Journal articles: 'DDT'

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Sarkar, A., S. Y. S. Singbal, and S. P. Fondekar. "Pesticide residues in the sediments from the lakes of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica." Polar Record 30, no. 172 (January 1994): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740002101x.

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AbstractConcentration levels of various organochlorine pesticides and their derivatives — namely, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) and the DDT compounds pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, op'-DDE, pp'-DDD, and op'-DDD — were determined in the sediments from eight different lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis, near Dakshin Gangotri, the Indian station (70° 45'S, 11° 44'E) during the Sixth Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica (December 1986 to February 1987). Concentration levels of HCHs (α, β, γ)and t-DDT (pp'-DDT + op'-DDT + pp'-DDE + op'-DDE + pp'-DDD + op'-DDD) in sediments of these lakes were found to be in the ranges of 37.7–155 pg/gand 512.9–1131 pg/g, respectively. Among the isomers of HCH, gamma-HCH was most prominent, followed by alpha-HCH, whereas in the case of metabolites of DDT and its isomers, pp'-DDT was found to be dominant over others. However, all the other compounds of the DDT family were present in considerable amounts in all the lakes. There was no significant change in the monthly variation of the concentration levels of HCHs and DDTs in the lakes.

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2

Crowe, Allan S., and James E. Smith. "Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-033.

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DDT was applied at Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, between 1948 and 1970 for mosquito control in recreational areas and pest control in former agricultural areas. Recent soil sampling programs produced 275 analyses enabling a statistical comparison of DDT concentrations with land use areas, soil conditions, and hydrologic characte ristics. Concentrations of ΣDDT ranged over several orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations (maximum 316 000 ng g-1) in former agricultural areas and the lowest concentrations in the natural sand dunes (maximum of 116 ng g-1). DDT is undergoing degradation at Point Pelee along two pathways. DDT is transformed aerobically to DDE within the sandy soils exhibiting average %DDT, %DDE and %DDD of 40%, 55%, and 5% of ΣDDT, respectively. DDT is transformed anaerobically to DDD and DDE within the marsh and flooded soils averaging 14% DDT, 44% DDE, and 42% DDD, respectively. The half-lives for the transformation of DDT to DDE within the well-drained and aerobic sandy soils at Point Pelee are highly variable and were estimated to range from 20 to 50 yr. Given the high concentrations of ΣDDT at Point Pelee and the long half-life, it is expected that DDT will remain at concentrations of concern for many decades. Key words: DDT, persistence, degradation rates, concentrations, sandy soil, marshy soil

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3

Dingle, JHP, WA Palmer, and RR Black. "Residues of DDT and dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat and butterfat of cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890497.

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Technical DDT or dieldrin was added to crushed wheat and fed to steers and dairy cows. Subcutaneous fat collected by biopsy and butterfat were examined for residues of DDT, DDD, DDE and dieldrin. Steers fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 10 weeks had total DDT residues (mean � s.e.) in subcutaneous fat of 0.38� 0.01, 2.72�0.37 and 24.5�6.9 mg/kg respectively. DDD was the major residue, comprising 80% of the total. When DDT was withdrawn from the diet, residues declined. Half-life for DDT was 11 weeks (range 8-14), and for DDD was 5 weeks (range 3.5-7.4). Half-life could not be determined for DDE. Steers fed 36 mg dieldrin/day for 10 weeks had 17.3�4.9 mg/kg dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat. The half-life for dieldrin was 5 weeks (range 2.5-10.0). Dairy cows fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 6 weeks had total DDT residues in butterfat of 0.31�0.05, 2.5�0.60 and 20.8�1.2 mg/kg respectively. DDD was again the major residue, comprising 65% of total residues. Half-lives of DDT, DDD and DDE in butterfat were 7.2 (range 6.3-7.7), 3 (range 2.2-3.0) and 5 weeks (range 3.5-8.0) respectively. When 36 mg dieldrin was fed to dairy cows for 6 weeks, residues of 17.3�4.6 mg/kg were found in the butterfat. The half-life for dieldrin in butterfat was 9 weeks (range 6-11.5).

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4

Odermatt, J. R., T. A. Johnson, and R. G. Hummeldorf. "Distribution of DDT residues (DDT, DDD, and DDE) in California soils." Journal of Soil Contamination 2, no. 4 (January 1993): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320389309383446.

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5

Uddin, M. Amin, Md Abdur Rahman, M. Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, Md Harunur Rashid, Zeenath Fardous, and Meherun Nesha. "Analysis of organochlorine DDT residue along with its metabolites in dry fishes from some selected markets of Dhaka city." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v5i2.56959.

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A study was investigated to estimate the current status of health hazardous organochlorine insecticide DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD in different species of dry fish. To achieve the goal of this experiment, ten different sun-dried fish samples were collected from different markets of Dhaka city. The concentration of DDT, DDE and DDD was determined using the capillary column coupled to Gas Chromatograph with Electron Captured Detector (GC-ECD). Most of the dry fishes, seven out of ten samples, were found to be contaminated with DDT along with its metabolites DDE and DDD ranging from 0.029-1.22 mg/kg which is a serious concern because of the nature of long persistency and bioaccumulation of DDT in the environment. The highest concentration of DDT (1.22 mg/kg) was observed in Pampus chinensis dry fish whereas low concentration was detected in Otolithoides pama (0.029 mg/kg). Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (2), 79-84

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Huang, Hui-Jung, Shiu-Mei Liu, and Cham-En Kuo. "ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF DDT RESIDUES (DDT, DDD, AND DDE) IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENT." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 36, no. 3 (April 30, 2001): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pfc-100103569.

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7

Xuan, Fu Hua, Shu Ying Zang, and Hai Feng Xiao. "Characteristics of Organchlorine Pesticides in Sediments of Lianhuan Lake." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.351.

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In this study, sediment samples were collected in Huoshaohei (HSH), Xihulu (XHL), Amuta (AMT), and Talahong (TLH) of Lianhuan Lake. Eleven chemical compounds of OCPs measured using GC-ECD method in the study area, including four HCH isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH), three DDT homologues (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and Heptachlor. The ratio of (DDE + DDD)/∑DDT, the content of ∑HCH and ∑DDT, the correlations among TOC, ∑HCH, ∑DDT and OCPs were analyzed. The results show that HCHs and DDTs are major elements in this region and δ-HCH is the most dominant isomer in HCH, which was evidence of recent input of lindane. And higher amounts of OCPs occur in sediments with higher TOC content, DDTs and HCHs have similar sources which may come from usage of lindane and DDT in recent years.

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8

Lewiński, Radosław, Agnieszka Hernik, Monika Liszewska, Brian Buckley, Katarzyna Czaja, Wojciech Korcz, Anna Słomczyńska, and Paweł Struciński. "Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Method for the Determination of Selected Organochlorine Compounds in Honey." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020842.

