Academic literature on the topic 'De sensu et sensibilibus'

Em contraposição a Enrico Berti, este artigo defende a interpretação tradicional de que o primeiro motor imóvel é a causa final da primeira esfera celeste. O artigo está dividido em 6 partes: (i) Apresentamos uma síntese da posição de Enrico Berti, tomando-se por base seus artigos a respeito do assunto em 1997 e 2002. (ii) Traz-se à discussão a compreensão que Aristóteles tem a respeito do movimento circular, a partir de duas passagens da física. Para Berti, o movimento da primeira esfera dificulta a compreensão a respeito dela e do primeiro motor imóvel, (iii) Tomamos em consideração Ética Eudêmia I, 8 enquanto afirmação aristotélica de que nenhuma coisa imóvel pode ser "prática", (iv) Enfocando Metafísica XII, 7, observaremos que Berti não levou em conta uma passagem de De sensu et sensibilibus para interpretar este texto da Metafísica, (v) Ao contrário de Berti, veremos que De caelo II 12 se contrapõe à sua posição, (vi) Apresentaremos por fim a conexão entre a causalidade final e causalidade eficiente do primeiro motor imóvel. Com o apêndice, trazemos uma tradução das listas paralelas de De caelo II 12.ABSTRACT: In contraposition to Enrico Berti, this article defends the traditional interpretation of the first unmoved mover is the ultimate cause of the first celestial sphere. The article is divided into 6 parts: (i) present a summary of the Enrico Berti position, taking as a basis Articles on the subject in 1997 and 2002. (ii) brings to the discussion understanding that Aristotle has about the circular motion, from two physical passages. To Berti, the first ball movement difficult to understand about it and the first unmoved mover, (iii) We consider Ethics Eudêmia I, 8 while Aristotelian claim that no immovable object can be "practical", (iv) Focusing on Metaphysics XII, 7, observe that Berti did not take into account a sensu de passing et sensibilibus to interpret this text of Metaphysics, (v) Unlike Berti, we see that de caelo II 12 is opposed to their position, (vi) will present by end to end connection between causality and efficient causality of the first unmoved mover. With the appendix, we present a translation of parallel lists of De caelo II 12.

Résumé La ville, en tant que symbole de la modernité, est souvent identifiée au processus de sécularisation de nos sociétés occidentales et à la perte du sens du religieux. L'étude attentive de la population des pèlerins de l'Oratoire Saint-Joseph-du-Mont-Royal nous révèle pourtant la persistance de pratiques religieuses traditionnelles au coeur de la cité, pratiques partagées par une population essentiellement urbaine et multigénérationnelle. Ce lieu de pèlerinage apparaît comme un espace sacré adapté aux sensibilités de la mentalité urbaine marquée par le nomadisme, l'individualisme et la valorisation de la vie privée.

Santo Tomás de Aquino explica que en la ciencia de los móviles, al descender a los vivientes, se atiende a cada una de las especies de animales y plantas especificando qué es lo propio de cada una de ellas, y aquí es donde se encuentra De Sensu et Sensato. Aquino enumera los distintos tipos de vivientes con respecto a las partes del alma y enlista los libros que tienen relación con ellos, deduciendo que De Sensu et Sensato corresponde al acto exterior que se da en el sentir.

RÉSUMÉIl est indispensable que les foyers de soins de longue durée (FSLD) soient sensibilisés aux besoins des aîné(e)s lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenres. Considérant que le degré d’intégration de stratégies recommandées en ce sens dans le secteur des FSLD est inconnu, cette étude qualitative canadienne vise à présenter les résultats de deux initiatives principales ciblant cette lacune : des entrevues semi-structurées téléphoniques ont ainsi été menées avec des administrateurs de FSLD au Canada concernant les stratégies adoptées pour appuyer l’inclusion des personnes LGBT (n=32) et une rencontre de deux jours organisée sur la thématique de l’inclusivité des personnes LGBT dans les FSLD (n=25) a été organisée, le contenu des discussions de cette rencontre ayant été analysé dans la présente étude. Nos résultats révèlent que la formation concernant l’inclusivité LGBT était la stratégie la plus fréquemment adoptée dans les FSLD participant à l’étude. Ils montrent aussi que les pratiques plus visibles pour les résidents et les familles, telles que les programmations thématiques, l’utilisation d’un vocabulaire ou de symboles LGBT ou les initiatives conjointes avec les communautés LGBT étaient moins fréquentes, étant donné l’anticipation de réactions négatives de la part des résidents ou de leur famille. L’importance et les avantages de stratégies intégrées incluant le personnel, les résidents et les familles sont discutés.

