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Journal articles on the topic 'Data protection – Europe'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Mathieson, SA. "Data protection in the new Europe." Infosecurity Today 1, no. 4 (July 2004): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1742-6847(04)00087-4.

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2

Madsen, Wayne. "Data protection in single-market Europe." Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 1993, no. 6 (June 1993): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(93)90170-2.

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3

Tempest, Alastair, and Goetz Brandau. "Data protection in Europe — A cloudy future." Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice 12, no. 2 (October 2010): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2010.30.

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4

Zhang, Kunbei. "Incomplete Data Protection Law." German Law Journal 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2014): 1071–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019271.

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The European legal system governing data protection issues is widely regarded as an adequate blueprint for late developers to follow. According to this position, host countries will benefit from receiving the ready-made data protection law because it has already gone through a process of trial and error in Europe. For example, China follows the traditional civil law measures on data protection, such as contractual and tort liability. No Chinese legislation deals specifically with the right to protection of personal data. In China, researchers paid attention to the European legal system, which is regarded as the milestone for data protection. Some vigorously suggest that China should quickly move to enact data protection law based on the model provided by European law.When Chinese researchers strongly promote the European legal system over data protection issues, they send an underlying message that the quality of European laws is good enough to sufficiently deter violations: Individuals would be prohibited from carrying out harmful actions as soon as the expected law is transplanted to China. From a Chinese perspective, our country could quickly move to enact a similar law following the tone of Europe in order to enhance the efficiency of data protection. But is this a compelling position? Will European data protection laws indeed regulate unambiguously and prospectively? Will European data protection laws provide clear guidance to Chinese judges for resolving data protection-related cases? And will the court-enforced laws sufficiently solve the broad spectrum of problems on data use? Understanding the European enforcement mechanism covering data protection issues, and thereby assessing its efficacy on deterrence, is vital to answering these questions.
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Mulder, T. "The Protection of Data Concerning Health in Europe." European Data Protection Law Review 5, no. 2 (2019): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2019/2/10.

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6

Bendiek, Annegret, and Magnus Römer. "Externalizing Europe: the global effects of European data protection." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-07-2018-0038.

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Purpose This paper aims to explain how the EU projects its own data protection regime to third states and the US in particular. Digital services have become a central element in the transatlantic economy. A substantial part of that trade is associated with the transfer of data, most of it personal, requiring many of the new products and services emerging to adhere to data protection standards. Yet different conceptions of data protection exist across the Atlantic, with the EU putting a particular focus on protecting the fundamental right to privacy. Design/methodology/approach Using the distinction between positive and negative forms of market integration as a starting point (Scharpf, 1997), this paper examines the question of how the EU is projecting its own data protection regime to third states. The so-called California effect (Vogel, 1997) and the utilization of trade agreements in the EU’s foreign policy and external relations are well researched. With decreasing effectiveness and limited territorial reach of its enlargement policy, the EU found trade agreements to be particularly effective to set standards on a global level (Lavenex and Schimmelfennig, 2009). The existence of the single market makes the Union not only an important locus of regulation but also a strong economic actor with the global ambition of digital assertiveness. In the past, establishing standards for the EU’s vast consumer market has proven effective in compelling non-European market participants to join. Findings As the globe’s largest consumer market, Europe aims to project its own data protection laws through the market place principle (lex loci solutionis), requiring any data processor to follow its laws whenever European customers’ data are processed. This paper argues that European data protection law creates a “California Effect”, whereby the EU exerts pressure on extra-territorial markets by unilateral standard setting. Originality/value With its GDPR, the EU may have defused the problem of European citizens’ data being stored and evaluated according to the US law. However, it has also set a precedent of extra-territorial applicability of its legislation – despite having previously criticized the USA for such practices. By now, international companies increasingly store data of European customers in Europe to prevent conflicts with EU law. With this decision, the EU will apply its own law on others’ sovereign territory. Conflicts created through the extra-territorial effects of national law may contradict the principle of due diligence obligations but are nevertheless not illegitimate. They may, however, have further unintended effects: Other major economies are likely to be less reluctant in the future about passing legal provisions with extra-territorial effect.
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Hallinan, Dara, Michael Friedewald, and Paul McCarthy. "Citizens' perceptions of data protection and privacy in Europe." Computer Law & Security Review 28, no. 3 (June 2012): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2012.03.005.

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8

Babić, Aida Škoro. "Successful and Effective Data Protection: a Myth or Achievable Task?" Atlanti 26, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.26.1.177-185(2016).

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In the paper the author is addressing the issue of data protection by observing several points of the view. With the overview of diverse legislation in Europe and of definitions of personal data through different legal acts, the author is giving several starting points toward many questions, which arise on data protection issue. One of the most important points is protecting human rights and redressing the injustices. Next question, which arises, is the issue of data protection related to the same data in different archival records, in different archives and in different countries. The issue is discussed on the overview of the archival records of courts and military courts in the context of protecting human rights as well as on the archival records of former Yugoslavia.
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Stratford, Jean Slemmons, and Juri Stratford. "Data Protection and Privacy in the United States and Europe." IASSIST Quarterly 22, no. 3 (January 31, 1999): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/iq80.

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10

Lestari, Yuliannova, and M. Misbahul Mujib. "Optimizing Personal Data Protection Legal Framework in Indonesia (a Comparative Law Study)." Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/sh.v11i2.2729.