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Honey is considered to be a health-promoting food product. Therefore, it is assumed that it should be free of contaminants. Although the use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was banned a few decades ago in developed countries, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are still detected in various environmental and biological matrices, including food. These contaminants exhibit toxic properties and bioaccumulate in some food chains. The validation of a modified QuEChERS extraction method was successfully performed for o,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, heptachlor and dieldrin. 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was used as an internal standard. The modification involved changing the solvent from acetonitrile to n-hexane after extraction. Quantitation was carried out using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (µECD). The mean recovery values for o,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD and dieldrin, spiked at 2.9 ng/g and 20 ng/g, ranged from 64.7% to 129.3%, and, for heptachlor spiked at 5.6 ng/g and 20 ng/g, ranged from 68.0% to 88.3%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for these concentrations did not exceed 20%, and the within-laboratory reproducibility was below 20%, except o,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT, which were 25.2% and 20.7%, respectively. This modified QuEChERS extraction method for selected organochlorine compounds was demonstrated as effective for routine testing in honey.

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9

Andrade, M. L., M. L. Reyzábal, E. F. Covelo, and F. A. Vega. "Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-024.

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The land around Bahía Blanca, Argentina, has been farmed intensively for six decades. We report the concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and lindane), and of DDT metabolites (DDD + DDE) in three different layers (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm) of the soils in 44 fields of eight farms that have been devoted to horticulture for periods ranging from 15 to 60 yr. In spite of the horticultural use of these substances having been banned for the past 13–35 yr, high concentrations were found – up to nearly 12 mg kg-1 for DDT + DDD + DDE, 17 mg kg-1 for dieldrin, 4 mg kg-1 for endrin, 7 mg kg-1 for heptachlor epoxide and 0.8 mg kg-1 for lindane. The highest concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide were found on the oldest farms, the highest levels of DDD + DDE on middle-aged farms (35–40 yr), and the hi ghest levels of lindane on 15–40-year-old farms that had rather lower soil pH than the older farms. Concentrations invariably decreased slightly with increasing depth, and for DDT, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide they exhibited significant positive correlation with soil organic matter content. Principal components analysis confirmed the distinguishability of three groups of analytes: one comprising DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide associated with higher soil organic matter and clay contents; and two singletons, DDD + DDE associated with higher pH and lindane. We conclude that these pesticides have very limited mobility in these semiarid alkaline soils. Key words: Organochlorine, semiarid soils, horticulture, depth variation.

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10

Wang, Xiaoxu, Belay Tafa Oba, Hui Wang, Qing Luo, Jiaxin Liu, Lanxin Tang, Miao Yang, Hao Wu, and Lina Sun. "Degradation of DDT by a Novel Bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis DC-1: Efficacy, Mechanism and Comparative Advantage." Water 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152723.

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A novel bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis DC-1, capable of degrading DDT as its sole carbon and energy source, was isolated from DDT-contaminated agricultural soil. The bacterium can degrade up to 76.3% of the DDT at a concentration of 10 mg/L in the mineral salt medium (MSM) within 1 day of incubation. The effects of various environmental conditions, such as the concentration of DDT, temperature, pH and additional carbon sources, on its growth and biodegrading capacity of DDT were investigated in the MSM. The A. globiformis DC-1 strain could efficiently grow and degrade DDT at a wide range of concentrations, with the maximum growth and degradation rate at 10 mg/LDDT, followed by inhibitory effects at higher concentrations (20 and 30 mg/LDDT). Mesophilic temperatures (25–30 °C) and a pH of 7–7.5 were the most suitable conditions for the growth and biodegradation. The presence of carbon sources significantly increased the growth of the DC-1 strain; however, degradation was inhibited in the present of glucose, sucrose and fructose, and peptone was determined to be the most appropriate carbon source for A. globiformis DC-1. The optimal DDT degradation (84.2%) was observed at 10 mg/LDDT, peptone as carbon source in pH 7.5 at 30 °C with 1 day of incubation. This strain could also degrade DDE, DDD and DDT simultaneously as the sole carbon and energy source, with degradation rates reaching 70.61%, 64.43% and 60.24% in 10 days, respectively. The biodegradation pathway by A. globiformis DC-1 revealed that DDT was converted to DDD and DDE via dechlorination and dehydrochlorination, respectively; subsequently, both DDD and DDE transformed to DDMU through further dechlorination, and finally, after ring opening, DDMU was mineralized to carbon dioxide. No intermediate metabolites accumulation was observed during the GC/MS analysis, demonstrating that the A. globiformis DC-1 strain can be used for the bioremediation of DDT residues in the environment.

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11

Kopytko, María, Sandra Natalia Correa-Torres, and Martha Jhoana Estévez- Gómez. "Biodegradación estimulada de los suelos contaminados con pesticidas organoclorados." Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental 8, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/21456453.1843.

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DDT al igual que otros pesticidas organoclorados han sido utilizados extensivamente en Colombia entre los años 1970 y 1980 en cultivos de algodón. DDT es resistente a la degradación y fuertemente relacionado con numerosos problemas de salud y actualmente está prohibido su uso. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la biodegradación de DDT y de los productos DDD y DDE, presentes en el suelo contaminado durante 16 años en le municipio Agustín Codazzi, Cesar, Colombia. Se llevaron a cabo bioestimulación, bioaumentación y un tratamiento de control bajo condiciones anaerobias y aerobias secuenciales. El proceso de biodegradación anaerobia duró 8 semanas y consecutivamente se realizó el proceso aerobio por 20 semanas. En el proceso de bioestimulación se adicionó fósforo para optimizar la proporción C:N:P en el suelo tratado. De las bacterias nativas se aislaron las cepas bacterianas con la capacidad biodegradadora del DDT y fueron identificadas mediante las características morfológicas y ampliación por PCR de la región de 1465 pb del gen ribosomal 16S y secuenciación. De estas se seleccionaron cuatro cepas bacterianas para el proceso de bioaumentación: Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromona caviae, y Bacillus sp, las cuales fueron bioaumentadas en el laboratorio e inoculadas en el suelo tratado en concentración de 108 UFC/ml. La concentración de DDT, DDD y DDE se determinó por medio de cromatografía de gases. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron durante la fase anaerobia logrando una remoción de DDT, DDD y DDE en un 56,2%, 17,1% y 44,5% respectivamente.

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Zeljković, Jovana, and Maja Turk Sekulić. "VREMENSKI TREND KONCENTRACIONIH NIVOA DDT/METABOLITA (DDE, DDD) NA BACKGROUND LOKALITETU AP VOJVODINE." Zbornik radova Fakulteta tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu 34, no. 05 (April 29, 2019): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/02hz03zeljkovic.

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Ovaj rad omogućava uvid u koncentracione nivoe organohlornih pesticida DDT i DDT metabolita (DDE, DDD) na background lokalitetu AP Vojvodine u toku perioda uzorkovanja od 2009. do 2013. godine, ustanovljene pasivnom metodom uzorkovanja gasovite faze ambijentalnog vazduha.

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Malusá, Eligio, Małgorzata Tartanus, Witold Danelski, Artur Miszczak, Ewelina Szustakowska, Joanna Kicińska, and Ewa M. Furmanczyk. "Monitoring of DDT in Agricultural Soils under Organic Farming in Poland and the Risk of Crop Contamination." Environmental Management 66, no. 5 (August 19, 2020): 916–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01347-9.

