospitals and the community. Estimated deaths are calculated by applying the empirical completeness method to incomplete death registration/reporting. The resultant cause-specific mortality rates are used to estimate SDG Indicator 23: mortality between ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. We demonstrate the method using nationally representative data in Myanmar, comprising over 42 000 VAs and 7600 MCCODs.ResultsIn Myanmar in 2019, 89% of deaths were estimated to occur in the community. VAs comprised an estimated 70% of community deaths. Both the proportion of deaths in the community and CSMFs for the four causes increased with older age. We estimated that the probability of dying from any of the four causes between 30 and 70 years was 0.265 for men and 0.216 for women. This indicator is 50% higher if based on CSMFs from the integration of data sources than on MCCOD data from hospitals.ConclusionThis integration method facilitates country authorities to use their data to monitor progress with national and subnational health goals, rather than rely on estimates made by external organisations. The method is particularly relevant given the increasing application of routine VA in country Civil Registration and Vital Statistics systems.
41
Liu, Yiran E., Everton Ferreira Lemos, Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves, Roberto Dias de Oliveira, Andrea da Silva Santos, Agne Oliveira do Prado Morais, Mariana Garcia Croda, et al. "All-cause and cause-specific mortality during and following incarceration in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): e1003789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003789.
Full textAbstract:
Background Mortality during and after incarceration is poorly understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The need to address this knowledge gap is especially urgent in South America, which has the fastest growing prison population in the world. In Brazil, insufficient data have precluded our understanding of all-cause and cause-specific mortality during and after incarceration. Methods and findings We linked incarceration and mortality databases for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul to obtain a retrospective cohort of 114,751 individuals with recent incarceration. Between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, we identified 3,127 deaths of individuals with recent incarceration (705 in detention and 2,422 following release). We analyzed age-standardized, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality rates among individuals detained in different facility types and following release, compared to non-incarcerated residents. We additionally modeled mortality rates over time during and after incarceration for all causes of death, violence, or suicide. Deaths in custody were 2.2 times the number reported by the national prison administration (n = 317). Incarcerated men and boys experienced elevated mortality, compared with the non-incarcerated population, due to increased risk of death from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases, with the highest standardized incidence rate ratio (IRR) in semi-open prisons (2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 2.8), police stations (3.1; 95% CI: 2.5 to 3.9), and youth detention (8.1; 95% CI: 5.9 to 10.8). Incarcerated women experienced increased mortality from suicide (IRR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.2 to 17.7) and communicable diseases (IRR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.0). Following release from prison, mortality was markedly elevated for men (IRR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) and women (IRR = 2.4; 95% CI: 2.1 to 2.9). The risk of violent death and suicide was highest immediately post-release and declined over time; however, all-cause mortality remained elevated 8 years post-release. The limitations of this study include inability to establish causality, uncertain reliability of data during incarceration, and underestimation of mortality rates due to imperfect database linkage. Conclusions Incarcerated individuals in Brazil experienced increased mortality from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases. Mortality was heightened following release for all leading causes of death, with particularly high risk of early violent death and elevated all-cause mortality up to 8 years post-release. These disparities may have been underrecognized in Brazil due to underreporting and insufficient data.
42
Fedeli, U., E. Schievano, S. Masotto, E. Bonora, and G. Zoppini. "Time series of diabetes attributable mortality from 2008 to 2017." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 45, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01549-w.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose Diabetes is a growing health problem. The aim of this study was to capture time trends in mortality associated with diabetes. Methods The mortality database of the Veneto region (Italy) includes both the underlying causes of death, and all the diseases mentioned in the death certificate. The annual percent change (APC) in age-standardized rates from 2008 to 2017 was computed by the Joinpoint Regression Program. Results Overall 453,972 deaths (56,074 with mention of diabetes) were observed among subjects aged ≥ 40 years. Mortality rates declined for diabetes as the underlying cause of death and from diabetes-related circulatory diseases. The latter declined especially in females − 4.4 (CI 95% − 5.3/− 3.4), while in males the APC was − 2.8 (CI 95% − 4.0/− 1.6). Conclusion We observed a significant reduction in mortality during the period 2008–2017 in diabetes either as underlying cause of death or when all mentions of diabetes in the death certificate were considered.
