Relevant bibliographies by topics / DDT

Academic literature on the topic 'DDT'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "DDT"

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Sarkar, A., S. Y. S. Singbal, and S. P. Fondekar. "Pesticide residues in the sediments from the lakes of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica." Polar Record 30, no. 172 (January 1994): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740002101x.

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AbstractConcentration levels of various organochlorine pesticides and their derivatives — namely, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) and the DDT compounds pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, op'-DDE, pp'-DDD, and op'-DDD — were determined in the sediments from eight different lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis, near Dakshin Gangotri, the Indian station (70° 45'S, 11° 44'E) during the Sixth Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica (December 1986 to February 1987). Concentration levels of HCHs (α, β, γ)and t-DDT (pp'-DDT + op'-DDT + pp'-DDE + op'-DDE + pp'-DDD + op'-DDD) in sediments of these lakes were found to be in the ranges of 37.7–155 pg/gand 512.9–1131 pg/g, respectively. Among the isomers of HCH, gamma-HCH was most prominent, followed by alpha-HCH, whereas in the case of metabolites of DDT and its isomers, pp'-DDT was found to be dominant over others. However, all the other compounds of the DDT family were present in considerable amounts in all the lakes. There was no significant change in the monthly variation of the concentration levels of HCHs and DDTs in the lakes.
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Crowe, Allan S., and James E. Smith. "Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-033.

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DDT was applied at Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, between 1948 and 1970 for mosquito control in recreational areas and pest control in former agricultural areas. Recent soil sampling programs produced 275 analyses enabling a statistical comparison of DDT concentrations with land use areas, soil conditions, and hydrologic characte ristics. Concentrations of ΣDDT ranged over several orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations (maximum 316 000 ng g-1) in former agricultural areas and the lowest concentrations in the natural sand dunes (maximum of 116 ng g-1). DDT is undergoing degradation at Point Pelee along two pathways. DDT is transformed aerobically to DDE within the sandy soils exhibiting average %DDT, %DDE and %DDD of 40%, 55%, and 5% of ΣDDT, respectively. DDT is transformed anaerobically to DDD and DDE within the marsh and flooded soils averaging 14% DDT, 44% DDE, and 42% DDD, respectively. The half-lives for the transformation of DDT to DDE within the well-drained and aerobic sandy soils at Point Pelee are highly variable and were estimated to range from 20 to 50 yr. Given the high concentrations of ΣDDT at Point Pelee and the long half-life, it is expected that DDT will remain at concentrations of concern for many decades. Key words: DDT, persistence, degradation rates, concentrations, sandy soil, marshy soil
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Dingle, JHP, WA Palmer, and RR Black. "Residues of DDT and dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat and butterfat of cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890497.

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Technical DDT or dieldrin was added to crushed wheat and fed to steers and dairy cows. Subcutaneous fat collected by biopsy and butterfat were examined for residues of DDT, DDD, DDE and dieldrin. Steers fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 10 weeks had total DDT residues (mean � s.e.) in subcutaneous fat of 0.38� 0.01, 2.72�0.37 and 24.5�6.9 mg/kg respectively. DDD was the major residue, comprising 80% of the total. When DDT was withdrawn from the diet, residues declined. Half-life for DDT was 11 weeks (range 8-14), and for DDD was 5 weeks (range 3.5-7.4). Half-life could not be determined for DDE. Steers fed 36 mg dieldrin/day for 10 weeks had 17.3�4.9 mg/kg dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat. The half-life for dieldrin was 5 weeks (range 2.5-10.0). Dairy cows fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 6 weeks had total DDT residues in butterfat of 0.31�0.05, 2.5�0.60 and 20.8�1.2 mg/kg respectively. DDD was again the major residue, comprising 65% of total residues. Half-lives of DDT, DDD and DDE in butterfat were 7.2 (range 6.3-7.7), 3 (range 2.2-3.0) and 5 weeks (range 3.5-8.0) respectively. When 36 mg dieldrin was fed to dairy cows for 6 weeks, residues of 17.3�4.6 mg/kg were found in the butterfat. The half-life for dieldrin in butterfat was 9 weeks (range 6-11.5).
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Odermatt, J. R., T. A. Johnson, and R. G. Hummeldorf. "Distribution of DDT residues (DDT, DDD, and DDE) in California soils." Journal of Soil Contamination 2, no. 4 (January 1993): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320389309383446.

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Uddin, M. Amin, Md Abdur Rahman, M. Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, Md Harunur Rashid, Zeenath Fardous, and Meherun Nesha. "Analysis of organochlorine DDT residue along with its metabolites in dry fishes from some selected markets of Dhaka city." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v5i2.56959.