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This study explores the protection of personal data-appealing discourse these days. Globally, 132 countries already have special arrangements to protect personal data. The Bill on the Protection of Personal Data in Indonesia is already in the National Legislation Program. Indonesia does not yet have special regulations regarding protecting personal data. Furthermore, it also discussed personal data protection regulations in several countries, both Europe and Asia. This study uses a comparative study that compares personal data protection among countries for further studies on what matters should be included in the Data Protection Bill for Indonesia. The study showed that personal data protection arrangements certainly differ. Most Data Privacy Protection regulates the same stuff, such as principles, protection mechanisms, rights of data subjects, transfers to third countries, and sanctions. It also showed that the regulation of Personal Data Protection in Indonesia is still not adequately controlled compared to the regulations in other countries
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Warikandwa, Tapiwa V. "Personal Data Security in South Africa’s Financial Services Market: The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation Compared." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (May 21, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10727.

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The contemporary global financial services market has witnessed a substantial increase in cybercrime which places consumers’ personal data at risk. Rapid increases in cybercrime linked to the financial services market have driven financial market regulators to pass novel laws and regulations aimed at curbing the rate of occurrence of cybercrimes connected to personal data sharing. To that end, banks and/or financial services companies in Europe have swiftly moved to comply with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. Whilst personal data protection regulation is not a new concept in Europe, most African countries (with exception of South Africa) do not have laws and regulations on personal data protection. With the financial services market being extremely vulnerable to cyber risks owing to the digitisation of the financial services sector, it is important to assess the suitability of South Africa’s current regulatory framework concerning the protection of personal data. This article thus examines South Africa’s Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 with a view to ascertaining its suitability and/or adequacy in protecting personal data in the country’s financial services market. With the global Covid-19 pandemic bringing about concerns related to rapid increases in cyber-attacks in the financial services market owing to the increased sharing of the sensitive personal data of consumers, there is also need to test the POPIA’s conformity with the strict European Union GDPR personal data protection guidelines.
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김봉수. "A Study on Data Protection Laws and Supervisory Bodies in Europe." 법과정책 21, no. 3 (December 2015): 61–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjlpr.21.3.201512.003.

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13

Zika, Eleni, Tobias Schulte in den Bäumen, Jane Kaye, Angela Brand, and Dolores Ibarreta. "Sample, data use and protection in biobanking in Europe: legal issues." Pharmacogenomics 9, no. 6 (June 2008): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.9.6.773.

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14

Trakman, Leon, Robert Walters, and Bruno Zeller. "Digital consent and data protection law – Europe and Asia-Pacific experience." Information & Communications Technology Law 29, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 218–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2020.1726021.

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15

Aldhouse, Francis. "Data protection in Europe – Some thoughts on reading the academic manifesto." Computer Law & Security Review 29, no. 3 (June 2013): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2013.03.013.

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16

Determann, Lothar. "Healthy Data Protection." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.2 (2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.2.healthy.