AbstractRelations between royal courts and merchant groups have been a frequently discussed but narrowly circumscribed topic in early Indian history—with analyses confined to mutual gains acquired through interactions. Using the careers of two merchant families active at the Hoysala court in south India at the end of the twelfth century as a starting point, this essay explores the existence of “shared” worlds between court and market, and focuses particularly on the development of distinctively “courtly” codes and sensibilities among merchant groups. It postulates the existence of a commensurable, and to a certain extent, composite culture between the realms of court and market which allowed ambitious men to move between both worlds.Les relations entre les régimes dynastiques et les groupes de marchands a fait l’objet bien défini de discussions nombreuses dans l’historiographie de l’Inde ancienne tandis que les approches se limitaient aux profits réalisés des deux côtés par ces interactions. Fondé sur l’étude des carrières de deux familles de commerçants qui furent actives à la cour des souverains Hoysala dans le Sud de l’Inde à la fin du douzième siècle, cet essai explore l’existence de ces mondes “partagés” entre la cour et le marché, et se focalise en particulier sur le développement de codes spécifiquement “courtois” et les sensibilités entre les groupes de marchands. Cela demande l’existence d’une culture analogue et dans un certain sens composite entre le domaine de la cour et celui du marché qui permettait aux ambitieux de les fréquenter tous les deux.

Universus enim mundus iste sensibilis quasi quidam liber est scriptus digito Dei, hoc est divina creatus, et singulae creaturae quasi figurae quaedem sunt non humano placito inventae sed divino arbitrio institutae ad manifestandam invisibilium Dei sapientiam.Hugh of St. Victor, Eruditionis didascalicae liber septimusIpsa tamen veritas connexionem non instituta sed animadversa est ab hominibus et notata ut eam possint vel discere vel docere: nam est in rerum ratione perpetua et divinitus instituta. Sicut enim qui narrat ordinem temporum, non eum ipse componit.St. Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.32The Vita Heinrici IV. Imperatoris, composed by an unknown author probably around the turn of the twelfth century, is an old-fashioned imperial life which raises serious interpretive questions in a period of social and cultural transformation. There are certain cultural moments characterized by the absence of an interpretive consensus, when older patterns of interpretation no longer seem adequate to experience. Criticism has looked to the work of the imaginative artist at those moments, on whom typically devolves the task of representing experience and rendering it coherent in expression. This is a task at which the artist must necessarily fail insofar as the representation is true to the sense of experience which has left behind available interpretive categories. But what of the historian whose work is necessarily rooted directly in the social transformation ? In what follows I want to consider the peculiarities of historical narrative at one such cultural moment. The Vita Heinrici provides an example of singular narrative power and singular clarity.

Sartreus Deum censuit tum in-se esse tum pro-se, quos tamen essendi modos conjungi nequire. Ejus vero descriptio exponi potest sensu orthodoxo, immo talis “synthesis idealis” non modo non sibi repugnat (quod ope logicae recentis patebit) sed ultro esse divinum prae se fert tamquam necessarium et liberum.

Studies in acoustics, in so far as sound and hearing are concerned, are evident from the middle of the 5th century B.C. in ancient Greece. The earliest extant works originated in Tarentum with Archytas, after which the fundamentals were developed in Athens, particularly by Aristotle. Aristotle�s writings represent the transition from rudimentary hypothesising to true philosophical argument, and display accuracies missing from earlier studies. This study examines incipient acoustic theories from classical Greece, diachronically, presenting original translations of all relevant passages, to illustrate the development of fundamental consideration and the origins of acoustic science. 5th and 4th century texts are examined in detail, with questions of authenticity being answered where necessary, to decipher the true level and depth of knowledge on the subjects of sound and hearing. Extant Archytean material is paradigmatic, containing the nucleus of sound production underlying most models to follow, whilst relevant Platonic material embraces more difficult sound qualities, raising important questions for successors. The larger portion of this work centres upon the writings of Aristotle, whilst illustrating the debt he owes to his predecessors. Each aspect of sound and hearing is discussed in turn, based predominantly, though not exclusively, upon information sourced from Aristotle�s De Sensu and De Anima. Where pertinent, attention is given to his discussions of the full range of senses and sense organs. The result is a self-contained work tracing the origins and development of acoustic study from its fundamental beginnings to the critical point when the essential elements of a nascent science were in place and the door was opened for future enhancement and scientific verification.