43
Kinnunen, Susanna, Pauli Karhapää, Auni Juutilainen, Patrik Finne, and Ilkka Helanterä. "Secular Trends in Infection-Related Mortality after Kidney Transplantation." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 5 (April 5, 2018): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.11511017.
Full textAbstract:
Background and objectivesInfections are the most common noncardiovascular causes of death after kidney transplantation. We analyzed the current infection-related mortality among kidney transplant recipients in a nationwide cohort in Finland.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsAltogether, 3249 adult recipients of a first kidney transplant from 1990 to 2012 were included. Infectious causes of death were analyzed, and the mortality rates for infections were compared between two eras (1990–1999 and 2000–2012). Risk factors for infectious deaths were analyzed with Cox regression and competing risk analyses.ResultsAltogether, 953 patients (29%) died during the follow-up, with 204 infection-related deaths. Mortality rate (per 1000 patient-years) due to infections was lower in the more recent cohort (4.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.5 to 6.1) compared with the older cohort (9.1; 95% confidence interval, 7.6 to 10.7); the incidence rate ratio of infectious mortality was 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.68). The main causes of infectious deaths were common bacterial infections: septicemia in 38% and pulmonary infections in 45%. Viral and fungal infections caused only 2% and 3% of infectious deaths, respectively (such as individual patients with Cytomegalovirus pneumonia, Herpes simplex virus meningoencephalitis, Varicella zoster virus encephalitis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii infection). Similarly, opportunistic bacterial infections rarely caused death; only one death was caused by Listeria monocytogenes, and two were caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Only 23 (11%) of infection-related deaths occurred during the first post-transplant year. Older recipient age, higher plasma creatinine concentration at the end of the first post-transplant year, diabetes as a cause of ESKD, longer pretransplant dialysis duration, acute rejection, low albumin level, and earlier era of transplantation were associated with increased risk of infectious death in multivariable analysis.ConclusionsThe risk of death due to infectious causes after kidney transplantation in Finland dropped by one half since the 1990s. Common bacterial infections remained the most frequent cause of infection-related mortality, whereas opportunistic viral, fungal, or unconventional bacterial infections rarely caused deaths after kidney transplantation.
44
Lester, David. "Consistency between Death Rates of Immigrants and Death Rates in Their Home Nations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3f.1154.
Full textAbstract:
Unlike suicide rates, rates of death from motor vehicle accidents and “all other violent deaths” of 13 immigrant groups in Australia are not consistently associated with mortality rates from these causes in the home nations.
45
Garland, Jack, and Dianne Little. "Maternal Death and Its Investigation." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 4 (December 2018): 894–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362118821485.
Full textAbstract:
Maternal deaths are a leading cause of death in young females worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Maternal mortality ratio, the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births, averages 240 in developing regions, but only 16 in developed regions. Causes of maternal and pregnancy-related deaths can be subdivided into three broad categories. Direct maternal deaths result from obstetric complications of the pregnant state (i.e., pregnancy, labor, and puerperium) from interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events resulting from any of the above. Indirect maternal deaths result from previously existing diseases or diseases that developed during pregnancy, and which are not due to a direct obstetric cause, but are aggravated by the physiologic effects of pregnancy. Incidental maternal deaths are those from causes unrelated to pregnancy or the puerperium, including accidental deaths and homicide. Maternal deaths carry significant short- and long-term impacts for family members and the role of the pathologist is an important part of the wider knowledge-gathering process that can contribute to changes in maternal mortality rates. This paper reviews the clinical and pathological features of common pregnancy-related disorders and gives guidelines for performing an autopsy related to maternal death.
46
McCarthy, Natalie L., Eric Weintraub, Claudia Vellozzi, Jonathan Duffy, Julianne Gee, James G. Donahue, Michael L. Jackson, et al. "Mortality Rates and Cause-of-Death Patterns in a Vaccinated Population." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 2013): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.02.020.
