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1
Barcham, Lesley. "The education of deaf children in Zimbabwe : the changing roles of non-governmental organisations, the government and international organisations." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57656/.
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In this thesis I describe and analyse the development of education for deaf children in Zimbabwe, from its beginnings in the 1940s to 1994. I investigate in detail the changing policies and provision of non governmental organisations, the government and international organisations. The thesis is divided into three sections. The first section examines the literature relating to deaf education in Zimbabwe. the role of international organisations and the changes from charity to government provision. I introduce four propositions developed from the literature about, first the internationalisation of the debates about deaf education provision, second the limitation of charitable provision. third the struggles between interest groups and finally the influence of organisations of deaf people. I analyse the case study methodology used to investigate policies and practices. The second section describes the changes in the education for deaf children from the 1940s to 1994. I examine the early role of churches and charities and the gradual increase of government involvement. This section also plots the complex relationships between the government, non governmental and international organisations in the development of policy and practice. In the third and final section I return to the four original propositions and discuss the key findings relating to the changes in international policies and funding, the growing influence of deaf peoples organisations and reactive nature of government policies.
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Geeslin, Joseph David. "Deaf bilingual education a comparison of the academic performance of deaf children of deaf parents and deaf children of hearing parents /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3287372.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4582. Adviser: Khaula Murtadha. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 21, 2008).
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Barham, Jeffrey Clement. "Teaching mathematics to deaf children." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328555.
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Mpuang, Kerileng D. "Deaf education teachers' perceptions of issues in deaf education in Botswana." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1536754.
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Terlektsi, Maria Emmanouela. "Imaginative writing of deaf children." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/876/.
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This thesis explores the issue of imaginative writing of deaf children. Thirty deaf children aged 9-11 years were recruited form Hearing Impaired Units and mainstream schools. Thirty hearing children were matched on academic performance (according to teachers) and chronological age and recruited from the same classes as the deaf children. Three sets of imaginative stories were collected from the above groups at three points during one academic year. A mixed methodology was employed in order to investigate imaginative writing of deaf children. For the evaluation of children’s stories an “Imagination Story Scale” was developed based both on the literature review and on the in-depth analyses of four children’s imaginative stories. The scale consists of four categorised divisions (story structure, story plot, linguistic imagination, originality) and one additional division (overall assessment). Assessments of both deaf and hearing children’s stories using the scale revealed little variation between deaf and hearing children’s scores in the scale, indicating that deaf children do have imagination and are able to express it in writing. However, differences were observed between the scores for the different topics (for both groups of children) suggesting that the topic of the stories influenced their scores. Imaginative writing of deaf children was not predicted by: age, gender, degree of hearing loss, type of communication used at home, or use of activities to promote children’s imagination either in the classroom or at home. Teachers’ opinions of deaf children’s imagination were explored through interviews. The Teachers of the Deaf tended to under-estimate deaf children’s ability to demonstrate imagination in their writing by comparison with the stories that the deaf children produced.
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Crickmore, Barbara Lee. "An historical perspective on the academic education of deaf children in New South Wales 1860s - 1990s." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2000. http://www.newcastle.edu.au/services/library/adt/public/adt-NNCU20030228.130002/index.html.
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Williams, Cheri. "The verbal language worlds and early childhood literacy development of three profoundly deaf preschool children /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487758178235582.
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Breadmore, Helen Louise. "Inflectional morphology in the literacy of deaf children." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/591/.
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Severe literacy impairments are well documented in the deaf population. Morphology provides a source of text-to-meaning associations that should be available to the deaf. In this thesis, different levels of morphological awareness necessary for literacy were tested. Deaf children demonstrated that they associated morphologically related words – the first level of awareness. This was evidenced in a short-term memory task in which words sharing morphological overlap were confused more often than words sharing orthographic or semantic overlap (although these associations may have involved the combined effects of orthographic and semantic overlap). Deaf children also demonstrated knowledge of morphological generalisation (the second level of awareness) by producing predicted plural nonword spellings and over-regularisations. Finally, they demonstrated morpho-syntactic awareness – in a self-paced reading task they revealed sensitivity to subject-verb number agreement. However, deaf children demonstrated limited knowledge of irregular plural nouns and of morpho-syntax. In the self-paced reading task, they were slow to perform syntactic integration and they failed to make explicit use of agreement in a judgement task. Furthermore, even reading-age appropriate morphological awareness represents a substantial chronological delay. The findings therefore suggest that deaf children could benefit from explicit education in morphographic rules and exceptions as well as training in morpho-syntax
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De, Lange Hanine. "Didaktiese hulpverlening aan leerders met 'n kogleêre inplanting wat taalagerstande ontwikkel het." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1888.
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Thesis (MTech(Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009When a child enters formal education a certain level of development and experience is expected. If there is a language deficit or shortfall upon entering formal schooling, a negative perception of schooling can develop, resulting in a low level of success in the classroom. Research has clearly shown that learners with a hearing deficit, and who received very little stimulation at an early age, tended to develop a language deficit which hampered their entrance into, as well as their performance in mainstream education. The ideal is thus that a child should experience success in the learning process at the earliest possible stage. Hereupon he can develop and realise his full potential as a human being. Children who experience early success should be more capable of coping with the challenges that schooling and learning present. If these learners receive early intervention to support their language development it could lead to being more successful in mainstream education. Learners with a cochlear implant must receive intensive hearing and communicative training. They are taught how to effectively interpret the sound relayed by the implant, and thereafter, if possible, be able to use this "hearing ability" to enter into interactive spoken language. Motivation and support from parents, family and friends is a determining factor in the successful use of the implant. This should lead to a learner being able to reach his full potential. From the research conducted it has become evident that the language deficit retrogression of the child leads to under-achievement when formal schooling begins.This is because of different hearing difficulties. However, if such a pre-school child is assisted and supported at an early stage through effective intervention strategies, language deficit can be decreased or even completely cured. In this study a learner who had received a cochlear implant, was closely observed. A significant improvement in his language ability was evinced. The action research study was an individualised teaching and learning situation with a learner who had a cochlear implant and with a language deficit. Over a period of 19 months different intervention strategies were used to improve the learner's language ability. The intervention strategies which were successful can be used as a possible point of departure for further research and study to give educators and parents a better insight into this problem. Through intensive research these findings can be developed as a possible support system or methodolgy for educators in the inclusive classroom.
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Janjua, Fatima. "Language and cognitive development in very young deaf children." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/68cb555b-3d31-49da-be84-e71d5b01bcd5.
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Dube, Servious. "Development of a low cost screen to identify hearing loss in young children and appropriate services for deaf children in Binga, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1382938/.
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There is a high prevalence of hearing loss estimated between 8 and 16% in young children in rural areas in Zimbabwe. Deaf children are usually identified late and do not benefit from early interventions. This study was conducted to evaluate a questionnaire screen in identifying permanent hearing loss in excess of 50dBHL of the better ear, compared with the pure-tone audiometric screen, in children aged 36-72 months living in Binga district, Zimbabwe. Subjects were recruited into the study by using two questions which identified 417 at-risk children who were registered as "Failing" children. In addition, 417 children were recruited as controls who were matched by age and sex and were registered as "Following" children (n=834). The "Questionnaire" screen used for this study had two parts; "Part I" had 8 general questions for every child, while "Part 2" had 3 age specific sections (A, B and C) with a set of 10 questions in each section and took between 20-25 minutes to administer for each child. The screen was administered on 747 (90%) children of the original sample (n=834) by four trained Tonga fluent interviewers, 87 children (10%) having dropped out. An experienced audiologist administered the gold standard pure-tone audiometry screen on the same 747 (90%) children who were "Questionnaire" screened. There were four test sound frequencies used: 0.5k, lk, 2k and 4k set at a flat cut-off point of 50dBHL generated by a calibrated Kamplex screening audiometer. The pure-tone screen administration required 10 - 15 minutes per child. Pass or fail results were plotted on the audiogram. For reliability testing of both the "Questionnaire" and the pure-tone screens, repeats were administered on 131 and 110 children respectively who were randomly selected from 747 children. Children with marked physical malforination, neurological problems and those for whom Tonga was not their first language were excluded from the study. The results revealed that the "Questionnaire" screen had a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 96%. It was inter-and intra-user reliable (r---0.89) in identifying permanent hearing loss in children aged 36-72 months (p>0.05). The "Questionnaire" was easy to use and found to be a low-cost screen that can be appropriately adapted and used in service delivery or research programmes in different cultural settings in developing countries.
