Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'De brouillard'
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Suard, Sylvain. "Propagation pulsatoire des flammes de brouillard." Laboratoire de modélisation et simulation numérique en mécanique et génie des procédés (Marseille), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22100.
Full textLaigneau, Claude. "Le brouillard en France : influences de l'urbanisation." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040183.
Full textFog generates poor horizontal and vertical visibility, thus directly intervenes on human activities. The growth of towns and cities has implied modifications in the environment, changing the frequency of fog as well. Urban areas are parts of climatic and topographic entities that influence the distribution of fog over the country. So, it is more frequent in towns situated in continental climate areas than in seaside or oceanic climate ones. The same occurs with relief: it will be observed less frequently on coastlines, plains plateaux or narrow valleys than in broad valleys and hollow, hilly or mountainous areas. If the necessary connotations for the fog to build up (temperature, wind speed, relative moisture, etc) are met, it will generally appear, though it may be exceptional in some places. Human conditions must then be taken into account. As a matter of fact, as France is getting more urbanised, two contrary influences oppose each other in towns and cities for the building up of fog: pollution and urban heat island phenomenon. So, when the influence of urban heat outweighs the one of atmospheric pollution, the importance of the urban heat island is so high that the floating particles brought by pollution hinder the condensation of water vapour and thus the build-up of fog. On the contrary, when these conditions are reversed, the amount of particles is high, global radiation is lower and fog occurrence is higher. The decrease of fog is most frequently observed, particularly in stations progressively caught up by urbanization. This has been confirmed by the fact that stations situated in little or non-urbanised areas have counted up a growing number [. . . ]
MONERRIS, JACQUES. "Etude d'une couche de brouillard : observations et simulation numerique." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30046.
Full textVishwakarma, Pragya. "Méthodes innovantes pour la restitution des propriétés des nuages à partir du radar BASTA." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ009.
Full textClouds are critical to the majority of aspects of human existence on earth. They also have a significant impact on the earth's energy balance. Although the effect of clouds on the climate is complex and not fully understood, much of the uncertainty about global warming is related to the cloud-climate feedback problem. Studies have shown that the representation of low-level clouds is still underestimated in various climate models. The necessity to examine the cloud properties at different levels has emerged as a priority in earth observation. Continuous and detailed observations of clouds are needed to characterize the cloud properties on a local and global scale. Active remote and passive sensing instruments like cloud radars, lidars, visible and microwave radiometers, etc., have the advantage of continuous observation for long periods from the ground or space.One of the fundamental parameters to characterize the microphysical properties of these low-level clouds is the liquid water content (LWC). This thesis aims at developing an algorithm estimating LWC in low-level clouds using cloud radar and microwave radiometer (MWR) synergy when the latter is available. A 95GHz cloud radar measures the backscattered energy from cloud droplets in terms of radar reflectivity factor (Z). In the Rayleigh regime, Z is considered proportional to the sixth moment of droplet size. Traditionally, empirical relations following a power law such as Z=aLWCb are used to retrieve the LWC of low-level liquid clouds. However, such relationships do not always represent the variability of drop size distribution in a heterogeneous cloud system and do not account for liquid cloud attenuation. In this thesis, I propose using the same concept, but the constraint on ‘a’ from the power law is released by adding extra information such as the liquid water path (LWP). Studies have shown that the accuracy of LWC estimates can be increased by incorporating additional information from an independent remote sensing instrument like a microwave radiometer (MWR) in the retrieval method.My retrieval algorithm is based on probabilistic estimation theory called the variational approach. Thanks to this flexible framework, when liquid water path (LWP) information from MWR is assimilated, the LWC in the profile is scaled by LWP information, and the scaling factor (lna) can also be retrieved for each profile. To test the behavior of the retrieval algorithm, a sensitivity analysis for perturbations in key parameters using synthetic fog profiles from AROME simulation is conducted. The analysis has shown that the algorithm is very sensitive to the bias in LWP because it is a vertically integrated information and thus plays a critical role in the retrieval. Other parameters, such as 'b' and alternative attenuation relationships, have less implications on the stability of the algorithm.Because the sensitivity test is not validating the microphysical assumptions of the method,the validation of such an algorithm is challenging, as we need reference measurements of LWC co-located with the retrieved values.During the SOFOG-3D campaign (South-West of France, October 2019 to March 2020), in-situ measurements of LWC were collected in the vicinity of a cloud radar and a microwave radiometer, allowing comparison against my retrieved LWC. The comparison showed better agreement with in-situ observations for stratus clouds than fog. The comparison also demonstrated that cloud-fog heterogeneity is an important factor in the assessment. Finally, the retrieval algorithm is employed to build a climatology of LWC and lna for 39 cloud and fog cases from November 2018 to May 2019 at the SIRTA observatory. Since the retrieval method must be usable without radiometer information, we propose using this climatology as a priori knowledge for the scaling factor, which is no longer constrained by LWP
Blanchard, Elizabeth. "Modélisation de l'interaction entre un brouillard d'eau et un foyer en tunnel." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10103/document.