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Abstract The analysis of 142 agricultural soil samples collected in organic farms across Poland with the intent to evaluate the level of DDT contamination resulted in more than 80% of the soils containing DDT. The ΣDDT (sum of all metabolites and isomers) concentration ranged between 0.005 and 0.383 mg/kg ΣDDT, with an average value of 0.064 mg/kg ΣDDT. However, the majority of plant samples collected from the crops growing on the sampled soils did not contain detectable DDT residues. The high DDT pollution levels detected in samples from four voivodeships (regions) among those monitored have been hypothesised to be linked to horticultural productions occurring to the sampled fields and typical of those regions, particularly in big-sized farms, during the period of DDT application, as well as the number of pesticides landfills present in these voivodeships. The elaboration of the o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT and DDT/(DDE + DDD) ratios to appraise the source or the period of contamination suggested that the contamination originated from past use of DDT rather than from impurities of more recent applications of other formulated substances. Such outcome thus suggests that the risk of contamination of organic products is likely derived from general environmental pollution levels rather than from the use of unauthorised substances in organic farming productions. Data from a trial with artificial contamination of soils indicated that using the DDT/(DDE + DDD) ratio in the presence of a low level of contamination could be less reliable than in highly contaminated soils.

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Rêgo, Isabella Clarissa Vasconcelos, Joseph Simões Ribeiro, Guilherme Augusto Barros Conde, Lucinewton Silva de Moura, Maxwell Barbosa Santana, Ruy Bessa Lopes, Rosivaldo de Alcântara Mendes, Julio César Amaral Cardoso, Márcia Mourão Ramos Azevedo, and Paulo Sérgio Taube. "Evaluation of the degree of contamination of breast milk by organochlorine pesticides in the Lower Amazon region: a preliminary study." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 45 (November 9, 2023): e62604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v45i1.62604.

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The main source of human exposure to organochlorines is through food, especially food with a high fat content, such as breast milk, which is critical for child hood development. Therefore, it is important to analyze milk and other biological matrices for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and then determine the source of the OCP contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in breast milk samples from the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra-Pará, Brazil. The OCPs analyzed were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDD), aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH, β-HCH, lindane (γ-HCH), and δ-HCH), endosulfan α and β, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide. These substances were analyzed in 22 breast milk samples using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Seven were contaminated with p,p'-DDT and/or p,p'-DDE. The mean p,p'-DDT and p,p’-DDE content in the contaminated samples was 0.0022 and 0.0152 mg·kg-1 of milk, respectively. This contamination may have been due to the inadequate application of DDT until the end of the 1990s for the control of tropical diseases, including malaria. Despite being a preliminary study, the number of contaminated samples was significant, which suggests the need to expand this study to other environmental and biological matrices.

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Mohammad Shoeb, Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun, Radwan Ebna Noor, Md Nashir Uddin Al Mahmud, MIR Mamun, and Nilufar Nahar. "Residual DDTs and Fatty Acid Compositions in Popular Two Sea Fish Samples." Dhaka University Journal of Science 65, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v65i1.54510.

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Fatty acid compositions, DDT and its metabolites of popular two sea fishes i.e., Pampus argenteus (Pomfret) and Lates calcarifer (Vernacular) were determined. Lipid was extracted by ethylacetate, saponified and converted to methyl ester using BF3-MeOH to determine fatty acid compositions by GC-FID.For DDTs,edible parts of the fish samples were extracted by solid phase dispersion method, cleaned up with concentrated H2SO4 and finally analyzed by GC-ECD. The LOD and LOQ for DDE, DDD, 2, 4´-DDT and 4, 4´-DDT were found to be 0.39, 0.39, 1.56, 1.56 and 1.36, 1.36, 4.89 and 4.89 μg/kg respectively. Internal Standard CB53 (0.25mg/g) was used to determine the recovery of the experiment and was within range of 77.48-92.35 %. The residual amount of DDT (2, 4´-DDT+4, 4´-DDT), DDE and DDD in pomfret and vernacular were found to be in the range of 13.56-81.05, 3.86-21.08, 4.32-35.4, and 23.44-85.59, 2.90-5.81 and 6.33-12.44 μg/kg respectively. The ratios of DDT/ΣDDTs in pomfret and vernacular were 0.675 and 0.773 respectively. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid was predominant (62.84% for pomfret and 41.81% for vernacular) whereas among the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid was predominate and higher in pomfret (15.11 %). Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 65(1): 77-80, 2017 (January)

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Shao, Jianguo, Abegayl Thomas, Baocheng Han, and Christopher A. Hansen. "DDT-reductive dechlorination catalyzed by cobalt phthalocyanine, 2,3- and 3,4-tetrapyridoporphyrazine complexes in non-aqueous media." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 14, no. 02 (February 2010): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424610001866.

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Neutral cobalt(II) phthalocyanine and 2,3- and 3,4-tetrapyridoporphyrazine complexes were examined in pyridine, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide to evaluate their catalytic properties in the reductive dechlorination of 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT). Cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential bulk electrolysis and thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry of each compound in the presence of DDT indicated that both the singly and doubly reduced species, [Co(I)]- and [Co(I)]2- , can catalyze the dechlorination of DDT through the formation of, and a photoinduced or electrochemically induced cleavage of, the Co-C bond in the organometallic intermediates. GC-MS analysis revealed that DDT was converted to 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2, 2-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (p,p'-DDMU), upon dechlorination. The catalytic performance of the three cobalt complexes depends upon the reactive nature of each compound, the solvent, the reaction time and the equivalence of DDT. In addition, either DDD or DDE can be catalytically dechlorinated to generate DDMU, possibly through a similar mechanism.

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Veljanoska-Sarafiloska, Elizabeta, Momčula Jordanoski, Trajče Stafilov, and Marina Stefova. "Study of organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediment and fish tissue in Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 30, no. 2 (December 5, 2011): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2011.32.

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A systematic study has been performed for determination of a range of organochlorine pesticides in the water, sediments and fish samples in the Macedonian part of the Lake Ohrid and its larger tributaries. The obtained results give an overview of the contamination levels of these problematic compounds (i) at their potential sources in the river mouths, (ii) in the potentially affected, species-rich littoral section of the lake, and (iii) in the muscle tissue of one selected fish species Barbus peloponnesius, Valenciennes, collected near the rivers’ deltas. The organochlorine pesticides measured in all three matrixes were: γ-HCH, ΣHCH (sum of α-isomer, β-isomer and δ-isomer), endosulfan (total of α and β endosulfan), DDT metabolites (p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD and p,p’-DDT). The range of the observed concentrations for p,p’-DDT was between 0.006 μg l–1 in the water samples from Daljan and St. Naum and 0.036 μg l–1 in the water from the Koselska River. The values for p,p’-DDT measured in dry sediment ranged from 0.121 μg kg–1 in the sample from St. Naum to 1.8 μg kg–1 in the dry sediment from the Velgoška River and between 0.553 μg kg–1 for total endosulfan and 5.982 μg kg–1 for p,p’-DDE of wet fish biomass. The most abundant of the detected organochlorine pesticides was the sum of DDT metabolic forms, i.e. p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDD. The detected concentrations are clearly below toxic thresholds and consequently severe effects on the endemic species of Lake Ohrid are not very likely.