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A study was investigated to estimate the current status of health hazardous organochlorine insecticide DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD in different species of dry fish. To achieve the goal of this experiment, ten different sun-dried fish samples were collected from different markets of Dhaka city. The concentration of DDT, DDE and DDD was determined using the capillary column coupled to Gas Chromatograph with Electron Captured Detector (GC-ECD). Most of the dry fishes, seven out of ten samples, were found to be contaminated with DDT along with its metabolites DDE and DDD ranging from 0.029-1.22 mg/kg which is a serious concern because of the nature of long persistency and bioaccumulation of DDT in the environment. The highest concentration of DDT (1.22 mg/kg) was observed in Pampus chinensis dry fish whereas low concentration was detected in Otolithoides pama (0.029 mg/kg). Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (2), 79-84
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Huang, Hui-Jung, Shiu-Mei Liu, and Cham-En Kuo. "ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF DDT RESIDUES (DDT, DDD, AND DDE) IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENT." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 36, no. 3 (April 30, 2001): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pfc-100103569.

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Xuan, Fu Hua, Shu Ying Zang, and Hai Feng Xiao. "Characteristics of Organchlorine Pesticides in Sediments of Lianhuan Lake." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.351.

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In this study, sediment samples were collected in Huoshaohei (HSH), Xihulu (XHL), Amuta (AMT), and Talahong (TLH) of Lianhuan Lake. Eleven chemical compounds of OCPs measured using GC-ECD method in the study area, including four HCH isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH), three DDT homologues (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and Heptachlor. The ratio of (DDE + DDD)/∑DDT, the content of ∑HCH and ∑DDT, the correlations among TOC, ∑HCH, ∑DDT and OCPs were analyzed. The results show that HCHs and DDTs are major elements in this region and δ-HCH is the most dominant isomer in HCH, which was evidence of recent input of lindane. And higher amounts of OCPs occur in sediments with higher TOC content, DDTs and HCHs have similar sources which may come from usage of lindane and DDT in recent years.
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Lewiński, Radosław, Agnieszka Hernik, Monika Liszewska, Brian Buckley, Katarzyna Czaja, Wojciech Korcz, Anna Słomczyńska, and Paweł Struciński. "Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Method for the Determination of Selected Organochlorine Compounds in Honey." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020842.

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Honey is considered to be a health-promoting food product. Therefore, it is assumed that it should be free of contaminants. Although the use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was banned a few decades ago in developed countries, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are still detected in various environmental and biological matrices, including food. These contaminants exhibit toxic properties and bioaccumulate in some food chains. The validation of a modified QuEChERS extraction method was successfully performed for o,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, heptachlor and dieldrin. 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was used as an internal standard. The modification involved changing the solvent from acetonitrile to n-hexane after extraction. Quantitation was carried out using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (µECD). The mean recovery values for o,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD and dieldrin, spiked at 2.9 ng/g and 20 ng/g, ranged from 64.7% to 129.3%, and, for heptachlor spiked at 5.6 ng/g and 20 ng/g, ranged from 68.0% to 88.3%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for these concentrations did not exceed 20%, and the within-laboratory reproducibility was below 20%, except o,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT, which were 25.2% and 20.7%, respectively. This modified QuEChERS extraction method for selected organochlorine compounds was demonstrated as effective for routine testing in honey.
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Andrade, M. L., M. L. Reyzábal, E. F. Covelo, and F. A. Vega. "Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-024.

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The land around Bahía Blanca, Argentina, has been farmed intensively for six decades. We report the concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and lindane), and of DDT metabolites (DDD + DDE) in three different layers (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm) of the soils in 44 fields of eight farms that have been devoted to horticulture for periods ranging from 15 to 60 yr. In spite of the horticultural use of these substances having been banned for the past 13–35 yr, high concentrations were found – up to nearly 12 mg kg-1 for DDT + DDD + DDE, 17 mg kg-1 for dieldrin, 4 mg kg-1 for endrin, 7 mg kg-1 for heptachlor epoxide and 0.8 mg kg-1 for lindane. The highest concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide were found on the oldest farms, the highest levels of DDD + DDE on middle-aged farms (35–40 yr), and the hi ghest levels of lindane on 15–40-year-old farms that had rather lower soil pH than the older farms. Concentrations invariably decreased slightly with increasing depth, and for DDT, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide they exhibited significant positive correlation with soil organic matter content. Principal components analysis confirmed the distinguishability of three groups of analytes: one comprising DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide associated with higher soil organic matter and clay contents; and two singletons, DDD + DDE associated with higher pH and lindane. We conclude that these pesticides have very limited mobility in these semiarid alkaline soils. Key words: Organochlorine, semiarid soils, horticulture, depth variation.
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Wang, Xiaoxu, Belay Tafa Oba, Hui Wang, Qing Luo, Jiaxin Liu, Lanxin Tang, Miao Yang, Hao Wu, and Lina Sun. "Degradation of DDT by a Novel Bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis DC-1: Efficacy, Mechanism and Comparative Advantage." Water 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152723.