Full textThis work deals with the study of the phenomena involved when a water mist is sprayed in a tunnel fire environment. It relies on an extensive use of numerical simulations using the CFD code "Fire Dynamics Simulator". The first chapter of this thesis provides an overview of the tunnel fire characteristics and the phenomena involved when the water mist is sprayed. A bibliographical review on the research on tunnel fires with or without any mitigation system is conducted, allowing to outline the reason and the context for this research. In the second and third chapters, the computational tool undergoes testing. It is verified and validated based on comparison with analytical solutions and experimental cases of increasing complexity: from the laboratory scale for assessing one particular part of the water spray model (chapter 2) up to the tunnel scale (chapter 3). For the last case, the code validation makes use of the results of a reduced scale (1/3rd) tunnel fire test campaign conducted between 2005 and 2008. Once the validation is achieved, the computational tool is used intensively in the third chapter in order to improve the understanding of the interaction phenomena between water mist, tunnel longitudinal ventilation and fire. In particular, the water mist influence on the tunnel air flow is studied, the water mist heat contribution is quantified and the heat transfered to the droplets is identified. Furthermore, the CFD code is used to assess the impact of the longitudinal air velocity, the heat release rate and the water droplet size on the water mist efficiency. The last chapter illustrates how a CFD code can be used on a given situation, here a compartment fire test campaign, in order to foresee the interaction between the water mist, the smoke layer and the smoke extraction
Blanchard, Elizabeth. "Modélisation de l'interaction entre un brouillard d'eau et un feu en tunnel." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672668.
Full textOuarti, Nawel. "Modélisation de l'allumage d'un brouillard de carburant dans un foyer de turbomachine." École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ESAE0013.
Full textSainsaulieu, Lionel. "Modélisation, analyse mathématique et numérique d'écoulements diphasiques constitués d'un brouillard de gouttes." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EPXX0012.
Full textEulerian modelization of sprays leads to convection-diffusion systems written under non conservatrice form. We show how the averaging of the Navier-Stokes equations satsified by the gas flow around the droplets and the liquid flow inside the droplets leads to a well-posed problem. The shock waves solutions of the first order non-conservative system extracted from this model are defined as the limit when the diffusion processes are neglected of solutions of the second order system. Then we solve the Riemann problem. More generally this method allows us to define shock waves solutions for a wide class of hyperbolic systems written under non-conservative form. Finally the last section deals with the numerical simulation of sprays
Marois, Gentien. "Modélisation eulérienne de l'interaction d'un brouillard avec un choc en régime supersonique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0045/document.
Full textIn this thesis we focus on the interaction between a supersonic dilute flow and a detached shock. The Eulerian approach has been chosen because it is particularly adapted to parallel computing. A program named SDFS (Supersonic Dilute Flow Solver), was created and validated in a CEA aerodynamic code. Three aspects of the computational simulation have been studied. First the study and creation of new models. Then the numerical implementation and the validation through academic reference cases. Finally, the comparison between numerical results and experimental data
Klein, Céline. "Conception et prototypage d’un lidar pour la mesure du contenu en eau liquide dans le brouillard." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0094/document.
Full textThe objective of the present study is the design of a lidar for the measurement of vertical profiles of liquid water content in fogs. Presently, there is no system able to measure such profile. The liquid water content is measured at ground or at limited number of altitudes. Yet, the information would improve our understanding of fog processes and provide valuable data for controlling fog forecast models. Its feasibility is theoretically possible because it was shown in the late 70s that the liquid water content and the optical extinction at 11μm are empirically linked by a linear relationship. My first objective was to test this relationship with rencent observations more precise than in the late 70s. The relationship is confirmed within limits that I tried to determine. The vertical extension of fogs is several hundreds of meters. We thus need a lidar with a maximum range of several meters. I compared the range of a direct versus a heterodyne lidar and I found the heterodyne lidar is more appropriate. I have developed analytic approximations of the heterodyne efficiency for several transmitter configurations - monostatic, bistatic with parallel or non-parallel axes - and found the monostatic configuration gives the best results at short range. I coded a simulator for the lidar and showed the retrieval of the extinction coefficient from lidar signals with the usual signal processing technique produces biases at short range. I proposed and validated a correction scheme. I derived two analytic approximations for the bias and the standard deviation of the estimations of the extinction coefficient. They were used to estimate the practical range and accuracy a lidar can achieve for the measurement of the liquid water content in fogs
Nguyen-Dang, Du. "Études des méthodes par impact et à l'huile utilisées pour déterminer le diamètre des gouttelettes dans les brouillards naturels et artificiels /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1987. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textDesnous, Clelia. "Etude expérimentale de la dépressurisation rapide du C6F14 et caractéristiques du brouillard formé." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819810.
Full textDesnous, Clélia. "Etude expérimentale de la dépressurisation rapide du C6F14 et caractéristiques du brouillard formé." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI059/document.
Full textDepressurization (flashing) experiments through a ball valve were conducted with C6F14 for a large range of superheat. High-speed imaging shows a rapid and wide expansion of the jet, which evidences strong pressure gradients. Local measurements with phase detection optical probes and phase Doppler velocimetry were used to characterize size, speed, concentration and volumetric flux of drops as a function of superheat. The level of superheat has little influence on the vaporized fraction and on drop size and flux: this suggests that due to strong pressure gradients the liquid sees a much weaker level of superheat than the global superheat imposed on the system. Different scenarii are discussed to explain observations, in particular the fact that drop size remains approximately constant independent of the superheat. A scenario based on the existence of a boiling front seems to be the most consistent
Nmira, Fatiha. "Modélisation et simulation numérique de l'interaction entre un feu et un brouillard d'eau." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11047.