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Gomwe, Howard. "Children's attitudes towards physical education in selected urban primary schools in Mutare - Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/527.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate school children’s attitudes towards Physical Education in selected Mutare city schools. In order for the children to benefit from the Physical Education program, the study hypothesized that children must develop the right attitudes towards Physical Education. This observation has also been emphasized in other studies that children, who possess the right attitude towards Physical Education, develop positive attitudes towards physical activities. This suggestion has also been reported by Portman, (2003) and McKenzie (2003) that one of the benefits of Physical Education is sustained participation in physical activities outside the school. This study involved 400 children from Mutare Junior, Chancellor, Zamba, Dangamvura, Sakubva, Chikanga, Mutanda and Murahwa Primary Schools in Mutare city. The children’s age ranged between 12 - 14 years old. The primary data were collected from questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data were based on related literature review. The results indicated that the teacher, curriculum content and delivery, the learning environment, siblings, type of school, location of residences, proximity of facilities and support from parents were some of the factors associated with children’s attitudes towards Physical Education and Physical Activity at school and home respectively. In many ways, these factors affected children’s sustainable participation in physical activities after school.
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Sellers, Margaret. "Home-based early intervention with deaf children and their families." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246009.
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Mentzelou, Paraskevi. "Computer assisted learning reading (CALR) for the Greek deaf children." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325807.
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Moore, Michele Patricia. "Opportunities for communication in integrated settings : young deaf children." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1993. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8747/.
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The integration of deaf children into mainstream schools was heralded by the 1981 Education Act, but has been dogged by conflict about the appropriateness of two dominant approaches to communication. The oral/aural approach, most often followed, is concerned with teaching deaf children to learn to listen and listen to learn. The emphasis has been on the need to 'normalize' deaf children in order to promote their learning and development. The manual/visual approach has focused on sign usage to promote a child's development as a communicator and learner and can be tailored to the child's prospective membership of Deaf/deaf and hearing cultures. The aim of this study is to explore both the oral/aural and the manual/visual approach in relation to young deaf children's experiences of integration. Rather than focusing on modality specific aspects of communication, this study examines the wide range of both resources and strategies deaf children have for interaction in a variety of educational environments, using modality independent tools. This permits a broader examination of deaf children's opportunities for communication in integrated settings than has previously been undertaken. The research involved detailed analysis of direct observation data collected in nursery and reception classes over a period of eighteen months, during which time the experiences of a group of deaf children and matched hearing peers were compared and contrasted. It is argued that the preoccupations of professionals, and their purposes in promoting particular approaches to language and communication need to be challenged if deaf children are not to be disabled by oppressive practices in the name of integration. It is recommended that further research should aim to advance inclusive and empowering education for deaf children through more adequately recognizing the contribution of Deaf/deaf people to processes of enquiry.
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馮詠儀 and Wing-yee Fung. "Self-concept in hearing impairecd secondary school integrators." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956403.
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Shannon-Gutierrez, Priscilla. "The relationship of education policy to language and cognition in deaf children." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1472.
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方玉英 and Yuk-ying Theresa Fong. "To study the hearing impaired children's academic and social adjustment in ordinary schools and the supportive services theyrequired." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977315.
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Ryu, Joanne J. "SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF BILINGUAL DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING CHILDREN." Scholarly Commons, 2021. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3754.
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Due to gaps in literature exploring communication outcomes in Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children with access to more than one spoken language, limited agreement on optimal language use for DHH children, and an ongoing cultural and linguistic loss in this population, the aim of this pilot study was to further the literature and comprehensively explore the impact of oral bilingualism in DHH children. Participants were self-selected and recruited primarily through relevant social media. Speech and language development in children were observed and quantified at two time points (at the time of enrollment into the study and subsequently after 3-4 months of initial assessment), through administration of standardized questionnaires and twenty minutes of conversational play language samples between the parent and child. Specific language constructs such as the mean length utterance, number of total words, number of different words, and rate of spoken words per minute were analyzed. Speech production skills were assessed by identifying the sounds the child was able to produce during the conversational play sample to compare to monolingual norms. The data from the five case studies presented in this paper indicated that DHH children with access to more than one language were able to develop language skills on par with their typical hearing peers when factors such as early acoustic access, linguistically rich environment, and active parent advocacy were present.
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Arnott, Linda. "The cognitive and social influences of computer technology on profoundly deaf young children." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1851.
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A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of
MASTER OF EDUCATION
2004This dissertation is located in the field of early childhood development. It is situated in the context of education for learners with special educational needs (ELSEN). The specific context was Deaf children who learn through the medium of South African Sign Language . The study is an investigation into the cognitive and social "value-addedness" of computer technology on profoundly deaf young learners. A Vygotskian theoretical framework was used to explore the efficacy of the computer as a tool for learning in the profoundly Deaf. Social and collaborative learning with peers was investigated. A case study was conducted with a cohort of seven profoundly Deaf Grade R learners (aged 516 years) at a special needs school in the Western Cape. The research methodology was an empirical investigation within a qualitative research paradigm, using observation and interviews. The report provides a descriptive account that makes use of illustrative vignettes. The study concludes that the computer influences social development within the cohort. The computer was also able to scaffold children's understanding of mathematical tasks and thereby provide a cognitive influence on learning.
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Chinhara, Henry. "Catering for children with special education needs in the provision of early childhood development programme in Zimbabwe : towards a holistic and inclusive framework." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3055.
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The study investigated how primary schools in Chiredzi District in Zimbabwe, cater for ECD “A” and “B” children with special education needs. A mixed method design located in the pragmatism paradigm was used to carry out the study. Post-positivist is an interactive process which produced in-depth, detailed, rich data from personal perspectives and experiences that resulted in realistic understanding of phenomenon, interpreted through the social and cultural context of respondents’ lives. By adopting quantitative and qualitative approaches, the researcher was able to ensure a high level of reliability in the collected data, at the same time obtaining comprehensive information on how primary schools attaching preschool classes in Chiredzi district cater for ECD “A” and “B” children with special education needs. Purposive sampling and cluster sampling procedures were used to solicit information from ECD teachers, school heads, parents, the District Education Team, NGOs and critical government ministries through semi-structured questionnaires, face-t-face interviews, focus group discussions, observations and document analysis. The study established that, while the government carries out its mandate of providing social services to learners with special education needs, they are incapacitated due to lack of resources. The majority of schools are not providing adequate health facilities for learners with special education needs. Furthermore, most schools are not providing nutritional supplementation to vulnerable learners, situations which deprive the learners with the much needed opportunity to grow and develop to the anticipated potential. In addition, the study noted that, ECD “A” and “B” children with special education needs enrolled in classes attached to primary schools do not access Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) or Cash Transfers to alleviate the children that are in need. It came out that such a situation impacts on learners’ attendance and subsequently their learning outcomes. Regardless of the stipulations by international treaties on the nature of inclusive education, the study established that, the education system has not yet modified curriculum to accommodate learners with diversified forms of special education needs. The situation is made worse by the fact that, heads of schools, and teachers are not adequately trained to handle learners with special education needs in early childhood development programmes. In addition, schools face the challenge of scarcity of learning resources that support ECD learners with special education needs which seriously impact on the growth and development of young learners at this critical stage of their development. Regardless of the essence of continuous professional development programs, in schools whose purpose is to redress the professional gap in schools, the study found that the CPD are doing very little to transform the mind-set of teachers. The study concluded that learners with special education needs are not benefiting from the current inclusive education programme. The study recommends that following; Stakeholders work together to promote the health and nutritional needs including other social services of ECD learners in classes attached to primary schools. There be a national teacher in-service programme for those teachers deployed in schools, to equip them with the desired skills, and knowledge to handle learners with special education needs, especially at this critical stage of their development. Teachers’ Colleges redesign their curriculum to address inclusive education in schools. Teachers’ Colleges need to empower new graduates with skills and knowledge to handle children with special education needs in schools. Policy makers to advocate for redesigning the curriculum to include children with special education needs to ensure availability of resources in inclusive schools to alleviate the challenges faced by these children. Those policy makers should advocate for a way to ensure that all children with special education be enrolled in mainstream schools. Thus, the study proposed an alternative, holistic, and inclusive education model for schools attaching ECD “A” and “B”
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Graziadei, Ann Elizabeth. "Learning outcomes of deaf and hard of hearing students in mainstreamed physical education classes." Full text available online (restricted access), 1998. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/graziadei.pdf.
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Pollisco, Mary Jane 1964. "American Sign Language intervention with deaf children of monolingual Hispanic families: A case study." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278248.