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A novel bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis DC-1, capable of degrading DDT as its sole carbon and energy source, was isolated from DDT-contaminated agricultural soil. The bacterium can degrade up to 76.3% of the DDT at a concentration of 10 mg/L in the mineral salt medium (MSM) within 1 day of incubation. The effects of various environmental conditions, such as the concentration of DDT, temperature, pH and additional carbon sources, on its growth and biodegrading capacity of DDT were investigated in the MSM. The A. globiformis DC-1 strain could efficiently grow and degrade DDT at a wide range of concentrations, with the maximum growth and degradation rate at 10 mg/LDDT, followed by inhibitory effects at higher concentrations (20 and 30 mg/LDDT). Mesophilic temperatures (25–30 °C) and a pH of 7–7.5 were the most suitable conditions for the growth and biodegradation. The presence of carbon sources significantly increased the growth of the DC-1 strain; however, degradation was inhibited in the present of glucose, sucrose and fructose, and peptone was determined to be the most appropriate carbon source for A. globiformis DC-1. The optimal DDT degradation (84.2%) was observed at 10 mg/LDDT, peptone as carbon source in pH 7.5 at 30 °C with 1 day of incubation. This strain could also degrade DDE, DDD and DDT simultaneously as the sole carbon and energy source, with degradation rates reaching 70.61%, 64.43% and 60.24% in 10 days, respectively. The biodegradation pathway by A. globiformis DC-1 revealed that DDT was converted to DDD and DDE via dechlorination and dehydrochlorination, respectively; subsequently, both DDD and DDE transformed to DDMU through further dechlorination, and finally, after ring opening, DDMU was mineralized to carbon dioxide. No intermediate metabolites accumulation was observed during the GC/MS analysis, demonstrating that the A. globiformis DC-1 strain can be used for the bioremediation of DDT residues in the environment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DDT"

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Gamboa, Nadia. "DDT, a historical review." Revista de Química, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100129.

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El DDT está íntimamente vinculado al siglo XX.  Su producción, uso y comercialización están prohibidos por ser un contaminante organoclorado persistente controlado por el Convenio de Estocolmo.
DDT is closely linked to the twentieth century.  Its production, use and marketing are now banned because it is a persistent organochlorine pollutant controlled by the Stockholm Convention.
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Leone, Andrea D. "Enantiomeric composition of Chiral pesticides in soil and air from the U.S. cornbelt region." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu997192215.

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McDougal, Rebecca, and n/a. "DDT residue degradation by soil bacteria." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070914.142931.

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1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) residues (DDTr) are widespread and persistent environmental contaminants, and have been classed as priority pollutants by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). DDTr are potent endocrine disrupting molecules, and have been associated with reproductive abnormalities in juvenile alligators and rats. Microorganisms that metabolise DDTr both aerobically and anaerobically have been isolated and characterised. Bacteria that degrade DDTr aerobically typically utilise a dioxygenase to initiate degradative reactions through ring-hydroxylation, and convert DDTr to 4-chlorobenzoate without further degradation. Terrabacter sp. strain DDE-1 was isolated from DDTr-contaminated soil from Canterbury, New Zealand, and aerobically degrades 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE) to 4-chlorobenzoate, when grown in the presence of biphenyl (BP). The intermediates of degradation were inferred to be the end products of dioxygenase activity. Sequencing of a large linear plasmid, pBPH-1, from strain DDE-1 identified a cluster of genes with high levels of sequence similarity to BP-degradation genes from Rhodococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This plasmid is lost at high frequency producing the plasmid-cured strain MJ-2, which has lost the ability to degrade BP or DDE. The aim of this study was to confirm that DDE-degradation in strain DDE-1 is encoded by the bph operon located on pBPH-1. No genetic systems to study gene function in either DDE-1 or MJ-2 could be developed using an array of broad-host range vectors. However, heterologous expression of the bph genes in Rhodococcus erythropolis strain TA422 was successful, with the recombinant strain TA425, obtaining the ability to utilise BP and DDE as a sole source of carbon and energy. DDE-1 was shown to convert indole to indigo, but MJ-2 could not, indicating that the biphenyl dioxygenase located on pBPH-1 is responsible for this activity. The bph genes from strain DDE-1 also conferred the ability to produce indigo from indole on strain TA425, confirming successful expression of the functional biphenyl dioxygenase in this strain. Despite several attempts to show quantitative degradation in strain TA425 using gas chromatography, the results were inconclusive Further analysis is needed to provide unequivocal evidence of DDE-degradation by strain TA425. Attempts to express the bph genes in rhizosphere-colonising bacteria, such a Rhizobium spp. or Pseudomonas spp., were unsuccessful, as evidenced by the inability to produce indigo, hence the lack of a functional biphenyl dioxygenase. However, RT-PCR did indeed indicate that P. aeruginosa strain Fin1 produced a bphA1 transcript, indicating that an error is occurring post-transcriptionally in these strains, to prevent production of the functional enzyme. New Zealand has recently been shown to contain hotspots of DDTr-contamination. The second aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DDTr-degrading bacteria and to gain insight into the types of bacteria that inhabit sites contaminated with DDTr. To investigate this, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques were employed. Enrichment for DDTr-degrading bacteria yielded species of Rhodococcus and Ralstonia using DDTr-overlayer plate assays. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to amplify and analyse the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA for the identification of dominant and active bacteria in soil samples. The results of this analysis identified bacteria such as Williamsia spp. and Gordonia spp. that degrade other types of pollutants. This analysis did not identify a predominance of Rhodococcus or Ralstonia spp., or other bacteria that have been shown to degrade DDTr. To identify ecologically relevant members of the bacterial communities in DDTr-contaminated soils, and potentially important metabolic pathways, identification of ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (RHD) genes was performed. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were employed together with phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that the RHD genes identified, clustered separately to those genes previously characterised from cultivated bacteria. Among these genes, one phylogenetic group was most closely related to the dioxygenase genes from Ralstonia eutropha H850, which is potent PCB-degrading bacterium that possesses a dioxygenase with a wide substrate range for many types of heavily chlorinated, PCB congeners. The identification of a predominance of genes with similarity to phenyl-propionate dioxygenases has been not been recognised previously in soil studies.
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Sheeka, Hendrika Maria. "Design and synthesis of novel nucleotide pro-drugs as anti-HIV agents." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295004.