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Ecker, János, and László Fülöp. "Molecular modeling of DDT's and it's major metabolites adsorption in the interlaminar space of montmorillonite." Journal of Universal Science Online 1, no. 1 (2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17202/juso.2014.1.12.

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A simple adsorption mechanism of the organochloride insecticide DDT and it's most common metabolites DDD and DDE in the interlaminar layer of montmorillonite mineral is discussed in this paper, based on the results of molecular modeling. A model of a simple fragment of the montmorillonite crystal with the interlaminar layer was created and used. The interlaminar layer contained water as a solvent and the ionic forms of sodium or calcium as exchangeable cations along with the molecules of DDT/DDD/DDE. The molecular interactions were simulated by force fields and the results of the simulation could be explained by the physical characteristics of the models which were studied with bioinformatics tools as well. Based on the observed mechanisms, the adsorption of DDT and it's metabolites in the interlaminar layer of montmorillonite is possible and it is partly responsible for the persistent nature of these insecticides.

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Barabashin, T. O., I. V. Suvorova, I. V. Korablina, S. N. Kulba, A. V. Korosteleva, and А. N. Postnikova. "Organochlorine pesticides in fat tissue of cetaceans at the Crimean coast of the Black Sea." Izvestiya TINRO 204, no. 2 (July 2, 2024): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2024-204-415-432.

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Accumulation of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in fat tissue was examined for the mammals found released ashore along the Crimean coast of the Black Sea in 2018–2022. This group of animals is positioned at the top of food chain in the local marine ecosystem. Statistically significant dependence of the accumulation on sex (males are more contaminated than females) and age (adults and juveniles are more contaminated than calves and neonates) is found. Besides, the pesticides concentration in fat from dorsal tissue is generally higher than in fat from caudal stem, but the difference is not significant. In the tissue of harbor porpoises and common dolphins, the mean OCP concentration decreased in the order: p,p′-DDE > β-HCH > p,p′-DDD > p,p′-DDT, whereas bottlenose dolphins had the order: p,p′-DDE > p,p′-DDD > β-HCH > p,p′-DDT. The most common metabolites were DDE, and their accumulation was the highest. The concentration of DDD was considerably lower, and significant accumulation of DDT was observed rarely, so the mean concentration of these group of metabolites was the lowest.

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Tasselli, Stefano, Laura Marziali, Claudio Roscioli, and Licia Guzzella. "Legacy Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Pollution in a River Ecosystem: Sediment Contamination and Bioaccumulation in Benthic Invertebrates." Sustainability 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2023): 6493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086493.

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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination in the Toce River in northern Italy was studied by collecting data from 2016 to 2021 upstream and downstream of a production factory which in the past had discharged technical DDT. Analysis of sediments and of bioaccumulation in different benthic invertebrate taxa (Gammaridae, Diptera, Ephemeroptera Baetidae and Heptageniidae) was carried out to assess the transfer of DDT from sediments to benthic invertebrates and the environmental risk of this legacy pollutant for the river ecosystem. DDT and its metabolites dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), here called DDx, were analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). DDx values in sediments in upstream stations (1.14–2.25 ng g−1 1% Organic Carbon) were lower than downstream of the industrial site (5.60–7.60 ng g−1 1% Organic Carbon), often exceeding Sediment Quality Guidelines for total DDx. Peak levels derived from new inputs of parental DDT, as confirmed by fingerprint analysis. Bioaccumulation was higher at downstream sites (up to 5107 ng g−1 lipid weight), confirming the bioavailability of residual DDT as well as active metabolism, with the formation of DDD and DDE. The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor evidenced the highest values (over 4.2) for Diptera and Gammaridae, highlighting that invertebrates can transfer contamination from sediments to the trophic chain. Linear regression models were developed to estimate DDx concentrations in benthic invertebrates from DDx concentrations in sediments. However, determination coefficients R2 remained in the range of 0.36–0.51, highlighting the necessity of bioaccumulation analysis to fully estimate environmental risk. The results show that DDT contamination, even if residual, may still represent a risk due to its effective transfer to the trophic chain.

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Sayles, Gregory D., Guanrong You, Maoxiu Wang, and Margaret J. Kupferle. "DDT, DDD, and DDE Dechlorination by Zero-Valent Iron." Environmental Science & Technology 31, no. 12 (December 1997): 3448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9701669.

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22

Moshchenko, A. V., T. A. Belan, T. S. Lishavskaya, A. V. Sevastianov, and B. M. Borisov. "Longterm dynamics of prior pollutants concentration and total level of chemical contamination in the coastal areas at Vladivostok (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea)." Izvestiya TINRO 200, no. 2 (July 5, 2020): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-377-400.

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Contents of hydrocarbons, phenols, DDT and its metabolites, Cu, Pb, DDD/DDE and DDD+DDE/DDT ratios, and total level of chemical contamination (TPF index) in bottom sediments are traced for 16 stations in the coastal areas at Vladivostok in 1982−2018. The content of DDT, Cu and Pb, DDD/DDE ratio, and TPF had increased until the early 1990s and then had some stabilizing; the concentration of hydrocarbons was high and relatively stable until the middle 1990s, then dropped sharply and had new gradual growth since the early 2000s; the values of phenols concentration and (DDD+DDE)/DDT ratio were low until the middle 1990s — early 2000s and then increased swiftly. The reason for the pollution decreasing was possibly the lowering of economical activity in the 1990s. All contaminants and indices are very variable that’s why there is difficult to identify the processes responsible for their long-term dynamics. Conception of assimilatory capacity is applied to the bottom sediments. Self-purification of the sediments and maintenance of their contaminants balance is likely provided by microorganisms activity coupled with accumulation of contaminants by macrobenthos in the Amur Bay, by the microorganisms activity coupled with high rates of sediment accumulation in the Golden Horn Bay, and by the microorganisms activity and hydrodynamic sorting of sediments that washes the fine fractions enriched by contaminants in the open areas of the Ussuri Bay. Modern increasing of phenols concentration reflects probably a tendency to eutrophication. Situation of negative impact of chemical contamination (exceeding of ERLq threshold value) is detected for the last 35 years in the Golden Horn Bay but this period is much shorter in other areas with the minimal time in the open Ussuri Bay. The time of negative impact is strongly correlated with the total level of chemical contamination of sediments.

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23

Miller, Kathleen D., Paul Milne, B. Berry, B. Loo, P. Matteini, K. D. Monson, R. Perez, et al. "Determination of Pesticide Residues (>0.5 g/L) in Soft Drinks and Sports Drinks by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 202–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.1.202.

