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1
Economou, Athina, and Iacovos N. Psarianos. "Revisiting Okun’s Law in European Union countries." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2013-0063.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Okun’s Law in European countries by distinguishing between the transitory and the permanent effects of output changes upon unemployment and by examining the effect of labor market protection policies upon Okun’s coefficients. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly data for 13 European Union countries, from the second quarter of 1993 until the first quarter of 2014, are used. Panel data techniques and Mundlak decomposition models are estimated. Findings – Okun’s Law is robust to alternative specifications. The effect of output changes to unemployment rates is weaker for countries with increased labor market protection expenditures and it is more persistent for countries with low labor market protection. Originality/value – The paper provides evidence that the permanent effect of output changes upon unemployment rates is quantitatively larger than the transitory impact. In addition, it provides evidence that increased labor market protection mitigates the adverse effects of a decrease in output growth rate upon unemployment.
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Mutiara, Upik, and Romi Maulana. "PERLINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI HAK ASASI MANUSIA ATAS PERLINDUNGAN DIRI PRIBADI." Indonesian Journal of Law and Policy Studies 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/ijlp.v1i1.2648.
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Protection of personal data as closely related to the protection of personal and private rights. Indonesia does not yet have legislation that specifically regulates the protection of personal data. then the problem that the author raises is: the comparison of the right to personal protection as part of human rights in Indonesia with the constitution in other countries and the concept of comparing the protection of personal data as a manifestation of the human rights of personal protection in Indonesia and other countries. related to the protection of personal rights in Indonesia is a state constitutional obligation regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 28G Paragraph (1). The constitutions of other countries such as in several Asian, African, and European countries as mentioned above have explicitly regulated and mentioned the protection of guarantees and personal rights or privacy rights of their citizens. while in Indonesia such as Saudi Arabia and Madagascar it does not explicitly mention anything about the right of privacy in their constitution. it can be concluded that the concept of personal data protection can be found in international and regional instruments such as the European Union Data Protection Directive, the European Union Data Protection Convention, and the OECD Guidelines.
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Kuner, Christopher. "The European Union and the Search for an International Data Protection Framework." Groningen Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a82b67dab.
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The European Union (EU) has supported the growing calls for the creation of an international legal framework to safeguard data protection rights. At the same time, it has worked to spread its data protection law to other regions, and recent judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have reaffirmed the autonomous nature of EU law and the primacy of EU fundamental rights law. The tension between initiatives to create a global data protection framework and the assertion of EU data protection law raises questions about how the EU can best promote data protection on a global level, and about the EU’s responsibilities to third countries that have adopted its system of data protection.
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Huang, Xiaoqing. "Ensuring Taxpayer Rights in the Era of Automatic Exchange of Information: EU Data Protection Rules and Cases." Intertax 46, Issue 3 (March 1, 2018): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2018024.
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With the automatic exchange of information on tax matters (AEOI) developing into the new international standard, large quantities of information have been or will be subject to cross-border transfer. As a result, data play a significant role in the mechanism. Although the European Union is equipped with various legal sources in data protection, guarantees provided to taxpayers in AEOI legal instruments need to be further developed in order to be consistent with those provided by data protection rules in the European Union. This article analyses taxpayers’ right to data protection by studying the interrelationships between rules in EU Directives regarding administrative administration and those regarding data protection. Moreover, relevant Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law will be discussed in light of the afore-mentioned rules, highlighting the insufficiencies of prevailing AEOI legislation in ensuring proportionality and taxpayer protection in third countries. Finally, the newly adopted General Data Protection Regulation will be assessed.
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ORTEGA GIMÉNEZ, ALFONSO. "THE IMPACT OF THE GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE LEGAL REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF PERSONAL DATA." Spanish Journal of Legislative Studies, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/sjls.vi3.1432.
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International data transfers involve a flow of personal data from Spanish territory to recipients established in countries outside the European Economic Area. It is the European Commission that decides, with effects for the whole Union, that a third country, a territory or a specific sector of a third country, or an international organisation offers an adequate level of data protection, thus providing legal certainty and uniformity throughout the Union with regard to the third country or international organisation.
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Barrell, Alan, Pawel Dobrzanski, Sebastian Bobowski, Krzysztof Siuda, and Szymon Chmielowiec. "Efficiency of Environmental Protection Expenditures in EU Countries." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248443.
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Environmental protection policy is a widely discussed issue in scientific works. However, special attention should be also paid to the effectiveness of expenditures on environmental protection, and this is the main goal of this paper. The countries of the European Union were selected for this analysis due to the fact that, in recent years, this region has become an informal world leader with respect to the implementation of policy measures in the field of environmental protection. For that reason, the data envelopment analysis methodology was used, which allows the calculation of input-output efficiency for the years 2005–2015. The analysis shows that, among the 30 analyzed countries, the most effective in environmental protection actions is Finland. The hypothesis that higher environmental protection expenditures does not result in better environmental results has been confirmed. Our analysis confirmed the problem of the deteriorating efficiency of environmental expenditures across the selected European Union Member States, caused by increases in spending. This research may contribute to the discussion on environmental protection policy design and its assessment, as well as environmental policy results measurement.
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Kuzmin, Sergey B. "Risk of Environmental Management in Countries of European Union." Issues of Risk Analysis 18, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-3-46-63.
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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, as well as protection from natural disasters and disasters at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy. Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia. Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, when assessing the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPI of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Taking into account direct indicators and damage from past events in assessing the risk of natural resource use also suffers from a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.
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Batara Randa, Indira Despuanitara, and Imam Haryanto. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM ATAS DATA WAJIB PAJAK DALAM SISTEM AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION (AEoI) STUDI PERBANDINGAN INDONESIA UNI EROPA." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v5i1.3563.
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The system of exchanging information on taxpayer data between countries called as AEoI is follow up action on tax amesty which provides many benefits for the country but has risks for taxpayers data. Law 9/2017 concerning the AEoI merely governs technical issues and does not regulate regarding taxpayer data protection even if taxpayer data protection is guaranteed in article 28G paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. Personal data in Indonesia is currently not regulated in a specific law. The need for personal data protection arrangements is an urgent matter because personal data stores human dignity, especially in the AEoI system that has data permissions. This paper compares the personal data protection arrangements in the European Union and the regulatory principles applied in Indonesia because it is important for Indonesia to meet European Union standards regarding personal data protection.