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Hedberg, Julia, and Maria Jernnäs. "DDT - Hero or Villain? : A Case Study on Perceptions of DDT for IRS in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106922.

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The debate regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using DDT for IRS has divided the scientific community. The health benefits of reducing malaria spreading are weighed against the potential health and environmental consequences of the chemical, and opinions also differ regarding the cost-effectiveness of the use of DDT. Global recommendations regarding use of DDT for IRS have been issued by the WHO, and the receipt of these on the local level is determined by the intended beneficiaries’ perception of legitimacy of the organisation. The WHO recommendations on DDT as well as interviews conducted with residents of a South African village and representatives for two South African NGOs have been reviewed using qualitative content analysis. This method was used to highlight different perceptions of and views on DDT use, as well as for examining the potential effect that the interviewees’ perception of international institutions’ legitimacy has on their views on DDT. This study shows that the controversy regarding DDT is not as prominent on the local level as on the global level, and that the perceptions of IRS with DDT differ between the WHO, the NGOs and the residents of the village. Further, this study shows that assessing legitimacy is dependent on a definition of “the people” in question, and that the accountability of authoritative actors on different levels needs to be evaluated further.
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Asp, Vendela. "In Vitro Studies of Adrenocorticolytic DDT Metabolites, with Special Focus on 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekotoxikologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122721.

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The DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (3-MeSO2-DDE) is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 11B1 (CYP11B1) in the adrenal cortex of mice and forms irreversibly bound protein adducts, reduces glucocorticoid secretion, and induces cell death selectively in cortisol-producing adrenocortical cells. 3-MeSO2-DDE has therefore been proposed as a lead compound for an improved adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) therapy. The aims of this thesis were to (1) develop in vitro test systems based on murine and human adrenocortical cell lines and to (2) investigate the mechanisms behind 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in adrenocortical cells. The cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating effects of 3-MeSO2-DDE were compared to those of o,p′-DDD (mitotane), the current ACC therapy, and to those of several structurally analogous compounds in both murine and human cell lines. 3-MeSO2-DDE bioactivation and cytotoxicity proceeded in a similar manner in the murine adrenocortical Y-1 cell line as in mice in vivo. The effects were highly structure-specific. Moreover, 3-MeSO2-DDE formed irreversibly bound protein adducts and caused cell death also in the human H295R cell line, and was slightly more cytotoxic than o,p′-DDD. However, 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in human cells was not affected by the CYP11B1 inhibitor etomidate, suggesting that bioactivation in human cells is performed by additional/other enzyme(s) than CYP11B1. 3-MeSO2-DDE generated biphasic responses in cortisol and aldosterone secretion and in expression levels of the steroidogenic genes CYP11B1, CYP11B2, and StAR. Such hormesis-like responses were not seen for o,p′-DDD or the precursor DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE. In addition, the two o,p′-DDD enantiomers (R)-(+)-o,p′-DDD and (S)-(-)-o,p′-DDD exhibited slight differences in cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating activity in H295R cells. In conclusion, this thesis  provides  extended  knowledge  on  the  mechanisms  of  action  of 3-MeSO2-DDE and points out important differences in effects between murine and human cells. Lead optimisation studies of 3-MeSO2-DDE using the herein presented in vitro test systems are ongoing.
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Rostant, Wayne Geoffrey. "Sex-specific effects of DDT resistance in flies." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/10521.

