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Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Kostuch, Lucyna. "Cnoty samic w De natura animalium Eliana." Studia Historica Gedanensia 14 (December 21, 2023): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.23.003.18804.

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The Virtues of the Female in Aelian’s De natura animalium In De natura animalium, Aelian describes the animal world in a manner that succumbs to the tendency to anthropomorphize that is rooted in the human mind – a phenomenon currently widely discussed in ethological and cognitive research. The author observes a female animal seeing in her the features of a woman. However, Aelian’s understanding is not superficial. At the same time, he tries to penetrate the perceptual environment of the male of a particular species and look at the female through his eyes. In some cases, the male animal analyzes the behaviour of a female, e.g., his female owner. In Aelian’s work, natural observations overlap with the author’s moral reflections (personal and as a product of his era) creating a set of virtues that could be assigned to the female sex. In the approach proposed by Aelian, these virtues are not always stereotypical, because apart from female virtues that are obvious in ancient culture, there are also less obvious ones: physical strength and courage, independence, speed in action, activity, as well as beauty that is a product of splendour. In De natura animalium, the traditional catalogue positive features attributed to the female sex seen through the prism of natural observations is modified.

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2

Kaczyńska, Elwira, and Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. "Greckie nazwy dużych zwierząt morskich w świetle relacji Eliana (O naturze zwierząt IX 49)." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 28, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2018.xxviii.2.3.

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The paper analyzes chapter IX 49 of Aelian’s De natura animalium, devoted to the largest sea animals. It is accompanied by a Polish translation and appropriate comments. Aelian provides numerous Ancient Greek names for large sharks and sea mammals, including the “sea lion,” hammer-headed shark, “sea leopard”, whales, sawfish, malthe, “sea ram”, “sea hyena” and “sea dogs”. The names are explained from the point of view of semantic motivation; some new identifications of sea monsters are suggested as well.

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3

Guillén, Lucía Rodríguez-Noriega. "AELIAN AND ATTICISM. CRITICAL NOTES ON THE TEXT OF DE NATURA ANIMALIUM." Classical Quarterly 55, no. 2 (December 2005): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/bmi043.

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4

Hekster, Olivier. "Of Mice and Emperors: A Note on Aelian "De natura animalium" 6.40." Classical Philology 97, no. 4 (October 2002): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449598.

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5

Radt, Stefan. "Zu Aelians De natura animalium." Mnemosyne 69, no. 2 (February 4, 2016): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342068.

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6

Vespa, Marco. "... sicut mitissima satyris. Una nota testuale a Plin. Nat. 8.216." Philologus 167, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phil-2022-0032.

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Abstract In book 8 of his Naturalis historia, Pliny the Elder mentions the particularly savage character of some monkeys. Most editions and translations of Pliny’s text maintain that the reference to the fierce nature of these animals concerns both the cynocephali and the satyri. However, in the manuscript Riccardianus 488 (R in the transmission of Pliny), a second hand, contemporary to the period in which the text was copied, added supra lineam the obscure term *miarsima, which would refer to the nature of the satyri in opposition to that of the cynocephali. By examining part of the ancient zoological and geographic traditions, in particular the De natura animalium by Aelian, this article defends editing the text of Pliny with the adjective mitissima, already present in the first printed editions of the Naturalis historia, as follows: Efferatior cynocephalis natura sicut mitissima satyris.

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7

Rodríguez-Noriega Guillén, Lucía. ""Autoridad e inspiración en época imperial: análisis de algunos pasajes paralelos en Ateneo y Eliano"." Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas, no. 32 (2020): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.42.

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Athenaeus’ Deipnosophistae is the (never explicitly admitted) direct source of some of Aelian’s passages, especially in the Varia Historia, but also in the Natura Animalium. The aim of this article is the comparison of some of these passages, in order to cast some light on the way both use and quote their sources, and on their personality as writers

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8

Preti, Antonio. "Suicide among Animals: Clues from Folklore That May Prevent Suicidal Behaviour in Human Beings." Psychological Reports 97, no. 2 (October 2005): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.2.547-558.