Full textAn Eulerian-Eulerian two-model is developed to describe the interactions between a thermoplastic fire and a polydisperse spray. The dispersed phase is described by the droplet size moment method which is able to capture the polydisperse nature of the spray flow without segregation into droplet size classes. Applied to two configurations, this model is used to study the influence that the main characteristics of the water spray have on the fire mitigation and/or extinction, due to a cessation of the pyrolysis process. In the first configuration, axisymmetric, model results reveal the role of the spray polydispersity on the time for extinguishment. Optimum spray characteristics such as the Sauter mean radius and water flow rate are then determined. The second configuration is three-dimensional and concerns the mitigation of a ventilated tunnel fire with water mist. The results show that the spray efficiency is mainly related to the droplet dynamics and that extinction occurs during the transient phase of the fire/water spray interaction at high water flow rate. This transient phase is then followed by a steady state where fire mitigation exhibits an asymptotic behavior with increasing water flow rate
Dumont, Eric. "Caractérisation, modélisation et simulation des effets visuels du brouillard pour l'usager de la route." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164237.
Full textDans la première partie, essentiellement bibliographique, on commence par constater la contradiction entre la complexité et la diversité des propriétés microphysiques et optiques du brouillard d'une part, et l'utilisation courante de la notion de “ distance de visibilité ” pour en décrire les effets perceptifs d'autre part. On montre ensuite que la caractérisation des effets visuels du brouillard passe par une analyse fréquentielle des perturbations induites par la diffusion de la lumière dans la distribution de luminance formant le signal visuel. En vue de maîtriser le recueil des images indispensables à cette analyse, on choisit de faire appel à la synthèse d'images en privilégiant la méthode du tracé de rayons.
Dans la deuxième partie, on commence par décrire la technique de tracé de photons de type Monte-Carlo développée pour simuler la diffusion multiple et anisotrope de la lumière au sein d'un milieu polydispersé tel que le brouillard. Le code ainsi mis au point est ensuite mis en œuvre afin d'étudier les propriétés de la fonction de transfert de modulation d'une couche de brouillard, assimilée à un filtre optique, ce qui nous conduit à définir un opérateur fréquentiel de contraste pour caractériser le halo généré autour du signal transmis par l'énergie lumineuse diffusée. En se basant sur la loi de Koschmieder, on propose finalement un modèle étendu des effets visuels du brouillard – extinction, halo et voiles (atmosphérique et rétro-diffusé) – permettant de prédire les dégradations engendrées par le brouillard dans l'environnement visuel de l'usager de la route en toutes conditions de circulation. On montre également que le modèle proposé est compatible avec une mise en œuvre interactive sur simulateur de conduite.
Le modèle photométrique des effets visuels du brouillard issu de ce travail a dores et déjà fait l'objet d'une validation expérimentale, en collaboration avec des psychologues de la conduite. Il a également été utilisé pour améliorer les outils de simulation de conduite dans le brouillard, en collaboration avec une société spécialisée dans la simulation temps-réel. Il est prévu de mettre en œuvre ces outils pour étudier les performances de l'infrastructure routière en termes de visibilité et de lisibilité par temps de brouillard.
Zamuner, Bernard. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du brouillard en combustion issu d'un injecteur coaxial liquide-gaz." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ECAP0433.
Full textCaro, Stéphane. "Perception et contrôle de la distance intervéhiculaire en condition de brouillard : étude sur simulateur." Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE29030.
Full textZafar, Choeb. "Contribution à la mise au point d'un modèle numérique d'évolution d'une couche de brouillard." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610839t.
Full textHalmaoui, Houssam. "Restauration d'images par temps de brouillard et de pluie : applications aux aides à la conduite." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830869.
Full textRangognio, Jérôme. "Impact des aérosols sur le cycle de vie du brouillard : de l'observation à la modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/773/.
Full textThe role of the atmospheric particles in cloud droplets formation was the object of numerous works, the point of view experimental as numerical. This work is interested in the radiation fog. One of the particularities of radiation fog is its development within the surface boundary layer, directly in contact with the ground, where aerosols concentrations are the highest. To understand the influence of these particles on the fog life cycle, two fields experiments ParisFOG and ToulouseFOG were realized. After a state of general art on the characteristics of the atmospheric particles, several cases of radiation fogs are presented, by insisting more particularly on the properties of aerosols and cloud droplets measured during these two fields experiments. It seems generally very difficult to feature the physical explications based only on the observations. To achieve this objective, a series of 1D simulations were preformed with the Meso-NH numerical mesoscale model, in which the ORILAM aerosol scheme was coupled with the two-moment microphysical scheme. The activation scheme used was taken from the work of Abdul-Razzak (2004). This parameterization allows to take into account the observed aerosol chemical composition and size distribution. In this approach, the necessity of a joint initiative between the observation and the modelling is clearly appeared. "Off-line" sensitivity analyses of CCN (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) were performed on number, median diameter and chemical compounds of aerosols using only the activation scheme of Abdul-Razzak (2004). During this "off-line" study, the interactions with the other physical processes were not taken into account. Different regimes of CCN activation and a critical value of aerosol number concentration were found. This critical aerosol number corresponds to the maximum of activated cloud droplets for a given cooling rate and given aerosol chemical properties. 1D simulations successfully reproduced the observed temporal evolution of the fog layer during an intensive observation period of the field experiment ParisFOG. .
Dang, Qinran. "Brouillard de pollution en Chine. Analyse sémantique différentielle de corpus institutionnels, médiatiques et de microblogues." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INAL0009.