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In D. melanogaster, resistance to DDT is conferred by the upregulation of a cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP6G1. Resistant flies have tandemly duplicated Cyp6g1 alleles that possess the LTR (Long Terminal Repeat) of an Accord retrotransposon inserted in the cis-regulatory region, 291bp upstream of the transcription start site. This DDT resistance allele (DDT-R) has been shown to have pleiotropic fitness benefits for female flies in at least one genetic background and with evidence of sexually antagonistic selection at this locus. In this thesis, I first review the role of transposable elements in conferring insecticide resistance and the evidence to date regarding the pleiotropic effects of DDT-R in D. melanogaster. By conducting life history and behavioural tests on flies of two genetic backgrounds I examine the sex-specific effects of expressing DDT-R in the absence of DDT. Finally I develop a single locus population genetics model based on these sex-specific effects and test the model using replicate laboratory populations. The first main finding is that DDT-R incurred a male mating cost that depended on the genetic background in which DDT-R was found and that this cost coincided with strong epistasis between genetic background and DDT-R that influenced male size (Chapter 3). Following on from this result, it was confirmed that the effect of DDT-R on male size does contribute to lowered mating success but does not fully explain this fitness cost (Chapter4). Additionally, resistant males were found to have a lowered rate of courtship behaviour driven by aborted chasing of females and lower male-male aggression than susceptible males (Chapter 4). Fitness assays in wild caught strain females revealed that DDT-R confers a fecundity increase but unlike previous work, no offspring viability increases were detected (Chapter 5). Thus as with male costs, specific pleiotropic female fitness benefits to resistance depend on genetic background. Modelling of DDT-R using a simple single-locus approach (Chapter 6) provides, for the first time, a unifying explanation for past and present DDT-R frequencies in nature and in old laboratory populations. The model is consistent with an old origin for the original DDT-R mutation held at low equilibrium frequency through balancing selection of a sexually antagonistic nature. It is also consistent with continued near fixation of DDT-R long after discontinued use and matches empirical observations in laboratory populations of the Canton-S background.
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Garritson, Emily M. "DDT: Historical Framework, Current Uses, & Future Implications." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1209157311.

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Cantillana, Tatiana. "Toxicologically important DDT metabolites : Synthesis, enantioselective analysis and kinetics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljökemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26952.

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DDT was extensively and globally used as a pesticide in agriculture and for malaria vector control from the 1940’s until the 1970’s. Due to its heavy use, DDT became ubiquitously distributed throughout the environment. DDT and several DDT metabolites are persistent organic pollutants. Two DDT metabolites, 3-MeSO2-DDE and o,p’-DDD have been proved to be tissue specific toxicants in the adrenal cortex. They are bioactivated to reactive intermediates which bind covalently to the adrenal cortex causing cell death. Due to its tissue specific toxicity o,p’-DDD has been used as a chemotherapy drug for adrenal cancer in humans. The efficacy and potency is however low and o,p’-DDD treatment is associated with serious side effects. 3-MeSO2-DDE has been suggested as a potential alternative therapeutic agent. A key aim of this thesis has been to improve the understanding of the kinetics of the two adrenocorticolytic compounds o,p’-DDD, its two enantiomers and 3-MeSO2-DDE. To meet this objective chemical synthesis and enantioselective analysis were required. Furthermore, in vitro toxicity of o,p’-DDD enantiomers and diastereomers were performed. An 11 step synthesis of 3-SH-DDE has been developed to promote both labelled and unlabelled synthesis of 3-alkylsulfonyl-DDE. Toxicokinetic studies showed that 3-MeSO2-DDE and o,p’-DDD were accumulated in tissues and retained in adipose tissue in minipigs. 3-MeSO2-DDE however had a twice as long biological t1/2 and a considerably lower Vd compared to o,p’-DDD. Suckling offspring were more exposed to 3-MeSO2-DDE than their mothers who were given 3-MeSO2-DDE orally. Interindividual differences in enantiomer kinetics in minipigs were observed suggesting polymorphism among the minipigs. Preparative isolation of the o,p’-DDD enantiomers is presented allowing determination of the absolute structures of the o,p’-DDD enantiomers by X-ray. The pure enantiomer of o,p’-DDD showed significant differences in toxicity in human adrenocortical cells.
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Ryan, Brendan J. "The microbial degradation of the DDT metabolite dichlorobenzophenone (DBP)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Microbiology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8554.

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Soil samples which had been previously exposed to chlorinated aromatics were screened for ability to degrade dichlorobenzophenone (DBP). Of the samples tested soil from the Dow Elanco Agricultural Farm and soil from the AgResearch Winchmore Research Station showed apparent degradative capabilities. Degradation was not sustainable in these soil samples and a time scale study showed DBP was stable in soil over a 24 week period. Samples from Winchmore were further used to establish enrichment cultures capable of degrading DBP and its non-chlorinated analogue benzophenone (BP) through selection pressure. BP proved to be readily degraded but DBP degradation was only achieved after fungal suppressants were used. Degradation of DBP was enhanced with the addition of yeast extract and sodium salicylate to the enrichment cultures. Degradation of DBP was confirmed by capillary gas chromatography and the detection of the metabolite p-chlorophenyl acetic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. The enrichment cultures established on DBP also extensively degraded BP, p-chlorobenzophenone and p-chlorobenzoic acid. When inoculated back into soil, the enrichment cultures degradative capabilities were significantly reduced due to competition from other organisms, availability of alternative carbon sources and the bioavailability of DBP due to binding to soil particles. Two organisms capable of degrading BP as sole carbon source were isolated and identified as a Rhodococcus spp. and a Streptomyces spp. BP degradative capabilities were not maintained by these organisms and lost when subculturing on nutrient media Three presumptive DBP degraders were isolated and presumptively identified as two separate Streptomyces spp. and a Pseudomonas vesicularis. Of the three none were able to degrade DBP as sole carbon source in liquid culture although the P. vesicularis was able to co-metabolise DBP with the addition of yeast extract and sodium salicylate. Preliminary genetical studies of the P. vesicularis isolated were carried out.
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Books on the topic "DDT"

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. DDT, DDE, y DDD. Atlanta, GA]: Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y el Registro de Enfermedades, División de la Toxicología, Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE.UU., Servicio de Salud Pública, 2002.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. DDT, DDE, and DDD. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2002.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., eds. Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE, DDD. [Atlanta, GA]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2002.

