Journal articles on the topic 'Data Protection – Australia'
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1
Jackson, Margaret. "DATA PROTECTION - AUSTRALIA." Computer Law & Security Review 16, no. 3 (June 2000): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(00)88911-6.
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von Dietze, A., and A. M. Allgrove. "Australian privacy reforms--an overhauled data protection regime for Australia." International Data Privacy Law 4, no. 4 (July 2, 2014): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipu016.
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Walters, Robert. "Insolvency and Data Protection." Business Law Review 42, Issue 1 (January 1, 2021): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021001.
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This article examines the interrelationship between crossborder insolvency, insolvency in general and data protection. Prior to the outbreak of the coronavirus, the world had already been facing significant geopolitical and economic challenges. It examines Australia, the European Union, the United Kingdom (BREXIT), and the United States data protection and privacy laws. What has emerged from the recent adoption of data protection and privacy law, is a highly fragmented approach. States and in the case of the European Union have largely gone it alone. This poses significant challenges to entities that are experiencing financial stress and either going through insolvency (including cross border insolvency), restructuring or a merger or acquisition. Insolvency and legal practitioners will need to be aware of the varied approach taken by jurisdictions in defining personal data, the concept of consent and regulatory requirement(s) to appoint a controller or processor. This article argues that increasingly administrators and liquidators will need to consider the various data protection laws, when proceeding with cross-border insolvency. Cross-border insolvency, insolvency in general and data protection, Australia, the European Union, the United Kingdom (BREXIT), and the United States data protection and privacy laws
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Jackson, M. "Data protection regulation in Australia after 1988." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 158–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/5.2.158.
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Rees, Frank. "European directive on data protection could see Australia blacklisted." Computer Audit Update 1996, no. 8 (August 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-2593(96)84048-1.
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Joyce, Daniel. "Data associations and the protection of reputation online in Australia." Big Data & Society 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 205395171770982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951717709829.
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This article focuses upon defamation law in Australia and its struggles to adjust to the digital landscape, to illustrate the broader challenges involved in the governance and regulation of data associations. In many instances, online publication will be treated by the courts in a similar fashion to traditional forms of publication. What is more contentious is the question of who, if anyone, should bear the responsibility for digital forms of defamatory publication which result not from an individual author’s activity online but rather from algorithmic associations. This article seeks, in part, to analyse this question, by reference to the Australian case law and associated scholarship regarding search engine liability. Reflecting on the tensions involved here offers us a fresh perspective on defamation law through the conceptual lens of data associations. Here the focus of the article shifts to explore some wider questions posed for defamation law by big data. Defamation law may come to play a significant role in emerging frameworks for algorithmic accountability, but these developments also call into question many of its traditional concepts and assumptions. It may be time to think differently about defamation and to consider its interrelationship with privacy, speech and data protection more fully. As a result, I conclude that the courts and policymakers need to engage more deeply and explicitly with the rationale(s) for the protection of reputation and that more thought needs to be given to changing conceptions of reputation in the context of data associations.
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Anderson, Helen, Michelle Welsh, Ian Ramsay, and Peter Gahan. "THE EVOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDER AND CREDITOR PROTECTION IN AUSTRALIA: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 1 (January 2012): 171–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000595.
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AbstractThis article is part of a larger international investigation of the effects of a country's legal origins on the style of business regulation. We employ an innovative ‘leximetric’ methodology to numerically code the protective strength of Australian corporate law for both shareholder and creditor protection for the period 1970 to 2010. This leximetric methodology has been used in a prominent international debate concerning the development of legal rules and the effects of different styles of regulation on a range of economic outcomes—the legal origins debate. Drawing on similar data compiled by Armour, Deakin, Lele and Siems in five other countries (France, Germany, India, the UK and the US) for the period 1970 to 2005, we compare changes in the level of protection afforded to Australian shareholders and creditors with developments in other countries. Our analysis finds that in Australia there was a sustained upward trend in shareholder protection, but not in the case of creditor protection. Compared to the five other countries, the level of protection afforded to shareholders under Australian law was relatively high, and this was the case for the level of protection afforded to creditors as well. We also examine the extent of convergence and divergence in shareholder and creditor protection among the countries in the study. We find persistent divergence in shareholder protection, with the extent of divergence in 2005 similar to that in 1970. For creditor protection, we find increasing divergence among the countries over the period of study. Our findings are not supportive of legal origins theory.
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Jackson, Margaret. "Turns and roundabouts: The new data protection environment in Australia." Computer Law & Security Review 15, no. 4 (July 1999): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(99)80049-1.
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Broadley, Karen, and Chris Goddard. "A Public Health Approach to Child Protection: Why Data Matter." Children Australia 40, no. 1 (November 3, 2014): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.37.
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In Australia, many researchers and policy makers believe that statutory child protection systems are overburdened and ineffective. The way forward, they suggest, is a public health model of child protection. A public health approach comprises four steps: (1) collecting surveillance data; (2) establishing causes and correlations; (3) developing and evaluating interventions; and (4) disseminating information about the effectiveness of intervention activities to the public health community. However, in Australia there are no reliable surveillance data. There is no information about ‘person’. Information is not collected about the characteristics of children (e.g., ethnicity) and parents (e.g., mental illness) reported to child protection services. Data are not comparable across place. This is because the states and territories have their own child protection legislation, definitions and data recording methods. Data are not comparable over time. This is because many jurisdictions have introduced new data recording systems over recent years. This paper concludes that it is essential to develop an effective child protection surveillance data system. This will ensure that services are located in areas and targeted towards populations in greatest need. It will enable large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention and intervention activities.
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Cheytani, Samir, and Sammy Lap Ip Chan. "Data analysis of the long-term residual effect of cathodic protection on reinforced concrete structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236102002.
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The application of impressed current cathodic protection (CP) is a well-established technology for the corrosion protection of reinforced concrete structures situated in marine environments. While the protective benefits of cathodic protection are well known, the lasting effects following the discontinuation of CP current are not entirely understood. This paper presents research findings on the residual protective effect which is known to occur following long durations of impressed current cathodic protection. The residual effect was replicated in university laboratories using reinforced concrete test blocks and accelerated CP testing methods. The experimental results depicted a clear improvement in the electrochemical state of the reinforcing steel with a shift of 150 to 300 mV to more positive values following CP application. The research also involved analysis of monitoring data from six in-service cathodic protection systems which were operating in Australia for nearly two decades. The behaviour of the steel potential readings was analysed and the results of the combined research confirmed that the protection provided by cathodic protection systems does not actually cease when the CP current is switched off. Rather, the embedded steel undergoes a significant and sustained shift to more positive values and this phenomenon is documented and discussed in this paper.