Full textAir pollution has increasingly become a serious problem in China, more and more journalistic articles and miniblogs (weibo in Chinese, equivalent to tweet), comming from governmental or media websites, social networks, blogs and forums, etc., discuss the issue of «雾 霾» (wumai in Chinese, means smog) in China through several angles : political, ecological, economic, sociological, health, etc. The semantics of the themes adressed in these texts differ significantly from each other according to their textual genre. In the framework of our research, our objectif is double-fold : on the one hand, to identify different themes of a digital propose-bulit corpus relating to wumai ; and on the other hand, to interpret differentially the semantics of these themes. Firstly, we collect the textual data written in chinese and related to wumai. These journalistic articles and weibo deriving from three traditional chinese and the social network are divided into four genres of sub-corpus. Secondly, we constitute our corpus through a series of data processing : data cleaning, word segmentation, normalization, POS tagging, benchmarking and data organization. We study the characteristics of the four genres of sub-corpus through a series of discriminating variables - hyperstructural, lexical, semiotic, rhetorical, modal and syntactic - distributed at the infratextual and intratextual level. After that, based on the characteristics of each textual genre, we identify the main themes exposed in each genre of sub-corpus, and analyze the semantics of these identified themes in a contrastive way. Our analysis results are interpreted from two angles : quantitative and qualitative. All statistical analysis are assisted by textometric tools ; and the semantic interpretations are implemented on several fundamental concepts of SI (Sémantique interprétative) proposed by Rastier (1987)
Hylkema, Jouke Jan. "Modélisation cinétique et simulation numérique d'un brouillard dense de gouttelettes : application aux propulseurs à poudre." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ESAE0004.
Full textCaraffa, Laurent. "Reconstruction 3d à partir de paires stéréoscopiques en conditions dégradées." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066473.
Full textStereo reconstruction serves many outdoor applications, and thus sometimes faces foggy weather. The quality of the reconstruction by state of the art algorithms is then degraded as contrast is reduced with the distance because of scattering. However, as shown by defogging algorithms from a single image, fog provides an extra depth cue in the grey level of far away objects. Our idea is thus to take advantage of both stereo and atmospheric veil depth cues to achieve better stereo reconstructions in foggy weather. To our knowledge, this subject has never been investigated earlier by the computer vision community. We thus propose a Markov Random Field model of the stereo reconstruction and defogging problem which can be optimized iteratively using the α-expansion algorithm. Outputs are a dense disparity map and an image where contrast is restored. The proposed model is evaluated on synthetic images. This evaluation shows that the proposed method achieves very good results on both stereo reconstruction and defogging compared to standard stereo reconstruction and single image defogging
Wærsted, Eivind. "Description of physical processes driving the life cycle of radiation fog and fog–stratus transitions based on conceptual models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX053/document.
Full textFog causes hazards to human activity due to the reduction of visibility, especially through the risk of traffic accidents. Improving the forecasts of fog formation and dissipation is therefore an objective for research. This thesis analyses the life cycle of continental fog events occurring in the Paris area, using several ground-based remote sensing instruments deployed at the SIRTA atmospheric observatory. We focus on understanding the dissipation after sunrise and the local processes involved, assuming the fog layer is adiabatic (well-mixed). Over a 4-year period, more than 100 fog events are documented by observing cloud base (ceilometer), cloud top and clouds appearing above the fog (cloud radar), and the liquid water path (LWP) (microwave radiometer (MWR)). Most fog events dissipate by lifting of the base without a complete evaporation of the cloud, and often even without a reduction in LWP. This indicates that not only a reduction in LWP is important for fog dissipation, but also the evolution of the fog top, which together with the LWP determines whether the cloud extends down to the ground. Using the LES model DALES, we find a strong sensitivity of the vertical development of the fog top to the stratification above. By enhancing entrainment, a weak stratification at fog top can lead to earlier fog dissipation by (1) more depletion of LWP by entraining unsaturated air, especially if the air is dry, and (2) vertical development of the fog top leading to lifting of the fog base. The variability of this stratification can be observed reasonably well with the MWR temperature profile. In several cases of dissipation by lifting, the vertical profile of radar reflectivity in the fog has a max value near fog top prior to dissipation, which suggests a lack of bigger droplets in the lower levels of the fog. By observing the cloud top development, the stratification, the LWP and the profile of reflectivity, the radar and MWR provide information that has potential for anticipating fog dissipation by lifting.Radiative processes are studied using the comprehensive radiative transfer code ARTDECO. The radiative cooling at fog top can produce 40–70 g m-2 h-1 of LWP when the fog is opaque (LWP >= 30 g m-2) (production is lower for thin fog) and there are no clouds above. This cooling thus is the main process of LWP production and can renew the fog LWP in 0.5–2 h. Its variability is mainly explained by the fog temperature and the humidity profile above. Clouds above the fog will strongly reduce this production, especially low clouds: a cloud with optical depth 4 can reduce it by 30 (100) % at 10 (2) km. Loss of LWP by absorption of solar radiation by the fog is 5–15 g m-2 h-1 around midday in winter, depending on cloud thickness, but it can be enhanced by 100 % in case of important amounts of absorbing aerosols (dry AOD=0.15, SSA=0.82).Heating due to solar radiation absorbed at the surface is found to be the dominating process of LWP loss after sunrise (according to LES model simulations), but its magnitude is sensitive to the Bowen ratio. However, observations of the turbulent heat fluxes during fog are not precise enough to quantify the Bowen ratio. The importance of the Bowen ratio means that improvements of its measurement during fog should be a priority.A conceptual model which calculates the LWP budget of fog directly from observations is developed. Using 12 observed parameters and 2 from reanalysis data, it calculates the impact on LWP of terrestrial and solar radiation, surface heat fluxes, entrainment, subsidence and deposition. It is applied to 45 observed fog events dissipating after sunrise. An important variability in radiation, entrainment and subsidence between the cases is found, which can partly explain the different dissipation times. While the terms of radiation are rather robust, several other terms suffer from significant uncertainties, leaving room for improvements in the future
Zhang, Xiaojing. "Modélisation du brouillard durant la campagne ParisFog : approche prédictive et étude de l'effet des hétérogénéités spatiales." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00555078.