Cette thèse aborde la question du traitement des animaux de rente par le biais de leur consommation alimentaire. Elle expose les résultats d’une enquête ethnographique menée dans la Région P. A. C. A. Sur la « filière viande » et ses consommateurs. L’auteur y montre l’ambivalence du lien entre homme et animal, oscillant entre proximité et distanciation, tel qu’il peut être lu dans les représentations et sensibilités inférées du discours des mangeurs comme des professionnels. Cette étude met en évidence l’importance de l’anthropocentrisme ainsi que de l’anthropomorphisme qui émanent de nos actions sur l’environnement en général. Elle montre que notre ordonnancement du monde concourt à l’objectivation des animaux de rente en « objets de l’homme » et réduit la possibilité de l’application de la notion de « bien-être» que les législations française et européenne tentent actuellement de diffuser dans la filière animale
This dissertation tackles the question of the treatment of livestock starting from the consumption of meat. It presents the results of an ethnographic study of the meat industry and its consumers conducted in the south-east of France (the Provence-Alpes-Côtes-d'Azur Region). The author demonstrates the ambivalent nature of the link between animals and humans, alternating between proximity and distance, as seen in the representations and attitudes inferred from the discourse of both industry professionals and meat-eaters. The study highlights the importance of the anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism which emanate from our actions on the environment in general. It demonstrates that our way of organizing the world encourages the treatment of livestock as objects belonging to humans and militates against the application of the notion of well-being which is currently being promoted in French and European legislation relative to the industry