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Morton, Sarah K., and Simone L. Harrison. "Slip, Slop, Slap, Slide, Seek and Sport: A Systematic Scoping Review of Sun Protection in Sport in Australasia." Current Oncology 30, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30010033.
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Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of skin cancer. Sport is a fundamental part of Australasian culture, beginning in childhood, often with life-long participation. Participating in outdoor sports can contribute significantly to the lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dose individuals receive and their risk of developing skin cancer. This systematic scoping review explores the use of sun-protection by outdoor sporting participants in Australasia and considers how sun-protection practices may be improved and better evaluated in the community. A search of electronic databases using the search strategy “sun protection” AND “sport” AND “Australia” yielded 17 studies published in English from January 1992 to August 2021. Study methods included using UV-dosimeters to measure individual UVR-exposure; remote estimates of clothing-adjusted UVR-exposure; direct observation of sun-protection practices; and self-reported sun-exposure and sun-protection. Despite 40 years of ‘Slip, Slop, Slap’ campaigns in Australia, the use of sun-protection in most outdoor sports is inadequate. The paucity of comparable data limited our analyses, demonstrating a need for standardized, objective evaluation tools. Such tools, if used across a range of sports, should inform the development of workable recommendations that sporting clubs could implement and adopt into policy, thus empowering them to better protect the health of their participants.
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Zang, Jiexin. "Information Privacy, Data Surveillance and Security--How Aus-tralian Privacy Law Fully Plays Its Role in the Age of Big Data." Journal of Educational Theory and Management 3, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jetm.v3i1.1168.
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Privacy and the protection of privacy is a common topic studied by many scholars. From the very beginning of human culture, people have personal privacy, which is not willing for them to be unveiled by others. With the development of information technology, especially the internet, knowledge and information are dealt by internet users in conscious or unconscious way, and personal information has been rapidly and quickly distributed and disseminated all over the world. Personal data can be collected by hackers or interlinks from the website, internet not only provides people an era with internet links, but also an age with information collections, a big data age. With the background of big data, this essay tries to put forward the correlative relationship between the protection of information privacy and the privacy law in Australia. It first has an overview of the concepts of information privacy and data surveillance under the background of big data, then highlights the importance of data security in the age of big data; with a literature review on the development of Australian privacy acts, it further claims that privacy acts or regulations by the federal or states provided strong support for the protection of personal data. Then relationship between the protection information privacy and the need of judicial guarantee is further studied for thorough methods or regimes in data protection. With these points studied, this essay aims to highlight the importance of data protection and information privacy. On the other hand, it aims to provide awareness for readers the vital role privacy laws can play in the protection of people’s personal information and emphases the importance of a continuous evolution for privacy law system in the age of big data.
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Manwaring, Kayleen. "‘Click Here to (Dis)agree’: Australian Law and Practice in Relation to Informed Consent." Global Privacy Law Review 3, Issue 3 (September 1, 2022): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2022015.
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This article provides a detailed examination of issues with the legislative framework meeting consumer expectations in relation to informed consent, particularly in relation to the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). It also discusses two potential areas that might assist in fleshing out the current minimalist legislative definition of consent: namely case law and guidelines issued by the Australian privacy regulator, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (the OAIC Guidelines). However the case law available in this area is sparse and provides little guidance. Additionally, the non-binding OAIC Guidelines, while referred to frequently in privacy determinations, appear to have little real effect in influencing the data practices of many firms. The article concludes that the current approach to regulating ‘consent’ has not provided adequate protections for consumers in light of extensive empirical evidence regarding consumer privacy preferences and attitudes regarding data practices. Australia, Data Protection, Privacy, Informed Consent
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Gibbs, N., and P. Rodoreda. "Anaesthetic Mortality Rates in Western Australia 1980–2002." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 33, no. 5 (October 2005): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0503300511.
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The Western Australian Anaesthetic Mortality Committee has collected data since 1980. During this time, reporting of anaesthesia mortality has been mandatory in Western Australia, confidentiality and legal protection have been ensured, consistent definitions and classifications have been used, and reasonable estimates have been available for the number of surgical procedures performed. The data indicate that there was a decrease in anaesthesia-related mortality in the mid 1980s. Since then the rates have been relatively stable, in relation to both population and number of surgical procedures performed. At present, the rates are extremely low (<1:50,000 surgical procedures per annum), and similar to rates reported from other Australian states. While these figures are encouraging, their main function is to serve as the baseline for further improvements.
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Morgan, Raphael, Emily Gifford, Annette Jacobs, and Kate Swain. "Western Australian marine oil pollution risk assessment: identification of protection priorities." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18203.
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The Western Australian Department of Transport (DoT) is the hazard management agency (HMA) for marine oil pollution in Western Australia (WA). DoT initiated the WA marine oil pollution risk assessment (WAMOPRA), a detailed assessment of oil spill risk in Western Australian State waters. It comprised two components. The first component evaluated protection priorities of the receiving environment to assess potential consequences of marine oil pollution. The second component assessed the likelihood, size, location and type of marine oil pollution. Protection priority outputs from component one were modelled with spill risk from component two, to give an overall risk profile for the State. For management purposes, State waters were divided into seven zones and smaller shoreline cells (~10 km × ~20 km). Geospatial datasets representing the various receptors identified were collated and grouped into the following five categories: Protected fauna; Protection areas; Cultural heritage; Economic; and Social, amenity and recreation. Using a multi-criteria analysis approach, the spatial data layers for each receptor identified were assigned a ranking from one (very low priority) to five (very high priority) for protection. The effects of both floating and dissolved hydrocarbons were ranked. These rankings were then used to produce a map showing very low to very high priorities of the shoreline cells for each category. The outcome of this project is the largest single assessment of protection priorities (~13000 km of coastline), undertaken across a highly variable coastline, using a standard and repeatable approach that can be applied across Australia.
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Cooper-Boast, Amy, and Brooke Hall-Carney. "Lloyd v. Google LLC, and How Australia Is Tackling Privacy and Data Breach Litigation." Global Privacy Law Review 3, Issue 3 (September 1, 2022): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2022020.