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Modern medicine is evolving at a tremendous speed. On a daily basis, we learn about new treatments, drugs, medical devices, and diagnoses. Both established technology companies and start-ups focus on health-related products and services in competition with traditional healthcare businesses. Telemedicine and electronic health records have the potential to improve the effectiveness of treatments significantly. Progress in the medical field depends above all on data, specifically health information. Physicians, researchers, and developers need health information to help patients by improving diagnoses, customizing treatments and finding new cures. Yet law and policymakers are currently more focused on the fact that health information can also be used to harm individuals. Even after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (which occurred after the manuscript for this article was largely finalized), the California Attorney General Becera made a point of announcing that he will not delay enforcement of the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which his office estimated imposes a $55 billion cost (approximately 1.8% of California Gross State Product) for initial compliance, not including costs of ongoing compliance, responses to data subject requests, and litigation. Risks resulting from health information processing are very real. Contact tracing and quarantines in response to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks curb civil liberties with similar effects to law enforcement investigations, arrests, and imprisonment. Even outside the unusual circumstances of a global pandemic, employers or insurance companies may disfavor individuals with pre-existing health conditions in connections with job offers and promotions as well as coverage and eligibility decisions. Some diseases carry a negative stigma in social circumstances. To reduce the risks of such harms and protect individual dignity, governments around the world regulate the collection, use, and sharing of health information with ever-stricter laws. European countries have generally prohibited the processing of personal data, subject to limited exceptions, for which companies have to identify and then document or apply. The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) that took effect in 2018 confirms and amplifies a rigid regulatory regime that was first introduced in the German State Hessen in 1970 and demands that organizations minimize the amount of data they collect, use, share, and retain. Healthcare and healthtech organizations have struggled to comply with this regime and have found EU data protection laws fundamentally hostile to data-driven progress in medicine. The United States, on the other hand, has traditionally relied on sector- and harm-specific laws to protect privacy, including data privacy and security rules under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and numerous state laws including the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (“CMIA”) in California, which specifically address the collection and use of health information. So long as organizations observe the specific restrictions and prohibitions in sector-specific privacy laws, they may collect, use, and share health information. As a default rule in the United States, businesses are generally permitted to process personal information, including health information. Yet, recently, extremely broad and complex privacy laws have been proposed or enacted in some states, including the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), which have a potential to render compliance with data privacy laws impractical for most businesses, including those in the healthcare and healthtech sectors. Meanwhile, the People’s Republic of China is encouraging and incentivizing data-driven research and development by Chinese companies, including in the healthcare sector. Data-related legislation is focused on cybersecurity and securing access to data for Chinese government agencies and much less on individual privacy interests. In Europe and the United States, the political pendulum has swung too far in the direction of ever more rigid data regulation and privacy laws, at the expense of potential benefits through medical progress. This is literally unhealthy. Governments, businesses, and other organizations need to collect, use and share more personal health information, not less. The potential benefits of health data processing far outweigh privacy risks, which can be better tackled by harm-specific laws. If discrimination by employers and insurance companies is a concern, then lawmakers and law enforcement agencies need to focus on anti-discrimination rules for employers and insurance companies - not prohibit or restrict the processing of personal data, which does not per se harm anyone. The notion of only allowing data processing under specific conditions leads to a significant hindrance of medical progress by slowing down treatments, referrals, research, and development. It also prevents the use of medical data as a tool for averting dangers for the public good. Data “anonymization” and requirements for specific consent based on overly detailed privacy notices do not protect patient privacy effectively and unnecessarily complicate the processing of health data for medical purposes. Property rights to personal data offer no solutions. Even if individuals - not companies creating databases - were granted property rights to their own data originally, this would not ultimately benefit individuals. Given that transfer and exclusion rights are at the core of property regimes, data property rights would threaten information freedom and privacy alike: after an individual sells her data, the buyer and new owner could exercise his data property rights to enjoin her and her friends and family from continued use of her personal data. Physicians, researchers, and developers would not benefit either; they would have to deal with property rights in addition to privacy and medical confidentiality requirements. Instead of overregulating data processing or creating new property rights in data, lawmakers should require and incentivize organizations to earn and maintain the trust of patients and other data subjects and penalize organizations that use data in specifically prohibited ways to harm individuals. Electronic health records, improved notice and consent mechanisms, and clear legal frameworks will promote medical progress, reduce risks of human error, lower costs, and make data processing and sharing more reliable. We need fewer laws like the GDPR or the CCPA that discourage organizations from collecting, using, retaining, and sharing personal information. Physicians, researchers, developers, drug companies, medical device manufacturers and governments urgently need better and increased access to personal health information. The future of medicine offers enormous opportunities. It depends on trust and healthy data protection. Some degree of data regulation is necessary, but the dose makes the poison. Laws that require or intend to promote the minimization of data collection, use, and sharing may end up killing more patients than hospital germs. In this article, I promote a view that is decidedly different from that supported by the vast majority of privacy scholars, politicians, the media, and the broader zeitgeist in Europe and the United States. I am arguing for a healthier balance between data access and data protection needs in the interest of patients’ health and privacy. I strive to identify ways to protect health data privacy without excessively hindering healthcare and medical progress. After an introduction (I), I examine current approaches to data protection regulation, privacy law, and the protection of patient confidentiality (II), risks associated with the processing of health data (III), needs to protect patient confidence (IV), risks for healthcare and medical progress (V), and possible solutions (VI). I conclude with an outlook and call for healthier approaches to data protection (VII).
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Szabó, András. "Publicity and Data Protection during Criminal Proceedings." Erdélyi Jogélet 2, no. 4 (March 8, 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2021.04.04.

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The need for public access to criminal proceedings increased in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It was clear at the time that the public has the same interest as the offender, and it acts as a means of control. Therefore, the need for publicity was not an issue. But the world has changed a lot in the last 200 years. The interest in criminal cases has increased, often becoming a national or even international interest. But the data that become known to the public often have adverse consequences for both the offenders and the victims. It makes the problem even worse that the media reports on crimes are rarely objective. In my study, I am looking for answers to the questions as to what problems publicity may cause and how these problems could be avoided without undermining the principle of publicity.
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18

Becker, Regina, Adrian Thorogood, Johan Ordish, and Michael J. S. Beauvais. "COVID-19 Research: Navigating the European General Data Protection Regulation." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): e19799. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19799.

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Researchers must collaborate globally to rapidly respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates the processing of personal data, including health data of value to researchers. Even during a pandemic, research still requires a legal basis for the processing of sensitive data, additional justification for its processing, and a basis for any transfer of data outside Europe. The GDPR does provide legal grounds and derogations that can support research addressing a pandemic, if the data processing activities are proportionate to the aim pursued and accompanied by suitable safeguards. During a pandemic, a public interest basis may be more promising for research than a consent basis, given the high standards set out in the GDPR. However, the GDPR leaves many aspects of the public interest basis to be determined by individual Member States, which have not fully or uniformly made use of all options. The consequence is an inconsistent legal patchwork that displays insufficient clarity and impedes joint approaches. The COVID-19 experience provides lessons for national legislatures. Responsiveness to pandemics requires clear and harmonized laws that consider the related practical challenges and support collaborative global research in the public interest.
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Mantelero, A. "Council of Europe ∙ The Guidelines of the Council of Europe Data Protection Committee on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data in the Big Data Context." European Data Protection Law Review 3, no. 1 (2017): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2017/1/11.

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Tanneberger, Franziska, Asbjørn Moen, Alexandra Barthelmes, Edward Lewis, Lera Miles, Andrey Sirin, Cosima Tegetmeyer, and Hans Joosten. "Mires in Europe—Regional Diversity, Condition and Protection." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080381.