Full textRoquelaure, Stevie. "Prévision d'ensemble locale des brouillard et nuages bas à l'aéroport international de Roissy Charles de Gaulle." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250947.
Full textDewitte, Jérôme. "Modélisation de l'impact d'un brouillard de gouttes en évaporation et sous pression sur une paroi chauffée." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ESAE0002.
Full textDomelevo, Komla. "Analyse mathematique et numerique d'une modelisation cinetique d'un brouillard de gouttelettes dans un ecoulement gazeux turbulent." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EPXX0040.
Full textVanbauce, Claudine. "Contribution à l'étude du brouillard dans la région Nord-Pas de Calais à partir des données satellitaires." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10025.
Full textBergot, Thierry. "Modélisation du brouillard à l'aide d'un modèle 1D forcé par des champs mésoéchelle : application à la prévision." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30281.
Full textMakke, Laurent. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle du rayonnement infrarouge atmosphérique utilisant l'approximation en émissivité : application à la formation du brouillard radiatif." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1061/document.
Full textThe Atmospheric Radiation field has seen the development of more accurate and faster methods to take into account absorption. Modelling fog formation, where Infrared Radiation is involved, requires accurate methods to compute cooling rates. Radiative fog appears with clear sky condition due to a significant cooling during the night where absorption is the dominant processus. Thanks to High Performance Computing, multi-spectral approaches of Radiative Transfer Equation resolution are often used. Nevertheless, the coupling of three-dimensional radiative transfer with fluid dynamics is very computationally expensive. Radiation increases the computation time by around fifty percent over the pure Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation. To reduce the time spent in radiation calculations, a new method using the broadband emissivity has been developed to compute an equivalent absorption coefficient (spectrally integrated). Only one resolution of Radiative Transfer Equation is needed against $N_{text{band}} times N_{text{gauss}}$ for an $N_{text{band}}$ model with $N_{text{gauss}}$ quadrature points on each band. A comparison with simulation data has been done and the new parameterization of Radiative properties shows the ability to handle variations of gases concentrations and liquid water. A dynamical study through the coupling between the infrared radiation model and Code_Saturne has been done to validate our parametrization. Finally the model was tested on a 3-D domain with idealized buildings to catch 3-D infrared radiative effects due to horizontally inhomogenities of the liquid water content field and buildings
Mazoyer, Marie. "Impact du processus d'activation sur les propriétés microphysiques des brouillards et sur leur cycle de vie." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0025/document.
Full textFogs are complex meteorological systems dealing with fine scale processes. Their lifecycles are closely related to the interactions between radiation, fog dynamics, turbulence and fog microphysics that make their forecasting difficult. Fogs are formed by the activation of aerosols particles into water droplets. To date, understanding the impact of the aerosols properties on the fog life cycle remains still challenging. This thesis aims at investigating the impact of activation processes on fog microphysics and lifecycles. In the framework of the PréViBoss project, in-situ measurements of fog properties were performed during winters 2010 to 2013 at the SIRTA site in the south of Paris. A detailed characterization of aerosols and fog microphysics, including number size spectrum of both particles under dry and wet conditions and droplets, was performed in order to investigate the aerosols efficiency to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). A large number of case studies are presented, which include 23 case studies on fog formation from the activation of aerosols and 48 fog events on the temporal evolution of fog microphysics. An original method has been used to investigate the link between supersaturation values and concentrations of CCN with aerosols properties (distribution, concentration and hygroscopicity). We show that supersaturation values determine the droplets concentration, independently of the concentration of aerosols. The evolution of fog microphysics of the 48 cases follows 4 phases with distinct behaviours, driven by condensation/evaporation and deactivation/ activation processes. The fog droplets concentration is determined during the first phase, then it fluctuate around this value during fog life cycle. Large eddy simulation of fog cases observed during PréViBoss are performed with the Meso-NH model to evaluate the impact of microphysics on fog lifetime. It allows to explore the close interactions between aerosols and physical processes. A two moments scheme is used for microphysic and two schemes for supersaturation have been evaluated, the first one estimate the maximal supersaturation and the second one considers a pseudoprognostic evolution of supersaturation following Thouron et al. (2012). Much lower supersaturation values were obtained with the second scheme. Addtional processes, such as condensation or mixing that were not included in previous scheme, are modeled. While CCN concentrations obtained with this new scheme are lower, they remain higher than the observations. We postulate that this behaviour could be due to the representation of dynamics. Sensibilitiy tests for different aerosols concentrations reveal a weak impact on fog life cycle. Only for extreme cases where the aerosol concentrations are low, the fog dissipation is delayed. This study shows that the fog life cycle is mainly driven by thermodynamics, dynamics and surface conditions through their impact on boundary layer stability. Moreover, surface heterogeneities greatly modify fog life cycle trough turbulent motions and should be considered for future experimental studies
Meyrand, Raphaël. "Contribution à l'étude de l'usage du brouillard d'eau dans la lutte contre les incendies en tunnels ventilés longitudinalement." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aéronautique, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554721.