Parmi les parasites, les échinocoques revêtent une importance majeure en santé publique de par leur distribution mondiale et les maladies potentiellement très graves, qu’ils occasionnent. En Europe, les espèces présentes sont E. multilocularis, qui a un cycle sylvatique et E. granulosus spp., dont les hôtes sont essentiellement domestiques.En France, peu de données étaient disponibles quant à la distribution de ces espèces parasitaires lors de la création du LNR Echinococccus spp. en 2006. Une forte réduction supposée des zones et du niveau d’enzootie pour E. granulosus laissait envisager un risque zoonotique moindre voire désormais absent. S’agissant d’E. multilocularis, l’expansion constatée en Europe était également suspectée en France. La modification des techniques de parasitologie classique ainsi que le développement d’outils moléculaires par le LNR ont contribué à l’actualisation et à une meilleure connaissance de la distribution des espèces parasitaires en France.Une large étude de surveillance menée chez le renard avec la méthode SSCT validée par le LNR a révélé une expansion de la zone d’enzootie d’E. multilocularis jusqu’en Ille-et-Vilaine. L’analyse par microsatellite EmsB a permis d’estimer à plusieurs décennies la dispersion du parasite vers l’ouest et le nord à partir du foyer historique de l’est. Cette expansion a été confirmée à l’ouest chez des rongeurs aquatiques et rétrospectivement au sud chez le renard.Des études de surveillance d’E. granulosus en abattoir ont confirmé sa présence dans le sud de la France et en Corse. Les caractérisations moléculaires ont permis d’identifier E. granulosus sensu stricto dans le sud et E. canadensis G6-7 en Corse. Un plan de surveillance national en abattoir a ensuite montré la présence d’E. granulosus s.s. à travers l’ensemble du territoire continental. Les niveaux de prévalence d’infestation par E. granulosus s.s. estimés chez les ovins à 15,3 et chez les bovins à 8,3 cas pour 1 million de têtes abattues sont très inférieurs à ceux décrits il y a vingt ans. Deux foyers majeurs constitués par les Alpes pour E. granulosus s.s. et la Corse pour E. canadensis G6-7 demeurent, alors que l’identification d’E. ortleppi confirme le maintien de cette espèce zoonotique pourtant désormais rare en Europe.Les niveaux de prévalence d’infestation par E. multilocularis chez le chien et le chat en France confirment leurs importances mineures dans le maintien du cycle parasitaire. Le rôle zoonotique du chat semble négligeable d’après les observations d’infestations naturelles, corroborées par les données obtenues lors d’infestations expérimentales. La vermifugation régulière et adaptée des chiens, en particulier des chiens de chasse, apparait nécessaire. Cette recommandation de vermifugation canine s’applique également pour E. canadensis G6-7 en Corse, où l’accès aux viscères des porcs et des sangliers implique un volet sylvatique dans le cycle.La reconnaissance de l’expertise du LNR a permis d’initier des collaborations internationales qui ont en retour enrichi la diversité des situations épidémiologiques étudiées. Ainsi, l’étude de la diversité génétique d’E. multilocularis (microsatellite EmsB) a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique d’expansion du parasite en Europe (Pologne, Suède, Danemark). L’étude des foyers d’hyper enzootie d’E. granulosus (Moldavie, Maroc, Algérie) et la caractérisation des espèces présentes et de leurs niveaux d’infestation chez les hôtes intermédiaires a permis d’envisager des actions de lutte adaptées. Le LNR a participé à l’expérimentation de méthodes de lutte contre E. multilocularis, démontrant la complexité des conditions requises pour leur efficacité tant par la vermifugation des renards que par la régulation de leur population. Au bilan, les nouvelles données épidémiologiques obtenues au cours des dix années de travaux ont permis d’aboutir à une meilleure appréhension du risque zoonotique actuel lié aux échinocoques en France
Among parasites, Echinococcus species are of major public health importance due to their worldwide distribution and the potential severity of the diseases they cause. In Europe, the endemic species are E. multilocularis, which has a sylvatic lifestyle, and E. granulosus spp., which the hosts are mainly domestic species. When the Echinococcus spp. NRL was created in France in 2006, few data were available on the distribution of these parasitic species. The implementation of health measures made it possible to consider a marked reduction of the endemic level and geographical distribution of E. granulosus and consequently a reduced or inexistent zoonotic risk. With regard to E. multilocularis, the parasite spread already observed in Europe was also suspected in France. The development of classical parasitology and molecular techniques for diagnosis and epidemiology has helped improve understanding of the distribution of these parasitic species in France.A large-scale surveillance study in foxes, using the SSCT method validated by the NRL, led to the description of significant westward and northward expansion from E. multilocularis’s historical endemic focus, which was estimated, using a spatio-temporal scenario deduced by EmsB microsatellite analysis, to have begun several decades ago. Molecular analyses of various types of animal samples confirmed its westward expansion in aquatic rodents. Its extension southward was confirmed thanks to fecal samples of foxes.Surveillance studies of E. granulosus at the slaughterhouse confirmed its presence in southern France and in Corsica. The first molecular characterization of this parasite in France resulted in the identification of E. granulosus sensu stricto in southern France and E. canadensis G6-7 in Corsica. The presence of E. granulosus s.s. throughout continental France was then observed on the basis of a national surveillance study at the slaughterhouse. The prevalence level of infection by E. granulosus s.s. estimated per million was 15.3 cases in sheep and 8.3 cases in cattle which was much lower than that described 20 years ago. The two main endemic foci – the Alps for E. granulosus s.s. and Corsica for E. canadensis G6-7 – still exist, while the identification of E. ortleppi confirmed maintenance of this species despite its current rarity in Europe.In France, the low prevalence of E. multilocularis infection in dogs and cats was ascertained, confirming the minor contribution of these hosts to the lifecycle. The zoonotic role of the cat appears to be negligible based on observations of natural infection cases and on data obtained from experimental infection. The regular and adapted deworming of dogs, especially hunting dogs, appears to be necessary. This deworming recommendation is also relevant against E. canadensis G6-7 in Corsica where access to viscera of pigs and wild boar adds a sylvatic component at this lifecycle.An acknowledgment of the NRL’s expertise led to several international collaborations which in turn contributed to the diversity of the epidemiological situations studied. Thus, the study of the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis by EmsB microsatellite led to a better understanding of the parasite’s expansion dynamics throughout Europe. The study of foreign foci of E. granulosus led to characterization of the endemic parasitic species and of their prevalence levels in intermediate hosts, which made it possible to plan appropriate control measures. The NRL participated in the testing of control methods against E. multilocularis, including deworming of foxes and population regulation, which demonstrated the complexity of the conditions required for these methods to be effective.The epidemiological data obtained over ten years of studies has led to a better understanding of the current zoonotic risk associated with the Echinococcus species in France