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In spite of the worldwide largest proportional loss of mires, Europe is a continent with important mire diversity. This article analyses the condition and protection status of European mire ecosystems. The overview is based on the system of European mire regions, representing regional variety and ecosystem biodiversity. We combined peatland distribution data with land cover maps of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service as well as with the World Database on Protected Areas to assess the extent of degraded peatlands and the proportion of peatlands located in protected areas in each European mire region. The total proportion of degraded peatlands in Europe is 25%; within the EU it is 50% (120,000 km2). The proportion of degradation clearly increases from north to south, as does the proportion of peatlands located within protected areas. In more than half of Europe’s mire regions, the target of at least 17% of the area located in protected areas is not met with respect to peatlands. Data quality is discussed and the lessons learned from Europe for peatland conservation are presented.
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Huertas Celdrán, Alberto, Manuel Gil Pérez, Izidor Mlakar, Jose M. Alcaraz Calero, Félix J. García Clemente, Gregorio Martínez Pérez, and Zakirul A. Bhuiyan. "PROTECTOR: Towards the protection of sensitive data in Europe and the US." Computer Networks 181 (November 2020): 107448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107448.

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Hudobnik, Matthias M. "Data protection and the law enforcement directive: a procrustean bed across Europe?" ERA Forum 21, no. 3 (December 2020): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00645-3.

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23

Kolasa, Katarzyna, W. Ken Redekop, Alexander Berler, Vladimir Zah, and Carl V. Asche. "Future of Data Analytics in the Era of the General Data Protection Regulation in Europe." PharmacoEconomics 38, no. 10 (June 8, 2020): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00927-1.

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Curry, M. R. "Data Protection and Intellectual Property: Information Systems and the Americanization of the New Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 5 (May 1996): 891–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a280891.

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The introduction of computer-based information systems into the newly emerging democracies—and markets—of Central and Eastern Europe raises important questions. With information seen by many in government and industry as the gold of the future, it is not surprising that it is common in the West to see it as essential that those countries adopt regulations that will encourage its relatively unfettered flow. In fact, in the key areas of data protection and intellectual property we can see strong indications of Western influence. But this is occurring in different ways. In the case of data protection, US influence has been brought to bear through intermediaries, particularly the European Community. In the case of intellectual property, the United States has acted more directly. In both cases, though, the United States is promoting what it sees as its own values despite their being in important ways at odds with those not simply of Central and Eastern Europe but of Europe more generally.
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Chan, Tom, Concetta Tania Di Iorio, Simon De Lusignan, Daniel Lo Russo, Craig Kuziemsky, and Siaw-Teng Liaw. "UK National Data Guardian for Health and Care’s Review of Data Security: Trust, better security and opt-outs." Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics 23, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/jhi.v23i3.909.

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Sharing health and social care data is essential to the delivery of high quality health care as well as disease surveillance, public health, and for conducting research. However, these societal benefits may be constrained by privacy and data protection principles. Hence, societies are striving to find a balance between the two competing public interests. Whilst the spread of IT advancements in recent decades has increased the demand for an increased privacy and data protection in many ways health is a special case.UK, are adopting guidelines, codes of conduct and regulatory instruments aimed to implement privacy principles into practical settings and enhance public trust. Accordingly, in 2015, the UK National Data Guardian (NDG) requested to conduct a further review of data protection, referred to as Caldicott 3. The scope of this review is to strengthen data security standards and confidentiality. It also proposes a consent system based on an “opt-out” model rather than on “opt-in.Across Europe as well as internationally the privacy-health data sharing balance is not fixed. In Europe enactment of the new EU Data Protection Regulation in 2016 constitute a major breakthrough, which is likely to have a profound effect on European countries and beyond. In Australia and across North America different ways are being sought to balance out these twin requirements of a modern society - to preserve privacy alongside affording high quality health care for an ageing population. Whilst in the UK privacy legal framework remains complex and fragmented into different layers of legislation, which may negatively impact on both the rights to privacy and health the UK is at the forefront in the uptake of international and EU privacy and data protection principles. And, if the privacy regime were reorganised in a more comprehensive manner, it could be used as a sound implementation model for other countries.
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Kuner, Christopher. "Privacy, Security and Transparency: Challenges for Data Protection Law in a New Europe." European Business Law Review 16, Issue 1 (March 1, 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2005001.

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Makulilo, Alex B. "“One size fits all”: Does Europe impose its data protection regime on Africa?" Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD 37, no. 7 (June 14, 2013): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11623-013-0176-0.

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Csonka, Peter. "Council of Europe activities related to information technology, data protection and computer crime." Information & Communications Technology Law 5, no. 3 (October 1996): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1996.9965744.

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Трикоз, Елена, Elena Trikoz, Елена Гуляева, and Elena Trikoz. "ECtHR positions on some issues of bioethics and genetic data." Advances in Law Studies 6, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5c262a69e93965.64541906.

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This study focuses on international law protection, including means of procedural protection in the European Court of Human Rights, of such a fundamental right as respect for the dignity, uniqueness and uniqueness of a person, regardless of his genetic characteristics. After analyzing the emerging judicial practice in the ECtHR, the authors distinguish two categories of cases for the protection of genetic dignity, bioethics and biosecurity. The first group includes cases involving direct violations of the 1950 the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; and in the second group – subsidiary violations of the “Oviedo Convention” and the recommendations of the Steering Committee of the Council of Europe on bioethics. The authors focused on violations of reproductive rights, storage by public authorities of DNA samples and human cells, and access to information on biological origin.
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Ramírez, María Solange Maqueo. "Mexico (Non-)Adequacy to European Standards on Personal Data Protection in the Context of Employment." Global Privacy Law Review 2, Issue 2 (June 1, 2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2021018.