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Deaf children of monolingual Hispanic families possess unique linguistic needs and are recognized as a "minority within a minority" because of their unique language situation, in which case, American Sign Language (ASL), is not available in their environment, and both Spanish and English are essentially spoken languages and not accessible to them. In order to develop a strong language foundation, deaf children need exposure to ASL. Moreover, their own parents, if non-signing, also need exposure to ASL to serve as a language model and to maintain reciprocal and effective communication. A formal signed language intervention program is critical for deaf children and their families of non-English-speaking backgrounds. In response to the linguistic and educational challenge posed by Hispanic deaf children, a complete approach has been developed and utilized in this case study. The ASL intervention project is especially designed to explore the feasibility and outcome of this study in meeting the unique linguistic needs of the Hispanic deaf child and the family.
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Pauw, Hilda. "Ontwikkelende speelterapie as psigoterapeutiese tegniek in die hantering van dowe leerders wat presenteer met emosionele probleme." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52973.
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Thesis (MEdPsych)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Deaf learners are unique and require special support and assistance. It is apparent in the literature that deaf learners are more exposed to both physical and sexual abuse. The consequences of the latter can lead to emotional problems, for example, enuresis, anxiety disorders, depression, panic attacks, anger outbursts and attention deficits. One of the biggest challenges in the life of deaf learners must surely be communication. Misunderstandings and subsequent frustrations that ensue, normally occur as a result of communication difficulties between deaf learners and the hearing person. From the literature it appears necessary to stimulate the deaf learner's language development as early as possible, as it impacts on several aspects of his/her maturation into adulthood. Communication difficulties can also influence the emotional development of deaf learners. Therapeutic support for deaf learners are a challenge. The therapist that works with the learners should ideally be able to sign. The young deaf learners do, however, not yet have a signing system and consequently communication is problematic. The learners themselves experience frustrations as he/she is not able to express his/her emotions. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of developmental play therapy as a psychotherapeutic technique for the treatment of emotional problems in young deaf learners. To some degree, the technique makes it possible for verbal communication between therapist and learners to be replaced by physical contact. The aim of the activities is to take learners back to the early mother-child relationship and for the therapist to model healthy relationships. The research undertaken here is a qualitative case study. It was approached from an eco-systemic perspective, in other words learners are viewed as the core system which, in turn, is part of several other systems for example the family, school, church, community, etc. The systems are interdependent, which means that change in the one system also results in change within the other systems. In the data production video recordings, unstructured interviews, observations and field notes were used. Data analysis was done using the principles of coding. The results of the study show that developmental play therapy is indeed an effective psychotherapeutic technique in the treatment of emotional problems in young deaf learners. It would appear that the technique requires adaptation for deaf learners needs in order to be effective.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dowe leerders is uniek en het spesiale ondersteuning nodig. Uit die literatuur wil dit blyk of dowe leerders meer blootgestel word aan beide fisiese en seksuele mishandeling. Die gevolge van laasgenoemde kan lei tot meer emosionele probleme, byvoorbeeld enurese, angsversteurings, depressie, paniekaanvalle, woedeuitbarstings en aandagafleibaarheid. Een van die grootste uitdagings in dowe leerders se lewe is seker kommunikasie. Misverstande en frustrasies wat daaruit vloei, ontstaan gewoonlik as gevolg van kommunikasieprobieme tussen dowe leerders en die horende persoon. Uit die literatuur blyk dit noodsaaklik om dowe leerders se taalontwikkeling so vroeg as moontlik te stimuleer aangesien dit verskeie aspekte in sy/haar volwassewordingsproses beïnvloed. Kommunikasieprobleme het ook 'n invloed op dowe leerders se emosionele ontwikkeling. Terapeutiese ondersteuning van dowe leerders is 'n uitdaging. Die terapeut wat met die leerders werk, moet verkieslik gebaretaal kan praat. Die jong dowe leerders het egter nog nie werklik 'n gebaresisteem nie en gevolglik is kommunikasie 'n probleem. Die leerders self ervaar frustrasies, omdat hy/sy nie die vermoê het om uiting te gee aan sy/haar emosies nie. Die doel met hierdie studie was om die moontlikheid van ontwikkelende speelterapie as psigoterapeutiese tegniek in die hantering van emosionele probleme by jong dowe leerders te ondersoek. Die tegniek maak dit in 'n mate moontlik om die verbale kommunikasie tussen terapeut en leerders te vervang met fisiese kontak. Die doel met die aktiwiteite is om die leerders terug te neem na die vroeê moeder - kindverhouding en gesonde verhoudings deur die terapeut te modelleer. Die navorsing neem die vorm van 'n kwalitatiewe gevallestudie aan. Dit word benader vanuit 'n ekosistemiese perspektief, dit wil sê die leerders word gesien as die kernsisteem wat deel is van verskeie ander sisteme soos byvoorbeeld die familie, skool, kerk en gemeenskap. Die sisteme is interafhanklik wat beteken dat verandering in die een sisteem ook verandering in die ander sisteme tot gevolg het. In die data-produksie is tegnieke naamlik video-opnames, ongestruktureerde onderhoude, observasies en veldnotas gebruik. Data-analise is volgens die beginsels van kodering gedoen. Die resultate van die onderhewige studie wys daarop dat ontwikkelende speelterapie wel In effektiewe psigoterapeutiese tegniek is in die hantering van emosionele probleme by jong dowe leerders. Dit wil voorkom of die tegniek aangepas moet word by dowe leerders se behoeftes om werklik effektief te wees.
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Gascón-Ramos, María. "Laying the foundations for well-being in deaf children : exploring professional roles in the delivery of a deaf bilingual-bicultural education." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/b7309099-c4a3-4555-8e00-8b86a1397e91.
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Collins, Teresa Kay. "An investigation of the effect of rehearsal strategies in young hearing impaired children." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/426368.
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In this investigation three groups of ten subjects each, ages seven to nine, were compared on common object picture span identification tasks to determine if the rehearsal strategies of oral labeling, signing, or total communication significantly effected their visual memory. Thethree groups consisted of a good learner/normal hearing (NH) group, a hearing impaired poor speechreader/learning disabled (LD) group, and a hearing impaired good learner/good speechreader total communication (TC) group.Subjects' picture span identification performances with and without rehearsal were compared by a one way ANOVA for difference scores. The F value of 62.026 was significant at the .01 level which demonstrated a significant difference among the groups' difference scores. Statistical results between groups indicated that the signing rehearsal strategy significantly improved the LD group's scores on the rehearsed picture span taskas compared to the oral labeling and total communication rehearsal strategies of the NH and IC groups whose rehearsal had little effect on their performance.In summary, this study showed that poor learners/poor speechreaders greatly benefitted from overt rehearsal strategies on a visual memory picture identification task.
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Smith, David Michael. "Filial Therapy with Teachers of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Preschool Children." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3115/.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in increasing teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool students': 1) empathic responsiveness with their students; 2) communication of acceptance to their students; 3) allowance of self-direction by their students. A second purpose was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in reducing experimental group students': 1) overall behavior problems; 2) internalizing behaviors; and 3) externalizing behavior problems. Filial Therapy is a didactic/dynamic modality used by play therapists to train parents and teachers to be therapeutic agents with their children and students. Teachers are taught primary child-centered play therapy skills for use with their own students in weekly play sessions with their students. Teachers learn to create a special environment that enhances and strengthens the teacher-student emotional bond by means of which both teacher and child are assisted in personal growth and change. The experimental group (N=24) consisted of 12 teachers, who participated in 11 weekly Filial Therapy training sessions (22 total instructional hours) during the fall semester at the preschool of a center for communications disorders, and 12 students chosen by the teachers as their student of focus. Teachers and students met once a week during the training for 30 minute teacher student play sessions in a room specified for this purpose. The non-treatment comparison group received no training during the 11 weeks. Teacher participants completed two written instruments: the Child Behavior Checklist/Caregiver-Teacher Report Form and the Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory for Deaf and Hearing Impaired Students. Teachers who received Filial Therapy training were videotaped during student teacher play sessions. The videotaped sessions were used for pretest and posttest evaluation for the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction. Analysis of covariance revealed the children in the experimental group significantly decreased overall behavior problems. Teachers in the experimental group increased communication of empathy with their students of focus, significantly increased their attitude of acceptance with their students, and significantly increased in their ability to allow the students appropriate self-direction. This study supports Filial Therapy as an effective method of training teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool children to be therapeutic agents of change with their students.
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Reed, Susanne. "The beliefs and practices of itinerant teachers of deaf and hard of hearing children about literacy development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279878.
