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Academic literature on the topic 'Dattier – Génétique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Dattier – Génétique"
Tirichine, Aïssa, Malek Belguedj, Abderrahmane Benkhalifa, and Messaouda Guerradi. "Réhabilitation du savoir et du savoir-faire en gestion des ressources génétiques du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactyliferaL.)." Knowledge Management for Development Journal 7, no. 2 (September 2011): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19474199.2011.659087.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Dattier – Génétique"
Zango, Oumarou. "Agro biodiversité et élaboration d'un modèle architectural du palmier dattier au Sahel : cas du Niger." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT182.
Full textThe Sahel is an arid area threatened by climate change that causes great social and environmental vulnerability. Agriculture in Sahel is facing this change to ensure food security for growing populations. The use of plant species with phenological plasticity such as the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), is one of the responses to hard soil and climate conditions to which few plants are adapted. The objective of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on cultural practices, local knowledge around the date palm and genetic and morphological diversity of this species in order to promote sustainable development of oasis agriculture in the Sahel. Thus, we conducted a socioeconomic survey of 30 date palm farmers in 14 villages in Southeastern Niger. Alongside this survey, we collected 113 samples of young leaflets taken from 31 males and 82 females in 19 date palm oasis basins. Our study identified 19 date palm population varieties distinguished on the basis of the fruit color. Date palm has a special double flowering associated with two fruit production seasons in the Sahel. The February-July period is the most productive but early rains limit fruit quality. The evaluation of local knowledge associated with date palm has shown that even if cultural practices are less developed than in the North of the country or in the Maghreb, the profits from the date cultivation significantly contribute to household survival. Furthermore, genetic analysis of date palms in Southeast of Niger has shown that they are a unique group with high genetic diversity. In addition, this germplasm belongs to the Western gene pool and is one of the least introgressed by oriental genetic contributions. The overall genetic analysis revealed a new group in Southern Niger different from that of North Africa and raises the question of its origin. Finally, we have demonstrated the existence of discriminating architectural features in Sahelian date palms. We have developed an architectural model for the calculation of the light interception and spaces necessary for good cohabitation between date palms and crops to optimize agricultural production. Our study showed that the date palm cultivation plays a key role in improving living conditions of the population, fight against hunger and agro-ecological balance in the Sahel. It is a prerequisite to the preservation, valorization and improvement of date palm genetic resources. Finally, the functional architectural model will enable to provide an operational tool for the sustainable management of date palm cultivation in the Sahel
Gros-Balthazard, Muriel. "Sur les origines, l'histoire évolutive et biogéographique du palmier-dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) : l'apport de la génétique et de la morphométrie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20230/document.
Full textThe objectives of this work are to understand the evolutionary history and biogeography of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), a species of importance to human populations in hot, arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East using genetic and morphometric analyzes. Indeed, the origins of the domestication of the date palm remain poorly understood despite the archaeological data that seem to attest its culture from the late 4th millennium BCE.Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phoenix made from chloroplast sequences identified close relatives of the date palm. Populations of wild date palms are recognized for the first time through analyses of genetic diversity and structure. Congruently, morphometric analysis of the seed outline based on the method of elliptic Fourier transform highlights a clear differentiation between wild and cultivated individuals. Characterization of changes in seed morphological traits related to domestication is used to define the status of wild or domesticated material excavated from various archaeological sites in Pakistan and Egypt. In addition, the date palm genetic study of various origins seems to indicate that at least two domestication events took place: one in Africa and one in the Middle East. Finally, genetic and morphometric studies, conducted separately or together depending on the type and age of the material analyzed, allow for the first time to discuss the origins, history and biogeographic dynamics of date palm agrobiodiversity, in time and space
Daher, Meraneh Abdourahman. "Détermination du sexe chez le palmier dattier : approches histo-cytologiques et moléculaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20069.
Full textThe date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a dioecious tropical fruit crop plant which has vital dietary, socio-economic and ecological importance in arid regions of the world. Despite the interest of developing molecular tools to discriminate male and female plants for the benefit of biodiversity preservation and genetic improvement programs, no sex-specific markers have been identified and validated to date. To study and understand the sex determination of date palm, we undertook to characterise the cellular and molecular processes underlying sex organ differentiation in this plant.A histological study of date palm reproductive development showed that the immature flower is bisexual in appearance until the initiation of the androecium and gynoecium. The first sign of sexual dimorphism is observed at this stage, namely a wider gynoecium in female flowers resulting from greater mitotic activity in the functional gynoecium of female flowers compared to the pistillode of male ones. The sterile sex organs (pistillode and staminodes) were observed to cease their development by progressive loss of cell proliferation and ultimately displayed incomplete differentiation.Cell division patterns and the nuclear integrity of reproductive organs were investigated respectively by RNA in situ hybridization to a histone H4 gene probe and by DNA coloration combined with scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained revealed an absence of cell cycle activity and nuclear degradation in the residual sex organs. In addition, a study of DNA methylation, by immunodetection of methylated cytosines revealed that compared to the fertile reproductive organs, staminodes and pistillodes displayed relatively high levels of global DNA methylation. These results are consistent with the observed reversibility of sterile organ developmental arrest observed in planta or in vitro in response to hormonal induction. Overall, these data demonstrate that the floral unisexuality of date palm is characterized by cell cycle arrest, higher DNA methylation in sterile sexual organs and an absence of cell degeneration rather than a cell death process. This study has improved our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the differentiation of sex organs and forms a useful starting point for research on the identification of molecular markers of sex determination in date palm.Kewords: Date palm - flower - sex determination - cell cycle - DNA methylation
Booij, Isabelle. "Recherche de marqueurs biochimiques en vue de la caractérisation variétale chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L. ), et étude de la stabilité de ces marqueurs pendant et après culture "in vitro"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20099.
Full textCorniquel, Béatrice. "Construction de banques d'ADNc de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L. ). Différenciation de cultivars par RFLP à l'aide des ADNc : isolement et caractérisation d'un ADNc polymorphe. Isolement et caractérisation d'un ADNc codant pour la glutamine synthetase cytosolique." Angers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ANGE0014.
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