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Lowe, David. "The European Union’s Passenger Name Record Data Directive 2016/681: Is it Fit for Purpose?" International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 1 (February 19, 2017): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01701004.
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In 2016 the European Union (eu) introduced a Passenger Name Record Data (pnr) Directive. There has been controversy in the eu over the acquisition and sharing of pnr data, related mainly to the lack of safeguards and protection of personal data protection. This article examines these issues related to earlier eu pnr agreements with third countries and why previous eu attempts to legislate in this area failed. By drawing a comparison with the 2011 pnr Directive proposal, the article argues that by meeting the strict eu law on data protection as well as being necessary to assist in preventing and detecting acts of terrorism and serious crime it is submitted the 2016 Directive is fit for purpose and able to withstand scrutiny by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Bazina, Olga O. "Human rights and biometric data. Social credit system." Przegląd Europejski, no. 4-2020 (December 14, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.20.3.
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Biometrics, as a field of science, analyzes the physical and behavioral characteristics of people in order to identify their personality. A huge amount of technology in the field of biometric data collection is developed by IT giants like Google, Facebook, or Alibaba. The European Union (EU) took an important step towards biometric data confidentiality by developing a unified law on the protection of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). The main goal of this action is to return control over personal data to European citizens and at the same time simplify the regulatory legal basis for companies. While European countries and organisations are introducing the GDPR into force, China since 2016 has launched a social credit system as a pilot project. The Social Credit Score (SCS) is based on collecting the maximum amount of data about citizens and assessing the reliability of residents based on their financial, social and online behavior. Only critical opinions can be read about the social credit system in European literature, although the opinions of persons being under this system – Chinese citizens – are quite positive. In this context, we should not forget about the big difference in the mentality of Asians and Europeans. The aim of this article is to compare EU law and the legislation of the People's Republic of China regarding the use and storage of biometric data. On the basis of statistical data and materials analysed, key conclusions will be formulated, that will allow to indicate differences in the positions of state institutions and the attitude of citizens to the issue of personal data protection in China and the European Union.
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Stoddart, Jennifer, Benny Chan, and Yann Joly. "The European Union's Adequacy Approach to Privacy and International Data Sharing in Health Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 1 (2016): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516644205.
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The European Union (EU) approach to data protection consists of assessing the adequacy of the data protection offered by the laws of a particular jurisdiction against a set of principles that includes purpose limitation, transparency, quality, proportionality, security, access, and rectification. The EU's Data Protection Directive sets conditions on the transfer of data to third countries by prohibiting Member States from transferring to such countries as have been deemed inadequate in terms of the data protection regimes. In theory, each jurisdiction is evaluated similarly and must be found fully compliant with the EU's data protection principles to be considered adequate. In practice, the inconsistency with which these evaluations are made presents a hurdle to international data-sharing and makes difficult the integration of different data-sharing approaches; in the 20 years since the Directive was first adopted, the laws of only five countries from outside of the EU, Economic Area, or the European Free Trade Agreement have been deemed adequate to engage in data transfers without the need for further administrative safeguards.
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Mickevičiūtė, Gabrielė Velta, and Vytautas Pasvenskas. "Children right to data protection: challenges in digital world." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.tmp.2020.3.
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This article analyses child data protection on the Internet and in the context of modern technology. Article discusses Problems of legal regulation in Lithuania and other European Union countries. The protection of children’s data faces the following challenges: 1) how and what form the consent, which is obligatory under the GDPR, of the child to the processing of his or her data should be provided; 2) the issue of parents’ virtual consent to process their child’s data; 3) processing of the child’s data on the Internet; 4) problematic aspects of facial recognition technologies, examples.
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Gajos, Edyta. "Implementation of Selected Sustainable Development Objectives in European Union Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.82.
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The aim of the paper is to assess the implementation of selected sustainable development objectives in European Union countries with particular focus on Poland. Several different indicators were taken into account: greenhouse gas emission, share of renewable energy, GDP energy intensity and protection of environment and biodiversity, which cover goals set in The Europe 2020 Strategy, among others: reduction of carbon dioxide emission, increase share of renewable energy usage, increase the effectiveness of energy usage, preservation of biodiversity. It was found, that European Union countries generally strive towards achieving those goals, though the effectiveness differs among them. Poland positively pursues all discussed issues. However, is not the leader in any of them. It is important to underline, that analysed data seem to allow to say, that it is possible to achieve objectives set in Europa 2020 Strategy.
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Kersan Skabic, Ines. "Trade in Services in the European Union." European Integration Studies 1, no. 14 (October 22, 2020): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.14.25587.
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Services dominate in creation of value added in national economies, especially in developed countries and they have growing trend in developing (emerging) economies. They cover four modes of trade (according to GATS), that makes their calculation complex and a part of services is hidden in the value of production/trade of manufactured goods. Their importance in foreign trade, despite the increasing trend, is still three times smaller that the value of trade in goods, but also it is under-valuated. This paper explains specific characteristics of services foreign trade, provides analysis of structure of services trade but also pointed the limitation of wider trade expansion (i.e. liberalization of trade). The analysis employ statistical tools and secondary data and covers the EU member states. The EU is very important player in the global arena and it is net exporter of services, where richer member states are oriented to the other business sector while the Central, East and South members are focused to travel. The EU members mainly traded between them selves. Services trade faced higher barriers in cross-border trade. OECD measures these restriction by Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. EU common market provides better condition for the intra- EEA trade in services even the protection differs between countries and it is more liberal for computer and telecom sectors while in accounting services and legal services the protection is high due to national legislations.
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Jastisia, Mentari. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM HAK ASASI MANUSIA INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP IMIGRAN SURIAH." Yustitia 7, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v7i2.142.