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The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the beliefs and practices of itinerant teachers of deaf and hard of hearing (d/hh) students about literacy development. The study examined the match between the itinerant teachers' beliefs and their practices match and the effects of the itinerant setting on beliefs and practices. These are important questions in the field as so many d/hh students are currently enrolled in public school settings. Five itinerant teachers participated in the study and met the following criteria: spend 70% or more of their time providing itinerant services and who serve two or more elementary schools, provide itinerant services to elementary age d/hh students, have at least five years of teaching experience with two or more years spent as an itinerant, and located within a 150 mile radius of Tucson, Arizona. A series of three interviews and four observations were completed with each teacher. The qualitative analysis program QSR Nudist 4 (2000) was used initially to analyze all of the data from the interviews and observations. This was followed by at least four readings of the original transcripts, once for each research question. Conclusions were drawn and similar patterns, phrases, ideas and themes were labeled and indexed. The teachers believe that d/hh students develop literacy in similar ways to hearing children if they have a strong language base. They also find it valuable to have a broad knowledge of literacy development for hearing children in order to identify gaps that d/hh students might have. The teachers use a combination of service delivery models, pull-out and in-class. The teachers use a combination of meaning-centered and skills-based models and a wide variety of practices for developing literacy. The majority of the teachers' beliefs match their practices. A number of specific effects of the itinerant setting affect the teachers' practices including: support from team members, space, consistency of student sessions, isolation, availability of resources, time, student teacher ratio, ownership of students and programming, and flexibility. Importance of the findings and their implications are discussed.
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Collair, Lynette Jennifer. "Indicators of successful inclusion of a learner who is deaf in a mainstream class." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52305.
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Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Internationally, the right of people with disabilities to participate as full members of society presently receives high priority and inclusive education is one way of facilitating participation. With South Africa firmly committed to a rights culture, it is a matter of time before inclusive education is implemented as policy. Since the education of the deaf presents its own challenges, questions abound around the inclusion of learners who are deaf in mainstream classes. This study seeks to explore the implications of the education of a learner who is deaf in a mainstream class and to explore the factors that facilitate learning in such a setting. An eco-systemic approach underpins the study. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in reciprocal interaction influence the learning of the deaf in mainstream classes. Several of these factors are explored in the international literature. Against this background, this study sets out to examine some of the factors mentioned in the literature as well as additional factors within the context of a rural South African school. A single learner who is deaf within the context of the family and education system was chosen as the focus of a qualitative, case study. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, field notes and a review of personal records. Interviews were held with educators, the principal, a support educator, the learner and the learner's mother. The data were analysed using aspects of content analysis and five patterns emerged. These were child related factors, family factors, school factors, support and factors pertaining to the education department. The findings indicated that the parameters of deafness which facilitated the leamer's success in the mainstream were a mixed hearing loss which benefited from hearing aids to the extent that the learner was able to access the curriculum by means of verbal communication with some compensatory behaviours and learning support. A positive attitude on the part of the school and a willingness to support him as well as good social integration were school-related factors that facilitated inclusion. Achievement enhancing factors despite poor socio-economic conditions were family-related factors that facilitated learning. Intensive early intervention formed a good foundation and continued to be of benefit. Several factors which could be improved were identified and recommendations were made. Since the impact of deafness differs from learner to leamer, each learner's needs has to be considered individually and placement decisions in one of a range of supportive settings be matched against this need.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dowe onderrig bied eie uitdagings. Internasionaal ontvang die reg van persone met gestremdhede om as volwaardige lede in die gemeenskap opgeneem te word, hoë prioriteit. Inklusiewe onderwys is een manier waarop insluiting en deelname in die gemeenskap vergemaklik kan word. Met die beoogde implementering van 'n beleid van inklusiewe onderwys in Suid-Afrika ontstaan daar vrae rondom die insluiting van leerders wat doof is in hoofstroom klasse. Hierdie studie poog om die implikasies wat onderrig van 'n leerder wat doof is in 'n hoofstroom klas inhou, te ondersoek. Die faktore wat leer in so 'n omgewing vergemaklik, is ook ondersoek. 'n Eko-sistemiese benadering is in die studie gebruik. 'n Enkele leerder wat doof is, is binne die konteks van sy familie en die onderwyssisteem gekies as onderwerp van 'n kwalitatiewe gevallestudie. Beide intrinsieke en ekstrinsieke faktore in wedersydse kommunikasie, beïnvloed die leer van dowe persone. In internasionale literatuur het faktore soos die aard van die doofheid, persoonlikheid, intellektuele funksionering, sosiale integrasie en skool- en familie verwante faktore aandag geniet en daar is bevind dat dit 'n impak op die leerder se sukses binne 'n inklusiewe leeromgewing het. Teen hierdie agtergrond is hierdie studie geloods om bogenoemde faktore en faktore uniek aan die situasie binne die konteks van 'n landelike Suid-Afrikaanse skool te ondersoek. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude IS gevoer met opvoeders, die skoolhoof, 'n leerondersteuningsopvoeder, die leerder en sy ouers. Veldnotas en In oorsig van persoonlike verslae is ook gebruik om inligting oor die leerder en die onderrig en leerproses te bekom. Die data is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van aspekte van inhoud analisering. Vyf patrone het na vore gekom, naamlik intrinsieke kindverwante faktore, familiefaktore, skoolverwante faktore, faktore rakende ondersteuning en faktore rakende die onderwysdepartement. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat Inleerder met 'n gehoorverlies wat deur 'n gehoorapparaat in staat gestel word om verbale kommunikasie te volg binne 'n leeromgewing waar daar die nodige ondersteuning is, groter sukses behaal. 'n Positiewe houding teenoor die leerder, 'n bereidwilligheid van opvoeders om die leerder te ondersteun en goeie sosiale integrasie is skoolverwante faktore wat insluiting vergemaklik. Familieverwante faktore wat leer aanmoeding lei tot verhoogde prestasies ten spyte van lae sosioekonomiese omstandighede. Intensiewe vroeë intervensies lê In goeie grondslag en lei tot langtermyn positiewe gevolge. Verskeie faktore waar daar ruimte VIT verbeteringe is, is geïdentifiseer en aanbevelings is gemaak. Terwyl sekere faktore in hierdie ondersoek geïdentifiseer is as kritiek in die fasilitering van leer in 'n inklusiewe omgewing, moet daarmee rekening gehou word dat die unieke interaksie van 'n ander stel intrinsieke veranderlikes en ekstrinsieke veranderlikes 'n ander stel kritieke faktore kan produseer. Die behoeftes van elke leerder wat doof is, sal dus op 'n individuele basis in ag geneem moet word sodat plasing binne die ondersteunende omgewing wat die beste in sy behoeftes voorsien, gedoen kan word.
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Ealy, Barbara Smith. "Parental Level of Satisfaction Regarding Early intervention Services for Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing." Thesis, Piedmont College, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3600986.
Full textAbstract:
This qualitative study explores the level of satisfaction of parents regarding early identification/intervention services for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). The purpose of this study is to compare the progress of children who are D/HH with their hearing peers on elements used to measure the readiness of students to enter the first grade as measured by teacher and parental perception/satisfaction. This study will include a qualitative exploration of assistive strategies and parental choices regarding early-intervention services, amplification, and modes of communication. Furthermore, it will provide and analyze data concerning teacher and parent perception of the relative success of the various pre-school interventions for children with hearing losses.
The study employs a qualitative case-study methodology using an in-depth guided-interview format to collect data. Participants include four families of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Triangulation of data sources is achieved through guided in-depth interviews with parents, document review, verbatim transcripts of all interviews, and personal observations. The findings reveal levels of functioning for children who are D/HH upon entry into the school system through the end of their kindergarten year and levels of parental satisfaction concerning their choices made about early-intervention services prior to their children's entry into the school system.
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Grimes, Marian Elizabeth. "Capital gains : parental perceptions on the family and social lives of deaf children and young people in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5882.
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It is known that the educational and social development of all children and young people are affected by the quality of communication within the family and by participation in social life and in activities outwith school. Although deaf children tend to under-achieve educationally and to experience marginalisation within mainstream groups, relatively little research has been located within family and out-of-school domains. This thesis interrogates data which were collected as part of a national questionnaire-based survey of parents of deaf children in Scotland. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of responses to closed and open questions illuminate parental perspectives on the extent to which deafness-related issues influenced: the quality of communication between their deaf children and family members; levels of friendships with both deaf and hearing peers; the amount and nature of their children’s participation in cultural and structured social activities; and parental facilitation of their adolescent deaf children’s independence. Although the majority of respondents indicated no, or minimal, disadvantages, a sizeable minority reported specific linguistic and social barriers which influenced key relationships and, in the case of activities, precipitated marginalising experiences. Whilst some clear patterns are revealed, such as a correlation with level of hearing loss and, in terms of parent/child quality of communication, with the hearing status of parents, there was a persistent level of unexplained diversity among those experiencing linguistic barriers. Limitations to the data restrict the generalisability of findings, although these have import in themselves. In addition, new knowledge is derived from the application of symbolic capital as a heuristic lens. Evidence of the diversity of family communication and ‘visitorship’ experiences are viewed in the context of linguistic access strategy choices emanating from the complexity of each deaf child’s habitus. Indications of differences between children of deaf and hearing parents, in terms of the balance of linguistic benefits and disadvantages, are considered in the context of social and cultural capital which is accumulated through access to alternative deaf and hearing networks. It is posited that, in order for deaf children to be enabled to realise their highly individual linguistic potential, and to optimise their accumulation of cultural and social capital, there is a need to address the imbalance within the linguistic spectrum of assessments and resources provided by specialist educational services. It is further argued that this should be within the context of a positive conceptualisation of deafness, and a holistic approach to assessment and service provision.