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This article analyses the main standards and regulations put in place by the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe with respect to the privacy and personal data protection of workers. It demonstrates that there is a current tendency toward the establishment of specific rules aimed at strengthening employees’ rights vis-à-vis employers’ interests. It also shows that there is a preventive rather than a reactive approach in the European model. However, this article argues that, albeit strongly influenced by Europe, the Mexican legal framework on personal data protection does not follow this trend, due to legislative asymmetries between the public and private sector, as well as the lack of specific regulation in this field. Chile, Privacy, Constitutional Law, Personal Data, Private Communications, Informational Self-Determination
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Rallo Lombarte, Artemi. "De la ‘libertad informática’ a la constitucionalización de nuevos derechos digitales (1978-2018) // From «computing freedom» towards the constitutionalization of new digital rights (1978-2018)." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 100 (December 20, 2017): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20713.

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Resumen:La referencia a la informática en la Constitución de 1978 reconoció trascendencia constitucional a la necesidad de protección del individuo frente a los riegos derivados de los avances tecnológicos. Cuatro décadas después, la sociedad contemporánea afronta el reto de constitucionalizar nuevos derechos digitales. En España, sendas leyes (LORTAD y LOPD) desarrollaron el precepto constitucional que consagra la garantía de los derechos frente al uso de la informática. Para preservar a los individuos frente a los riesgos y amenazas de latecnología, el Tribunal Constitución dedujo del artículo 18.4 CE un derecho fundamental autónomo a la protección de datos personales. Las leyes españolas de protección de datos son el resultado de la obligación de cumplir compromisos internacionales (Convenio 108 del Consejo de Europa de 1981) y europeos (Directiva 95/46, artículo 8 de la CDFUE 41 y Reglamento UE 2016/679). Sin embargo, el reconocimiento constitucional o europeo, legal o constitucional, del derecho fundamental a la protección de datos no agota la necesidad de establecer un nuevo marco de protección de los ciudadanos en la era digitalen el que se reconozcan nuevos derechos digitales.SummaryI. Introduction. II. The misleading constitutionalization of «computing ». III. Convention 108 of the council of europe (1981). IV. Data protection right as an autonomous fundamental right. V. LORTAD (1992), LOPD (1999) and its reform. VI. The europeanization of data protection right: Directive 95/46, art. 8 CDFUE and regulation EU 2016/679. VII. Towards the constitutionalization of new digital rights.Abstract:The reference to computing in the Spanish Constitution (1978) recognized constitutional significance to the need for protection against the technological risks. Four decades later, the contemporary society faces the challenge of constitutionalising new digital rights. In Spain, two laws (LOPD and LORTAD) developed the constitutional article that enshrined the guarantee of rights against the use of computers. The Constitutional Court inferred from article 18.4 CE an autonomous fundamental right to the protection of personal data. Spanish data protection laws are the result of the obligation to comply withinternational (Convention 108 of the Council of Europe from 1981) and European (Directive 95/46, article 8 of the CDFUE and Regulation EU 2016/679) commitments. However, the European, legal or constitutional, recognition of the fundamental right to data protection does not exclude the need to establish a new framework for the protection of citizens in the digital age in which new digital rights should be recognized.
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Pfisterer, Valentin M. "The Right to Privacy—A Fundamental Right in Search of Its Identity: Uncovering the CJEU’s Flawed Concept of the Right to Privacy." German Law Journal 20, no. 05 (July 2019): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.57.

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AbstractIn recent years, the CJEU has impressively brought to bear the protection of the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data as contained in the CFREU. The Court’s decisions in the Digital Rights, Schrems, Tele2, and PNR cases have reshaped the political and legal landscape in Europe and beyond. By restricting the powers of the governments of EU Member States and annulling legislative acts enacted by the EU legislator, the decisions had, and continue to have, effects well beyond the respective individual cases. Despite their strong impact on privacy and data protection across Europe, however, these landmark decisions reveal a number of flaws and inconsistencies in the conceptualization of the rights to privacy and protection of personal data as endorsed and interpreted by the CJEU. This Article identifies and discusses some of the shortcomings revealed in the recent CJEU privacy and data protection landmark decisions and proposes to the CJEU a strategy aimed at resolving these shortcomings going forward.
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Eskandari, Mojtaba, Bruno Kessler, Maqsood Ahmad, Anderson Santana de Oliveira, and Bruno Crispo. "Analyzing Remote Server Locations for Personal Data Transfers in Mobile Apps." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2017, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2017-0008.

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Abstract The prevalence of mobile devices and their capability to access high speed internet has transformed them into a portable pocket cloud interface. Being home to a wide range of users’ personal data, mobile devices often use cloud servers for storage and processing. The sensitivity of a user’s personal data demands adequate level of protection at the back-end servers. In this regard, the European Union Data Protection regulations (e.g., article 25.1) impose restriction on the locations of European users’ personal data transfer. The matter of concern, however, is the enforcement of such regulations. The first step in this regard is to analyze mobile apps and identify the location of servers to which personal data is transferred. To this end, we design and implement an app analysis tool, PDTLoc (Personal Data Transfer Location Analyzer), to detect violation of the mentioned regulations. We analyze 1, 498 most popular apps in the EEA using PDTLoc to investigate the data recipient server locations. We found that 16.5% (242) of these apps transfer users’ personal data to servers located at places outside Europe without being under the control of a data protection framework. Moreover, we inspect the privacy policies of the apps revealing that 51% of these apps do not provide any privacy policy while almost all of them contact the servers hosted outside Europe.
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Lohne, Kjersti. "The Norwegian Data Inspectorate: Between Governance and Resistance." Surveillance & Society 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2012): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v10i2.4104.