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Knowing the most likely reasons for suicide might increase the chances to identify the early signs of suicide. Folkloric tales on suicide among animals are a possible source of such information, since people probably explain animal suicide using the same reasons they would apply to their kin. Modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming conduct among nonhuman species. Nevertheless, mythological accounts often report suicidal behaviour among animals. Claudius Aelian's De natura animalium, a classic in its genre, written in the 2nd century AD, reports 21 cases of suicide among animals. In Aelian's tales, the severing of social ties emerges as an important motive for suicide, together with incest and rage caused by adultery. Paying attention to the mechanisms leading to suicide described in ancient mythology may help us understand unusual and uncommon motives for suicide and the reasons people feel suicidal.

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9

Kaczyńska, Elwira, Witold Sadziński, and Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. "Sirenen des Mittelmeerraums im Lichte der Überlieferung Aelianus’ (De Natura Animalium XIII 20, XVII 6, XVII 28)." Živa Antika 69, no. 1-2 (2019): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47054/ziva19691-2045k.

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10

Kaczyńska, Elwira. "Considerations on Two Cruces Philologorum (Ael. NA 15, 15)." Philologia Classica 16, no. 1 (2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2021.103.

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The present article aims to elucidate an interesting narrative that forms a portion of Aelian’s paradoxographic work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (On the Characteristics of Animals, Lat. De natura animalium). The passage under discussion describes some horned animals of oriental origin that were involved in the annual fighting contests during a one-day competition held on the initiative of a “great king of India” — probably Chandragupta (4th–3rd c. BC), the founder of the Maurya dynasty. Aelian’s chapter (NA 15, 15) was perhaps taken from Megasthenes’s Ἰνδικά (Description of India). The passage includes two hapax legomena referring to two species of animals: †μέσοι† and †ὕαιναι†. The first of these should be identified with the Ladakh urial (Ovis orientalis vignei Blyth); cf. Prasun məṣé ‘ram, urial’ (< Vedic mēṣá- m. ‘ram’). Aelian’s exact description of the horned animals called †ὕαιναι† clearly demonstrates that the alleged “striped hyena” (Gk. ὕαινα) must represent the chinkara, i. e., the Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii Sykes). The Indo-Aryan term for ‘chinkara’ (Ved. hariṇá- m ‘Indian gazelle’, hariṇī́- f. ‘female gazelle’; cf. Pa. and Pk. hariṇa- m., hariṇī- f.) suggests that the corrupted form in Aelian’s passage should be emended as ὑάριναι [hyárinai]. This seems a near-optimal adaptation of the Pali or Prakrit appellative háriṇā pl. ‘chinkaras’.

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11

Wilson, N. G. "Travelling actors in the fifth century?" Classical Quarterly 49, no. 2 (December 1999): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/49.2.625.

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The object of this note is to draw attention to a piece of evidence about the history of the Greek theatre which appears to have gone unnoticed, yet may be of some importance. Aelian in his Historia animalium 11.19 reports the fate of Pantacles the Lacedaemonian, who refused to allow some actors on their way to Cythera to pass through Sparta. Later, when performing official duties as ephor, he was torn to pieces by dogs.

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12

Sopeña Genzor, Gabriel, and Vicente Ramón Palerm. "Claudio Eliano y el funeral descarnatorio en Celtiberia: Reflexiones críticas a propósito de Sobre la naturaleza de los animales X, 22." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 227–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i2.357.

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Hasta la fecha, el ritual funerario celtibérico de exposición a los buitres, que Claudio Eliano documenta en De natura animalium, X, 22, ha sido aceptado sin discusión alguna debido a la aceptación de la lectu- ra vaccaei (ausente en todos los manuscritos), para explicar el problema en su conjunto. En este artículo, nuestro propósito es defender un mode- lo explicativo distinto, al objeto de aclarar las líneas maestras del pano- rama crítico y combinar de modo adecuado los testimonios históricos y filológicos.

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13

Kaczyńska, Elwira. "Świadectwo Eliana o rogatych zwierzętach Indii." Zoophilologica, no. 2 (12) (December 29, 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/zoophilologica.2023.12.05.