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Immigrants are people who have fled from their country to other countries where they can be referred to as refugees or asylum seekers. There are legal instruments that regulate and provide protection for them. Arrangements for asylum seekers are contained in the 1967 Declaration of Territorial Asylum, State practice, humanitarian issues, Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Meanwhile, the arrangements for refugees are contained in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, Protocol relating to the status of Refugees 1967, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). This papers uses a normative juridical method. This juridical approach is because this research analyzes existing legal aspects, and is normative because this research focuses more on the analysis of existing laws and regulations and other regulations, using secondary data, namely scientific references or other scientific writings as study material that can support the completeness of this scientific papers. Regarding legal protection for Syrian immigrants, the same applies to immigrants from other state as regulated in the arrangements that have been regulated. Countries in the European Union implement international human rights law protections for Syrian immigrants residing in European Union countries consistently as mandated in the European Convention on Human Rights, Convention applying the Schengen Agreement dated June 14, 1985, Lisbon treaty, Dublin II Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) 343/2003) 2003. The indication is that there are several countries in the European Union such as Greece, Hungary which refuse and do not want to take more responsibility for their obligations as a State related to the provisions of international human rights law to provide protection for Syrian immigrants. in Europe
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Forst, Katarzyna. "Google a prawo do bycia zapomnianym w Internecie." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 70, no. 6 (2022): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.06.23.
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Development of new technologies and the emergence of the internet have made it necessary to discuss how to protect personal data online. In the European Union system, the right to personal data protection is regulated both in primary and secondary legislation. In 2016, the data protection regulation (RODO), which came into force in 2018 and it has become part of the national legal order in all European Union countries. The purpose of adopting this document was to strengthen and harmonise the protection of fundamental freedoms and right of individuals. The subject of particular interest became the right to be forgotten. The article discusses under what conditions a citizen has the right to have the data subject’s personal data deleted from Google’s search engine.
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Morschbach, Francesca. "Third Country PNR Mechanisms After the CJEU’s Schrems II Judgment." Air and Space Law 48, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023012.
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The article illustrates how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)’s Schrems II judgment solidified the European court’s approach to European Union (EU) data protection and the issues of data collection and transfer outside EU borders. The judgment rebalances how to arrange the issues containing the collection of private information and the risk to the public without surveillance. Thus, invalidating previously used EU-Third Country data sharing frameworks. Included in this are the Passenger Name Records (PNR), which are used in day-to-day mechanisms of the air industry when sharing bulk data sets with other countries to provide crucial information for anti-terrorism with border protection agencies. Not only does it protect national security, but makes flying safer. Though the EU argues it cannot sacrifice the integrity of individual data autonomy. Due to the Schrems II judgment, most other countries will be unable to pass new EU standards, and data transfer has to be judged on a case-by-case basis, which when looking at the international air industry is unfeasible. By exploring the Schrems II judgment, this article will analyze the third-country data transfer mechanisms and the impact the judgment had on third countries. Air law, PNR, CJEU, Schrems II, Privacy Shield, national security, European Data Protection, data transfer mechanisms, GDPR, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)
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Ramadhan, Kiki Rezki, and Chandra Wijaya. "The Challenges of Personal Data Protection Policy in Indonesia: Lesson learned from the European Union, Singapore, and Malaysia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7442.
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Cases of leakage of personal data are a serious problem for countries that should be guaranteed safety as the identity and rights of individual citizens. In Indonesia, there are still many problems related to the security of cyberspace, one of which is becoming a trend of public issues, namely leakage of personal data. The rapid development of information and communication technology has provided changes to the character of community activities that are currently dominated by the use of the internet as a characteristic of modern society so the presence of the state to provide protection is important for the community. In this article, a case study of data leakage incidents in Indonesia and personal data protection policies carried out in the European Union, Singapore and Malaysia were chosen to be presented. The European Union is a supranational organization that has successfully implemented a policy of protecting personal data through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Meanwhile, Singapore has implemented a similar policy since 2012 through Personal Data Protection Act. Other learning can also be taken from Malaysia which already has a national regulation on data protection since 2010. Indonesia needs to take lessons by conducting policy comparative analysis and can contribute to the government in making derivative regulations from the newly ratified personal data protection law by the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia to provide concrete protection for personal data in Indonesia.
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Przygodzka, Renata. "The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(102) (2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.07.
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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.
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Lu, Ching-Cheng, and Liang-Chun Lu. "Evaluating the energy efficiency of European Union countries: The dynamic data envelopment analysis." Energy & Environment 30, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18787257.
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This study uses the dynamic data envelopment analysis model to evaluate the intertemporal efficiency and the executive efficiency based on fossil fuel CO2 emissions in European Union countries. European Union countries in pursuit of economic growth, taking into account the growth of gross domestic product may result in increased CO2 emissions, countries in order to reduce CO2 emissions to meet the target of the UN climate change conference in Paris 2015, in pursuit of gross domestic product growth and CO2 emission reduction targets. Whether the reduction of CO2 emissions will affect the overall efficiency of the country’s economic growth or not will make gross domestic product a major consideration in carryover variables in this study. This paper analyzes data of 28 selected European countries dating from 2009 to 2013 to study the effects of the undesirable output to the energy efficiency ranking. The variables in the model are the input variables: labor force, real capital stock, and energy consumption and the output variable is the undesirable output of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In the model, the carryover intermediate activity is real gross domestic product. After the Paris Protocol formally replaced the Kyoto Protocol in 2015, the emphasis of this study is on the future state’s pursuit of economic growth, the gross domestic product as a variable in terms of intertemporal efficiency and using CO2 as a variable of undesirable output to analyze the relationship between national economic development and the greenhouse gas emissions for getting a policy indicator of the environmental protection and economic development.
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Левашов and S. Levashov. "Safety Monitoring Systems of Labor and Health Protection in Russia and European Union Countries." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/212.
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Research results of Safety monitoring systems of labor and health protection in RF and EU countries are presented. Classification of systems by monitoring spheres and objects, as well as results of correlation analysis during which characteristics, merits and defects of the systems operating in EU are adduced. Recommendations on labor safety monitoring organization in RF are developed on the basis of obtained data.
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Marovic, Branko, and Vasa Curcin. "Impact of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Health Data Management in a European Union Candidate Country: A Case Study of Serbia." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): e14604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14604.