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In response to the growing impact of information and communication technologies, data protection authorities have been established across Europe. However, despite the role of these authorities as enforcers of privacy and data protection legislation, surveillance studies have so far offered little attention to their role in resistance. From the outset of a critical socio-legal examination of the Norwegian Data Inspectorate, the focus of this paper is on the role of data protection authorities in resisting surveillance. More specifically, the paper asks what possibilities the Norwegian Data Inspectorate has for genuinely resisting surveillance, and how its institutional structure affects these possibilities. Through a two-pronged analysis of the Inspectorate, consisting of an institutional mapping and a typology of resistance strategies, the paper finds that there is a fundamental tension between the Inspectorate’s role as a state administrative body and a privacy-advocating ombudsman, exemplified by its role in resisting the implementation of the EU Data Retention Directive in Norwegian law.
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Gourraud, Pierre-Antoine, and Francoise Simon. "Differences Between Europe and the United States on AI/Digital Policy: Comment Response to Roundtable Discussion on AI." Gender and the Genome 4 (January 1, 2020): 247028972090710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470289720907103.

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For AI policy, there are significant differences between Europe and the United States. The General Data Protection Regulation, which applies not only to European Union companies but also to all American companies with European customers, is more protective than health insurance portability and accountability act for individual health data. Its Article 22 stipulates that citizens cannot be submitted to medical decisions generated by an automated source.
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Affeldt, Pauline, and Ulrich Krüger. "You Are What You Pay – Personal Profiling with Alternative Payment Data and the Data Protection Law." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 89, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.89.4.73.

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Summary: The global trend toward cashless payment started well before the corona pandemic. Along with it, investors in the data-driven tech industry are inspired by the promise of targeted behavioral scoring based on big data. It seems economically tempting to combine these two trends by using all data generated by the payment services to create personal profiles. However, this business model conflicts with the individual’s right of informational self-determination and raises questions regarding inaccuracies, discrimination, and the non-transparency of the algorithms underlying these profiles. Our article provides a short overview over the recent economic developments in the financial service industry and a legal assessment in light of the GDPR. Not everything that is feasible with big data scoring using alternative payment data is legally allowed in Europe. Nevertheless, traditional banks could have the opportunity to improve their internal credit scoring systems and use individual customer profiles to further market their financial services. Zusammenfassung: Nicht erst seit der Corona Pandemie gibt es weltweit den Trend zum bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehr. Zudem beflügelt die Vorstellung eines zielgenauen Behavioral (Big Data) Scoring die Fantasien von Investoren in der Datentechnologiebranche. Es scheint ökonomisch verführerisch, beide Trends zusammenführen, wenn man alle Daten aus dem Zahlungsverkehr für ein persönliches Profil auswerten würde. Dieses Geschäftsmodell liegt jedoch mit dem Recht des Einzelnen auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung im Konflikt und wirft Fragen auf im Hinblick auf Ungenauigkeit, Diskriminierung und Intransparenz. Unser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die ökonomische Entwicklung des Sektors und eine rechtliche Bewertung insbesondere aus Sicht der europäischen Datenschutz-Grundverordnung. Nicht alles was im Big Data Scoring mit alternativen Zahlungsdaten möglich sein könnte, ist in Europa auch rechtlich zulässig. Vor allem für die „klassischen“ Banken könnte sich gleichwohl eine Möglichkeit eröffnen ihre internen Credit Scoring Systeme zu verbessern und mit angepasst-individuellen Kundenprofilen weitere ihrer Finanzdienstleistungen zu vertreiben.
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Walters, Robert, and Matthew Coghlan. "Data Protection and Artificial Intelligence Law: Europe Australia Singapore - An Actual or Perceived Dichotomy." American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20190404.11.

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Jančiūtė, Laima. "Data protection and the construction of collective redress in Europe: exploring challenges and opportunities." International Data Privacy Law 9, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipy022.

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van der Molen, I. N., and M. J. Commers. "Unresolved legal questions in cross-border health care in Europe: liability and data protection." Public Health 127, no. 11 (November 2013): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.020.

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van Veen, Evert-Ben. "Observational health research in Europe: understanding the General Data Protection Regulation and underlying debate." European Journal of Cancer 104 (November 2018): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2018.09.032.

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Kierkegaard, Sylvia, Nigel Waters, Graham Greenleaf, Lee A. Bygrave, Ian Lloyd, and Steve Saxby. "30 years on – The review of the Council of Europe Data Protection Convention 108." Computer Law & Security Review 27, no. 3 (June 2011): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2011.03.007.

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López-Moreno, Borja, David Martín-Barrios, Ivan Revuelta-Antizar, Santiago Rodríguez-Tejedor, Mariluz del Valle Ortega, and Eunate Arana-Arri. "PP133 Ensuring Secure Health Data Exchange Across Europe. The SHIELD Project." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002502.