Full textRichard, Jérôme Pascal Marie. "Interaction d'un brouillard d'eau avec un feu de nappe à l'échelle laboratoire : effets physicochimiques et influence sur le rayonnement." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2333.
Full textThe water mist is first characterized without flame : measurements of droplets diameters, droplets density and mass flow rate are performed. Then, the temperature field within the flame is established, without and then with water mist. Absorption fields and diffusion coefficients for two wavelengths are also determined in order to determine the relative contribution of absorption and diffusion processes. The knowledge of these experimental fields allows for the calculation of radiative flux towards the fuel surface with a Discrete Ordinates Method algorithm. Computed radiative flux values are compared with experimental values. Tomographic images of the mist-flame interaction flow are obtained. A PIV treatment of these images allows for the determination of droplets speed fields in order to get a better understanding of the dynamic interaction between the droplets and the flame. The study also shows that the introduction of steam within the flame has a chemical effect
Nassouri, Mouhannad. "Caractérisation expérimentale de la propagation d’une flamme laminaire dans un milieu diphasique (brouillard) à haute pression et en microgravité." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2033/document.
Full textSpray and aerosol cloud combustion accounts for 25% of the world’s energy use, and yet it remains poorly understood from both a fundamental and a practical perspective. Realistic sprays have a liquid breakup region, a dispersed multiphase flow, turbulent mixing processes, and various levels of flame interactions through the spray. Idealization of spray configurations in a quiescent environment (the starting point for models) has been impossible in 1 g due to the settling of large droplets and the buoyant pluming of post combustion gases. Testing in microgravity conditions relates to the possibility of creating aerosols without sedimentation effects. This research was to determine experimentally the flame propagation velocity in aerosols. First, the size of droplets in the aerosol was characterized using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer “Sympatec-HELOS”, and using ethanol as fuel. Second, high-Pressure combustion studies were performed using a high-Pressure combustion chamber (max pressure 12 MPa). These pieces of equipment were designed to be used in microgravity while aboard the Airbus A300-0g of the CNES. After ground tests, five parabolic flight campaigns were conducted. A systematic comparative analysis for identical initial conditions in both normal and reduced gravity was performed. The effects of initial temperature and pressure on the droplet diameter distribution of the aerosol, the effects of gravity on the flame behavior for both vapor-Air and droplet-Vapor-Air mixtures, and the effect of drops size on the flame speed and structure were all studied
Bourrilhon, Thibaut. "Tuyère diphasique à jet de brouillard : application à la lutte contre les incendies et au refroidissement des procédés métallurgiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10106.
Full textHigh velocity spray-jets have demonstrated their high efficiency in fire fighting. The concept presented here comprises a two-phase flow nozzle that directly expands a liquid-gas mixture (water + compressed-air). These two components are mixed, almost at rest, at the pressure of a conventional industrial networks (5 to 10 bars). The nozzle design is such that the exit jet presents two characteristics : high velocity and very fine dispersion. The aim of this work is to develop models to describe the flow expansion into the nozzle and the free jet developped downstream the exhaust section. Various measuring instruments (droplet size, velocity) are implemented to allow a comparison with numerical simulations
Roquelaure, Stevie Bergot Thierry. "Prévision d'ensemble locale des brouillards et nuages bas à l'aéroport International de Roissy Charles De Gaulle." Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/101.
Full textPhilip, Alexandre. "Apport d'une résolution verticale plus fine dans le calcul des tendances physiques pour la modélisation du brouillard dans le modèle AROME." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30261/document.
Full textThe fog is a hazardous meteorological phenomenon because of the visibility decrease due to water droplets present in the atmosphere. Despite scientific and numerical improvements allowing the use of very detailed numerical weather prediction models, fog forecasting is still a challenge to address. Indeed, several complex processes are involved during the fog life cycle (dynamic, micro-physic, turbulence and radiation). In this thesis, simulations are performed at the Paris Charles-de-Gaulle airport with the kilo-metric scale model AROME in order to study the impact of the vertical resolution on the fog forecasting. A detailed study case highlights the strong impact of vertical resolution on the fog formation. Vertical resolution impacts both the onset time, the spatial development and also the physical processes involved at the fog onset. The impact of vertical resolution has been evaluated statistically over the winter season 2011-2012 and has confirmed the results obtained with the study case. It has been shown that a finer vertical resolution leads to the simulation of more local fog events than a coarser vertical resolution. Furthermore, these simulations emphasize that the model overestimates the cloud base height whatever the vertical resolution. In spite of the increase of good detections with a finer vertical resolution, the overall forecast quality does not change because of more frequent false alarms. These false alarms can be explained by enhanced spatial heterogeneities of simulated fogs at finer vertical resolution. Using a finer vertical resolution on a large domain increase the numerical cost, which is not affordable for operational forecasting. In this thesis, two numerical methods representing the surface boundary layer and allowing a finer vertical resolution at a low computational cost have been tested for the case study and during the winter season. The best method is based on the surface boundary layer scheme Canopy, which improves the physical behavior of the model during the onset of radiation fogs. However, the limits of the method are reached when the onset is impacted by local circulations, which they are not taken into account with this method. The fog diagnostic by Canopy reduces the frequency bias fog forecast but it does not significantly improve the overall forecast quality because of more frequent false alarms
Rémy, Samuel. "Prévision locale des faibles visibilités pour l'aéronautique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/839/.