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As of May 2018, all relevant institutions within member countries of the European Economic Area are required to comply with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or face significant fines. This regulation has also had a notable effect on the European Union (EU) candidate countries, which are undergoing the process of harmonizing their legislature with the EU as part of the accession process. The Republic of Serbia is an example of such a candidate country, and its 2018 Personal Data Protection Act mirrors the majority of provisions in the GDPR. This paper presents the impact of the GDPR on health data management and Serbia’s capability to conduct international health data research projects. Data protection incidents reported in Serbia are explored to identify common underlying causes using a novel taxonomy of contributing factors across aspects and health system levels. The GDPR has an extraterritorial application for the non-EU data controllers who process the data of EU citizens and residents, which mainly affects private practices used by medical tourists from the EU, public health care institutions frequented by foreigners, as well as expatriates, dual citizens, tourists, and other visitors. Serbia generally does not have well-established procedures to support international research collaborations around its health data. For smaller projects, contractual arrangements can be made with health data providers and their ethics committees. Even then, organizations that have not previously participated in similar ventures may require approval or support from health authorities. Extensive studies that involve multisite data typically require the support of central health system institutions and relevant research data aggregators or electronic health record vendors. The lack of a framework for preparation, anonymization, and assurance of privacy preservation forces researchers to rely heavily on local expertise and support. Given the current limitation and potential issues with the legislation, it remains to be seen whether the move toward the GDPR will be beneficial for the Serbian health system, medical research, protection of personal data and privacy rights, and research capacity. Although significant progress has been made so far, a strategic approach is needed at the national level to address insufficient resources in the area of data protection and develop the personal data protection environment further. This will also require a targeted educational effort among health workers and decision makers, aiming to improve awareness and develop skills and knowledge necessary for the workforce.
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Satwiko, Brahmantyo Suryo. "Privacy and Data Protection: Indonesian Legal Framework." Corporate and Trade Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/ctlr.1.2.98-118.
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Due to technological advancement, the utilization of internet and mobile connections in Indonesia to perceive rapid growth in recent years. A major development in particular lies within the field of e-commerce, marketplace, and digital portal applications. Extensive advancement within the abovementioned fields led to the involvement of the Indonesian government and private companies in which collecting and processing Indonesian citizens’ personal data took place. Multitude issues relating to data protection regimes arose due to such acts as Indonesian data protection legislations are considered inadequate for their overlapping and vague aspects. These issues obtained numbers of apprehension from the Indonesian government as well as experts within this field with regard to the urgency of having a sufficient data protection law. Plenty of countries have competent data protection laws that have implemented the required elements, for instance, the European Union and Singapore. Accordingly, data protection laws from those countries will play an important role in providing a perfect example for the drafting of an advanced Indonesian data protection law that is uniform and encompassed all required aspects of data protection regimes without neglecting profound deliberation relating to the pitfalls.
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Apostu, Simona Andreea, Mirela Panait, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Diogo Ferraz, and Irina Gabriela Rădulescu. "Energy Transition in Non-Euro Countries from Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from Panel Vector Error Correction Model." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 9118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239118.
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The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, from the non-euro area, have completed the process of economic transition before joining the European Union. Achieving a certain level of economic development and membership in the European Union have generated their involvement in a new transition process, namely the energy transition. Concerns about promoting the low carbon economy have become increasingly complex for those countries that are interested in the environmental impact of economic activity. This study aims to analyze the process of energy transition in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe on the basis of the causality relationship among specific variables for the period 1990–2018. The study is based on cross-sectional panel data and the panel vector error correction model (PVECM). The efforts made by these countries by joining the European Union have generated economic development, with positive effects being recorded on the protection of the environment, a fact due to the strict regulations adopted and rigorous implementation at the national level. Foreign capital had a positive impact on the transition to a low carbon economy because most of the FDI flows attracted by the non-euro countries in the CEE come from Western Europe, i.e., from EU member countries, located either among the founders or among the countries that joined during the first waves of union expansion. Membership in the European Union facilitates the energy transition process for the non-euro countries of Central and Eastern Europe, but the new geopolitical events generate the reconfiguration of the European strategy of considering the need to ensure energy security.
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Warikandwa, Tapiwa V. "Personal Data Security in South Africa’s Financial Services Market: The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation Compared." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (May 21, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10727.
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The contemporary global financial services market has witnessed a substantial increase in cybercrime which places consumers’ personal data at risk. Rapid increases in cybercrime linked to the financial services market have driven financial market regulators to pass novel laws and regulations aimed at curbing the rate of occurrence of cybercrimes connected to personal data sharing. To that end, banks and/or financial services companies in Europe have swiftly moved to comply with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. Whilst personal data protection regulation is not a new concept in Europe, most African countries (with exception of South Africa) do not have laws and regulations on personal data protection. With the financial services market being extremely vulnerable to cyber risks owing to the digitisation of the financial services sector, it is important to assess the suitability of South Africa’s current regulatory framework concerning the protection of personal data. This article thus examines South Africa’s Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 with a view to ascertaining its suitability and/or adequacy in protecting personal data in the country’s financial services market. With the global Covid-19 pandemic bringing about concerns related to rapid increases in cyber-attacks in the financial services market owing to the increased sharing of the sensitive personal data of consumers, there is also need to test the POPIA’s conformity with the strict European Union GDPR personal data protection guidelines.
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Daudrikh, Yana. "IV. AML Directive: Problems related to exchange of information between Financial Intelligence Units." Institutiones Administrationis 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54201/iajas.v2i2.49.
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The presented paper is devoted to application problems in the field of ensuring international cooperation between Financial Intelligence Units. In accordance with the set goal, the author further analyses the existing application problems related to the exchange of information between the Financial Intelligence Units of the European Union. A special part of the paper focuses on the issue of the absence of uniform regulation at the level of the European Union in the area of information exchange between the European Union Financial Intelligence Units and the Financial Intelligence Units of third countries. In addition, the author further analyses the use of communication channels between the Financial Intelligence Units related to the assurance of sufficient protection of personal data.