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The much-anticipated judgment of the UK Supreme Court in Lloyd v. Google LLC [2021] UKSC 50; [2021] 3 WLR 1268 was handed down in November 2021. The decision challenges the notion that one’s data and its loss of control has an inherent value which is actionable in its own right. It is welcomed by Big Tech, other organizations that control data, and their insurers. The decision is a key case in the broader landscape of accountability of technology companies and is indicative of the disparity in data protection and privacy rights across different jurisdictions. This case note examines the key points arising from the case, and the comparable landscape for privacy and data breach litigation in Australia. Lloyd v. Google, Google, Privacy, Data Breach, Data Protection, Litigation, Australia, United Kingdom, Class Action
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Delfabbro, Paul, Craig Hirte, Ros Wilson, and Nancy Rogers. "Longitudinal trends in child protection statistics in South Australia: A study of unit record data." Children Australia 35, no. 3 (2010): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200001115.
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In Australia, it is commonly reported that rates of child protection notifications have increased over time. More and more children in any given year are subject to a child protection notification. On the whole, these conclusions have been based on cross-sectional notification counts or rates recorded in a given year (e.g. AIHW 2009). Although useful, such analyses are limited in that they do not account for the fact that child protection incidents are unevenly distributed across individual cases. Crosssectional analyses also do not indicate the incidence of notifications within a given cohort of children.In this paper, we summarise the longitudinal and comparative analysis of data relating to children born in 1991, 1998 and 2002. The results highlight the increasingly early involvement of child protection systems in children's lives, higher annual incidence rates, as well as increasingly steep cumulative involvement curves for cohorts tracked from their year of birth. The implications of these findings for mandatory reporting policies are discussed.
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Rawle, Daniel J., Wilson Nguyen, Troy Dumenil, Rhys Parry, David Warrilow, Bing Tang, Thuy T. Le, et al. "Sequencing of Historical Isolates, K-mer Mining and High Serological Cross-Reactivity with Ross River Virus Argue against the Presence of Getah Virus in Australia." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100848.
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Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus primarily associated with disease in horses and pigs in Asia. GETV was also reported to have been isolated from mosquitoes in Australia in 1961; however, retrieval and sequencing of the original isolates (N544 and N554), illustrated that these viruses were virtually identical to the 1955 GETVMM2021 isolate from Malaysia. K-mer mining of the >40,000 terabases of sequence data in the Sequence Read Archive followed by BLASTn confirmation identified multiple GETV sequences in biosamples from Asia (often as contaminants), but not in biosamples from Australia. In contrast, sequence reads aligning to the Australian Ross River virus (RRV) were readily identified in Australian biosamples. To explore the serological relationship between GETV and other alphaviruses, an adult wild-type mouse model of GETV was established. High levels of cross-reactivity and cross-protection were evident for convalescent sera from mice infected with GETV or RRV, highlighting the difficulties associated with the interpretation of early serosurveys reporting GETV antibodies in Australian cattle and pigs. The evidence that GETV circulates in Australia is thus not compelling.
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Bunn, Anna. "Children and the ‘Right to be Forgotten’: what the right to erasure means for European children, and why Australian children should be afforded a similar right." Media International Australia 170, no. 1 (February 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x19848503.
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This article provides an overview of the right to erasure, or the right to be forgotten, in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and how it is likely to impact on children. It contrasts the position of Australian children and their European counterparts. The article considers the benefits for children of a right to erasure, as well as some of its limitations, and recommends that Australia should introduce such a right.
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Ozyurek, Sherene, and Rodger Fernandez. "Combatting fraud as a disincentive of an unintended economic migrant: A comparative review of the direct Turkish model and the indirect Australian model." BORDER CROSSING 6, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v6i1.505.
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Under the new Turkish Law on Foreigners and International Protection (Article 54) represents a rapid deterrent approach as the consequences of fraud are implemented within 30 days. In contrast to the Turkish approach, Public Interest Criteria 4020 used in Australian law implies a lengthy process that may take up to two years. A quantitative analysis of retrospective data (2010-2014) of the Australian Migration Review Tribunal substantiated the notion that in contrast to the Turkish model, the Australian model is used as a procrastinating tool to the advantage of unintended economic migrants to remain in Australia.
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Putra, I. Ketut D., Henderite L. Ohee, and Lisye I. Zebua. "Kearifan Lokal Perlindungan Ikan Arwana Irian (Scleropages jardinii, Saville-Kent 1892) di Merauke, Papua." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.476.
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Australian bonytongue (Scleropages jardinii) is an endemic species of Papua. The distribution area of this fish are north Australia and central-southern New Guinea. In Papua, this species can be found in Merauke, Boven Digoel and Mappi. This fish is protected by Indonesian law and decided as hunting animal by Ministry of Forestry’s decree Number: 2091/Kpts-II/2001. Traditionally, the fish and other natural sources are protected by community of Yeinan tribal in Erambu and Toray Villages who reside along Wanggo River, tributary of Maro River, Merauke. The purpose of this research is to understand local knowledge and practices of protecting and collecting fish by local people of Villages of Erambu and Toray. The research was conducted in Wanggo River, Erambu and Toray Villages, Merauke on September 2017-April 2018. Data and information on this local knowledge and practice were collected through observation and interview to key and base informants using questionnaire. The research envisages that there are five local knowledges and practices exist in relation to the protection and the process of collecting Australian bonytongue; they are traditional rules, traditional protection, sasi protection, area based collection and collection as traditional practice. People of Yeinan tribal group in these two villages are maintaining these rules to date to protect the fish. These local knowledge and traditional practices contain local conservation values which have been passing down from generation to generation. Key words: local knowledge; Merauke; protection; S. jardinii; Wanggo River
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Raoult, V., V. Peddemors, and J. E. Williamson. "Biology of angel sharks (Squatina sp.) and sawsharks (Pristiophorus sp.) caught in south-eastern Australian trawl fisheries and the New South Wales shark-meshing (bather-protection) program." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 2 (2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15369.