"Les Scyliorhinidae forment la plus grande famille de requins actuels. L’espèce Apristurus atlanticus est placée en synonyme junior d’A. Laurussonii et une nouvelle espèce est décrite : A. Melanoasper. La phylogénie des Scyliorhinidae est explorée au travers des analyses séparées et combinées d’un gène mitochondrial et d’un gène nucléaire. La paraphylie des Scyliorhinidae est fortement soutenue et la classification du groupe est révisée. Les Scyliorhinidae sensu stricto sont redéfinis et les Pentanchidae sont ressuscités et redéfinis. Une phylogénie fiable permet des inférences sur l’évolution de caractères biologiques. Le caractère "mode de reproduction" est plaqué sur l’arbre moléculaire et permet de discuter des transitions des modes de reproduction chez les Carcharhiniformes. Par ailleurs Apristurus longicephalus est décrite comme étant la première espèce de Chondrichtyens hermaphrodite rudimentaire. Le développement de l’organe électrosensoriel est mis en corrélation avec l’écologie des Carcharhiniformes. L’hypothèse préliminaire soutient que cet organe compense l’inefficacité de la vision pour la détection des proies. "
Scyliorhinids are the largest extant shark family. The species Apristurus atlanticus is placed as junior synonym of A. Laurussonii, and a new species is described: A. Melanoasper. The phylogeny of scyliorhinids is explored through separate and combined analyses of a mitochondrial gene and of a nuclear gene. The paraphyly of scyliorhinids is strongly supported and the classification of the group is revised. Scyliorhinidae sensu stricto are redefined and Pentanchidae are resurrected and redefined. A reliable phylogeny allows inferences on the evolution of biological characters. Thus the character “mode of reproduction” is mapped on the molecular tree and makes it possible to discuss the transitions of the modes of reproduction within Carcharhiniformes. In addition Apristurus longicephalus is described as being the first rudimentary hermaphroditic species within Chondrichthyes. The development of the electrosensory system is correlated with the ecology of the species. The preliminary assumption supports that this system compensates the inefficiency of the vision for the detection of the preys

Pseudomonas syringae est une bactérie phytopathogène qui provoque des dégâts de gravité variable sur une large gamme d'hôtes. Les 57 pathovars qui la subdivisent viennent d'être redistribués en cinq espèces génomiques qu'aucun critère phénotypique ne permet de caractériser. Nous avons étudié les protéines de surface présentes chez ces bactéries et tente d'évaluer leur potentiel taxonomique. Deux sérotypes flagellaires, h1 et h2, identifiables en immunofluorescence et en immunotransfert, sont distingués pour les souches de p. Syringae. H1 et h2 montrent une distribution remarquablement homogène dans les cinq espèces génomiques. Certaines souches de p. Viridiflava et p. Cichorii, appartiennent également à ces deux sérotypes. L'analyse des poids moléculaires des flagellines souligne l'homogénéité des pseudomonas (30 à 35 kda), sauf pour le groupe des p. Fluorescens/putida. L'analyse en sds-page des profils des protéines de l'enveloppe, extraites dans une solution de lic1 a 48c, a permis de mettre en évidence deux protéines, de 60 à 65 kda, chez les souches du pathovar pisi (bactérie pathogène du pois). Elles ne sont pas détectées chez les souches du pathovar syringae (bactérie saprophyte présente sur le pois). Des anticorps polyclonaux et monoclonaux sont produits contre ces deux protéines. Elles ne semblent pas situées au niveau de la membrane externe mais leur localisation exacte reste incertaine. Un protocole d'identification rapide des pseudomonas du pois utilisant ces deux protéines est proposé. L'analyse en sds-page des profils électrophorétiques des protéines de la membrane externe extraites par solubilisation de la membrane interne à l'aide de sarcosyl, révèle l'intérêt de cette méthode pour la taxonomie : similitude des profils de certaines espèces génomiques et discrimination de certains pathovars. En fonction de la présence de certaines protéines dans des conditions particulières de culture, et par comparaison avec les protéines de la membrane externe de p. Aeruginosa, quelques hypothèses sur leur rôle possible sont proposées.

O presente trabalho se propõe a esboçar um referencial histórico e teórico para o estudo do som nas sociedades do Ocidente medieval. O som é entendido aqui como uma \"forma semantizada\" e, ao mesmo tempo, um \"conteúdo enformado\", perspectiva que busca pôr em relevo a dialética entre objetivo e subjetivo (que, concretamente existem apenas como processos relacionados de objetivação do subjetivo e subjetivação do objetivo), dialética inerente à existência social de qualquer \"objeto\" e da própria sociedade. A dissertação se compõe de três partes: (1) na primeira parte, enfocamos privilegiadamente a semantização da forma sonora, buscando desvendar as transformações históricas nas modalidades de circunscrição do som pelo pensamento; (2) na segunda parte, tomamos, dialeticamente, a direção contrária e privilegiamos o exame da enformação sonora do conteúdo, investigando mais especificamente a evolução da forma sonora da liturgia latina; (3) por fim, na terceira parte, propomos um estudo de caso que busca apreender, na temporalidade de sua efetivação, a dinâmica entre os processos de semantização da forma sonora e de enformação sonora do conteúdo.
This dissertation aims at sketching a system of historical and theoretical references for the study of sound in the societies of the medieval West. Sound is understood throughout this work as both \"semanticized form\" and \"enformed content\". This perspective seeks to emphasize the dialectics of subjectivity and objectivity (which concretely exist only as the interrelated processes of objectivation of subjectivity and subjectivation of objectivity) inherent to the social existence of any \"object\" and of society itself. The dissertation comprises three parts: (1) in the first, we focus mainly on the semantization of sound form, attempting to understand the historical changes in the modalities of apprehension of sound by thought; (2) in the second part, we dialectically assume the opposite direction and focus on the enformation of content as sound, dealing more specifically with the evolution of sound form in Latin liturgy; (3) finally, in the third part, we propose a case study which seeks to apprehend, in its concrete temporality, the dynamics of the interrelated processes of semantization of sound as form and enformation of content as sound.