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Ng, Hok-ling. "The effect of cooperative LOGO programming environment on the interaction between hearing impaired students /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14724649.
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Carson, Kerrie, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Education and Early Childhood Studies. "The inclusive education of students with a hearing impairment : a case study inquiry." THESIS_CAESS_EEC_Carson_K.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/50.
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Inclusion is the practice of serving the needs of all students, with a full range of abilities and disabilities, in the general classroom with appropriate in-class support. Using qualitative case studies, this thesis explores the inclusive placement of three students with a hearing impairment. The students came from non-English speaking backgrounds, used hearing technology to access the class program and were eager to attend their local primary school. They had different types of hearing losses and were the only hearing-impaired students enrolled at their school. Five variables were examined which influenced the success of the inclusive placement. These included the student's academic, social and physical performance, the school environment and parental/family support. The constant comparative method was used to analyse data collected in each case study. Findings from the case studies identified strengths and weaknesses in the students' inclusive placement, and also provided data for future research and discussion on inclusive educationDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Pizzo, Lianna. "Vocabulary Instruction for the Development of American Sign Language in Deaf Children: An Investigation into Teacher Knowledge and Practice." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3237.
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Thesis advisor: Susan BruceThe acquisition of vocabulary is an important aspect of young children's development that may impact their later literacy skills (National Reading Panel, 2000; Cunningham and Stanovitch, 1997). Deaf children who are American Sign Language users, however, often have smaller vocabularies and lower literacy levels than their hearing peers (Lederberg and Prezbindowski, 2001; Schirmer and McGough, 2005). Despite the importance of teaching vocabulary for young deaf children, there are very few investigations on this important topic (Luckner and Cooke, 2010). This study examines the nature of vocabulary instruction by four early childhood teachers of deaf children (TODs) from two classrooms through a qualitative collective case study. Findings indicated that the Four-Part Vocabulary Program (Graves, 2006) could account for the nature of vocabulary in these classrooms; however, within this framework TODs used qualitatively different language strategies to address the unique aspects of teaching a visual language. Furthermore, there was interplay of teacher knowledge about learners, curricula, and pedagogy that informed their instructional planning and decision-making. Implications of this study include the varying roles of teacher knowledge, experience, and evidence in guiding ASL vocabulary instruction for TODs
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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Mak, Sau-man Michelle, and 麥綉雯. "Unraveling the barriers to education for children with severe disabilities (Cambodia)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44390725.
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Macaulay, Catrin Elizabeth. "Exploring individual differences in theory of mind in deaf children : relations with receptive vocabulary, executive function, maternal education, and number of siblings." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678549.
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Brum, Christopher. "Literacy Supporting Communication Development for Children with Congenital Deafblindness." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107176.
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Thesis advisor: Susan M. BruceThe effects of deafblindness are much greater than simply combining the effects of the individual’s vision loss with the effects of their hearing loss, because these senses strongly support one another (Silberman, Bruce, & Nelson, 2004). Even though most individuals have some residual vision and hearing, deafblindness limits access to the environment, resulting in a distorted perception of the immediate surroundings (van Dijk, Janssen, & Nelson, 2001). The implications greatly limit the individual’s opportunities for incidental learning and significantly impact the individual’s language and communication development (Bruce, 2005; Miles & Riggio, 1999). For children with deafblindness, there is a strong connection between literacy and communication, since engaging in accessible literacy activities can support learning and communication development (Downing, 2005b). When understood as exchanging information with others in a variety of ways based on personal experiences, literacy has inherent communicative and social components (Bruce et al., 2004). This qualitative research study investigated how teachers were implementing read alouds for children with congenital deafblindness, as well as teacher’s understandings regarding the relationship between communication and literacy for individuals with deafblindness. Three case studies were conducted, followed a cross-case analysis to determine prominent themes that emerged from the observation, interview and field note data. Results included the emergence of themes related to teacher beliefs, instructional strategies and the learning environment across cases. The major theme that emerged for teacher beliefs was a shared understanding of the connection between communication and literacy for children with deafblindness, and the minor theme was comprehensive understanding of deafblindness. Major themes that emerged for instructional strategies were the use of total communication with different levels of representation, communication modeling, and positive reinforcement, as well as the minor theme of formative assessment. Finally, for the learning environment, a major theme of adapted materials emerged, as well as a minor theme of technology
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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Limbrick, Elizabeth Anne. "The reading and language development of severely and profoundly deaf children in a total communication environment." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1995.
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The purpose of this two year cross-sectional and longitudinal study was to examine the reading and language of severely and profoundly deaf children over two years. The focus was on reading and language achievement, measured by standardized tests and the process of reading demonstrated when engaged in reading prose. The children were the entire population of severely and profoundly deaf, aged from 5 to 10 years at the commencement of the study, who had no other educational handicaps. They were being educated within a Total Communication programme at the Kelston School for Deaf and associated unit classrooms. Reading achievement was assessed by the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Assessment Test on three occasions, each one year apart. Reading achievement was also assessed by documenting accuracy and comprehension (retelling) when reading natural language texts. Language achievement was measured using the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language (Moog and Geers, 1979, 1980). The relationship between reading and language achievement was established. The reading of natural language stories was analyzed to establish the pattern of errors (miscues) on text at two levels of difficulty for the reader. Categories of semantically appropriate, syntactically appropriate, grammatically similar, the omission of inflectional morphemes, fingerspelt miscues and signing errors were established. Comparisons were made between age groups, proficiency groups(High and Low) and across developmental levels. Cloze passages were also analysed to assess the use of contextual information by these readers. Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were undertaken for each miscue category in the signed reading, classified by age and proficiency of the reader, and difficulty of the text. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were undertaken for the miscue categories classified by reading level, and the cloze exercise substitution classified by age and proficiency of the reader. Observations of classroom reading instructions were included to document the environment within which the children were being educated. Six individual case studies, three high progress and three low progress, were also analyzed. The findings suggest that reading achievement of these severely and profoundly deaf readers is still low. This is consistent with previous studies but achievement in comparison with earlier New Zealand data and data from surveys in the U.S. was slightly higher. This study supported previous research that suggested that standardized tests of reading do not adequately measure the reading achievement of deaf readers. High positive correlations (r ≥.90) between reading and language achievement were interpreted to be bi-directional and suggestive that higher rates of engaged time in reading could facilitate greater reading and language development. An integrated/interactive model most appropriately described the process of reading for these deaf readers as for hearing readers. Like hearing readers these deaf readers, at all ages and both high and low progress, were able to utilize contextual cues, and textual cues as they interacted with text. However, several unique differences in the process of reading have important implications for instruction. Low levels of syntactic cues during signed reading, it was suggested, reflect the readers use of their language in use and sensitivity to task factors. Fingerspelling was demonstrated to be a potentially useful strategy that was used at a significantly higher rate by High Progress readers. High Progress readers were more able than Low progress readers to use strategies ensuring fluency in order to construct meaning from texts Observations of classroom reading indicated that the rate of engaged time in reading was not high and that although the teachers espoused a meaning-emphasis some practices in the classroom did not foster independent problem solving readers. The educational implications of the data were discussed.
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Szabados, Cynthia Grassel. "Utilizing the principles and strategies of brain based learning in educating the deaf." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2405.
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Almusawi, Hashemiah Mohammed Sayed Shubber. "The role of phonology, morphology and dialect in reading Arabic among hearing and deaf children." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd3a9e2a-7322-4ad7-9f32-913780e743b1.