Full text
47
Rosenberg, Mark L., Juan G. Rodriguez, and Terence L. Chorba. "Childhood Injuries: Where We Are." Pediatrics 86, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 1084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.6.1084.
Full textAbstract:
INJURY RESPONSIBLE FOR EXCESS CHILD MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES Child mortality rates are higher in the United States than in most European industrialized countries. This excess in mortality is not due to a difference in death rates from all natural causes; rather, all the excess mortality among US children can be attributed to injury (Fig 1). These differences are particularly notable for children 15 to 19 years of age. Suicide rates among 15- to 19-year-olds are higher in the United States than in most other industrialized countries (Fig 2). Excess homicide mortality among 15- to 19-year-olds is particularly striking (Fig 3). In 1985, 1579 homicides occurred among males and females aged 15 to 19 years in the United States. In the same year, only 150 homicides occurred among 15- to 19-year-old males and females in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, England and Wales, Sweden, Canada, and Japan, despite the fact that the combined population of these countries is 1.4 times the populations of the United States. Our successes in infectious disease control dramatize our failures to control injuries effectively and increase the relative importance of injury. Injury is now the leading cause of childhood mortality and disability and a leading cause of childhood morbidity. In the last 60 years, death rates due to infectious diseases declined 90%, but death rates due to injuries declined only 40%. Since 1968 rates of injury deaths among children declined 25%, but death rates for diseases declined 56% (Fig 4). Deaths from diseases have decreased in the United States, but deaths from injuries have not decreased as much.
48
LEVCHUK, N. M., and P. E. SHEVCHUK. "Mortality by Causes of Death in Metropolices of Ukraine." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.04.038.
Full textAbstract:
Large cities concentrate a substantial part of the educated, highly qualified, and economically active populations. Such social “selection” with the peculiarities of lifestyle determines the distinctive characteristics of the level and structure of mortality. Even though data on deaths by causes of death for the large cities are available in Ukraine, very few studies have analyzed cause-specific mortality in these cities. The objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of mortality from the most influential causes of death in large cities. The novelty lies in the comparative analysis done for Dnipro, Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv for the first time. The study uses the direct method of standardization to calculate standardized death rates by sex in 2005-2019. The results indicate lower all-cause mortality rates for the large city residents compared to the corresponding average country-level indicators. Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa have lower death rates compared to Dnipro and Kharkiv. In Kyiv and Lviv, this is attributed to lower mortality from almost all major causes of death, while in Odesa this mainly resulted from the extremely low ischemic heart disease mortality. Relatively high mortality from circulatory diseases is observed in Kharkiv and Dnipro. However, in Dnipro, this is associated with a high death rate from coronary heart disease and a very low contribution of cerebrovascular disease, whereas in Kharkiv coronary and cerebrovascular disease death rates are quite high. Mortality rates from diseases of the digestive system in the large cities are found to be the closest to the average in Ukraine (except for Lviv). The neoplasms are the only large group of diseases with a mortality rate that exceeds the average level in Ukraine, in particular for women. Overall, the death rates from most of the causes of death in the large cities demonstrated a positive trend in 2005-2019, with some exceptions. External causes and infectious diseases showed the most decrease while mortality from AIDS and ill-defined causes increased. Also, there were uncertain dynamics of deaths due to suicide and injuries with undetermined intent. Given some specific mortality differences between the cities, some concerns have been raised over the accuracy of the coding of diagnoses. In particular, unusually low mortality from ischemic heart disease was found in Odesa and from cerebrovascular disease in Dnipro, very rare deaths from alcoholic liver disease in Odesa, accidental alcohol poisoning in Kyiv, and a group of other liver diseases in Dnipro. We also assume misclassification of suicides as injuries with undetermined intent in Kharkiv. Our findings highlight the importance of the implementation of automated coding and selection of causes of death that can minimize the number of subjective decisions made by coders and lead to significant improvements in the quality of data.