The examination of type and non-type specimens and of original descriptions for several nominal species of the genus Solea allowed me to determine that among the 97 nominal species, only eight species are valid. They are Solea solea, S. senegalensis, S. aegyptiaca, S. turbynei, S. ovata, S. stanalandi, S. elongata and S. heinii. I provide a new description for the genus with comments on its phylogenetic position, and a new description for each species. I also resurrect the genus Barnardichthys Chabanaud, 1927b for the species Solea fulvomarginata Gilchrist, 1904. I provide an identification key to species of Solea. The second part of the work is a revision of the genus Dagetichthys Stauch and Blanc, 1964, including the species that were traditionally described as Synaptura sensu Chabanaud, 1928, with a description and the phylogeny of these species. I first determined that the five species in the genus Synaptura sensu Chabanaud, 1928, were forming a monophyletic group with Dagetichthys lakdoensis as its sister group. As Synaptura has never been a valid genus name, I assigned the Synaptura sensu Chabanaud, 1928, species to the genus Dagetichthys. Its sister group is Buglossidium luteum (Risso, 1810). From the most plesiomorphic to the most apomorphic, the species are D. lakdoensis Stauch and Blanc, 1964, D. marginatus Boulenger, 1900, D. lusitanicus Brito Capello, 1868, D. commersonnii (Lacepede, 1802), D. albomaculatus Kaup, 1858, and D. cadenati Chabanaud 1948. I discuss a biogeographic scenario explaining the distribution of species and I give an identification key to species.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. Burgdorferi sl) est responsable des differentes manifestations de la borreliose de lyme. La mise en evidence de cette bacterie dans les prelevements humains par des methodes classiques (culture, coloration) est rarement couronnee de succes. Le premier but de ce travail a ete de mettre au point une methode de detection de l'adn de b. Burgdorferi sl par amplification genique in vitro dans les prelevements synoviaux (liquides articulaires et biopsies). Nous avons ensuite realise une etude prospective chez des patients atteints d'arthrite de lyme et montre qu'en utilisant une cible chromosomique, la sensibilite de cette methode etait de 42% sur liquide articulaire et de 91% sur biopsie synoviale. Ceci est en faveur d'une localisation preferentielle de cette bacterie dans le tissu synovial. Chez un patient, nous avons montre par microscopie electronique que borrelia burgdorferi etait presente dans le cytoplasme des synoviocytes. Nous avons ensuite applique cette methode a des prelevements musculaires effectues chez des patients atteints de myalgies chroniques apres une neuroborreliose ou une arthrite de lyme. Nous avons detecte la presence d'adn de borrelia burgdorferi pour certains d'entre eux, prouvant la dissemination de ce spirochete dans le tissu musculaire. Nous avons mis au point sur modele murin d'arthrite de lyme une methode sensible de detection des arnm de b. Burgdorferi sl par rt-pcr en une etape afin d'etudier la viabilite de ces spirochetes dans les tissus humains. Parmi les nombreuses especes de borrelia, 4 especes au moins sont responsables en europe de la borreliose de lyme. L'identification de ces differentes especes n'est pas possible par des methodes phenotypiques. Nous avons developpe une methode directe de typage de ces especes par pcr et hybridation par des oligonucleotides specifiques. Cette methode a ete appliquee a dix patients atteints d'arthrite de lyme : b. Burgdorferi sensu stricto en etait responsable dans 9 cas et b. Garinii n'a ete detectee que chez un seul patient.