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W artykule omawia się rogate zwierzęta, opisane przez Klaudiusza Eliana w jego zoologicznym traktacie O właściwościach zwierząt (De natura animalium, XV 15; XVI 20). Elian prawdopodobnie powtarza relację Megastenesa o orientalnych zwierętach, występujących na Półwyspie Indyjskim. Autorka wnikliwie analizuje trzy gatunki zwierząt, wymienione pod lokalnymi (tj. niegreckimi) nazwami: 1) μέσοι, (2) καρτάζωνος and (3) ὑά<ρ>ιναι. Konkluduje, że zoologiczna nomenklatura Eliana jest pochodzenia średnioindyjskiego i odnosi się do trzech gatunków rogatych ssaków takich jak: (1) urial indyjski lub dzika owca orientalna (Ovis orientalis vignei vignei Blyth, 1841); (2) nosorożec indyjski lub nosorożec pancerny (Rhinoceros unicornis L., 1758); (3) gazela indyjska, zwana także czinkarą lub gazelą Bennetta (Gazella bennettii Sykes, 1831).

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14

Šedinová, Hana. "Non vivens nisi per unum diem. A Winged Aquatic Animal on Its Way from Aristotle to Thomas of Cantimpré." Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 77, no. 1 (2019): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2019.2575.

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Apart from more or less well-known names of animals which are attested already in the Classical Latin and whose origins and meanings have been studied and traced by modern scholars, it is possible to find in medieval encyclopaedias other expressions that still lack a proper explanation of their etymology and meaning. Many unusual terms can be found in the encyclopaedia Liber de natura rerum written by Thomas of Cantimpré (13th century). Although modern researchers have gradually discovered that the curious animals were originally the species described by ancient natural scientists, medieval encyclopaedists could not decipher the unfamiliar names. One of these new terms is the name dies which denotes an unknown winged fish in medieval Latin encyclopaedias and glossaries. Thomas of Cantimpré invoked Aristotle to validate the information about the creature and modern researches have assumed that Thomas’ source was a passage concerning mayfly in the fifth book of Aristotle’s Historia animalium and that the word dies is a direct equivalent of the Greek ἐφήμερον, «mayfly » . In fact, Thomas found this term and the description of the animal in the Book I of Latin version of Aristotle’s Historia animalium, translated by Michael Scotus around 1220 from Arabic. Aristotle’s description of a bloodless animal endowed with four legs and four wings, which only lives one day after it reaches maturity, kept its original sense in the Arabic version of his treatise, in which the Greek adjective ἐφήμερον, «one-day » , was replaced with the Arabic equivalent yaumī of the same meaning. Michael Scotus also translated the name, replacing the adjective with the noun dies, «day » . Thomas of Cantimpré, consequently, accepted Michael’s description, but asserted that dies is a bloodless marine fish which only lives one day and has two wings and two legs. His description of a «new » creature fascinated both the authors of encyclopaedic works (Albert the Great, Vincent of Beauvais, Jacob van Maerlant) and the medieval illustrators who depicted the dies as a hybrid with a fish head, tail and scales, with strong legs resembling lion’s paws, and with two massive feathered wings which allow it to fly over expanses of water.

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15

Šedinová, Hana. "Incendula or monedula ? An Enigmatic Bird Name in Medieval Latin-Written Sources." Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 74, no. 1 (2016): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2016.1198.