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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted on a method for the measurement of 19 low-level pesticide residues in soft drinks and sports drinks by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The pesticide residues determined were 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (2,4-DDE); 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (2,4-DDD); 4,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4-DDE); 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (2,4-DDT); 4,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4-DDT); 4,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4-DDD); -endosulfan; endosulfan-sulfate; dieldrin; aldrin; ethion; chlorpyrifos; -endosulfan; malathion; methyl-parathion; -hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH); -HCH; -HCH; and -HCH. Blind fortification solutions containing 4 different levels of pesticide residues (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L) were provided to 8 collaborating laboratories who used them to create test samples in 6 matrixes (also provided): 2 colas, a diet cola, a clear lemon-lime soft drink, an orange soft drink, and a sports drink. Reproducibility (RSDR) for all 19 pesticide residues in all matrixes ranged from 7 to 151 at the 0.1 g/L level, 11 to 121 at 0.5 g/L, and 14 to 67 at 1.0 g/L. Repeatability (RSDr), applicable to the diet cola and the sports drink, ranged from 1 to 76 for the 19 pesticide residues at the 0.1 g/L level, 9 to 38 at 0.5 g/L, and 9 to 38 at 1.0 g/L. Recoveries for the 19 pesticide residues in allmatrixes ranged from 77 to 645 at the 0.1 g/L level, 60 to 231 at 0.5 g/L, and 61 to 146 at 1.0 g/L. It is recommended that the method be accepted by AOAC as Official First Action with a limit of quantification (LOQ) equal to 0.5 g/L for 4,4-DDT; 2,4-DDT; 2,4-DDD; 4,4-DDE; 4,4-DDD; 2,4-DDE; aldrin; dieldrin; -endosulfan; endosulfan-sulfate; chlorpyrifos; and ethion, and an LOQ equal to 1.0 g/L for -endosulfan; -HCH; -HCH; -HCH; -HCH; methyl-parathion; and malathion.

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24

Bentabol, Antonio, and Manuela Jodral. "Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Cheese." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.94.

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Abstract A multiresidue technique was developed for the analysis of 17 organochlorine compounds in cheese: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, o,p′-…(o,p′-DDT), p,p′-DDT, o,p′-…(o,p’-DDD), p,p′-DDD, o,p’-… (o,p′-DDE), p,p′-DDE, and the fungicide hexachlo-robenzene. In this technique, the fat, previously extracted from the cheeses, was subjected to 2 cleanup and extraction methods: with H2SO4, for acid-resistant organochlorine pesticides, and with KOH-ethanol. The behavior of the compounds in both treatments enabled us to identify the organochlorine pesticides in cheese. The precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy of the technique were validated.

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Georgieva, Stanislava, Mona Stancheva, and Lubomir Makedonski. "Investigation about the presence of organochlorine pollutants in mussels from the Black Sea, Bulgaria." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auoc-2016-0006.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (HCB, DDT and its metabolites) and HCBD in mussels from Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are aquatic organisms which are immobile so that the concentration of pollutants should primarily be considered as an indication of local levels of organochlorine compounds. Samples were collected from three areas of Black Sea coast of Bulgaria in summer 2015. The fifteen congeners of PCBs, HCB, HCBD, DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD were performed by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. The metabolites DDE and DDD were found in all analyzed mussel samples, but PCBs were not detected in any sample. DDE concentrations were found in mussels from 1.09 to 1.63 ng/g wet weight. In mussel total DDT concentrations (2.14 ng/g ww) were found comparable to those in mussels, sampled in 2013 and 2014 (1.87 ng/g ww). The levels of DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels from the Black Sea were found comparable to levels measured in the same molluscs from neighbor seas - Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea.

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26

Suman, Sonal, and Tanuja. "Isolation and Characterization of a Bacterial Strain Enterobacter cloacae (Accession No. KX438060.1) Capable of Degrading DDTs Under Aerobic Conditions and Its Use in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil." Microbiology Insights 14 (January 2021): 117863612110242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786361211024289.

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DDT is one of the most persistent pesticides among all the different types of organo-chlorine pesticides used. Among all the degradation methods, bacterial degradation of DDT is most effective. The present study was conducted to isolate different bacteria present in waste samples which have the ability to degrade DDT present in the soil in the minimum possible period of time and to observe the effect of different physical and chemical properties of the soil samples. Many pesticide degrading bacteria were isolated and identified through cultural, biochemical tests and further identified by 16S RNA sequencing method. The most potent strain DDT 1 growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with DDT as the only source of carbon (5-100 PPM) and was monitored at an optical density of 600 nm. The growth parameters at different physio-chemical conditions were further optimized. The result showed that Enterobacter cloacae had maximum growth in 15 days. FTIR analysis of the residual DDT after 15 days incubation showed that Enterobacter cloacae was able to degrade pesticide into its further metabolites of DDD, DDE, DDNU and other components can be used for biodegradation of DDT present in contaminated soil and water ecosystems.

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27

Sariwati, Atmira, and Adi Setyo Purnomo. "The Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Addition on 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) Biodegradation by Brown-rot Fungus Fomitopsis pinicola." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.25158.

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Effect of addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) biodegradation by Fomitopsis pinicola had been investigated. P. aeruginosa was added into F. pinicola culture at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mL (1 mL ≈ 1.53 x 109 P. aeruginosa bacteria cells/mL culture). The addition of 10 mL of P. aeruginosa showed the highest DDT biodegradation approximately 68% during 7 days incubation in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium, which was higher than biodegradation of DDT by F. pinicola only (42%) at the same incubation time. 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU) were detected as metabolites from DDT biodegradation by mixed cultures of F. pinicola and P. aeruginosa.

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Ma, Wei Jian, Yue Chun Zhao, and Jun Qin Wu. "Biodegradation of DDT in Soil under Different Conditions by White Rot Fungi and Laccase Extract from White Rot Fungi." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.549.

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Biodegradation of 2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (DDT) in soil by white rot fungi and laccase under different experimental conditions was investigated. DDTs stands for the sum of p, p′-DDE, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD and p, p′-DDT in soil. The results shown that the residues of DDTs in soils with different pH levels decreased by 79%, 76%, 73%, 70% and 67% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The residues of DDTs in different pH soils decreasing order was: pH4.5>pH3.5>pH5.5>pH2.5>pH6.5. The residues of DDTs in soils incubated with white rot fungi and laccase decreased with the increase of pollution levels of DDT, the residues of DDTs decrease by 47%, 56% and 70% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The white rot fungi and the laccase extract from white rot fungi can rapidly and efficiently degrade DDT in soil.

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Amin, A. M., and J. Hemingway. "Preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from Saudi Arabia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 3 (September 1989): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018356.

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AbstractHigh levels (>1000-fold) of resistance to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin were detected in Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Saudi Arabia. Biochemical enzyme and metabolic studies indicated that there is evidence for a metabolic basis to both the organochlorine and pyrethroid resistances. Electrophysiological studies indicated that there is no kdr-type mechanism conferring resistance to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin neurophysiologically, although there is evidence of cross-resistance between DDT and the pyrethroids by bioassays. There was a change in the oxidase system in both the DDT- and permethrin-selected strains and an increase in glutathione transferase activity in the DDT-selected line. Metabolic studies indicated that both oxidases and glutathione transferases are involved with DDT resistance as DDA and DDE were the predominant metabolites after a 5-h in-vitro incubation period. Permethrin resistance is likely to involve an increase in oxidative degradation, but further metabolic studies are needed to confirm this.