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Corporation, Clement International, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry., eds. Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD. [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1994.

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Kharitonov, Nikolaĭ. Imperii͡a︡ DDT. [S.l.]: Moroz Pub., 1998.

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Canada. Direction de l'évaluation des produits chimiques commerciaux. DDT: Justification scientifique. Ottawa, Ont: Environnement Canada, 1997.

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Canada. Commercial Chemicals Evaluation Branch. DDT: Scientific justification. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1997.

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Flint, M. E. S. DDT Impact Assessment Project, Zimbabwe. London: DFID, 1998.

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Barabash, Taras. Drugai͡a istorii͡a DDT: Rasskazy poklonnikov. Sankt-Peterburg: Gelikon Pli͡us, 2013.

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Los dibujos de teléfono (DDT). [Spain]: Celeste Ediciones, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "DDT"

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Cumming, Jeffrey M., Bradley J. Sinclair, Charles A. Triplehorn, Yousif Aldryhim, Eduardo Galante, Ma Angeles Marcos-Garcia, Malcolm Edmunds, et al. "DDT." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1156–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_837.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Margit Salzmann. "DDT-dehydrochlorinase." In Enzyme Handbook 1, 1117–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86605-0_250.

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Kumari, Kanchan, and Senerita Swamy. "Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)." In Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies, 31–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50996-4_3.

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Malisch, Rainer, Björn Hardebusch, Ralf Lippold, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, Angelika Tritscher, Kateřina Šebková, Jana Klánová, and Jiří Kalina. "Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 2: DDT, Beta-HCH and HCB." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 485–542. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_13.

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AbstractTemporal trends of DDT (“DDT complex” as sum of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were assessed using pooled human milk samples from 44 countries from all United Nations Regional Groups based on their repeated participation in WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies performed between 2000 and 2019. In contrast to a general estimation of time trends based on results from all countries, this is a more precise approach, because levels among countries are often highly variable. The primary objective of these temporal studies is to provide monitoring data for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).For DDT, an overall decrease over 10 years between 50% and 80% was achieved in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region and in Latin America and the Caribbean region, and at a global level. Slightly lower decreases were observed in European countries because DDT was banned much earlier in these countries and only residual levels were depleting. Western European countries had the lowest median and the lowest maximum DDT concentrations. This is an indication that the decrease might be faster in regions with higher concentrations, compared to a slower decrease in less contaminated regions. The frequency distribution of the country-specific decrease (decrease rate constants) confirms these findings.For beta-HCH, an overall decrease over 10 years between 50% and 98% was achieved in all UN regions and at a global level. Country-specific decreases vary in the low background range (below 5 μg beta-HCH/kg lipid). Regarding HCB, all countries from Africa and many countries from the Pacific Islands and Latin America and the Caribbean were in the range of a low background contamination below 5 μg/kg lipid resulting in a wide range of reduction rates. In contrast, in countries with HCB concentrations above 30 μg/kg lipid in previous rounds, overall decreases over 10 years between 50% and 85% were observed.Therefore, the reduction rates should be seen also in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of levels above or in the range of the background contamination seems to be advised. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. However, at low background levels, other factors, e.g. contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally.
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Mirmigkou, S., and J. de Boer. "DDT and Metabolites." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 355–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_367.

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Busvine, James R. "Control Measures: Pre-DDT." In Disease Transmission by Insects, 103–214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45716-6_2.

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Stephens, Matt, and Doug Rosenberg. "“Hello World!” Using DDT." In Design Driven Testing, 43–77. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-2944-5_3.

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Sundström, Göran, and Bo Jansson. "DDT and Related Compounds." In Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Sciences, 297–310. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2361-7_13.

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Malisch, Rainer, Karin Kypke, Benjamin Dambacher, Björn Hardebusch, Ralf Lippold, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, and Angelika Tritscher. "WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 249–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_8.