Full textLow visibility conditions have a strong impact on airports' traffic. COBEL-ISBA is a 1D model used operationally to provide short-range forecasts of low visibility conditions. Initial condition play a crucial role in the quality of the forecasts. This PhD focused on a diagnosis and optimization of the assimilation scheme of COBEL-ISBA. The impact of the several kinds of observations on the quality of the initial conditions and forecasts was first assessed. Simulated observations were used, in order to cancel the effect of the model error, as well as real observations. The observations that have most impact on the quality of the forecast of fog events are the ones that estimate the initial thickness of the cloud layer and those of soil water content. The operationnal assimilation scheme uses error statistics for the background that are fixed in time and over the vertical. They were shown to have large variations over time and the vertical. These conclusions led to the implementation of an ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), which is able to estimate background error statistics at each assimilation cycle. It gave good results with simulated observations, and also with real observations for forecast hours smaller than four hours. Several studies showed the potential of particle filter methods for data assimilation. A particle filter with a genetic selection was adapted to be used with COBEl-ISBA. This new assimilation scheme gave good results simulated observations. It also worked with relatively few particles
Dominguez, Christian. "Integrated hydrogeological study of San Cristobal Island (Galapagos)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066225.
Full textThe understanding of the hydrogeological functioning in regions such as San Cristobal Island (Galapagos), where water is limited, is fundamental for a suitable management of its resources. This work is the first study of this type on high-level aquifers in San Cristobal using a multi-disciplinary approach, based in the implementation of an experimental site and modeling strategies. For this purpose, a hydrological network was installed in Cerro Gato (CG) and surrounding watersheds. Inputs to the watershed are estimated using the joint modeling of a canopy and soil water transfer. Recharge rates are mainly affected by altitude in mid-elevation watersheds, whereas land cover is the main controlling factor at high-elevation watersheds because of the additional input of fog interception in forests. A hydrological analysis shows that losses from the high-elevation basins become groundwater inputs in the mid-elevation basins, while others have inputs from watersheds at the same altitude, such as CG. The detailed geometry of its hydrogeological watershed is obtained from the dataset of a high resolution AEM SkyTEM survey, which confirms the assumption that its hydrogeological watershed is bigger than its hydrological one. Results from these approaches allow proposing a hydrogeological conceptual model for the springs of CG, where the groundwater flow of springs is fed by a perched aquifer suspended by a low permeability thin layer. This model is tested with numerical simulations, which confirm the plausibility of the existence of a perched aquifer. This thesis provides scientific basis for an effective water management strategy
Confais, Bastien. "Conception d'un système de partage de données adapté à un environnement de Fog Computing." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4015/document.
Full textUtility Computing has evolved for many years leading to the infrastructure we know today as Cloud Computing. Nevertheless, these infrastructures are unable to satisfy the needs of the Internet of Things which requires low latency computing despite limited resources. In 2012, Cisco proposed a paradigm called Fog Computing, consisting of deploying a huge number of small servers, spread on many sites located at the edge of the network, close to the end devices. In this thesis, we try to create a seamless storage solution between the different Fog sites. Our first contribution consists in comparing existing storage solution and check if they can be used in a such environment. We show that InterPlanetary FileSystem (IPFS), an object store relying on a BitTorrent like protocol and a Distributed Hash Table is a promising solution. Nevertheless, the amount of network traffic exchanged between the sites to locate the data is important and has a non-negligible impact on the overall performance. Our second contribution consists in coupling IPFS with RozoFS, a distributed filesystem deployed on each site to limit the use of the DHT when accessed data are stored on the local site. Finally, we proposed to replace the distributed hash table by a location mechanism relying on a shortest path tree built on the physical topology, in order to contain the network traffic and to first request nodes at a close location, reachable with a low latency. By performing many experiments on the Grid’5000 testbed, we show that the coupling of IPFS with a Scale-Out NAS reduces by 34 % in average the access times and that our protocol to locate the objects reduces by 20 % the time to locate the data
Bari, Driss. "Etude du brouillard en zone côtière par modélisation des processus physiques de la couche limite atmosphérique : cas du Grand Casablanca (Maroc)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30316/document.
Full textThe prediction of fog remains a challenge due to its time and space variability and to the complex interaction between the numerous physical processes influencing its life cycle. During the first stage of this thesis, the local meteorological and synoptic characteristics of fog occurrence over the Grand Casablanca region (Morocco) are investigated. To achieve this, hourly surface meteorological observations, at two synoptic stations of this coastal region, are used. An objective fog-type classification has been developed in this work and used to discriminate the fog events into the well known types. This fog climatology points out that the fog is often localized and that it is predominantly of advection-radiation type, followed by fog resulting from cloud base lowering and radiation fog. Besides, two different fog types can occur when fog simultaneously concerns the two stations. The advective processes associated with sea breeze circulation during the daylight, followed by the radiative processes often leads to fog formation over this coastal region. Numerical simulations are performed later using the meso-scale non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH. These simulations confirm that the physical processes, governing the life cycle of fog, can be different according to the physiographic features of the area. Moreover, the numerical prediction of coastal fog over heterogeneous area is very sensitive to sea surface temperature, land local topography and land cover. It also depends on the model's ability to reproduce the sea breeze circulation during the daylight followed by the radiative processes early in the night. The systematic numerical simulations of the fog events that occurred during the winter 2013-2014 indicate the Meso-NH's ability to well capture the fog occurrence with a relatively high false alarm rate, particularly over the coastal station
Dominguez, Christian. "Integrated hydrogeological study of San Cristobal Island (Galapagos)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066225/document.