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Phonological and morphological awareness are shown to be predictors of hearing and deaf children's literacy achievements in various languages, and Arabic is assumed to be no different. However, this might not be the case for two reasons. Firstly, the linguistic context of the Arab world is characterised by diglossia, i.e. the use of two different varieties of the same language in different settings. Hearing and orally educated deaf children will therefore encounter the vernacular variety of Arabic outside school, but are introduced to literacy in the more prestigious variety of Standard Arabic during instruction in school. Secondly, Arabic orthography has two forms: a fully vowelised script, which is typically taught in the first two years of school, and a non-vowelised script, which is the form of the written language widely used in society. This study specifically aims to investigate whether phonological and morphological awareness are independent predictors of the emergent literacy achievement of hearing and orally educated deaf Kuwaiti children. This is in addition to the question of whether children's awareness of the two language forms, i.e. their dialect awareness, contributes to their literacy achievement and to their levels of phonological and morphological awareness. This investigation was carried out longitudinally through a number of phonological, morphological and dialect awareness measures utilised as predictors of literacy outcome skills of word reading, word spelling, pseudo-word decoding and reading comprehension. Variances of age and general cognitive ability were controlled for throughout all the analyses undertaken. The results for the first target group of hearing children (N = 78, aged 6; 2 years) indicated a significant superiority of phonological awareness as the predominant predictor of all literacy skills across grade levels one and two. Morphological awareness was a predictor of first- graders' spelling ability, and was subsequently implemented to predict all the literacy skills of second-graders. Dialect awareness was a predictor of the word reading and reading comprehension ability only for second-graders, and its mediational effect was revealed when it was seen to significantly reduce the effect of phonological and morphological awareness on second-graders' reading skills after being examined as a control measure. The results for the second target group of orally educated deaf children (N = 34, aged 7; 6 years) indicated that phonological, morphological and dialect awareness were varyingly significant independent predictors of the subjects' literacy skills. A mediational effect of dialect awareness on the predictive link between morphological awareness and word spelling outcome was also evident. Although the prediction association between literacy predictor and outcome measures was mostly consistent and similar across both groups, exceptions in the predictive pattern revealed that the deaf children were at a disadvantage in developing language awareness skills that facilitate efficient mapping of speech into the written form. These findings are discussed in terms of language-general and language-specific properties. The outcomes offered by the current study cannot imply a cause-and-effect association, but allow for constructive identification of literacy predictors and assist in clarifying possible implications for children's literacy capabilities. As the strengths and needs of the examined groups have been clearly recognised, future investigations of causal and mediational analyses will validate the current findings about the Arabic diglossic phenomenon, and additionally specify an appropriate response in terms of practical educational plans.
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Mall, Sumaya. "HIV prevention issues for deaf and hard of hearing adolescents : views of parents, teachers, adolescents and organizations serving the deaf community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71737.
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Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Disabled adolescents are vulnerable to HIV infection particularly in countries like South Africa which has one of the largest HIV epidemics in the world. Like able-bodied adolescents, adolescents with disabilities are at a critical stage of their psychosocial and sexual development. They may be at risk of sexual abuse as perpetrators may believe that they are incapable of defending themselves or reporting the crime to the authorities. Deaf or hard of hearing adolescents are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS due to similar risk factors to other disabled adolescents. They also face difficulties in communicating with hearing people and receiving information in sign language, and they share characteristics with minority ethnic groups, which make them hard to reach for HIV prevention campaigns. There is a paucity of research in South Africa investigating the role of schools for Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents in delivering appropriate HIV and sexuality education to their learners. This thesis is an exploratory study and investigates HIV prevention issues for Deaf or hard of hearing adolescents in South Africa. More specifically, I aim to determine the ways in which participants believe schools, health systems and other organizations contribute or fail to contribute to the HIV/AIDS prevention needs of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents. The study includes qualitative interviews with employees of Deaf organizations, educators of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents, parents of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents and Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents themselves in relation to sexuality and HIV related issues. Results indicate that Deaf organizations have an interest in the HIV prevention needs of the Deaf community and in Deaf schools. However they have experienced obstacles in delivering HIV education to learners. These obstacles include communication barriers as well as the fact that religious environments in some of the schools may not always be experienced as conducive to HIV education. Although all educators of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents interviewed in the previous phase of the study were aware that their learners are at risk of HIV/AIDS, some educators of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents were constrained by the same issues of morality and religious conviction discussed in the first phase. Some participants had made efforts to produce appropriate HIV and sexuality materials for Deaf learners. Parents of Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents were affected by communication barriers with their children but seemed unaware of the religious ethos of many of the schools their children attended. The Deaf and hard of hearing adolescents knew they could be at risk of HIV/AIDS. Some displayed poor knowledge of HIV transmission. There are a number of issues to be addressed if schools for Deaf and hard of hearing learners are to provide adequate HIV/AIDS prevention information to their learners.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gestremde adolessente is kwesbaar vir MIV-infeksie veral in lande soos Suid-Afrika wat een van die grootste MIV-epidemies ter wêreld het. Soos nie-gestremde adolessente is gestremde adolessente in 'n kritieke stadium van hul psigososiale en seksuele ontwikkeling. Oortreders van seksuele misbruik mag gestermde adolessente beskou as sagte teikens aangesien daar die persepsie is dat hulle minder in staat is om hulself te verdedig of minder geneig is om `n misdaad by die owerhede te rapporteer. Dowe of hardhorende adolessente is kwesbaar vir MIV / VIGS vir redes war soortgelyk is aan die van ander gestremde adolessente. Dowe of hardhorende adolessente vind dit problematies om met horende (nie-gestremde) mense te komminikeer, inligting in gebaretaal te ontvang, en deel eienskappe met etniese minderheidsgroepe wat dit moeilik maak om hulle deur middel van MIV voorkomingsveldtogte te bereik. Daar is 'n gebrek aan navorsing in Suid-Afrika oor die rol wat skole vir dowe en hardhorende adolessente speel in die lewering van geskikte MIV en seksualiteitsopvoeding. Hierdie proefskrif verken en ondersoek kwessies met betrekking tot MIV-voorkoming onder dowe en hardhorende adolessente in Suid-Afrika. Meer spesifiek was die doel van hierdie studie om vas te stel wat deelnemers se persepsies is oor die bydrae of gebrek aan bydrae van skole, gesondheids-en ander organisasies tot die behoeftes van dowe en hardhorende adolessente wanneer dit kom by die voorkoming van MIV/ VIGS. Gedurende die studie is kwalitatiewe onderhoude met die volgende deelnemers gevoer: die werknemers van organisasies vir dowes; die onderwysers van dowes, ouers van dowe en hardhorende adolessente. Die onderhoude het hoofsaaklik gehandel oor seksualiteit en MIV-verwante kwessies onder gehoor gestremde adolessente. Die studie het bevind dat organisasies vir dowes `n belangstelling toon in die behoeftes van dowe gemeenskappe en skole vir dowes wanneer dit kom by MIV-voorkomming. Hulle het dit egter met tye problematies gevind om leerders op te voed oor MIV weens verskeie hindernisse. Hierdie hindernisse sluit in kommunikasie-hindernisse sowel as die godsdienstige etos wat wat in sommige skole teenwoordig is en wat nie altyd bevorderlik is tot MIV-onderrig nie. Alhoewel al die opvoeders van dowe en hardhorende adolessente gedurende die vorige fase van die studie aangedui het dat hul wel bewus is van leerders se risiko vir MIV/VIGS word sommige van hulle beperk deur bogenoemde kwessies van moraliteit en godsdienstige oortuiging. Sommige deelnemers het daarop gedui dat hul pogings aangewend het om geskikte materiaal te produseer wat spreek tot MIV en seksualiteit onder dowe leerders. Ouers van dowe en hardhorende adolessente was bewus van en word beïnvloed deur kommunikasie-hindernisse, maar was nie bewus van die godsdienstige etos van die skole wat hul kinders bywoon nie. Dowe en hardhorende adolessente was bewus daarvan dat hulle die risiko loop om MIV / vigs op te doen, maar dit blyk dat sommige min kennis dra oor MIV-oordrag. Daar is 'n aantal kwessies wat aangespreek moet word voordat skole vir dowes en hardhorendes instaat sal wees om geskikte MIV/VIGS voorkomingsprogramme aanbied te bied wat voldoen aan die behoeftes van leerders.
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Wise, Laura West. "Case Studies of the Literacy Interactions of Preschool Deaf Children with their Parents in the Home." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/msit_diss/9.