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Two species of angel shark (Squatina australis, S. albipunctata) and two species of sawshark (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, P. cirratus) are frequently caught in south-eastern Australia. Little is known of the biology of these elasmobranchs, despite being caught as secondary target species in large numbers. The present study collected morphometric and reproductive data from sharks caught in shark-control nets, commercial fishing trawlers and research trawlers in south-eastern Australia. All four species had female-biased sexual size dimorphism, but growth curves between sexes did not differ. Male S. australis individuals were fully mature at ~800-mm total length, male P. nudipinnis at ~900mm, and male P. cirratus at ~800mm. Anterior pectoral margins could be used to determine total length in all species. No morphometric measurement could reliably separate Squatina spp. or Pristiophorus spp., although S. albipunctata over 1000-mm total length had larger eyes than did S. australis.
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Walters, Robert, and Matthew Coghlan. "Data Protection and Artificial Intelligence Law: Europe Australia Singapore - An Actual or Perceived Dichotomy." American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20190404.11.
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Campbell, Bill, and Stephanie Ierino. "James Crawford and the Australian Government." Australian Year Book of International Law Online 40, no. 1 (December 7, 2022): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-04001009.
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Abstract This article by two international lawyers advising the Australian Government focuses on the cases before international courts and tribunals in which Professor Crawford appeared as counsel on behalf of the Australian Government including the Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases, the East Timor Case, the Whaling in the Antarctic Case and the Certain Documents and Data Case. The article also covers advice Professor Crawford provided to the Australian Government both in the course of those cases and on other matters such as compulsory pilotage in the Torres Strait. To paint the full picture, mention also is made of a limited number of matters earlier in his career in which he acted against Australia. The article illuminates Professor Crawford’s role as adviser, counsel and advocate for Australia across the full breadth of international law, from law of the sea and international environmental law, to the law on diplomatic protection and the law of treaties.
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Robinson, B. J. "Protection of Passive Bands in Australia, India, and Japan." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003973.
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ABSTRACTThe problems of protecting passive bands in Australia, India, and Japan reflect the variety of research activities and radio telescopes in those countries, colored by the degree of user friendliness of the frequency management authorities.In India, it is important to protect frequencies below 1400 MHz (for high redshift hydrogen line absorption or emission) and continuum bands at 327 MHz and 150 MHz (the latter currently allocated to cordless phones, paging systems, and rural communication).In Japan, protection from harmful interference has been sought and refused at 4.8 and 5 GHz (microwave network), 10 and 15 GHz (mobile relay service), and 22 GHz (mobile data relay service). But extensive radio astronomy usage of mm to sub-mm bands has established priority for their use and allocation.In Australia, there are major problems at 408 MHz (telephone links), 1.6 GHz (GLONASS, RDSS, and Land Mobile Service), 4.9 to 5 GHz (RDSS), and 22 GHz (satellite broadcasting and high definition TV service).The degree of user friendliness of the frequency management administration appears to rate: 1. Australia, 2. India, 3. Japan on a diminishing scale of cooperation and concern. This affects the awareness of the radio astronomy community of conflicting allocations and the level of input into CCIR and the WARC.
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Solomon, S. B. "REASSESSMENT OF INHALATION DOSES TO WORKERS IN AUSTRALIAN SHOW CAVES." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (April 26, 2019): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz099.
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Abstract Exposure to radon in show caves is an existing exposure situation. A survey of radon levels in underground show caves around Australia, carried out in 1994, found that most of the show caves located in South-Eastern Australia had yearly average radon levels exceeding the Australian radon reference level of 1000 Bq m−3. At the time of the original survey, the radiation doses from exposure to radon progeny of the tour guides in these caves were estimated using the epidemiologically based dose conversion factors and all dose were assessed to be less than 10 mSv per year. In February 2018, the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) published updated radon and radon progeny dose conversion factors (DCF) applicable to worker exposure to radon in show caves. These updated DCF values are based on dosimetric modelling and are sensitive to the radon progeny activity size distribution. The recommended DCF values are up to a factor four times higher than the previous ICRP recommendations. The ICRP has published data that allows for the estimation of site-specific radon progeny dose coefficients if required. A reassessment of the radiation doses to workers in Australian show caves has been made using these updated ICRP DCF values and the historical measurements of radon progeny activity size distributions in Australian show caves. Using the site-specific DCF values, it is estimated that 15% of the workers exceeded 10 mSv y−1 and 6% exceeded 20 mSv y−1. Although the total number of show cave workers in Australia is very small, the updated radon progeny dose estimates are a significant radiation protection issue for the affected individuals and their employers.
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Culnane, Chris, and Kobi Leins. "Misconceptions in Privacy Protection and Regulation." Law in Context. A Socio-legal Journal 36, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26826/law-in-context.v36i2.110.
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Privacy protection legislation and policy is heavily dependent on the notion of de-identification. Repeated examples of its failure in real-world use have had little impact on the popularity of its usage in policy and legislation. In this paper we will examine some of the misconceptions that have occurred to attempt to explain why, in spite of all the evidence, we continue to rely on a technique that has been shown not to work, and further, which is purported to protect privacy when it clearly does not. With a particular focus on Australia, we shall look at how misconceptions regarding de-identification are perpetuated. We highlight that continuing to discuss the fiction of de-identified data as a form of privacy actively undermines privacy and privacy norms. Further, we note that ‘de-identification of data’ should not be presented as a form of privacy protection by policy makers, and that greater legislative protections of privacy are urgently needed given the volumes of data being collected, connected and mined.
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Nyland, Chris, and Marco Michelotti. "Measuring Regulatory Changes in Employment Protection: Labour Standards in Australia 1979 to 2000." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 22, Issue 1 (March 1, 2006): 39–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2006004.
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Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to intervene in the debate on methods to measure and compare legally mandated employment conditions by applying a recently devised numerical instrument to Federal labour standards in Australia in two points in time. In order to achieve this aim, non-parametric absolute indexes are generated for 1979 and 2000 to measure the strength of labour standards and associated changes over time. The numerical results suggest that two of the 10 standards measured, workers? compensation and collective bargaining, diminished while the indexes for equal employment opportunity/employment equity, unjust discharge, occupational health and safety and large-scale layoffs increased. The central tenet of the paper is that although the numerical data provide useful information, they should be interpreted in light of broader regulatory and policy developments that substantially reshaped the features of the Australian employment protection regime during the period considered. This is necessary because the method utilised is highly sensitive to the nature of the regulatory sources that are adopted to construct the statistical indexes.
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Jackson, Margaret. "The effect of the proposed national data protection regime on the health sector in Australia." Australian Health Review 20, no. 1 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah970001.