Full textThe understanding of the hydrogeological functioning in regions such as San Cristobal Island (Galapagos), where water is limited, is fundamental for a suitable management of its resources. This work is the first study of this type on high-level aquifers in San Cristobal using a multi-disciplinary approach, based in the implementation of an experimental site and modeling strategies. For this purpose, a hydrological network was installed in Cerro Gato (CG) and surrounding watersheds. Inputs to the watershed are estimated using the joint modeling of a canopy and soil water transfer. Recharge rates are mainly affected by altitude in mid-elevation watersheds, whereas land cover is the main controlling factor at high-elevation watersheds because of the additional input of fog interception in forests. A hydrological analysis shows that losses from the high-elevation basins become groundwater inputs in the mid-elevation basins, while others have inputs from watersheds at the same altitude, such as CG. The detailed geometry of its hydrogeological watershed is obtained from the dataset of a high resolution AEM SkyTEM survey, which confirms the assumption that its hydrogeological watershed is bigger than its hydrological one. Results from these approaches allow proposing a hydrogeological conceptual model for the springs of CG, where the groundwater flow of springs is fed by a perched aquifer suspended by a low permeability thin layer. This model is tested with numerical simulations, which confirm the plausibility of the existence of a perched aquifer. This thesis provides scientific basis for an effective water management strategy
Cochet, Magali. "Évaporation de gouttelettes polydispersées dans un écoulement de canal fortement turbulent : analyse de la formation du mélange diphasique par imagerie de fluorescence." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7704/1/cochet.pdf.
Full textJenft, Alexandre. "Étude des interactions entre phénomènes d'incendie et systèmes d'extinction à eau. Développement d'un module d'extinction dans le logiciel FDS." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0269/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of interactions between fuel, flame and water droplets generated by water mist systems. It is completed by an extinction model development in FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) software, which is a CFD code widely used by the scientific and engineering communities. Knowledge on physical phenomena induced by water application on fire is acquired thanks to an experimental campaign at real scale. 84 confined and ventilated fire tests have been carried out involving water mist and metrology allowing to study the influence on extinction of: fuel, combustion time before water mist application, pool diameter for liquid fuel fires, number of nozzles and fuel location. A post-processing in the form of mass and energy balances has been added to FDS, allowing to complete experimental observations and to quantify the different heat transfer modes before and during water application. Two complementary models allow extinction determination by fuel cooling and flame cooling / inerting effects. Their capability is analyzed for appropriate cases on the versions 5 and 6 of FDS. The capability of the complete modified code to predict extinction is finally evaluated
Peter, Alain. "La photographie d'actualité en Chine, au-delà du brouillard de la censure : La production et l'édition photo dans le Dongfang Zaobao de Shanghai." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00860437.
Full textConsalvi, Jean-Louis. "Développement d'un modèle diphasique dédié au calcul de l'interaction d'un brouillard d'eau et d'un feu en milieu compartimenté : application à la lutte incendie." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11058.
Full textLechêne, Sullivan. "Etude expérimentale et numérique des rideaux d'eau pour la protection contre le rayonnement thermique." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539894.
Full textBenjamaa, Mohamed. "Génération de scènes photométriques routières destinées à la conception d'un système de "détection vidéo coopérative point à point"." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112286.
Full textIn order to ensure an optimal safety for road users, RENAULT explores the possibilities of future sensors using one or several light emitting sources installed on the "target" vehicle to be detected, and a video sensor on the "follower" vehicle to detect and identify these sources. The work done during this thesis concerns the setting up of a software tool of photometric simulation of road scenes, which is adapted to the conception of such system of detection, by studying the borderline use cases. We defined a list of road scenarios and we regrouped them in two subgroups. The first concerns the night driving: we concentrated our efforts on the limitation of the system performances by the attenuation of the useful signal, the reflection of artificial sources on road, and the halo effect around sources in the presence of fog. The second subgroup concerns daytime driving where modeling and computation of road scenes is made from the simulation of natural illumination. An original method was proposed to model the veil effect created by a daytime fog. We performed some experimental validation of simulation codes: reflection by road surface in dry and humid conditions, as well as certain conditions of natural illumination. Next step will consist in studying, using the modeling tool, the feasibility of the detection system following the various scenarios in order to conceive a prototype
Hautière, Nicolas. "Détection des conditions de visibilité et estimation de la distance de visibilité par vision embarquée." Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET4006.
Full textThe adverse weather conditions, in particular the fog, pose a problem for the drivers, who tend to overestimate distances, but also to the exteroceptive sensors which work less well. The detection and the quantification of the visibility conditions thus constitute a strong stake in terms of road safety. We propose two complementary methods onboard a vehicle aiming to estimate the visibility distance by using real time image analyses techniques. Both are based on the definition of the meteorological visibility distance, which is the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions can be recognized by day against the horizon sky. The first technique, using a model of atmospheric diffusion, detects and estimates the density of daytime fog by using a single camera. The second technique, using a generic property of the atmosphere, is able to estimate day and night the visibility distance under all meteorological conditions by using a stereoscopic sensor. On one hand, we evaluate our methods, thanks to several video sequences grabbed under different meteorological conditions, what constitutes a qualitative evaluation of the work done. On the other hand, we evaluate the methods, thanks to actual images of a specific site equipped with reference targets, which has been conceived and realized on the test facilities of Satory, what constitutes a quantitative evaluation