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Osman, Khaled A. "Human Health Risk of Dietary Intake of Some Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Camels Slaughtered in the Districts of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge5-osman.

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Abstract Organochlorine residues were detected in 54/200 of muscles and 55/200 of livers of camels slaughtered in different districts of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, by using GC/MS analysis. The ΣDDT residues (Σ-DDT = p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDA) in muscles and livers were the most frequent. The levels and distribution of residues varied with location. Al-Qassim region population's average estimated daily intake (EDI) was between 0.0 and 12.74 μg/kg body weight/day, and the hazard index [EDI/acceptable daily intake (ADI)] was higher than unity for ΣDDT and lindane in some samples. The intakes were much higher than the ADIs in some districts of Al-Qassim region, and the exposure level of all tested residues was high enough to produce health risk, suggesting the need for regular monitoring programs for pesticide residues in camel meat at the national level to protect consumers' health.

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31

Okonkwo, Jonathan Okechukwu, Tshinanne N. Mutshatshi, Ben Botha, and Nana Agyei. "DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81, no. 4 (July 29, 2008): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9495-5.

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32

Bojakowska, Izabela, Marzena Stasiuk, and Wojciech Wołkowicz. "Assessment of DDT, HCH and PCB pollution of lake sediments in Poland." Limnological Review 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2014-0007.

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AbstractIn the years 2010-2013, 528 samples of surface sediments were collected from lake depths in the area of Poland. The content of 7 PCB congeners, HCH isomers and p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDD was determined using the GC-ECD method. The studies showed the common occurrence of organochlorine compounds in lake sediments in Poland. The presence of HCHs, at a concentration above the determination limit, was detected in 83.71% of samples, that of DDTs in 98.86% of samples, and of PCBs in 98.86% of samples. The maximum HCH concentration was 60.7 ng g-1, that of DDTs 602.9 ng g-1, and of PCBs 50.7 ng g-1, while the averages were 6.3 ng g-1, 19.2 ng g-1 and 2.8 ng g-1, respectively. High levels of DDTs are found in sediments of those lakes upon which major towns are located, whereas the highest HCH concentrations are observed in sediments of the lakes upon which holiday centres and agrotourism facilities have developed. The ratio of concentrations of total DDT metabolites to p,p’-DDT was above 2 in almost all samples, and the value was most frequently from several to tens (average 28.3). Sediments of some lakes contain higher concentrations of γ-HCH and DDT metabolites than their PEC values, the content of γ-HCH was higher in 1.89% of the analysed samples, the content of p,p’-DDE in 3.78% of the samples, and the content of p,p’-DDD in 7.38% of the samples. Concentrations of p,p’-DDT and PCB in excess of the PEC value were not found in any of the samples tested.

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33

Zaman, Maria, M. Niamul Naser, Mozaffar Hossain, Moazzem Husain, Aminul Islam, Kazi Azizul Islam, and Nasim Sultana. "Pesticide Residues and Harmful Organic Pollutants In Some Freshwater Fishes From Matlab Floodplain Area, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (December 10, 2012): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12899.

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The level of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs), viz. ?-, ?-, ?-BHC,heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide isomer B, dieldrin, 4,4-DDE, endrin, 2,4-DDD, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDD, 2,4-DDT in fish samples from Matlab floodplain areas were determined. The fish samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, the extracts were cleaned up by sulphuric acid treatment and analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with electron captured detector and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The result showed that none of the studied fishes contained organochlorine pesticide residues but consist some other harmful organic contaminants in tissues. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12899 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1): 101-108, 2012

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Kawabe, K., A. Maegawa, S. Yamanaka, and K. Nomura. "Distribution of DDTs in the Sediment of Lake Biwa." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0278.

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An investigation was carried out to determine the residual tendency of DDT and its derivatives in the sediment of Lake Biwa, Japan, where the banning of DDT took effect some 15 years ago. Of the two basins shaping Lake Biwa, the frequency of detection of DDT was higher in the Northern Basin than in the Southern Basin. In the Southern Basin, the area of DDT detection was more confined than that of DDE detection. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that DDT has been decomposing more rapidly in the Southern Basin than in the Northern Basin. Based on the profile obtained for the vertical distribution of DDTs, it can be inferred also that the amount of DDT and DDE flowing in from land has been decreasing in the past years. DDT has hardly been decomposing into DDE at the deeper part of the Lake.

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35

Secrist, John A., Robert M. Riggs, Robert N. Comber, and John A. Montgomery. "Syntheses of Phosphonate Analogues of Dideoxyadenosine (DDA)-, Dideoxycytidine (DDC)-, Dideoxyinosine (DDI)-, and Deoxythymidine (DDT)-5′-Monophosphates." Nucleosides and Nucleotides 11, no. 2-4 (February 1992): 947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07328319208021749.

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36

Marien, Koenraad. "DDT/DDE and Infant Exposure." Environmental Health Perspectives 105, no. 1 (January 1997): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3433044.

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Mariën, Koenraad. "DDT/DDE and Infant Exposure." Environmental Health Perspectives 105, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9710514.

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Mariën, K. "DDT/DDE and infant exposure." Environmental Health Perspectives 105, no. 1 (January 1997): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.105-1469827.

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39

Kirman, Christopher R., Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, Kannan Krishnan, and Andy Nong. "Biomonitoring Equivalents for DDT/DDE." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 60, no. 2 (July 2011): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.012.

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40

Rathor, H. R., and R. J. Wood. "Effect of selection for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance on the uptake and breakdown of DDT in Aedes aegypti L." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-005.

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Aedes aegypti larvae and adults were selected to high levels of resistance with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) along separate lines. The larval-selected line showed three responses associated with larval resistance: (i) increased detoxication of DDT by dehydrochlorination to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDE (demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro), (ii) increased tolerance to unmetabolised ("residual") DDT and, (iii) a reduction in uptake of DDT. Larval selection caused very little change in adult resistance or the uptake of DDT by adults, but there was an increase in dehydrochlorination. In the adult-selected line dehydrochlorination was increased by selection and was significantly correlated with resistance.Key words: DDT, DDE, resistance, Aedes aegypti.

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41

Williams, David T., Guy L. Lebel, and Elizabeth Junkins. "Organohalogen Residues in Human Adipose Autopsy Samples from Six Ontario Municipalities." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.2.410.

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Abstract Human adipose tissue samples obtained during autopsies in 6 Canadian Great Lakes municipalities were analyzed for chlorobenzenes, polychlorobiphenyls, and organohalogen pesticide residues. The frequency of occurrence and the range and mean for 2JJ organohalogen residues are reported for male and female donors in each municipality. Overall mean residue values in females were significantly higher than those in males for hexachlorobenzen;, β-HCH, p,p'- DDE,»,/» -DDD + o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT. The means and ranges of residue values were similar to those reported in previous Canadian surveys.

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42

Mustafa, Tonima, M. Niamul Naser, Gulshan Ara Latifa, Mohammad Shoeb, and Nilufar Nahar. "Organochlorine pesticide residues in different fishes and shell fishes collected from the flood plains of Sonargaon upazila, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42029.