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The Commonwealth Government and a number of State governments are proposingto introduce legislation based on the Information Privacy Principles contained in thePrivacy Act 1988 (Cwlth). This will allow individuals access to any personalinformation held on them by any organisation or person, including privatepractitioners, private health facilities and State government agencies. This articlediscusses this proposed legislation and its implications for the health sector.Although in the public health area patients can already gain access to their medicalrecords through the use of the various Freedom of Information Acts and, in the caseof Commonwealth government agencies, the Privacy Act 1988 (Cwlth), the proposeddata protection legislation will provide more than access rights to individuals. Theeffect of the proposed legislation on the private sector, where no obligation exists onthe part of the doctor to grant a patient access to his or her records, will be substantial.
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Myers, Helen, Leonie Segal, Derrick Lopez, Ian W. Li, and David B. Preen. "Impact of family-friendly prison policies on health, justice and child protection outcomes for incarcerated mothers and their dependent children: a cohort study protocol." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e016302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016302.
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IntroductionFemale imprisonment has numerous health and social sequelae for both women prisoners and their children. Examples of comprehensive family-friendly prison policies that seek to improve the health and social functioning of women prisoners and their children exist but have not been evaluated. This study will determine the impact of exposure to a family-friendly prison environment on health, child protection and justice outcomes for incarcerated mothers and their dependent children.Methods and analysisA longitudinal retrospective cohort design will be used to compare outcomes for mothers incarcerated at Boronia Pre-release Centre, a women’s prison with a dedicated family-friendly environment, and their dependent children, with outcomes for mothers incarcerated at other prisons in Western Australia (that do not offer this environment) and their dependent children. Routinely collected administrative data from 1985 to 2013 will be used to determine child and mother outcomes such as hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, custodial sentences, community service orders and placement in out-of home care. The sample consists of all children born in Western Australia between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 2011 who had a mother in a West Australian prison between 1990 and 2012 and their mothers. Children are included if they were alive and aged less than 18 years at the time of their mother’s incarceration. The sample comprises an exposed group of 665 women incarcerated at Boronia and their 1714 dependent children and a non-exposed comparison sample of 2976 women incarcerated at other West Australian prisons and their 7186 dependent children, creating a total study sample of 3641 women and 8900 children.Ethics and disseminationThis project received ethics approval from the Western Australian Department of Health Human Research Ethics Committee, the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee and the University of Western Australia Human Research Ethics Committee.
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Gleeson, Deborah, Belinda Townsend, Ruth Lopert, Joel Lexchin, and Hazel Moir. "Financial costs associated with monopolies on biologic medicines in Australia." Australian Health Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17031.
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Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the potential savings to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) in 2015–16 if biosimilar versions of selected biologic medicines (biologics) had been available and listed on the PBS. Methods The research involved retrospective analysis of Australian Medicare expenditure data and PBS price data from 2015–16 for biologics, for which biosimilar competition may be available in future, listed on the PBS. Results Australian Government expenditure on biologics on the PBS and RPBS was estimated at A$2.29 billion dollars in 2015–16. If biosimilar versions of these medicines had been listed on the PBS in 2015–16, at least A$367million dollars would have been saved in PBS and RPBS subsidies. Modelling based on price decreases following listing of biosimilars on the PBS suggests that annual PBS outlays on biologics could be reduced by as much as 24% through the timely introduction of biosimilars. Conclusions Biologic medicines represent a large proportion of government expenditure on pharmaceuticals. Reducing the length of monopoly protections on these medicines could generate savings of hundreds of millions of dollars per year. What is known about the topic? Biologics take up an increasing share of pharmaceutical expenditure, but no previous published studies have examined Australian Government expenditure on biologics or the potential savings from reducing the duration of monopoly protection. What does this paper add? This paper provides new evidence about Australian Government expenditure on biologics and potential savings for selected medicines that are still subject to monopoly protection and thus are not yet subject to biosimilar competition. In 2015–16 Australian Government expenditure on biologics through the PBS and RPBS was estimated at A$2.29 billion dollars. If biosimilar versions of these medicines had been listed on the PBS at that time, at least A$367million dollars would have been saved. What are the implications for practitioners? Reducing the duration of monopoly protection on biologic medicines could save hundreds of millions of dollars annually that could be redirected to other areas of the healthcare system.
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Chan, Tom, Concetta Tania Di Iorio, Simon De Lusignan, Daniel Lo Russo, Craig Kuziemsky, and Siaw-Teng Liaw. "UK National Data Guardian for Health and Care’s Review of Data Security: Trust, better security and opt-outs." Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics 23, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/jhi.v23i3.909.
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Sharing health and social care data is essential to the delivery of high quality health care as well as disease surveillance, public health, and for conducting research. However, these societal benefits may be constrained by privacy and data protection principles. Hence, societies are striving to find a balance between the two competing public interests. Whilst the spread of IT advancements in recent decades has increased the demand for an increased privacy and data protection in many ways health is a special case.UK, are adopting guidelines, codes of conduct and regulatory instruments aimed to implement privacy principles into practical settings and enhance public trust. Accordingly, in 2015, the UK National Data Guardian (NDG) requested to conduct a further review of data protection, referred to as Caldicott 3. The scope of this review is to strengthen data security standards and confidentiality. It also proposes a consent system based on an “opt-out” model rather than on “opt-in.Across Europe as well as internationally the privacy-health data sharing balance is not fixed. In Europe enactment of the new EU Data Protection Regulation in 2016 constitute a major breakthrough, which is likely to have a profound effect on European countries and beyond. In Australia and across North America different ways are being sought to balance out these twin requirements of a modern society - to preserve privacy alongside affording high quality health care for an ageing population. Whilst in the UK privacy legal framework remains complex and fragmented into different layers of legislation, which may negatively impact on both the rights to privacy and health the UK is at the forefront in the uptake of international and EU privacy and data protection principles. And, if the privacy regime were reorganised in a more comprehensive manner, it could be used as a sound implementation model for other countries.
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Mathews, Ben, Leah Bromfield, and Kerryann Walsh. "Comparing Reports of Child Sexual and Physical Abuse Using Child Welfare Agency Data in Two Jurisdictions with Different Mandatory Reporting Laws." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050075.