49
Jayatilleke, N., R. D. Hayes, R. Dutta, H. Shetty, M. Hotopf, C. K. Chang, and R. Stewart. "Contributions of specific causes of death to lost life expectancy in severe mental illness." European Psychiatry 43 (June 2017): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.487.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe life expectancy gap between people with severe mental illness (SMI) and the general population persists and may even be widening. This study aimed to estimate contributions of specific causes of death to the gap. Age of death and primary cause of death were used to estimate life expectancy at birth for people with SMI from a large mental healthcare case register during 2007–2012. Using data for England and Wales in 2010, death rates in the SMI cohort for each primary cause of death category were replaced with gender- and age-specific norms for that cause. Life expectancy in SMI was then re-calculated and, thus, the contribution of that specific cause of death estimated. Natural causes accounted for 79.2% of lost life-years in women with SMI and 78.6% in men. Deaths from circulatory disorders accounted for more life-years lost in women than men (22.0% versus 17.4%, respectively), as did deaths from cancer (8.1% versus 0%), but the contribution from respiratory disorders was lower in women than men (13.7% versus 16.5%). For women, cancer contributed more in those with non-affective than affective disorders, while suicide, respiratory and digestive disorders contributed more in those with affective disorders. In men, respiratory disorders contributed more in non-affective disorders. Other contributions were similar between gender and affective/non-affective groups. Loss of life expectancy in people with SMI is accounted for by a broad range of causes of death, varying by gender and diagnosis. Interventions focused on multiple rather than individual causes of death should be prioritised accordingly.
50
Flaxman, Seth, Charles Whittaker, Elizaveta Semenova, Theo Rashid, Robbie M. Parks, Alexandra Blenkinsop, H. Juliette T. Unwin, et al. "Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): e2253590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53590.
Full textAbstract:
ImportanceCOVID-19 was the underlying cause of death for more than 940 000 individuals in the US, including at least 1289 children and young people (CYP) aged 0 to 19 years, with at least 821 CYP deaths occurring in the 1-year period from August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. Because deaths among US CYP are rare, the mortality burden of COVID-19 in CYP is best understood in the context of all other causes of CYP death.ObjectiveTo determine whether COVID-19 is a leading (top 10) cause of death in CYP in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis national population-level cross-sectional epidemiological analysis for the years 2019 to 2022 used data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database on underlying cause of death in the US to identify the ranking of COVID-19 relative to other causes of death among individuals aged 0 to 19 years. COVID-19 deaths were considered in 12-month periods between April 1, 2020, and August 31, 2022, compared with deaths from leading non–COVID-19 causes in 2019, 2020, and 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCause of death rankings by total number of deaths, crude rates per 100 000 population, and percentage of all causes of death, using the National Center for Health Statistics 113 Selected Causes of Death, for ages 0 to 19 and by age groupings (&lt;1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years).ResultsThere were 821 COVID-19 deaths among individuals aged 0 to 19 years during the study period, resulting in a crude death rate of 1.0 per 100 000 population overall; 4.3 per 100 000 for those younger than 1 year; 0.6 per 100 000 for those aged 1 to 4 years; 0.4 per 100 000 for those aged 5 to 9 years; 0.5 per 100 000 for those aged 10 to 14 years; and 1.8 per 100 000 for those aged 15 to 19 years. COVID-19 mortality in the time period of August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022, was among the 10 leading causes of death in CYP aged 0 to 19 years in the US, ranking eighth among all causes of deaths, fifth in disease-related causes of deaths (excluding unintentional injuries, assault, and suicide), and first in deaths caused by infectious or respiratory diseases when compared with 2019. COVID-19 deaths constituted 2% of all causes of death in this age group.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that COVID-19 was a leading cause of death in CYP. It caused substantially more deaths in CYP annually than any vaccine-preventable disease historically in the recent period before vaccines became available. Various factors, including underreporting and not accounting for COVID-19’s role as a contributing cause of death from other diseases, mean that these estimates may understate the true mortality burden of COVID-19. The findings of this study underscore the public health relevance of COVID-19 to CYP. In the likely future context of sustained SARS-CoV-2 circulation, appropriate pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions (eg, vaccines, ventilation, air cleaning) will continue to play an important role in limiting transmission of the virus and mitigating severe disease in CYP.