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The present study was carried out to assess the concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues (DDTs; DDE, DDD, 2,4´-DDT and 4,4´-DDT) in natural fishes and prawn species during rainy-season (June-September, 2014) from flood plains of Sonargaon upazila, Bangladesh. The samples were extracted by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method and the extracts were cleaned-up by using H2SO4. Analysis of the samples for DDTs residues were carried out by using Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). Controlled fish sample (Cultured Rui fish) was used for the recovery experiments. Percent (%) recovery was found to be in the range of 70%- 113%. The total DDTs contents of the head of different fish and prawn species ranged from 7.53 ± 0.50 ng/g in Jatpunti (P. sophore) to 39.20 ± 3.76 ng/g in Bele (G. giuris) and of the body from 7.55 ± 0.50 ng/g in Jatpunti (P. sophore) to 41.93 ± 3.63 ng/g in Chewa (P. elongatus). While the total DDTs of the total body of seven fish and two prawn species ranged from 4.56 ng/g in Gurachingri (unidentified) to 37.15 ng/g in Chewa (P. elongatus). In the present study, 66.66% samples having value of (DDE + DDD)/DDT, lower than 0.5 ratios indicated the presence of new DDT inputs in the environments of Sonargaon area. The concentrations of total DDTs in all the samples were within the permissible MRL level i.e. for human consumption recommended by FAO-IAEA-WHO. As DDT is a long persistent and bioaccumulative substance in the environment, intake of significant amount of these toxic elements with our diet is a matter of great health concern. Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 137-148, 2019

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Paske, Nathan, Bryan Berry, John Schmitz, and Darryl Sullivan. "Determination of Low-Level Agricultural Residues in Soft Drinks and Sports Drinks by Gas Chromatography with Mass-Selective Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.534.

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Abstract In this study, sponsored by PepsiCo Inc., a method was validated for measurement of 19 pesticide residues in soft drinks and sports drinks by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with mass selective detection The pesticide residues determined in this validation were -benzenehexachloride (BHC); -BHC; -BHC; delta-BHC; methyl parathion; malathion; chlorpyrifos; aldrin; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); -endosulfan; 4,4-DDE; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD); dieldrin; ethion; 4,4-DDD; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDT); -endosulfan; 4,4-DDT; and endosulfan sulfate when spiked into a 200 mL matrix sample at 0.50 g/L. The samples were diluted with acetonitrile and water, then liquidliquid phase extracted into petroleum ether. The resulting extract was concentrated to near dryness and diluted with hexane:dichloromethane (50:50). The concentrated samples were purified by gel permeation chromatography. The resulting solution was concentrated and separated on a Florisil substrate. The eluent was concentrated to near dryness, reconstituted to produce a 200-fold concentration, and analyzed using a GC/MS instrument operated in the selective ion monitoring mode. The GC/MS instrument was equipped with a large volume injector capable of injecting 25 L. External standards prepared in dichloromethane were used for quantification without the need for matrix-matched calibration because the extraction step minimized the matrix effects. The calibration curves for all agricultural residues had coefficients of determination (r2) of greater than or equal to 0.9900, with the exception of one value that was 0.988. Fortification spikes at 0.50 g/L in 3 matrixes (7UP, Gatorade, and Diet Pepsi) over the course of 2 days (4 days for Gatorade), where n = 8 each day, yielded average percent recoveries (and percent relative standard deviations) as follows (n = 64): 95.6 (24.8) for -BHC; 91.9 (23.6) for -BHC; 89.1 (21.3) for - BHC; 91.7 (19.0) for -BHC; 96.2 (20.1) for methylparathion; 99.8 (26.5) for malathion; 120 (27.3) for chlorpyrifos; 103 (31.4) for aldrin; 111 (25.8) for 2,4-DDE; 116 (21.1) for -endosulfan; 132 (34.6) for 4,4-DDE; 123 (34.4) for 2,4-DDD; 104 (20.8) for dieldrin; 141 (31.4) for ethion; 107 (24.5) for 4,4-DDD; 142 (29.2) for 2,4-DDT; 130 (35.9) for -endosulfan; 146 (25.3) for 4,4-DDT; and 91.5 (21.6) for endosulfansulfate.

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Maulianawati, Diana, Adi Setyo Purnomo, and Ichiro Kamei. "Biodegradation of DDT by Co-cultures of Pleurotus eryngii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 28, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.28.3.240.

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Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is a synthetic insecticide that widely used around the world, which has a negative effect on human health and the environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in co-culturing with white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii to degrade DDT. The various volume of P. aeruginosa (1 ml ≈ 1.5 x 109 CFU) were added into 10 ml of P. eryngii culture for a 7-days of incubation. Approximately 82% of degradation of DDT were obtained from co-cultures with the adjunct of 10 ml of P. aeruginosa during the 7-day incubation period, which had the best ratio of optimization of 0.57. The confrontational assay showed that P. aeruginosa gave no effect on the growth of P. eryngii (0.39 cm/day). DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane), DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene) were detected as metabolic products from the DDT degradation by co-cultures bacterium P. aeruginosa and fungus P. eryngii. This study indicated that bacterium P. aeruginosa can be used to enhance DDT degradation by whire-rot fungus P. eryngii.

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Pardío Sedas, Violeta Trinidad, Karla María López Hernández, Argel Flores Primo, and Roxana Uscanga Serrano. "Efecto de la pasteurización en la concentración de diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y hexaclorociclohexano (HCH) en leche de bovino." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v12i2.5483.

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El Diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y Hexaclorociclohexano (HCH) son disruptores endócrinos cuya presencia en la leche representa un riesgo para la salud. Existe evidencia de que la pasteurización disminuye o incrementa la concentración de plaguicidas organoclorados en productos lácteos. La presente investigación evaluó el efecto de la pasteurización a 63 °C 30 min-1 y 73 °C 15 seg-1 en las concentraciones de DDT, HCH y sus metabolitos en leche bovina, para estimar la exposición dietaria por consumo humano de leche pasteurizada. Se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con dos tratamientosen 100 muestras de leche recolectadas en Soledad de Doblado y Jamapa, Veracruz, México. Los plaguicidas se cuantificaron por cromatografíade gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones. Los datos se analizaron mediante Análisis de Varianza unifactorial (P<0.05) y las medias se compararon con Tukey (P< 0.05). La exposición dietaria a plaguicidas se evaluó por laIngesta Diaria Estimada (IDE) y Dosis Diaria Promedio (DDP) en tres grupos de población. La pasteurización a 73 ºC disminuyó 30.94, 44.51, 3.18, 81.23 y 42.82 % las concentraciones de p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT y DDT total, respectivamente, así como las concentraciones de β-HCH, γ-HCH y HCH total (85.68, 18.88 y 99.31 %, respectivamente). La IDE para niños, adultos y ancianos de DDT total fue menor por consumo de leche pasteurizada a 73 ºC y de γ-HCH a 63 ºC. La DDP de DDT total disminuyó con la pasteurización a 73 °C. La exposición dietaria de DDT y HCH fue mayor en niños.

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Uvayeva, Olena, Tetiana Vakaliuk, and Dmytro Kostromin. "Environmental monitoring and recommendations on decreasing the levels of pesticide pollution in Zhytomyr region of Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601004.