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Empirical analysis has found that mandatory reporting legislation has positive effects on case identification of child sexual abuse both initially and over the long term. However, there is little analysis of the initial and ongoing impact on child protection systems of the rate of reports that are made if a reporting duty for child sexual abuse is introduced, especially when compared with rates of reports for other kinds of child maltreatment. This research analysed government administrative data at the unique child level over a seven-year period to examine trends in reports of child sexual abuse, compared with child physical abuse, in two Australian states having different socio-legal dimensions. Data mining generated descriptive statistics and rates per 100,000 children involved in reports per annum, and time trend sequences in the seven-year period. The first state, Western Australia, introduced the legislative reporting duty in the middle of the seven-year period, and only for sexual abuse. The second state, Victoria, had possessed mandatory reporting duties for both sexual and physical abuse for over a decade. Our analysis identified substantial intra-state increases in the reporting of child sexual abuse attributable to the introduction of a new legislative reporting duty, and heightened public awareness resulting from major social events. Victoria experienced nearly three times as many reports of physical abuse as Western Australia. The relative burden on the child protection system was most clearly different in Victoria, where reports of physical abuse were relatively stable and two and a half times higher than for sexual abuse. Rates of children in reports, even at their single year peak, indicate sustainable levels of reporting for child welfare agencies. Substantial proportions of reports were made by both legislatively mandated reporters, and non-mandated community members, suggesting that government agencies would benefit from engaging with communities and professions to enhance a desirable reporting practice.
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Harris, P. T., A. Heap, A. Post, T. Whiteway, A. Potter, and M. Bradshaw. "MARINE ZONE MANAGEMENT AND THE EPBC ACT—HOW ENVIRONMENTAL MARINE GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION PROVIDES CERTAINTY FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06024.
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To protect the diversity of marine life in Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the federal parliament has passed the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. The Act is being implemented through the design of a national representative system of marine protected areas (MPAs) that will place under protection a representative portion of Australia’s EEZ by 2012. There have already been 13 MPAs nominated for the southeast region in 2006.Limited biological data in Australia’s EEZ has resulted in biophysical information compiled by Geoscience Australia being used as a proxy for seabed biodiversity in support of marine conservation planning. Information we use to characterise the seabed includes bathymetry, geomorphology, acoustic properties, sediment properties, and slope and sediment mobilisation due to waves and tides. To better characterise habitats on the Australian continental shelf, Geoscience Australia is creating seascape maps (similar to geological facies maps) that integrate these multiple layers of spatial data, and which are useful for the prediction of the distribution of biodiversity in Australia’s EEZ. This information provides 100% spatial coverage based on objective, multivariate statistical methods and offers certainty for managers and stakeholders including the oil and gas industry, who are involved with designing Australia’s national MPA system. Certainty for industries operating in the EEZ is enhanced by a reproducible, science-based approach for identifying conservation priorities and the classification of sea floor types within multiple use areas.
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Maing, Skolastika Genapang. "Dilema Tata Kelola Pengungsi Global: Penanganan Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA) di Australia." Nation State Journal of International Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.2020v3i2.203.
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Australia as one of the countries that signed the Convention of Refugee 1951 has an obligation to apply principle of non-refoulement in the handling of refugees and asylum seekers entering its territory. However, the issue of national security and domestic turmoil caused Australia to continue use restrictive policies in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers, especially those who came by the sea (boat people) and did not have official documents. They are called Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA). Giving the term “illegal” causes no distinction between IMA and smuggling/trafficking criminals. This paper aims to explain the existence of dilemma in the management of refugees especially in Australia in handling IMA. This research uses qualitative methods with secondary data sources from books, journals, articles and other sources related to the problem being studied. By using the concept of securitization approach in the paradigm of constructivism, this paper argue that the restrictive policies adopted by Australia as a form of protection of national interests. Australia experiences a dilemma in applying the principle of non-refoulement and protecting its national interests. This is challenge in the management of global refugees.
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Nicholls, Rob. "Reform in Australia: A Focus on Informed Consent." Global Privacy Law Review 3, Issue 3 (September 1, 2022): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2022018.
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This article analyses the Australian privacy framework in the context of both the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission’s Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) and the Consumer Data Right (CDR). This analysis extends to informed consent and attitudes to unfairness and unconscionability. The article offers potential solutions to the current patchwork approach which go further than the Government response to the DPI. It argues that the Australian Government’s response is not an adequate response nor a set of suitable solutions to the problem. The article proposes a two-pronged approach that recognizes the urgency of the issue through the suggestion of a series of ‘quick policy wins’ that will result in more meaningful and effective protection for consumers and further systemic, long-term recommendations for change that can be achieved through policy development, further consultation and integration with other existing legislation. The quick policy wins centre on three specific changes, including definitional updates, content and structure of online standard form agreements and enforcement, penalties and sanctions, and long-term solutions. The long-term solutions are proposed to include regulation of website design, better integration of the laws, regulators and enforcement bodies, a faster, more consistent pace of policy review and recognition of the societal and human benefit of informed consent to online standard form agreements. Australia, Digital Platforms, Consumer Data Right, Informed Consent, Reform
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Kraly, Ellen Percy, and John McQuilton. "The ‘Protection’ of Aborigines in colonial and early federation Australia: the role of population data systems." Population, Space and Place 11, no. 4 (2005): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.368.
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Artega, Vera Yanti, Adwani Adwani, and Sanusi Bintang. "Konflik Antar Negara Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 21, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v21i1.11269.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perlindungan hukum internasional terhadap negara yang disadap secara melawan hukum oleh negara lain dan menjelaskan metode penyelesaian sengketa yang dilakukan Indonesia dalam menyelesaikan konflik antar negara akibat penyadapan yang dilakukan Australia terhadap Indonesia Tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum internasional belum memberikan perlindungan yang cukup kepada negara yang disadap oleh negara lain. Adapun metode penyelesaian sengketa yang digunakan Indonesia dalam menyelesaikan kasus penyadapan dengan Australia adalah penyelesaian sengketa internasional secara damai melalui cara negosiasi. Oleh karena itu, peraturan mengenai penyadapan lintas negara harus segera dibentuk, sehingga perlindungan hukum terhadap negara yang disadap bisa dilakukan. Serta kedua negara harus membentuk code of conduct. Inter-State Conflict Under International Law International relation between two countries at some time could evoke problems which are caused by the cheating action of one party, such as interception resulting in conflict between them. This study aims to explain the protection of international law against countries that are illegally intercepted by other countries and explain the method of dispute settlement conducted by Indonesia in resolving inter-state conflicts resulting from Australian interception to Indonesia in 2013. This study uses a normative-juridical legal research method, by using legislation, case study , and conceptual approach with library data sources. The result shows that international law has not provided sufficient protection to countries intercepted or tapped by other countries. The method of dispute resolution used by Indonesia in solving wiretapping case with Australia is the peaceful settlement of international disputes through negotiation. Therefore, regulations concerning cross-country intercepting must be established immediately, thus legal protection of the tapped countries could be proceeded, and the two countries must establish a code of conduct.