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Lowe, David. "The European Union’s Passenger Name Record Data Directive 2016/681: Is It Fit for Purpose?" International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 5 (October 12, 2016): 856–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01605005.
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In 2016 the eu introduced a Passenger Name Record data (pnr) Directive. In the eu there has been controversy over the acquisition and sharing of pnr data, related mainly to lack of safeguards and protection of personal data protection. This Article examines these issues related to earlier eu pnr agreements with third countries and why previous eu attempts to legislate in this area failed. By drawing a comparison with the 2011 pnr Directive proposal, the Article argues that by meeting the strict eu law on data protection as well as being necessary to assist in preventing and detecting acts of terrorism and serious crime it is submitted the 2016 Directive is fit for purpose and able to withstand scrutiny by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Ferreira, Tatiana. "E-Health Applications and Data Protection: a comparison of selected European Union members’ national legal systems." Bioethica 8, no. 1 (April 10, 2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.30545.
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In a context of constant evolutions and digitalization of the world, the health industry is one of the most relevant areas of innovation, especially with the development of countless types of electronic health (e-health) applications such as electronic health records or health applications on mobile devices. Furthermore, as data is becoming increasingly valuable, patients’ health data, in particular, require the highest level of attention as it is vastly confidential and stored in massive amounts in e-health applications. Along with the development of new technologies, law is deemed to follow for regulating it. This implies that law must act as a protector for health data.Within the European Union, the issue of data protection has been dealt with by the European Commission notably through the General Data Protection Act (GDPR) in 2018, but it is each country’s responsibility to deal with new technologies in health, implement and apply data protection to health data.Thus, it is relevant to compare how European countries deal with health data managing issues in e-health applications from a legal perspective and evaluate how efficient they are. For the purpose of this research, only three types of health applications will be compared as a sample, including electronic health records, electronic prescriptions and mobile health applications.
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Gutiérrez-Barroso, Josué, Fernando Barragán-Medero, and David Pérez-Jorge. "Suicide rates in the European Union Countries. An analysis from a multivariate approach." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 4 (February 26, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n4p12.
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Suicide is one of the most important causes of death in the European Union Countries (EU) and is considered as a phenomenon which can be explained from a psychological, biological and social point of view. Objectives: This research will analyze the phenomenon of suicide in the European Union from a sociological point of view, with the aim of creating a multivariate model which explains such phenomenon. Method: Taking into account those data offered by the European Statistics Office (EUROSTAT), this study will try to explain, through the multiple linear regression model, suicide rates in European countries from demographic variables (number of inhabitants, divorce rate, ratio of women), economic variables (Gross Domestic Product (GDP), general government gross debt), social variables (government expenditure on social protection, population at risk of poverty) or educational variables (public expenditure on education and population with secondary education). Conclusions: A model to explain suicide rates in different countries was developed. This model was made up of two variables (percentage of people with secondary education and ratio of women), which account for 50% of the suicide rate.
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Kuzmin, Sergey, and Dmitrii Lopatkin. "Geoinformation support for environmental risk assessment in countries of European Union." Geoinformatika, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2021-4-4-17.
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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of
two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. For this purpose, specific geoinformation support was used to calculate the risk according to the author's methodology. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, — as well as of protection from natural disasters and catastrophes at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental
indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below
the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy, Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries
are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia, Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, the assessment of the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPE of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Consideration of direct indicators and damage from past events when assessing the risk of natural resource use also has a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.
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Filipiak, Beata Zofia, and Dorota Wyszkowska. "Determinants of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in European Union Countries." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249561.
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In the literature on the subject, it is argued that tax policy is one of the tools stimulating the transition toward sustainable economies. Public authorities can use two functions for this purpose: fiscal and non-fiscal functions. High emission rates and the rising rapid atmospheric changes that come with them are serious threats to the climate and sustainable development. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the goals towards which the world strives (including the EU), so as to keep a balance between people’s expectations, economic aspects, and the needs of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to explain whether, along with other factors, environmental policy and its component “green taxes” can act as a factor in limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this article is to seek an answer to the question of whether “green taxes” as an instrument of tax policy are a significant factor influencing climate change by contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article attempts to identify the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions (the dependent variable) using the method of linear regression analysis. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the independent variables (identified from the literature). Trading of CO2 emissions was not included in the analysis due to lack of data. The regression analysis was carried out using specialized statistical software (SPSS). The authors negatively verified the hypothesis that environmental taxes are a significant determinant of greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to the analyzed determinants. “Population”, “current and capital transfers for environmental protection”, and “supply, transformation and consumption of solid fossil fuels” are the most important factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing consumer behavior (as an effect of the non-fiscal function of taxes) appears to be an extremely important factor in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, the public authorities should promote behaviors conducive to their reduction by means of incentives, and not mainly taxation of negative behavior or fiscal incentives.
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Hodges, Ann C. "Bargaining for Privacy in the Unionized Workplace." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 22, Issue 2 (June 1, 2006): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2006009.
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Abstract: This article considers whether collective bargaining can enhance privacy protection for employees in the United States. Employers are increasingly engaging in practices that invade employee privacy with few existing legal protections to limit their actions. While data on the extent of bargaining about privacy is limited, it appears that unions in the U.S. have primarily used the grievance and arbitration procedure to challenge invasions of privacy that lead to discipline of the employee instead of negotiating explicit contractual privacy rights. In contrast to the U.S., labor representatives in many other countries, particularly in the European Union, have greater legal rights of consultation with employers and take a more proactive approach to protection of employee privacy. While this approach offers promise for achieving greater privacy for employees and more flexibility for employers, the article concludes that it is unlikely to be widely adopted in the U.S. because of the limited power of labor unions.
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Danielyan, Tamara, and Renata Sibagatullina. "Data protection policy as one of the mechanisms for improving corporate compliance control (based on European, Russian and Armenian legislative systems)." SHS Web of Conferences 128 (2021): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112801020.
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The aim of the research is to study data protection policies in developed countries and compare the same policies existing in the legal systems of developing countries. In this article, we review GDPR as a best practice for regulatory and corporate compliance. As an object, the law on personal data existing in Russia and Armenia legal system was analyzed and compared with the GDPR in the European Union. Benchmarking as a research method is used in the scientific work. Having researched the article, we can conclude that implementing and complying with a data protection policy based on GDPR contributes to regulation of two issues: developing a sustainable business and improving the data security of customers and employees.