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AbstractThe concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides and related chemicals and two organochlorine industrial chemicals were determined in 163 pooled human milk samples from 82 countries from all United Nations regions. These countries participated in one or more of the five exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme between 2000 and 2019. The compounds included were aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, mirex, pentachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol/pentachloroanisole, and toxaphene.Large differences were found for DDT with the highest concentrations found in Africa. However, the median levels of the DDT concentrations of all samples show a decrease of 72% from the 2000–2003 period to the 2016–2019 period, with considerable differences between regions. Due to metabolization of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) in humans, the concentrations of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were below the limit of quantification in most human milk samples. The ranges of beta-HCH found in the five periods varied considerably among UN regions, with a maximum found in 2002 in the Asia subgroup of the Asia-Pacific region. A decrease of the median concentrations of all samples of 91% was found from the 2000–2003 period to the 2016–2019 period. In comparison with DDT and beta-HCH, the ranges for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were much lower with a maximum found in the samples from Eastern Europe. Other organochlorine pesticides and contaminants and their metabolites were found mostly in ranges of low background contamination; some were below the limits of quantification.
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Böschen, Stefan. "DDT — oder: Was ist ein Schaden?" In Risikogenese, 105–92. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11308-9_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "DDT"

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Jung, Changhee, and Nathan Clark. "DDT." In the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1669112.1669122.

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Zhang, Tao, Jiawei Huang, Shaojun Zou, Sen Liu, Jinbin Hu, Jingling Liu, Chang Ruan, Jianxin Wang, and Geyong Min. "DDT." In APNet '19: 3rd Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343180.3343189.

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Cristea, Ramona, Claudia Sandru, and Diana Ionela Popescu. "ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE AND HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN HONEY BY GC/ECD AND GF-AAS: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTION AREAS FROM ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.003.

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Residues of pesticides and HM, used in bees care or in crop fields, have negative effects on the health of bees and humans and of the antimicrobial properties of the honey. Investigation of HM and pesticides is vital, since the use of chemical solutions has �rise up� significantly. Our aim was to investigate whether the level of contaminants in honey (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As, using GC/ECD and GF-AAS) and pesticides: ?-HCH, ?-HCH, ? -HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDE, DDD, and DDT, alpha -Endosulfan, carbofuran, pirimicarb (by gas chromatography with electron capture determination). Iron (max. 0.76725 mg / kg), Zinc, Lead Copper Cadmium, Arsenic have lower values than the maximum allowed; 0.01 mg/ kg is the maximum allowed for pesticides; exception is max. 0.05 mg / kg for DDD, DDT, DDE, Carbofuran and Pirimicarb. The average of the resulting values exceeds the maximum allowed in many cases to four decimal places, as follows: Alpha HCH (max. 0.0158mg / kg), Beta HCH and HCH (by 10-15%), Aldrin (double), alpha endo-sulfan (three times than maximum). Endrin was not detected in any honey samples. Organochlorines in the pp DDE range were below the maximum (0.05 mg / kg). The pyrimicarbon showed lower values. The values determined are not dangerous for the human.
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Ligon, Thomas C., David J. Gross, Stephen D. Ahnert, and John C. Minichiello. "Simplified Methodology for Analysis of Reflected Detonation and DDT: Part 1 — Elastic Analysis." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28463.

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This paper introduces a simplified approach for analyzing local elastic hoop response of piping to reflected gaseous detonations and deflagration-to-detonation transitions (DDT). A consequence associated with gaseous explosions is the potential for DDT to occur near the end of a closed pipe or gas pocket. As an accelerating deflagration flame approaches a closed end, the unburned fuel ahead of the flame front is compressed to an elevated initial pressure. This process is often referred to as pressure piling or pre-compression, and the combination of detonation reflection with the elevated initial pressure, can produce extremely high peak pressures and large values of impulse. In this paper, the event where DDT occurs immediately ahead of the reflecting surface is referred to as a reflected-DDT (R-DDT). In addition to gas mixture and initial conditions, the peak pressure and shape of the pressure time-history associated with a reflected detonation or DDT is a function of the detonation propagation distance prior to reflection and the relative distance between the ignition location, the DDT location, and the reflecting surface. An empirical pressure time-history has been developed using pressure data from approximately 190 explosion tests using hydrogen and nitrous oxide mixtures in 2-inch and 4-inch pipe to describe events ranging from fully-developed reflected detonations to R-DDTs. The empirical model of the pressure time-history was validated by comparing measured elastic hoop strains to finite-element model predictions using the pressure time-history model. Part 2 of this paper compares the methodology to plastic response data.
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Skorić, Stefan, and Dušan Nikolić. "CONCENTRATIONS OF PESTICIDES AND PCBs IN THREE CYPRINID FISH SPECIES FROM THE MEDJUVRSJE RESERVOIR." In 53rd Annual Conference of the Serbian Water Pollution Control Society. SERBIAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SOCIETY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/voda24.155s.

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In 2016, during ichthyological research on the Medjuvršje reservoir, the content of 4 types of pesticides (aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDE) and 6 types of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB - 28, 52) were analyzed. , 101, 138, 153, 180, as well as total PCBs) in the muscle tissue of three cyprinid fish species (chub, nase and roach) that have fishing importance and are used in human nutrition. The values of all analyzed compounds were below the values allowed by the national legislation, and therefore it can be considered safe consumption of thesefish species
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Flokstra, Jan, Maurice van Keulen, and Jacek Skowronek. "The IMPRESS DDT." In the 1994 ACM SIGMOD international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/191839.191951.