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Zhang, Yanquan, Ruidong Chang, Jian Zuo, and Wei Emma Zhang. "Transition towards Solar-Powered built environment: spatial distributions and impacting factors of Australian solar installations." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1196, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1196/1/012024.
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Abstract With the advantages of non-renewable energy conservation and environmental protection, solar energy technology has been widely used worldwide. Data shows that solar systems has been increasingly installed from 2006 to 2016 in Australia. However, impacting factors on Australian solar system installation remain unknown. Therefore, this paper provides a spatial regression analysis to identify the factors that influence households to install the solar panels. Solar installation maps of 2006, 2011, and 2016 are compared to investigate the changes and development of solar distribution. Besides, cluster maps are analyzed to investigate the cluster area distributions. Through analyzing statistical variables such as regression coefficient, p-value, z-value, and Moran’s I value, it can be concluded that educational qualification, population, and household composition have substantial positive relevancies to the installation of solar systems. It also shows that the low solar installation cluster areas mainly distribute at the center of Australia.
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Puszka, Helena, Jeff Shimeta, and Kate Robb. "Assessment on the effectiveness of vessel-approach regulations to protect cetaceans in Australia: A review on behavioral impacts with case study on the threatened Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0243353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243353.
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Vessels cause considerable disturbance to cetaceans world-wide, with potential long-term impacts to population viability. Here we present a comprehensive review of vessel impacts to cetacean behavior in Australian waters (2003–2015), finding inadequate protections to be in place. The majority of these studies found trends of decreased animal travel and resting behavioral states as well as low compliance to regulations, and they recommended further regulatory action such as greater enforcement or monitoring, or passive management strategies. As a case study, we conducted the first field assessment of vessel compliance with the Wildlife (Marine Mammal) Regulations 2009 in Gippsland Lakes, Australia, and provide the first assessment of the endangered Gippsland Lakes Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis) population’s behavioral ecology. Dolphin behavior and vessel regulation compliance data were collected during boat-based surveys of Gippsland Lakes from July 2017 to January 2018, with a total of 22 dolphin group sightings resulting in 477 five-minute point samples. 77% of dolphin sightings involved vessel interactions (within 400 m), and 56 regulation breaches were observed. These breaches were most severe in summer (mean = 4.54 breaches/hour). Vessels were found to alter dolphin behavior before, during, and after interactions and regulation breaches, including increased mating (mate guarding) and milling behavioral states, and increased ‘fish catch’, ‘high leap’ and ‘tail slap’ behavioral events. These behavioral changes may indicate masking of the dolphins' acoustic communication, disturbance of prey, increased dolphin transition behaviors, and/or induced stress and changes to group structure (including increased mate guarding). While our results provide evidence of short-term altered behavior, the potential for long-term effects on population dynamics for this threatened species is high. In the context of reported inadequate cetacean protection Australia-wide, our management recommendations include greater monitoring and enforcement, and the utilisation of adaptive management.
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von Nessen, Paul, and Gary Heilbronn. "Airline and Aviation Industry Information Retention: Problems for Privacy Law Proposals on Data Breach Notification in Australia?" Air and Space Law 34, Issue 4/5 (August 1, 2009): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2009025.
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A considerable amount of commercial, security, and safety-related data is collected and used in various ways by airlines and other aviation industry participants. Much of this data collection, retention, and disclosure is authorized by a complex array of international and municipal regulation, which also requires that some of the data be reported to agencies and other persons authorized to access it. However, it is already difficult to identify what data collection, retention, and disclosure is authorized and what is not. Even the use of purely commercial information by airlines purports to be authorized by private contractual arrangements with customers. Privacy and data protection laws in Australia and elsewhere are designed to protect individuals’ personal information from misuse and exploitation but it is difficult to reconcile the conflicting imperatives of privacy and aviation safety and security. New privacy law proposals in Australia require the notification of individuals whose data has been disclosed or accessed without authorization and seem to be a desirable element in the armoury of data protection defences against personal data abuses. However, their effectiveness is questionable in the aviation context, as the implementation of the proposed obligations will not only lead to considerable complexity and uncertainty for airlines but also be difficult to carry out and to monitor in practice.
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Douglas, Michael M., Stuart E. Bunn, and Peter M. Davies. "River and wetland food webs in Australia's wet - dry tropics: general principles and implications for management." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04084.
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The tropical rivers of northern Australia have received international and national recognition for their high ecological and cultural values. Unlike many tropical systems elsewhere in the world and their temperate Australian counterparts, they have largely unmodified flow regimes and are comparatively free from the impacts associated with intensive land use. However, there is growing demand for agricultural development and existing pressures, such as invasive plants and feral animals, threaten their ecological integrity. Using the international literature to provide a conceptual framework and drawing on limited published and unpublished data on rivers in northern Australia, we have derived five general principles about food webs and related ecosystem processes that both characterise tropical rivers of northern Australia and have important implications for their management. These are: (1) the seasonal hydrology is a strong driver of ecosystem processes and food-web structure; (2) hydrological connectivity is largely intact and underpins important terrestrial–aquatic food-web subsidies; (3) river and wetland food webs are strongly dependent on algal production; (4) a few common macroconsumer species have a strong influence on benthic food webs; and (5) omnivory is widespread and food chains are short. The implications of these ecosystem attributes for the management and protection of tropical rivers and wetlands of northern Australian are discussed in relation to known threats. These principles provide a framework for the formation of testable hypotheses in future research programmes.
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Deeming, Christopher. "Classed attitudes and social reform in cross-national perspective: a quantitative analysis using four waves from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783316632605.