Em ecossistemas florestais, a área basal é um dos primeiros parâmetros a se recuperar após qualquer tipo de perturbação na comunidade (GILMAN et al., 2016) e que há alteração dos valores das características funcionais das espécies arbóreas (FORTUNEL et al., 2012). Sabe-se ainda que essas características podem ser bons indicadores da ecologia das espécies, ajudando a compreender as respostas a diferentes ambientes ou regimes de perturbação (MENDÉZALONZO et al., 2012). Entretanto, a relação entre área basal, luz e a variação das características funcionais ainda é uma questão pouco explorada, especialmente em florestas tropicais com diferentes regimes de perturbação, como os fragmentos urbanos (CARREÑO-ROCABADO et al., 2012). Em um conceito contemporâneo da sucessão, sabe-se que em paisagens urbanas e periurbanas a sucessão é especialmente singular, pois a proximidade do meio urbano aumenta a probabilidade de perturbações antrópicas contínuas, as quais alteram continuamente o caminho da sucessão (MEINERS et al., 2015). Tais perturbações podem incluir: efeito de borda, poluição da água e do ar, caça, incêndios, deposição de lixo, ruído, retirada de madeira, crescimento das cidades, construção de ruas e mineração, impactando a estrutura e composição da floresta (AMLIN et al., 2012). Essas perturbações alteram as propriedades das plantas, com mudanças nos padrões de sobrevivência e consequentemente os valores das características funcionais. No caso das florestas, onde a luz é o principal recurso, sabe-se que no início da sucessão há maior luminosidade e menores valores de área basal (BOUKILI; CHADZON, 2017). Nesse ambiente tendem a ocorrer espécies com altos valores de área foliar, área foliar específica e conteúdo de clorofila (PÉREZ-HARGUINDEGUY et al., 2013), baixa densidade de madeira do caule e raiz, alto conteúdo de água no caule e raiz, o que aponta para estratégias ligadas à aquisição de recursos (CHADZON, 2007). À medida que a sucessão avança, as copas vão se fechando, o que faz com que mude a quantidade de luz que chega no chão da floresta, levando a maior sobrevivência de plantas com características mais ligadas à conservação do recurso luz (DONOVAN et al., 2011). A avaliação das características funcionais (sensu Violle et al. 2007) no conjunto de plantas de uma determinada área pode ser utilizada para entender as mudanças da vegetação sob diferentes pressões ambientais (LAVOREL; GARNIER, 2002). Em ambientes florestais, ao longo do processo de sucessão, as espécies lidam com variações nos níveis de luminosidade, recurso considerado importante para a regeneração e crescimento de plantas em florestas tropicais úmidas (CHEVIN; HOFFMANN, 2017). As plantas respondem às variações ambientais por meio de ajustes (resposta ecológica) ou adaptações (resposta evolutiva). A variabilidade dentro das populações é reflexo do ajustamento do valor de uma dada característica proveniente de um único genótipo, de acordo com mudanças no ambiente no tempo de vida do indivíduo (VALLADARES et al., 2014). Por outro lado, as adaptações resultam das variações da pressão seletiva ao longo do tempo evolutivo, capazes de produzir diferenças hereditárias entre espécies, pelo processo de evolução (RAMIREZ-VALIENTE et al., 2015). Sabe-se que dos diferentes órgãos da planta, sem dúvida a folha é o que mais se ajusta às variações de luz, especialmente no início da sucessão onde há maior incidência de luz (LAURANS et al., 2012). Conhecer essas características ajudar a entender melhor o funcionamento das florestas tropicas úmidas e planejar uma possível restauração desses fragmentos, caso seja necessário.

This volume is concerned with the morphology and paleobiology of the human remains from Sunghir. As such, it is intended to contribute to our knowledge and understanding of the occupants of that locale in northern Russia during the Interpleniglacial [marine isotope stage (MIS) 3]. However, the Sunghir human remains take on meaning, and can be properly evaluated, only in the context of a broader sample of Late Pleistocene humans. The paleontological sources of the comparative samples are indicated below. In most cases, references are not provided for the specimens or sites, since to do so would be to provide an extensive bibliography for Late Pleistocene human remains. References are provided principally for the smaller non-western Eurasian and immature samples and for those of debated affinities. The principal sample of concern consists of individuals from the same general time period during MIS 3 as the Sunghir humans and those who generated the same general archeological complex. The time frame, sensu lato, is between ~30,000 and ~20,000 14C years BP, or ~34,000 and ~24,000 cal years BP. The archeological technocomplex (which is defined by more than just lithic technology), is the Mid Upper Paleolithic (or the Gravettian sensu lato, especially in central and western Europe). This complex is taken here to include a variety of regional variants, including the “Sunghirian” (see discussion in chapter 2). The regional differences in the archeological complexes, technologically or stylistically, are not of concern here; it is apparent that, despite differences in details of especially lithic technology, there was a broad level of cultural uniformity that extended across western Eurasia (Roebroeks et al. 2000) and probably continued into eastern Asia (Gerasimov 1935; Norton and Gao 2008). What is of most relevance is the general level of cultural elaboration and related patterning, as it might have affected the behavior, biology, and adaptations of the Sunghir humans. As a result, the comparative framework is principally that provided by the human remains from this time period.