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Environmental monitoring was conducted of facilities for storage and disposal of banned and unsuitable pesticides. Pesticide content in the soil, water, and products of agriculture in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine was examined, and the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides by freshwater bivalve mollusks was assessed. Storage facilities of the Zhytomyr region contain nearly 392.18 t of pesticides in 137 warehouses, of which 11 meet the requirements, 36 are tolerable, and 90 are in poor condition. In 2018–2019, pesticide content (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)) was studied in soil and sediments in the Zhytomyr region. The content ranged from 0.0007 to 0.07 mg/kg, which is lower than MPC (0.1 mg/kg). The content of HCH, DDT, DDE, DDD, and heptachlor was at 0.0007–0.01 mg/dm3 levels in water bodies of the Zhytomyr region in 2018–2019, also lower than MPC. In some samples of soil, water and vegetables, the recorded levels of DDT and organophosphate pesticides Dragon, Dorpan, and Dursban exceeded MPC in 1.5–3.0 times. Traces of organochlorine pesticide Aldrin were found in soft tissues of bivalve mollusks and in the sediments of water bodies they inhabit. Recommendations are proposed to lower the pesticide content in the environment.

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Mansour, Sameeh A., Sohail S. Soliman, and Kareem M. Soliman. "Biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants in Egypt using Taphozous perforatus (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae)." Lynx new series 48, no. 1 (2017): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0007.

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have chronic toxicity, tendency to contaminate the environment, and transfer into the food chain. This study was conducted to explore the use of bats as bioindicators to help understanding the time trend of POPs at the present time. Liver and kidney tissues from the Egyptian tomb bat (Taphozous perforatus) were subjected to the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction prior to quantification by LC-MS/MS analyses. DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) metabolites (e.g., o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE), PCB congeners (e.g., PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dicofol and sulphur were found in variable concentrations in the tissues of T. perforatus. Their concentration levels were affected with the bat sex and the season of sampling. Liver and kidneys were found to contain 0.39 µg/g wet weights of DDTs and 0.11 µg/g wet weights of PCBs. Concentration of the compound dichlorodiphenyl ethane (p,p’-DDE) predominated over the other DDT metabolites; giving rise to the DDE/∑DDT ratio of 0.82 as an indicative of pronounced decline in new DDT inputs to the environment. Also, concentration of the PCB 138 predominated that of the other congeners. There were correlations between liver and kidney concentrations of OCP and PCBs in both of them. It was concluded that these pollutants are still detectable in the environment; however in low concentration levels and far from lethal toxicity. Nevertheless, these findings may encourage the use of other bat species from urban and rural regions, as well as agricultural and industrial locations, as bioindicators.

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Chen, Kai, Minggang Cai, Yun Wang, Bin Chen, Xiaomeng Li, Canrong Qiu, Shuiying Huang, et al. "Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediment of Zhang River Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve: The Implication of Its Source Change in China’s Mangroves." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073016.

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Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in surface sediments from Zhang River Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve, which is situated in the Fujian province in southeast China. The range of ∑OCPs concentration was 0.29–25.41 ng/g dry weight (average 4.53 ng/g), ∑HCHs was 0.008–0.906 ng/g dry weight (average 0.240 ng/g), and ∑DDTs was ND–4.743 (average 0.664 ng/g). The concentrations of the HCH isomers were observed in the following decreasing order: α-HCH > β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH, and that of the DDT isomers were as in the following order: p,p’-DDT > p,p’-DDE > p,p’-DDD. According to the analysis of the isomer ratios, γ-HCH (lindane) and endosulfan were rarely used recently around this mangrove forest. Instead, the ratios of (DDD+DDE)/DDT showed that DDTs were still illegally used. Compared with other mangroves in China, the residue level and ecological risk of the OCPs in surface sediment from ZREMNNR are both at a low level. Based on stepwise regression analysis, current fruit planting, as well as mariculture in developed areas and vegetable planting in developing areas, had a positive relation with DDT residues in mangrove sediment in China. Oppositely, HCH residues in mangrove sediment were derived from historical consumption, and generally the higher levels occurred in the developed areas. Through this study, we help to close the knowledge gap of OCPs in China’s mangroves and provide a possible management implication for sustainable development in the future.

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Popa, Alina-Loredana, Veronica Drumea, Mihai Alexandru Florea, Laura Olariu, and Stefana Jurcoane. "Camelina Sativa Crop-Instrument for Phytoremediation or Safe Culture Grown on Contaminated Soil?" “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0089.

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Abstract The decontamination and detoxification of pesticides-contaminated soils is a tough task, due to their persistence and mobility. Camelina sativa is resistant to pests and weeds which affect similar crops mostly due to its unique defence system, attributed tocamalexin and metoxi-camalexin. Considering this, camelina may be cultivated without input of pesticides, but what happens if camelina is cultivated on an already pesticide-contaminated soil? The purpose of the study is to analyze the Camelina sativa potential to concentrate or not the residual pesticides from the soil in its seeds.It was assessed the level of pesticides from the soil on which Camelina sativa-Mădălina variety was cultivated and from the resulted seeds. The quantification was done using a GC-MS-MS equipment. In the soil it was found a total amount of 0.03 mg/kg of pesticides consisting in: o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, o,p-DDD, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDT, from which 81.4% was p,p-DDE. All the signals registered for camelina seeds were below the LOQ of 0.005mg/kg. Camelina sativa-Mădălina variety can be cultivated on soils contaminated with DDT and its metabolites, minimizing the risk of pesticides translocation.

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Cocco, P., A. Loviselli, D. Fadda, A. Ibba, M. Melis, A. Oppo, S. Serra, A. Taberlet, MG Tocco, and C. Flore. "Serum sex hormones in men occupationally exposed to dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro ethane (DDT) as young adults." Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1820391.

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To explore endocrine effects in relation to para,para'-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro ethylene (p,p'-DDE) body burden and past occupational exposure to its precursor dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro ethane (DDT), we assayed serum sex hormones, including serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17beta-estradiol (E2), testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and p,p'-DDE levels in 107 male participants in a 1946-1950 anti-malarial campaign in Sardinia, Italy. Cumulative DDT exposure during the anti-malarial operations was retrospectively estimated from detailed reports of the anti-malarial agency. Ortho,para-DDE, and its precursor ortho,para-DDT were always below the detection limit. p,p'-DDT was detected in 14/107 subjects, and p,p'-DDE in 106/107 subjects. The median lipid-adjusted p,p'-DDE serum concentration over the total study population was 396 parts per billion (interquartile range 157-1045), and it did not vary according to the job at the time of anti-malarial operations, nor was it affected by cumulative DDT exposure. LH, FSH, and SHBG, but not testosterone or E2, showed a significant positive correlation with age. Neither current serum p,p'-DDE nor past cumulative DDT exposure affected sex hormone concentrations. Our results suggest that (1) the low current p,p'-DDE serum concentration does not affect serum hormone levels, and (2) past cumulative DDT exposure is not correlated with the current p,p'-DDE serum level, nor does it show persistent effects on serum hormone levels.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DDT'

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