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In the field of deaf education, a long-standing and still unanswered question is why are the reading levels and academic achievement levels of deaf and hard of hearing children inferior to their hearing peers. Teachers and parents continue to look for reasons to explain the gap and strategies they can use to narrow this gap between the reading achievement of children who are deaf and children who hear. For all children, literacy learning begins at birth. During the early years, children listen to and learn from the language their parents speak to them. The children are affected by the family interactions and experiences of daily life both inside and outside the family. Examination of literacy interactions of deaf children and their parents may provide answers to help us understand the literacy achievement gap deaf children experience. For this research dissertation, my focus was on: (a) How does the communication method of the deaf child affect language learning?; (b) How can the parent-child literacy interactions of deaf children be described?, and (c) How can preschool-age deaf children’s emergent literacy behaviors be described? This naturalistic study looked at the early literacy interactions of preschool deaf children of hearing parents. From an initial group of ten families, three families from an early intervention program were selected. The researcher identified the literacy histories of the deaf children, described the parent-child literacy interactions, and explored emergent literacy behaviors occurring in the home. Data sources included parent questionnaires, parent interviews, literacy logs, and observations of parent-child literacy interactions, including storybook reading. Findings reveal that overall family support, the definitive personality of the parents, and the early diagnosis and amplification of the deaf child defined the difference between the deaf child that excelled as an emergent reader and those who did not. Family support assisted in making each child a successful emergent reader. Parents who made an early decision and commitment to a communication mode, whether manual or oral, allowed their child to progress in areas beyond simple vocabulary. Lastly, the early diagnosis of deafness and early amplification aided the deaf child in emergent literacy achievements.
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Naniwe-Kaburahe, Assumpta. "Education et intégration de l'enfant sourd dans la société burundaise: analyse menée à partir des représentations de son entourage familial." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213104.
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Schonebaum, Jennifer Ann 1973. "Assessing the multiple intelligences of children who are Deaf with the DISCOVER process and the use of American Sign Language." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278639.
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The following thesis explores the use of the DISCOVER Assessment with children who are Deaf. Nine students from two 3rd-4th grade classrooms at a residential school for Deaf children participated in this study. The participants were given the DISCOVER Assessment as a group and within their own classrooms. The instructions and communication throughout the assessment were expressed in the preferred language of the students (e.g. American Sign Language and/or Simultaneous Communication; signing and talking at the same time). Two observers collected data about the students problem-solving behaviors during the assessments. One observer was Deaf and one was hearing. Both observers were proficient in the preferred language of the students. Results show that the DISCOVER Assessment is an effective method for assessing Deaf children's strengths. In addition, two out of nine students were determined to be gifted, although none were considered gifted according to standardized IQ tests.
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Weir, Carolyn Louise. "A comparison between the written English of deaf and hearing children in the Nelson Mandela Metropole." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1083.
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The main purposes of this thesis are to investigate the difference between the written English of deaf children and the written English of hearing children and to make recommendations on how to improve the writing of deaf children. In order to achieve this goal, both quantitative and qualitative research was done. The comparison of the writing of deaf and hearing children relies on quantitative research while the recommendations are based on qualitative analysis. The dissertation is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter discusses the problem, the significance of the research, the purpose of the study, the background to the problem and the theoretical framework. This chapter indicates the prevalence of deafness worldwide and in South Africa and its negative impact on the writing abilities of children. The second chapter provides a literature review on the theory behind reading and writing, with specific emphasis on emergent literacy and its relevance to the language acquisition and print language learning of deaf children. Another aspect of this chapter is the effect of different aspects of deafness on language acquisition and learning. The chapter also highlights the challenges for deaf children in South Africa and debates regarding the language of instruction that should be used to teach deaf children writing/reading, as well as arguments concerning bottom-up, top-down, and interactive approaches to writing. The third chapter provides the overall philosophical framework for the quantitative and qualitative research as well as the methodology used for the qualitative research. This is followed by the results of the quantitative research and a discussion of these results in Chapter 4. The fifth chapter is in the form of a second literature review that contains recommendations for improving the writing of deaf children. Following this, in Chapter 6, is a discussion of some of the theory behind interview interaction, as well as an analysis of how to develop a valid study. The researcher also sets out the interview structure. The seventh chapter contains a discussion of the findings of the interview to see if they confirm the findings in Chapter 5, as well as overall conclusions about assisting deaf children with their writing, a reflection on the study as a whole and suggestions for future research. This study argues that in order for deaf children in South Africa to develop their writing, immediate government assistance is necessary in order to implement countrywide newborn hearing screening, followed by medical and/or language-based ii intervention to minimise the impact of deafness on the language and writing abilities of deaf children. This is an essential foundation from which parents and teachers can build and play a key role in helping their children reach age-appropriate levels of written English.
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Rutter, Lucinda. "The implementation and facilitation of the whole language approach with deaf learners : eight to twelve years old." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53647.
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Thesis(MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Traditionally, schools for Deaf learners taught the language arts within a behaviouristic model with the result that language was broken down into parts and sub-skills and presented in a de-contextualised way. This approach to teaching was sequentially building from the simplest to the most complex form. In contrast to this, the Whole Language approach focuses on a holistic and integrated approach where all language forms are contextualised. Deaf learners need to acquire language as well as develop language before actively engaging in oracy and literacy. With the acceptance of Sign Language as part of the Total Communication philosophy, the medium of instruction is English/Afrikaans/Xhosa in the printed and written form. This necessitates a move towards an approach in which the teaching and learning of language is meaningful, as well as functional such as the Whole Language approach which includes aspects of constructivist theory, appropriate beliefs and effective practice. This research focused on the factors influencing teachers' acceptance and problems experienced as well as the literacy development of the Deaf learner during implementation and facilitation of the Whole language approach. The qualitative design accommodated the exploratory contextual nature of this type of research. The research methodology was a qualitative case study, consisting of three experienced teachers of the Deaf and twenty Deaf learners with varying degrees of hearing losses and mixed language abilities. The methods used during data collection were interviews, journal entries, workshops, and observations. Data analysis was done by using the procedure of open coding where manageable units of data were coded into categories and themes. These themes and categories were interpreted and correlated with the literature. The researcher facilitated the implementation of the Whole Language approach by providing the resource material, building trusting relationships and continuously consulting with the teachers involved in the study. The findings of the study shows that learners abilities such as confidence, risk taking, interest, power sharing, trust, motivation and active learning contributed to learners engaging in the language system - oracy and literacy whilst it extended and enriched the teachers' practices and teaching strategies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tradisioneel het skole vir Dowe leerders taal binne 'n behaviouristiese raamwerk onderrig wat tot gevolg gehad het dat taal in kleiner eenhede en subvaardighede, sonder 'n bekende konteks, aangebied is. Hierdie benadering is stapsgewys aangebied vanaf die eenvoudigste tot die mees ingewikkelde vorm. Hierteenoor staan die Geheeltaalbenadering waar klem geplaas word op 'n holistiese, geïntegreerde benadering waar alle taalfasette gekontekstualiseer word. Die verwerwing en ontwikkeling van taal is 'n voorvereiste vir die Dowe leerder se kommunikasie ("oracy") - en geletterdheidsvaardighede (lees en skryf). Met die aanvaarding van Gebaretaal as deel van die Totale kommunikasie filosofie, word Engels/Afrikaans/Xhosa die onderrigmedium ten opsigte van lees en skryf. Gevolglik is dit noodsaaklik om 'n benadering te volg waar klem gelê word op betekenis om sodoende aan die taalbehoeftes van die Dowe leerder te voldoen. Die Geheeltaalbenadering voldoen aan hierdie vereistes ten opsigte van die teoretiese begronding, die konstruktivistiese filosofie, toepaslike geloofsisteme asook die effektiewe praktyk. Hierdie navorsing is toegespits op die geletterdheidsontwikkeling van die Dowe leerder en die faktore wat die onderwysers se aanvaarding tydens implementering en fasilitering van die Geheeltaalbenadering 'n rol gespeel het. Die kwalitatiewe aard van die navorsingsontwerp het In verkennende en kontekstueel-beskrywende vorm aangeneem. Die navorsingsmetodologie het gebruik gemaak van 'n enkel gevallestudie waaraan drie ervare onderwysers en twintig Dowe leerders deelgeneem het en verskillende grade van gehoorverlies en taalvaardigheidsvlakke openbaarhet. Die metode van data-insameling wat gebruik is, is onderhoude, joernaalinskrywings, werkswinkels en observasie. Die data-ontleding was gedoen deur gebruik te maak van 'n cop koderingsprosedure, waar hanteerbare data-eenhede gekodeer is in temas en kategorieë. Laasgenoemde is met behulp van literatuur geïnterpreteer en gekorreleer. Die navorser het die Geheeltaalbenadering geïmplementeer en gefasiliteer, deur hulpmiddels te voorsien, sowel as om betroubare verhoudings en effektiewe samewerking tussen kollegas te bewerkstellig. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het gedui dat leerders se vaardighede soos motivering, bereidheid om te waag, belangstelling, wedywering en vertroue 'n bydrae gelewer het tot h/sy inskakeling as aktiewe leerder ten opsigte van die taalsisteem (kommunikasie en geletterdheid) terwyl die onderwysers se onderwyspraktyk en onderrigstrategieë uitgebrei en verryk is.