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IntroductionData exchange protection is one of the main challenges in e-health. Nowadays, many people move from one country to another for various reasons, even though they may have chronic diseases or multiple pathologies. The main objective of the SHIELD project is to create an open and extendable security architecture, with supported privacy mechanisms that citizens can trust, to provide systematic protection for the storage and exchange of health data across European borders.MethodsepSOS is a European project that deals with the security and interoperability of e-health data, and has developed an Open National Contact Point (OpenNCP) architecture. For the initial validation of the framework, two OpenNCP virtual nodes were used to simulate the real nodes between Italy and Spain. For secure data exchange, different prototype tools were designed: end-to-end user interfaces (profiles for administrative staff, nurses, physicians, etc.); sensitivity and data hiding tools; consent management tools; report translation tools; and mobile device tampering detection tools.ResultsValidation scenarios (realistic use cases) were developed in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The first scenario was an Italian citizen traveling to Spain who has an acute emergency episode (e.g. stroke) and loses consciousness. The Spanish emergency department physician assisting the patient checks the patient's health record. The first round of SHIELD framework validations was successfully completed, and the results were presented to the European Commission.ConclusionsSecurity challenges need to be addressed when assessing e-health solutions. The challenges include issues with interoperability, confidentiality, availability, integrity, privacy, ethics, regulations, and e-health data. In addition, decisions must be made as to which data will be shared and how. The results of the initial validations provide a basis for the in-depth requirements analysis and for setting the main pillars of the SHIELD architecture design.
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Sakolciová, Sandra, and Adam Máčaj. "Combating discrimination through Big Data – future of equality?" Vilnius University Open Series, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.law.2020.11.

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The paper aims firstly to assess the future of anti-discrimination measures and policies, above all through the lens of ethnic data utilization. The question posed is not only whether massive collection and usage of such data is viable in relation to its result, but also whether such ethnic data collection is an obligation incumbent upon state authorities, in international and European human rights protection systems in particular. On the other hand, this article aims to compare existence of such obligation with the existing standards on right to privacy and implications for this right stemming from such use of Big Data. The negative impact resulting from such obligation in this regard could weigh heavily on protection of personal data, currently one of the main concerns throughout Europe and the EU.
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Rosentau, Mario. "The General Data Protection Regulation and its Violation of EU Treaties." Juridica International 27 (September 30, 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2018.27.03.

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While the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which entered force on 25 May, is generally good and necessary in its vigorous protection of the fundamental rights of self‑determination and identity of European people, the article identifies a core issue that has gone unnoticed: the GDPR violates EU treaties. It is, at base, a ‘European law’, yet European laws are banned under the TEU and TFEU. The article examines the background for this conflict. The ambitious plan for ratification of 2003’s draft treaty establishing a constitution for Europe fell at the first hurdle in 2005. The draft Constitution envisaged a legislative innovation: the European law and European framework law, directly applicable in the Member States and superior to them. These legal instruments, envisaged as replacing EU regulations, could readily be cited as a major federalist pillar of the draft. Yet there would be no European laws – they were rejected with the draft constitution in the 2005 referenda, and the current treaties do not foresee any law-like European legislation. The author outlines the GDPR’s nature as a European law thus: the regulation 1) potentially concerns all residents of Europe, albeit by adding to the rights of individuals and protecting their freedoms; 2) addresses virtually all legal entities and undertakings acting, physically or through a network, in the European judicial area; 3) addresses the Member States and the EU itself; 4) and has cross-border applicability and covers the whole EU. Furthermore, its reach extends to service providers outside the EU if their service targets EU data subjects. There are substantial impacts on subjects on whom obligations are substantial. Hence, the author concludes that the GDPR’s scope, depth, and impacts exceed all the limits that the EU treaties permit for regulations. Furthermore, the treaties do not even know the term ‘general regulation’. Since the GDPR possesses the characteristics of a ‘European law’ – and even is ‘seamlessly’ positioned in a place reserved by the draft EU Constitution for the ‘European law on data protection’ – while such laws have been rejected, a key issue is highlighted: how deep an EU-level political integration and relinquishment of the individual European nations’ sovereignty do the Member States actually want? For instance, most analyses of the causes of Brexit cite loss of sovereignty of the UK as one of the main factors in the decision. The author concludes that, since the GDPR is with us to stay, amendment of the EU treaties can no longer be avoided. Noble objectives cannot justify infringements of the present ‘European Constitution’ and the constitutions of the Member States.
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Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J., and Wilfred Steenbruggen. "The Right to Communications Confidentiality in Europe: Protecting Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and Trust." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 20, no. 1 (March 16, 2019): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2019-0010.

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Abstract In the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides comprehensive rules for the processing of personal data. In addition, the EU lawmaker intends to adopt specific rules to protect confidentiality of communications, in a separate ePrivacy Regulation. Some have argued that there is no need for such additional rules for communications confidentiality. This Article discusses the protection of the right to confidentiality of communications in Europe. We look at the right’s origins to assess the rationale for protecting it. We also analyze how the right is currently protected under the European Convention on Human Rights and under EU law. We show that at its core the right to communications confidentiality protects three individual and collective values: privacy, freedom of expression, and trust in communication services. The right aims to ensure that individuals and organizations can safely entrust communication to service providers. Initially, the right protected only postal letters, but it has gradually developed into a strong safeguard for the protection of confidentiality of communications, regardless of the technology used. Hence, the right does not merely serve individual privacy interests, but also other more collective interests that are crucial for the functioning of our information society. We conclude that separate EU rules to protect communications confidentiality, next to the GDPR, are justified and necessary.
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Tsamara, Nadiah. "Perbandingan Aturan Perlindungan Privasi Atas Data Pribadi Antara Indonesia Dengan Beberapa Negara." Jurnal Suara Hukum 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v3n1.p53-84.