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Wilk, Dariusz. "FORENSIC DATABASES IN POLAND. LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO RIGHT TO THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA AND RIGHT TO PRIVACY." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.23.
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Forensic databases are crucial resources in criminal justice systems, which allow for detection and identification of offenders. General Data Protection Regulation and Police Directive about processing of personal data were enacted in the European Union in 2016, which implied changes in national law and policy in processing genetic and biometric data by law enforcements. Therefore, current development of DNA and fingerprint databases in Poland were revealed and compared to other European countries. Changes in the law related to processing of genetic and biometric data were analysed. Issues related to the distinction between different categories of data subject and retention time of personal data were especially commented in the view of right to the protection of personal data and right to privacy.
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Iatridou, Despoina, Laura Pohl, Ivana Tlak Gajger, Nancy De Briyne, Ana Bravo, and Jimmy Saunders. "Mapping the teaching of honeybee veterinary medicine in the European Union and European Free Trade Area." Veterinary Record Open 6, no. 1 (November 2019): e000343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2019-000343.
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BackgroundHoney bee (Apis mellifera) is a very important species for human beings, animals, environmental biodiversity, crop production and economic sustainability in Europe and worldwide. This study investigates whether future veterinarians are trained to deal with the particular needs of the only traditional food-producing insect in Europe.MethodsThis study analyses data collected from 77 European veterinary education establishments in EU and the European Free Trade Area.ResultsThe results show that 75 per cent of those establishments (58 out of 77) teach honeybee veterinary medicine. There is a clear geographical differentiation. In north-western countries only about half of the establishments include honeybee health, production and product inspection in their undergraduate curricula, while in eastern, central and southern countries, which are also important beekeeping countries, the great majority of the establishments incorporate honeybee veterinary medicine in their undergraduate curriculum. Eighty-six per cent of all the establishments teaching honeybee veterinary medicine (50 of the 58) incorporate it in their core curriculum either as separate subject or as part of other subjects. Twenty-five per cent of all the establishments (19 out of 77) organise postgraduate training courses in this field.ConclusionsVeterinarians have an important role in ensuring the health, sustainability and productivity of managed honeybee colonies as they do for other animal species. It seems however that teaching of honeybee veterinary medicine receives less attention in undergraduate veterinary curricula in EU compared with other fields of veterinary medicine. Seeing the increasing importance of honey bees for crop protection, environmental protection and economic sustainability, it would be beneficial to further strengthen the education of honeybee veterinary medicine in the future. Establishments should encourage and prepare veterinarians for practising science-based veterinary medicine in honey bees by incorporating such teaching in undergraduate curricula and by providing postgraduate opportunities to qualified veterinarians wishing to enhance their basic skills in this field.
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Mas Badia, María Dolores. "Credit-Based Insurance Scores: some Observations in the Light of the European General Data Protection Regulation." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 62 (April 2, 2020): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-62-2020pp155-186.
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Despite the differences between credit risk and insurance risk, in many countries large insurance companies include credit history amongst the information to be taken into account when assigning consumers to risk pools and deciding whether or not to offer them an auto or homeowner insurance policy, or to determine the premium that they should pay. In this study, I will try to establish some conclusions concerning the requirements and limits that the use of credit history data by insurers in the European Union should be subject to. In order to do this, I shall focus my attention primarily on Regulation (EU) 2016/679. This regulation, that came into force on 24 May 2018, not only forms the backbone of personal data protection in the EU, but is also set to become a model for regulation beyond the borders of the Union. This article will concentrate on two main aspects: the lawful basis for the processing of credit history data by insurers, and the rules that should apply to decisions based solely on automated processing, including profiling.Received: 30 December 2019Accepted: 07 February 2020Published online: 02 April 2020
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Nykolaieva, Valentyna, Natalia Malyarchuk, and Lidiia Ovcharova. "MODELS OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WORK IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2021-4 (December 4, 2021): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2021-4-17.
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The article analyzes the range of European models of social policy and highlights some features for further consideration concerning the implementation of the EU social standards in the social work system of Ukraine. The following research methods were used to clarify the current state of the problem: analysis, comparison and generalization of data from scientific and educational literature and periodicals, etc. It is proved that in the works of Ukrainian researchers the main emphasis is placed on the correlation between social policy and social work. Different classifications of social policy models, social protection and social services are given by features: the role of the state, the basics of distribution, the correspondence of economic and social policy in the implementation of an effective social work system. Basic models of social protection in the countries with industrialized economy are given according to E. Andersen: liberal, conservative and social-democratic. According to R. Titmuss’s classification, there are 3 models: residual, institutional-redistributive, industrial achievements / action. Various pension systems according to the classification of J. Paime are revealed: institutional, residual, for merits at work, civil. Quite an interesting distribution of models of social protection, among which the lion's share belongs to European countries, can be traced in the works of S. Leibfried and R. Mishra, where in addition to the residual and institutional models, there is also a "socialist" model. The research of the Slovak scholar M. Beblavy, who made an attempt to typologize the model of the welfare state of Central and Eastern Europe, deserves attention. A. Antonnen and J. Sipila are noted; they classify the models of social services in European countries according to the level of development of various social services and from the view of institutional subjects. Another effective model of the welfare state is described – it is a social investment welfare state. Thus, extensive experience in implementing social policy and social work in the European Union has shown that these countries have gone from charity in social support to the formation of a "welfare state" that guarantees its citizens an optimal system of social security and social protection.
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Julesz, Máté. "Health equity and health data protection related to telemedicine amid the COVID-19 pandemic." Információs Társadalom 22, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22503/inftars.xxii.2022.2.2.