The cerrados of central Brazil have long been designated savannas without sufficient understanding of the structure and functioning of the different vegetation forms in the region. Excessive emphasis on identifying similarities with other savannas in Africa and Australia, and even within South America outside Brazil, prevented researchers from recognizing the cerrados’ special features and interdependence among themselves in the landscape where they occur. The more extensive cerrado sensu stricto on dystrophic soils, and to a lesser extent the gallery forests known locally as matas de galeria or matas ciliares, dominated the attention of most botanists and other researchers (Ratter and Dargie 1992, Furley 1992, Furley and Ratter 1988, Furley et al. 1992). Even with increasing interest in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, very little ongoing research is reported on nutrient cycling from the cerrado region (Solbrig et al. 1996). Information available in the literature is restricted to isolated attempts to describe and quantify specific processes like litterfall and decomposition (Peres et al. 1983), rainwater composition (Schiavini 1983, Delitti 1984), soil fertility gradients (Lopes and Cox 1977), leaf nutrient concentrations (Haridasan 1987, 1992, Araújo and Haridasan 1988), primary productivity of the ground layer (Batmanian and Haridasan 1985, Meirelles and Henrique 1992), effects of burning (Coutinho 1990, Kauffman et al. 1994, Miranda et al. 1996c) and activities of soil fauna (Constantino 1988, Egler and Haridasan 1987, Oliveira Jr. 1985) at specific sites within a particular vegetation. Results of long duration experiments from permanent plots or watersheds are not yet reported in the literature. Very little information is available on the food webs or the role of fauna in nutrient cycling. Research on specific processes like CO2 emission on an ecosystem basis is quite recent (Miranda et al. 1996a, b, Mier et al. 1996). The following discussion is therefore restricted to the occurrence of different vegetation forms in the cerrado region and environmental factors affecting their distribution and functioning in relation to nutrient availability and nutrient cycling processes. One of the difficulties in getting information on research already carried out in Brazil is that the dissertations of graduate students in the universities are seldom published in indexed journals.

Throughout the previous chapters detailing and comparing the Sunghir human remains, there have been frequent references to their abnormalities. Some of these unusual features are obvious and sufficiently pronounced as to remove the bones from direct paleobiological consideration (e.g., the Sunghir 1 pollical osteoarthrosis and the Sunghir 3 femoral diaphyses). Other features are modest and had no apparent effect on the functional anatomical interpretations (e.g., the Sunghir 1 ulnar carpometacarpal osteoarthrosis). A few aspects may modify either the considerations of the osteometric morphology (e.g., the Sunghir 1 frontal midline protrusion) or discrete traits (e.g., the Sunghir 2 dental asymmetries). Some of these features are obviously pathological and represent reflections of developmental or degenerative strains on the body (e.g., Sunghir 2 and 3 dental enamel hypoplasias (DEH), or the Sunghir 1 manual osteoarthrosis). Other aspects may not be pathological sensu stricto but they represent variations that push the limits of “normal” human variation (e.g., the Sunghir 1 femoral asymmetry and the Sunghir 3 foramina transversaria). These aspects that have been described in detail in previous chapters are referred to here, but the others, whose description has been deferred, are detailed in this chapter. A number of these abnormalities of the Sunghir human remains have been noted previously, beginning with Debetz’s (1967) initial observations on the Sunghir 1 skeleton, the initial description of the Sunghir 2 and 3 remains (Nikityuk and Kharitonov 1984), and Bukhman’s (1984) radiographic analysis of the Sunghir 3 remains. These and further observations and interpretations were made in the context of the 1990s’ reanalysis of the Sunghir remains (Buzhilova 2000b, 2000c; Mednikova 2000c, 2000d). There have subsequently been additional analyses of specific aspects of these abnormalities, including differential diagnosis of the Sunghir 3 femoral deformities (Formicola and Buzhilova 2004), description of the T1 injury to Sunghir 1 discovered in 2009 (Trinkaus and Buzhilova 2012), detailed assessment of the Sunghir 2 and 3 DEH (Guatelli-Steinberg et al. 2013), and assessment of the degree to which the deformities of Sunghir 3 might have affected her activity levels (Cowgill et al. 2012b).