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The development of information and communication technology shows a significant increase. In the development of information technology and technology, personal information consisting of names, e-mails and cell phone numbers is very valuable data because there is economic value obtained in the business world, but technology can also be very dangerous if its use is not restricted, such as in the case of not protecting personal data, while privacy of personal data is important because it involves a person's dignity and freedom of expression, but data is not protected because in Indonesia there is no obligation in positive law which specifically regulates and provides sanctions for violations. This study aims to discuss the regulation in the perspective of comparative law in Europe, America, Hongkong, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Japan. This study uses normative legal research using asttutory approach and comparative approach that examines and analyses legal sources. This study discovers that the regulation of personal data protection in Indonesia has not been fully and thoroughly regulated compared to the regulations in several other countries, that there is a need for legal harmonization of personal data protection that is mature and deep
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Cole, Amanda, and Adrian Towse. "OP279 Data Protection In The European Union Post-General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Barrier Or An Enabler Of Pharmaceutical Innovation?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462321000908.

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IntroductionThe expansion of health data offers exciting opportunities to support better and more efficient drug discovery, development and implementation. Data protection and governance provide the legal framework to balance safeguarding patients’ privacy with the benefits to society of medical research. Our aim is to highlight current legal barriers to the better use of health data and propose ways to address them.MethodsAnalysis of the relevant legislative texts was supplemented by interviews with external experts in data protection, health research, informatics and cyber security and a workshop with pharmaceutical industry members. We investigated the legal issues arising for six key activities along the pharmaceutical lifecycle, from identifying unmet need through to health technology assessment and pharmacovigilance.ResultsThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in May 2018 to Harmonise data protection across Europe. However, considerable ambiguity remains, particularly around the appropriate legal bases for data processing in the absence of consent: scientific research, public interest, or provision of health or social care. Other key themes included data subject rights, anonymization, compatibility of primary and secondary (re-)use of data, heterogeneity arising from divergent interpretation, the need for guidance on digital health, and the importance of trust.ConclusionsWe speculate which legal bases are most appropriate for the six pharmaceutical activities studied, but clear guidance and consensus is required. The GDPR was not designed to hamper scientific research, and the issues identified arose from uncertainties rather than barriers per se. Industry and academic researchers should therefore deal proactively with the prevailing uncertainties, share good practice, and engender trust by co-creating a code of conduct and outlining principles of responsible use. Engagement with patients will be critical in encouraging a shared understanding of the value to society of health data for research.
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Szabolcs, Márton, Felícia Kapusi, Savrina Carrizo, Danijela Markovic, Jörg Freyhof, Núria Cid, Ana Cristina Cardoso, et al. "Spatial priorities for freshwater biodiversity conservation in light of catchment protection and connectivity in Europe." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): e0267801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267801.

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Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, range-restricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be important in freshwater biodiversity conservation policy and practice, and water management in Europe.
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Quinn, Paul, and Gianclaudio Malgieri. "The Difficulty of Defining Sensitive Data—The Concept of Sensitive Data in the EU Data Protection Framework." German Law Journal 22, no. 8 (December 2021): 1583–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.79.

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AbstractThe concept of sensitive data has been a mainstay of data protection for a number of decades. The concept itself is used to denote several categories of data for which processing is deemed to pose a higher risk for data subjects than other forms of data. Such risks are often perceived in terms of an elevated probability of discrimination, or related harms, to vulnerable groups in society. As a result, data protection frameworks have traditionally foreseen a higher burden for the processing of sensitive data than other forms of data. The sui generis protection of sensitive data—stronger than the protection of non-sensitive personal data—can also seemingly be a necessity from a fundamental rights-based perspective, as indicated by human rights jurisprudence. This Article seeks to analyze the continued relevance of sensitive data in both contemporary and potential future contexts. Such an exercise is important for two main reasons. First, the legal regime responsible for the regulation of the use of personal data has evolved considerably since the concept of sensitive data was first used. This has been exemplified by the creation of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe. It has introduced a number of requirements relating to sensitive data that are likely to represent added burdens for controllers who want to process personal data. Second, the very nature of personal data is changing. Increases in computing power, more complex algorithms, and the availability of ever more potentially complimentary data online mean that more and more data can be considered of a sensitive nature. This creates various risks going forward, including an inflation effect whereby the concept loses its value, as well as the possibility that data controllers may increasingly seek to circumvent compliance with the requirements placed upon the use of sensitive data. This Article analyzes how such developments are likely to influence the concept of sensitive data and, in particular, its ability to protect vulnerable groups from harm. The authors propose a possible interpretative solution: A hybrid approach where a purpose-based definition acquires a bigger role in deciding whether data is sensitive, combined with a context-based ‘backstop’ based on reasonable foreseeability.
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de Terwangne, Cécile. "Council of Europe convention 108+: A modernised international treaty for the protection of personal data." Computer Law & Security Review 40 (April 2021): 105497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105497.

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