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Xu, Kimberly A. "Facilitating American Sign Language learning for hearing parents of deaf children via mobile devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47629.
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In the United States, between 90 and 95% of deaf children are born to hearing parents. In most circumstances, the birth of a deaf child is the first experience these parents have with American Sign Language (ASL) and the Deaf community. Parents learn ASL as a second language to provide their children with language models and to be able to communicate with their children more effectively, but they face significant challenges.
To address these challenges, I have developed a mobile learning application, SMARTSign, to help parents of deaf children learn ASL vocabulary. I hypothesize that providing a method for parents to learn and practice ASL words associated with popular children's stories on their mobile phones would help improve their ASL vocabulary and abilities more than if words were grouped by theme. I posit that parents who learn vocabulary associated with children's stories will use the application more, which will lead to more exposure to ASL and more learned vocabulary.
My dissertation consists of three studies. First I show that novices are able to reproduce signs presented on mobile devices with high accuracy regardless of source video resolution. Next, I interview hearing parents with deaf children to discover the difficulties they have with current methods for learning ASL. When asked which methods of presenting signs they preferred, participants were most interested in learning vocabulary associated with children's stories. Finally, I deploy SMARTSign to parents for four weeks. Participants learning story vocabulary used the application more often and had higher sign recognition scores than participants who learned vocabulary based on word types. The condition did not affect participants' ability to produce the signed vocabulary.
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Pinheiro, KÃtia Lucy. "PrÃticas pedagÃgicas bilÃngue para crianÃas do Instituto Cearence de EducaÃÃo de Surdos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7918.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorConhecer a evoluÃÃo histÃrica da educaÃÃo de surdos à fundamental para tecer comentÃrios acerca de quais valores o sistema educacional precisa priorizar, a fim de formar cidadÃos surdos, conscientes de sua identidade e que se relacionem com a cultura surda e a cultura ouvinte com o mÃnimo de dificuldades. Para abordar este tema este estudo parte da experiÃncia educacional da prÃpria pesquisadora como pessoa surda e de uma visÃo que abrange as abordagens educacionais que embasaram/embasam a escolarizaÃÃo dos surdos desde seu inÃcio, a fim de levar o leitor a compreender a importÃncia e o porquà de se ofertar ao surdo uma educaÃÃo bilÃngue. Durante todo o processo educacional dos surdos percebe-se que a maioria das propostas polÃtico-pedagÃgicas a eles direcionadas foram pensadas e implementadas por ouvintes. A participaÃÃo de surdos na elaboraÃÃo dessas polÃticas foi quase que inexistente. Dentre algumas delas, destacam-se o oralismo, a comunicaÃÃo total e o bilinguismo, sendo essa Ãltima eleita pela comunidade surda brasileira como a que mais se adequa a sua condiÃÃo linguÃstica. Por ainda nÃo ser amplamente discutida e difundida, a prÃtica do ensino bilÃngue na educaÃÃo de surdos ainda à pouco compreendida, inclusive pelas instituiÃÃes de ensino especÃficas para surdos que se dizem bilÃngues. Considerando esse contexto, a dissertaÃÃo trata da investigaÃÃo das prÃticas pedagÃgicas bilÃngues de um professor surdo em sala de educaÃÃo infantil, no Instituto Cearense de EducaÃÃo de Surdos. Essa investigaÃÃo tem como objetivo apontar a importÃncia das prÃticas pedagÃgicas bilÃngues efetuadas por um professor surdo no desenvolvimento educacional, linguÃstico e cultural da crianÃa surda. AlÃm disso, tem como fundamento os estudos bibliogrÃficos focados nas ideias de Goldfeld, Quadros, Skliar, Moura, Sacks, Strobel, dentre outros, e da anÃlise dos dados coletados em campo, bem como do exame do projeto polÃtico pedagÃgico da escola. A partir da anÃlise desses instrumentos foi possÃvel constatar que a sala chamada de educaÃÃo infantil pelo referido instituto, nÃo se caracteriza como tal; que o ensino bilÃngue nÃo à compreendido pelo professor surdo nem praticado em seus princÃpios; e que a proposta bilÃngue de educaÃÃo para surdos nessa escola, se encontra ainda em processo de implantaÃÃo.
Knowing the historical evolution of deaf people education is essential to comment on what values the educational system needs to prioritize in order to educate deaf citizens, conscious of their identity and that relate to deaf culture and hearing culture with minimal difficulty. We start, therefore, from my educational experience as a deaf person and from a vision that includes the educational approaches that have supported/support deaf people education since its beginning, in order to lead the reader to understand the importance of and why offering the deaf a bilingual education. Throughout the educational process of deaf people we can see that most of the political-pedagogical programs directed to them were designed and implemented by hearing people. The participation of the deaf in the elaboration of these policies was almost nonexistent. Among some of them, we highlight Oralism, Total Communication and Bilingualism, the latter being elected by Brazilian deaf community as the most suited to their language condition. Because it has not been widely discussed and disseminated, the practice of bilingual in deaf education is still poorly understood by people, including the educational institutions specific for the deaf who claim to be bilingual. Considering this context, this work deals with the investigation of the bilingual pedagogical practices of the deaf teacher in Early Childhood classroom, at Instituto de EducaÃÃo de Surdos do CearÃ. This research aims to indicate the importance of bilingual pedagogical practices carried out by a deaf teacher in the educational, linguistic and cultural development of the deaf child. It is based on bibliographic studies focused on the ideas of Goldfeld, Quadros, Sklia, Moura, Sacks and Strobel, among others, and on the analysis of data collected in the field, as well as on the examination of the Pedagogical Political Project of the school. From the analysis of these instruments, we found that the classroom called Early Childhood by the institute is not characterized as such, that bilingual education is not understood by the deaf teacher nor practiced in its principles, and that the bilingual approach of education for the deaf at this school is still under implementation.
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Shoko, Nothabo. "The influence of peer harassment on the wellbeing of form three learners in Zimbabwean rural day secondary schools." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20330.
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The aim of this study was to describe occurrences of peer harassment and the influences it has on Form Three learners in Zimbabwean rural day secondary schools. A review of studies conducted internationally indicated that peer harassment is prevalent and is stressful for most learners. Reports indicate that the negative impacts of peer harassment limit the educational achievements of the learners, and that learners need teacher and parental assistance to deal with peer harassment. In particular there appears to be a need for the creation of safe learning environments. This study was informed by an eclectic framework based on Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, Bronfenbrenner's socio-ecological theory and Allardt's social welfare theory. These three theories point to the need for understanding that the social supports available to an individual determine how the individual perceives and responds to all his or her experiences. Investigations of the perceptions which individuals hold of their diverse lived experiences are best understood from a qualitative paradigm. Since the study intended to gain an understanding of the forms of peer harassment experienced by learners and how their individual experiences influenced their wellbeing, a phenomenological design was used. The sample was comprised of fifteen Form Three (grade 10) learners from three rural schools who volunteered to share their experiences of peer harassment. Data generated from semi-structured interviews with the individual participants were analyzed revealing emergent themes to answer the research questions. Findings revealed that the learners experienced various forms of peer harassment with physical peer harassment being the most prevalent. The data also revealed that peer harassment had both psychological and social influences on the well being of the learners which were primarily negative. Most learners felt that they were not getting adequate support from the adults (i.e., their teachers and the parents and guardians. The apparent reason for this lack of support from the adults was related to the community values which adults held about how learners were expected to deal with peer harassment. It was also evident that most learners chose to suffer silently, or hoped that God would intervene to assist them. Teachers were also not doing enough to assist the learners to stop peer harassment. Like the parents and guardians, most of the teachers did not perceive peer harassment as a serious problem in learners' lives so they did very little to assist victims who complained to them. Learners relied primarily on friends for support. The study concluded that peer harassment influenced the learners 'psychological and social well being negatively. It provided recommendations for schools, teachers, parents and the learners themselves. These stakeholders may collaborate to establish anti-harassment policies and to inform the design and implementation of anti-harassment policies in Zimbabwean rural schools. Recommendations are also provided for further studies aimed at identifying effective responses to the phenomenon of peer harassment.
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Welch, Jane A. "Predicting academic achievement of hearing impaired students using the Wechsler Performance Scale and the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) model of cognitive processing /." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265301261.
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