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Ligon, Thomas C., David J. Gross, and John C. Minichiello. "Simplified Methodology for Analysis of Reflected Detonation and DDT: Part 2 — Elastic-Plastic Analysis." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28464.

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This paper applies a simplified conservative approach for analyzing elastic-plastic response of piping due to reflected gaseous detonations and deflagration-to-detonation transitions (DDT). A consequence associated with gaseous explosions is the potential for DDT to occur near the end of a closed pipe or gas pocket. As an accelerating deflagration flame approaches a closed end, the unburned fuel ahead of the flame front is compressed to an elevated initial pressure. This process is often referred to as pressure piling or pre-compression, and the combination of detonation reflection with the elevated initial pressure can produce extremely high peak pressures and large values of impulse. In this paper, the event where DDT occurs immediately ahead of the reflecting surface is referred to as a reflected-DDT (R-DDT). Due to the extreme pressures that R-DDTs can achieve, the piping can frequently experience elastic-plastic deformation. In this second part, the pressure time-history modeling methodology developed for elastic response in part one is extended to elastic-plastic analysis. The inelastic response of the piping material is modeled using a lower-bound strain hardening curve at a single representative strain rate. The pressure model is compared to a published reflected detonation pressure model for the stoichiometric mixture of ethylene and oxygen, and finite-element analysis results using the simplified methodology are compared to two recent sets of published plastic deformation data from ethylene oxygen explosion tests in austenitic stainless steel tubing and piping.
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Ren, Ke, Alexei Kotchourko, Alexander Lelyakin, and Thomas Jordan. "Numerical Reproduction of DDT in Small Scale Channels." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67150.

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Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) is a quite challenging subject in computational fluid dynamics both from a standpoint of the phenomenon nature understanding and from extremely demanding computational efforts. In the article the hybrid DDT combustion model is introduced as an efficient method to simulate the DDT problems. As verification, two DDT experiments made in experimental facility MINI RUT are used.
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Geng, Jihui, and J. Kelly Thomas. "Pressure Distribution Inside Pipes due to DDT." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78590.

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The ignition of a flammable gas mixture contained within a piping system can lead to damage or failure of the piping or system components. Flame propagation and acceleration within piping systems have been extensively studied. It has been well documented that, given sufficient flame propagation distance and/or the presence of turbulence generating features, flame acceleration within a pipe can lead to a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). The high overpressures associated with a DDT can increase the potential for deformation or failure of the piping system relative to the loads associated with either a fast deflagration or steady-state detonation. This paper presents the results of numerical evaluations to predict the pressure distributions within a pipe run due to a DDT. The blast overpressure associated with a DDT was found to depend on a number of parameters, including: the rate of flame acceleration prior to the DDT, the length of piping occupied by the flammable mixture, the initial gas pressure and the flammable mixture concentration distribution along the pipe. This paper also provides a comparison of the blast loads associated with a steady-state detonation relative to those due to a DDT.
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Yaglova, N. V. "DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IN EXPOSED TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR DDT ORGANISMS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.119-123.

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Development and function of the adrenal medulla in exposed to endocrine disruptor DDT organisms was studied. The investigation revealed disrupted by DDT morphogenesis and se-cretion of adrenal medulla resulted in decreased production of catecholamines.
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Reports on the topic "DDT"

1

Perry, William L., Robert M. Broilo, Patrick Robert Bowden, Ian Daniel Lopez-Pulliam, and Philip Leonard. PATO IHE DDT Test Series. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1561056.

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Baer, M. R., E. S. Hertel, and R. L. Bell. Multidimensional DDT modeling of energetic materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/102194.

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Holmes, Matthew, Ian Lopez-Pulliam, Robert Broilo, Michael Erickson, Gary Parker, Eric Heatwole, Trevor Feagin, and Daniel Trujillo. IHE DDT Qualification Tests FY20-FY21. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1841893.

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Heatwole, Eric Mann, Robert M. Broilo, Trevin Joseph Kistle, and Gary Robert Jr Parker. Pressure Amplification Off High Impedance Barriers in DDT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1422945.

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Wilson, F., B. Lovell, B. English, H. Levie, K. Harke, V. Eliasson, and J. Tringe. Seal Strength Calculations for Low Mass DDT Vessel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2309839.

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Antypas, K. B. Allinea DDT as a Parallel Debugging Alternative to Totalview. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923651.

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Fuller, V., D. Lewis, V. Ermagan, A. Jain, and A. Smirnov. Locator/ID Separation Protocol Delegated Database Tree (LISP-DDT). RFC Editor, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8111.

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Parker, Gary. Reaction Evolution Flow Chart - The Critical Path to DDT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2282509.

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Bdzil, John Bohdan. Multiphase Equations for Modeling DDT in Damaged, Condensed-Phase Explosives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1352438.

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Hwang, D. Q., R. D. Horton, and J. H. Rogers. Beat wave current drive experiment on the Davis Diverted Tokamak (DDT). Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141440.

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