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The correlation between health equity and health data protection in the area of telemedicine has been put into relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the right to health data protection is not only a personal right but also a human right. Health equity cannot be maintained without an adequately functioning system of health data protection in telemedicine, yet, in many countries, health equity remains a mere dream. The United States and the European Union are the flagships of both health equity and health data protection, with HIPAA (in the US) and the GDPR (in the EU); however, some gaps do exist, as demonstrated by the practice of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. While US and EU regulations on telemedicine do provide legal certainty, fighting the COVID-19 pandemic has created a new legal climate, with new priorities superseding health data protection, which had been paramount beforehand.
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Slokenberga, Santa. "Biobanking between the EU and Third Countries — Can Data Sharing Be Facilitated via Soft Regulatory Tools?" European Journal of Health Law 25, no. 5 (November 15, 2018): 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12550397.
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AbstractIn biobanking, collaboration and data sharing contribute to building genomic research capacity, and have the potential to further scientific advances that ultimately can result in advances in clinical care. However, in the absence of common applicable legal frameworks that enable collaboration, capacity building is hindered. With the applicability of the General Data Protection Regulation, the obstacles to data sharing which involve export of data from European Union Member States to third countries are expected to grow, rendering the collaboration between the EU and third countries even more challenging. This article examines how, if at all, data sharing in biobank research between the EU and third countries could be facilitated via the use of soft regulatory tools. It argues that although the existing soft tools might not in itself be suitable for meeting all the GDPR requirements, they could be the basis on which to raise the area-specific data protection bar globally.
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Wilson, Kerianne. "Gone With the Wind?: The Inherent Conflict between API/PNR and Privacy Rights in an Increasingly Security-Conscious World." Air and Space Law 41, Issue 3 (May 1, 2016): 229–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2016019.
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Advance Passenger Information (‘API’) and Passenger Name Record (‘PNR’) are an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in the international aviation industry. In the absence of mandatory content and transmission requirements, an increase in the number of countries requiring such data has resulted in significant complexity and expense associated with compliance. Simultaneously, the transfer of API and PNR data runs directly counter to privacy rights of residents of the European Union and other countries with strict privacy legislation, rendering compliance even more difficult. This article explores the background of API and PNR, the international guidance materials regarding content and transmission, the lack of harmonization between the different API and PNR regimes currently in effect, privacy and data protection philosophies and prioritization in the United States and the European Union and the interplay between privacy and API/PNR, the current reality facing airlines, and the emerging trend towards increased data transfers at the expense of privacy.
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Bosch, Gerhard, and Alexandra Wagner. "Service economies in Europe - challenges for employment policy and trade union activities." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 8, no. 3 (August 2002): 392–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890200800306.
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This contribution discusses how service-employment growth can be promoted. After considering some methodological issues in the comparison of service societies, the EU countries are compared in respect of the degree of tertiarisation of their economies, on the basis of which a typology of European service societies is developed. The authors then identify, with reference to empirical data, the driving forces behind the growth of service employment in the EU countries. A central result of the analysis is that service employment does not automatically increase with continued economic growth, but is more closely tied to social innovations than is commonly thought. The authors argue for an orientation model of service employment in the future that both meets employees’ interests in high-quality employment, adequate earned income and social protection, and is economically feasible and socially acceptable. European service societies differ clearly from the US model, and the European model is closely linked to strong trade unions and forms of social dialogue.
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Halaskova, Martina, Renata Halaskova, and Viktor Prokop. "Evaluation of Efficiency in Selected Areas of Public Services in European Union Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124592.
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Over the past 40 years, the service sector has become the dominant area of market economies. The public sector and services financed from public financing represent a specific group within the services sector. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of EU countries and find the extent to which the volume of public services (and the respective financial allocations) can have an impact on selected economic indicators. To this end, the efficiency of public expenditure in five areas of public services (general public services; health; education; social protection; and recreation, culture, and religion) in 2009 and 2016 was evaluated in relation to selected economic indicators (GDP per capita and employment in services). In addition, the efficiency of public expenditure in EU countries was evaluated in relation to the size of the public sector and traditions of public administration. For cross-country analyses within the 27 European countries, data envelopment analysis and the input-oriented variable returns to scale (VRS) model were applied. The results demonstrated that in 2009, 13 out of 27 countries were efficient as opposed to 2016, where only seven countries were efficient. In countries with bigger size of public sector, the efficiency of public expenditure on services was not established. However, there was a similarity in the efficiency of public expenditure on services between groups of EU countries regarding the tradition of public administration.
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Braun, Jan. "State aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and other countries of the European Union." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(102) (2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.06.
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Purpose – The purpose of the article is to present the development of horizontal aid for environ-mental protection and objectives related to green energy in Poland in comparison with other EU countries in 2009-2017. The above category of state aid in Poland has been characterised in detail, considering its sources, forms, entities providing support as well as the main beneficiaries of aid. Research method – The article utilises the analysis of existing data on horizontal aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and European Union countries. Results – During the period 2014-2017, as part of horizontal aid in Poland, the majority of aid was granted for environmental protection and energy objectives (in 2014 it accounted for 45% of the total horizontal aid). In the European Union, by comparison, a gradual increase in the share of the abovementioned category of assistance in the total state aid granted in the analysed period is noticeable. The largest share of the studied category in total state aid was recorded in Sweden, Austria and Germany, while the largest increase in the share of this aid in total state aid was seen in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Romania. Originality /value / implications /recommendations - As a result of the strategies implemented in the EU states, the aid for environmental protection and energy objectives is currently one of the most important categories of horizontal aid. This article offers a multifaceted analysis of the above assistance in Poland and a detailed comparison of the level of this support in the EU countries.
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Kuner, Christopher. "Reality and Illusion in EU Data Transfer Regulation PostSchrems." German Law Journal 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 881–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022197.
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The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union inSchrems v. Data Protection Commissioner, in which the Court invalidated the EU-US Safe Harbour arrangement, is a landmark in EU data protection law. The judgment affirms the fundamental right to data protection in the context of international data transfers, defines an adequate level of data protection, and illustrates how data protection rights under EU law can apply to data processing in third countries. It also raises questions about the status of other legal bases for international data transfers under EU law, and shows that many legal disputes concerning data transfers are essentially political arguments in disguise. TheSchremsjudgment illustrates the tendency of EU data protection law to focus on legalistic mechanisms to protect data transfers rather than on protection in practice. The EU and the US have since agreed on a replacement for the Safe Harbour (the EU-US Privacy Shield), the validity of which will likely be tested in the Court of Justice. Regulation of data transfers needs to go beyond formalistic measures and legal fictions, in order to move from illusion to reality.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.