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The terms excerpted from Czech medieval sources that are listed and explained in Latinitatis medii aevi lexicon Bohemorum include a considerable number of names for domestic, field, forest, and exotic animals. The main source of this Latin zoological terminology is the Glossary by the 14th-century lexicographer Bartholomaeus de Solencia also known as Claretus. The author collected the names of animals mainly from the encyclopaedia De natura rerum written by the 13th-century preacher Thomas of Cantimpré. Apart from more or less well-known terms which are attested already in the Classical Latin and whose origins and meanings have been studied and traced by modern scholars, it is possible to find in Claretus and Thomas of Cantimpré other expressions that still lack a proper explanation of their etymology and meaning. One of these is the bird name incendula (incedula in Claretus) which Thomas found in a copy of Latin version of Aristotle’s Historia animalium, translated by Michael Scotus around 1220 from Arabic. In the Arabic and Latin translation of Aristotle’s treatise, the original information about the bird – the crow or the rook – and about its antagonism with the eagle owl remained basically unchanged, but the original Greek name took a circuitous route to medieval Latin. In the Arabic version the Greek term κορώνη in the relevant passage was four times translated as ġudāf. In Benedikt K. Vollmann’s edition of Scotus’ Latin translation, however, the passage contains two different equivalents of the Arabic word : firstly it is translated as incendula and in three other cases one finds its translation as corvus. The study deals with the question why Michael Scotus used two different words when translating the name of the owl’s rival, and whether the first instance of ġudāf was originally replaced by incendula which still remains to be fully explained, or by the Classical Latin term monedula, „ jackdaw“, which occurs as variant reading in later manuscripts.

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16

Kaczyńska, Elwira, and Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. "Klaudiusz Elian o nazwach cykad." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 27, no. 2 (May 18, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2017.xxvii.2.4.

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In his work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (De natura animalium X 44) Claudius Aelian describes cicadas’ names in the following way: „There are, it seems, many species of cicada (τέττιξ), and those who are skilled in these matters enumerate them and report their names. Thus, the Ashen one (τεφράς) is so called from its colour; whence the Membrax (μέμβραξ) got its name I do not know; and Chirper (λακέτας), it appears, is the name for a cicada; and I have heard tell of the Long-tail (κερκώπη) and the Shriller (ἀχέτας) and the Prickly one (ἀκάνθιος). Well, these are all the kinds of Cicada of which I remember having heard the names, but if anyone has got to know more than those that I have mentioned, he must tell them” (translated by Scholfield 1959: 339–341). It is necessary to follow Aelian’s suggestion and explain all the mentioned cicadas’ names from the point of view of the Greek etymology and word-formation.

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17

Kaczyńska, Elwira. "Klaudiusz Elian o nazwach młodych zwierząt („De natura animalium” VII 47)." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 28, no. 1 (August 24, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2018.xxviii.1.2.

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In his work entitled On the Characteristics of Animals (VII 47), Claudius Aelianus discusses numerous Ancient Greek names of wild animals, especially their young. He registers as many as 18 different appellatives referring to young animals as well as ten poetic or dialectal terms for mature ones. The aim of the present study is to analyze the Ancient Greek words denoting young animals quoted by the Roman writer from the viewpoint of etymology and word-formation.

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18

Lytle, Ephraim. "The Red Sea Aristotle." Journal of Hellenic Studies, March 3, 2023, 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426922000106.

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Abstract Deriving from a larger investigation into the sources used by Leonidas of Byzantium for his second-century AD Halieutica, this article argues that a handful of passages in Aelian’s De natura animalium (3.18, 3.28, 10.13, 10.20, 11.21, 11.23–24, 12.24–25[24] and 12.27[25]) comprise a coherent series indebted to the same section of Leonidas’ work. More importantly, all of these accounts are ultimately derived from a Peripatetic treatise on the marine fauna of the Red Sea. The author, whom I dub the Red Sea Aristotle, based his treatise on first-hand research likely conducted at a Ptolemaic settlement in the northern Red Sea. This treatise seems to have been known to at least one later Alexandrian lexicographer, while Agatharchides of Cnidus may have had access to it already in the middle of the second century BC. This Peripatetic treatise invites a reconsideration of orthodox claims about the fate of scientific zoology in the Hellenistic period.

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19

Wilson, N. G. "Manuela García Valdés - Luis Alfonso Llera Fueyo - Lucía Rodríguez-Noriega Guillén (edd.), Claudius Aelianus De Natura Animalium, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Latinorum Teubneriana 2006, Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 2009, pp. xxx + 469." Exemplaria Classica 14 (December 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/ec.v14i0.746.

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20

Rodríguez-Noriega Guillén, Lucía. "Aportaciones críticas al libro I del De natura animalium de C. Eliano (I)." Exemplaria Classica 11 (December 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/ec.v11i0.464.

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