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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.
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Roos, A. "Personal Data Protection in New Zealand: Lessons for South Africa?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i4a2786.
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In 1995 the European Union adopted a Directive on data protection. Article 25 of this Directive compels all EU member countries to adopt data protection legislation and to prevent the transfer of personal data to non-EU member countries (“third countries”) that do not provide an adequate level of data protection. Article 25 results in the Directive having extra-territorial effect and exerting an influence in countries outside the EU. Like South Africa, New Zealand is a “third” country in terms of the EU Directive on data protection. New Zealand recognised the need for data protection and adopted a data protection Act over 15 years ago. The focus of this article is on the data protection provisions in New Zealand law with a view to establishing whether South Africa can learn any lessons from them. In general, it can be said that although New Zealand law does not expressly recognise a right to privacy, it has a data protection regime that functions well and that goes a long way to providing adequate data protection as required by the EU Directive on data protection. Nevertheless, the EU has not made a finding to that effect as yet. The New Zealand data protection act requires a couple of amendments before New Zealand might be adjudged ‘adequate’. South Africa’s protection of the right to privacy and identity is better developed and more extensive than that of New Zealand. Privacy is recognised and protected in the law of delict and by the South African Constitution. Despite South Africa’s apparently high regard for the individual’s right to privacy and identity and our well-developed common and constitutional law of privacy, South Africa does not meet the adequacy requirement of the EU Directive, because we do not have a data protection Act. This means that South African participants in the information technology arena are at a constant disadvantage. It is argued that South Africa should follow New Zealand’s example and adopt a data protection law as soon as possible.
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Bereżnicka, Joanna. "FINANCIAL SECURITY OF FARMS IN SELECTED European Union COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2362.
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The article deals with the issue of financial security in an average farm in the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands and Germany. The data collected under the FADN in the period 2013-2017 was used in this work. Financial security was measured using a cash adequacy indicator and the variability of family farm income is used. The work also used the subsidy rate, which determined how much farmers can feel safe in financial terms without any subsidies or financial support. Research shows that the worst situation from the perspective of the relationship between cash flows and debt servicing occurred on an average Dutch farm, and the highest sufficiency index was shown by a Polish farm. However, these discrepancies are the result of risk aversion in recent uncertain financial times. If additional requirements for outlays related to environmental protection appear, then the most difficult situation will occur on farms in the Czech Republic and Poland due to the fact that, for them, direct payments constitute a significant source of income. In these countries, a lack of compensation for any possible consequences arising from environmental restrictions may cause a feeling of financial insecurity.
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Franek, Sławomir. "Konsekwencje kryzysu COVID-19 dla finansów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w krajach UE." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 3(109) (2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.05.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the consequences of the pandemic crisis for the financial situation of the local government subsector in individual European Union countries. Research method – The research is based on comparative analysis of the dynamics and structure of such budget figures as budget revenue (including transfers), expenditure (including COFOG classification), budget balance and debt. The comparisons covered the local government subsector in the 27 countries of the European Union for the years 2019–2021. The source of data for analysis is the Eurostat database. Results – The research indicates that local government finances in the EU countries did not suffer significantly because of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which, however, was essentially due to the fact that the main source of funding for additional tasks and covering tax revenue shortfalls were transfers from the government subsector. At the same time, there was a change in the structure of local government spending in most EU countries by increasing the share of spending on health care, social protection and economic affairs and decreasing the share of spending on recreation, culture and religion, housing and community amenities and education. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The originality of the presented approach is due to the comprehensive presentation of the consequences of the pandemic crisis for local government budget parameters for 2020–2021 in all the European Union countries.
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Zanker, Marek, Vladimír Bureš, Anna Cierniak-Emerych, and Martin Nehéz. "The GDPR at the Organizational Level: A Comparative Study of Eight European Countries." E+M Ekonomie a Management 24, no. 2 (June 2021): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-2-013.
Full textAbstract:
The General Data Protection Regulation, also known as the ‘gold standard’ or the ‘Magna Carta’ of cyber laws, is a European regulation that deals with rights in the area of privacy and focuses on data collection, storage and data processing. This manuscript presents the results of investigation in the business sphere from eight countries of the European Union. The research focused on awareness of the GDPR, costs associated with the GDPR, number of trainings, how data are secured and subjective evaluation. The questionnaire was used for data collection. The results show that the majority of employees concerned about the GDPR are able to define the GDPR correctly (64%). The correct identification of personal data is in 95% of cases. The vast majority of respondents (94%) assign the right to personal data protection to the GDPR. Most employees are trained in the GDPR once (46%) or twice (45%). Subsequently, the differences between these countries in some areas of the questionnaire survey were examined. For this purpose, Welch ANOVA with post-test Tukey HSD or Kruskal-Wallis test were used. As a result, knowledge about the personal data do not vary significantly between the countries. In the area of rights, the countries are not again statistically different. As for the number of security countries, statistics do not differ significantly. The subjective assessment of the GDPR is different across the countries. The GDPR is rated worst by companies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. On the contrary, the GDPR is best perceived by companies in France and the United Kingdom.
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Egorova, M. A. "The problem of digital identity identification in the Russian Federation and the European Union." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.89.1.017-029.
Full textAbstract:
Problems of digital identification have become relevant due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but at the same time, digital identification is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of countries in a digital society. Law regulates the use of information technology in identification of individuals. This article analyzes the experience of solving digital identification problems, ensuring the protection of biometric personal data in the Russian Federation and the European Union. Forms of verification, digital identity authentication (identification) by means of authentication are consideredin this article as well. The European Union has adopted the eIDAS Electronic Identification Regulation, which defines the requirements and criteria for technical means of protecting information and generating electronic signatures. The study revealed that Estonia has the most developed national identification card system (ID-cards) in the world. The article considersthe problems related to the issue and proposes regulatory measures aimed at the digital identification procedure and formation of a digital profile.