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This article attempts to forge new links between social attitudes and social policy change in Australia. Drawing on four survey waves of international social survey data and using multivariable regression analysis, this article sheds new light on the determinants of Australian attitudes towards the welfare state in a comparative perspective. It examines their variations across time and social groupings and then compares Australian welfare attitudes with those found in other leading western economies. While there is popular support for government actions to protect Australian citizens in old age and sickness, views about social protection and labour market policy for the working-age population are divided. The comparative analysis and the focus on class-attitude linkages allows for further critical reflection on the nature of social relations and recent social reforms enacted by the Liberal-National coalition government.
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Miller, R., B. Whitehill, and D. Deere. "A national approach to risk assessment for drinking water catchments in Australia." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0029.
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This paper comments on the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies for risk assessment, appropriate for utilisation by Australian Water Utilities in risk assessment for drinking water source protection areas. It is intended that a suggested methodology be recommended as a national approach to catchment risk assessment. Catchment risk management is a process for setting priorities for protecting drinking water quality in source water areas. It is structured through a series of steps for identifying water quality hazards, assessing the threat posed, and prioritizing actions to address the threat. Water management organisations around Australia are at various stages of developing programs for catchment risk management. While much conceptual work has been done on the individual components of catchment risk management, work on these components has not previously been combined to form a management tool for source water protection. A key driver for this project has been the requirements of the National Health and Medical Research Council Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality (DWQMF) included in the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). The Framework outlines a quality management system of steps for the Australian water industry to follow with checks and balances to ensure water quality is protected from catchment to tap. Key steps in the Framework that relate to this project are as follows: Element 2 Assessment of the Drinking Water Supply System• Water Supply System analysis• Review of Water Quality Data• Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Element 3 Preventive Measures for Drinking Water Quality Management• Preventive Measures and Multiple Barriers• Critical Control Points This paper provides an evaluation of the following risk assessment techniques: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP); World Health Organisation Water Safety Plans; Australian Standard AS 4360; and The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – Drinking Water Quality Management Framework. These methods were selected for assessment in this report as they provided coverage of the different approaches being used across Australia by water utilities of varying: scale of water management organisation; types of water supply system management; and land use and activity-based risks in the catchment area of the source. Initially, different risk assessment methodologies were identified and reviewed. Then examples of applications of those methods were assessed, based on several key water utilities across Australia and overseas. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach were identified. In general there seems some general grouping of types of approaches into those that: cover the full catchment-to-tap drinking water system; cover just the catchment area of the source and do not recognise downstream barriers or processes; use water quality data or land use risks as a key driving component; and are based primarily on the hazard whilst others are based on a hazardous event. It is considered that an initial process of screening water quality data is very valuable in determining key water quality issues and guiding the risk assessment, and to the overall understanding of the catchment and water source area, allowing consistency with the intentions behind the ADWG DWQM Framework. As such, it is suggested that the recommended national risk assessment approach has two key introductory steps: initial screening of key issues via water quality data, and land use or activity scenario and event-based HACCP-style risk assessment. In addition, the importance of recognising the roles that uncertainty and bias plays in risk assessments was highlighted. As such it was deemed necessary to develop and integrate uncertainty guidelines for information used in the risk assessment process. A hybrid risk assessment methodology was developed, based on the HACCP approach, but with some key additions and modifications to make it applicable to varying catchment risks, water supply operation needs and environmental management processes.
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Edokpolo, Benjamin, Nathalie Allaz-Barnett, Catherine Irwin, Jason Issa, Pete Curtis, Bronwyn Green, Ivan Hanigan, and Martine Dennekamp. "Developing a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Health Tracking in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101748.
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Victoria’s (Australia) Environment Protection Authority (EPA), the state’s environmental regulator, has recognized the need to develop an Environmental Health Tracking System (EHTS) to better understand environmental health relationships. To facilitate the process of developing an EHTS; a linkage-based conceptual framework was developed to link routinely collected environmental and health data to better understand environmental health relationships. This involved researching and drawing on knowledge from previous similar projects. While several conceptual frameworks have been used to organize data to support the development of an environmental health tracking system, Driving Force–Pressure–State–Exposure–Effect–Action (DPSEEA) was identified as the most broadly applied conceptual framework. Exposure and effects are two important components of DPSEEA, and currently, exposure data are not available for the EHTS. Therefore, DPSEEA was modified to the Driving Force–Pressure–Environmental Condition–Health Impact–Action (DPEHA) conceptual framework for the proposed Victorian EHTS as there is relevant data available for tracking. The potential application of DPEHA for environmental health tracking was demonstrated through case studies. DPEHA will be a useful tool to support the implementation of Victoria’s environmental health tracking system for providing timely and scientific evidence for EPA and other decision makers in developing and evaluating policies for protecting public health and the environment in Victoria.
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Hill, David, and Helen Dixon. "Promoting Sun Protection in Children: Rationale and Challenges." Health Education & Behavior 26, no. 3 (June 1999): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819902600310.
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This article outlines the epidemiological and educational arguments for promoting sun protection during childhood and highlights factors that may facilitate or hinder achievement of this behavioral outcome. A model describing behavioral factors in the causation of skin cancer is presented. Summary results from previous behavioral studies and interventions relating to primary prevention of skin cancer are described, and recent data on the cost-effectiveness of sun protection in Australia and its implications for health insurers are discussed. This article also includes a commentary on the demonstration projects promoting skin cancer prevention among children and their caregivers featured in this special issue of Health Education and Behavior.
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Kingham, N. "Environmental action for community monitoring." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0393.
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Community monitoring began in Australia in the 1980s primarily as an awareness-raising tool. Since that time, the community has developed increased skills and knowledge in monitoring procedures and both the data collectors and data users are placing greater demands on community data to be accurate and reliable. With over 3,500 community groups in the field collecting data at over 5,000 sites across Australia, the Waterwatch Program has developed guidelines and tools for monitoring and data collection for the community to collect reliable, accurate and useful data. This paper will discuss how Waterwatch is providing technical support through a range of data confidence guidelines and procedures to ensure that community monitoring and community data continue to play a significant role in the protection and management of our waterways. This paper will also draw on a couple of case studies from across Australia that demonstrate community data being used by a variety of stakeholders.
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Findlay, James D., Colleen M. Cross, and Andrew G. Bodsworth. "Marlin fisheries management in Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01261.
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Australia has a relatively long history with respect to management of fishery interactions with marlins. Sectoral conflict has been, and remains, the main driver of management action. Whilst constrained by verified catch and effort data from both recreational and commercial sectors, a range of management actions including limited entry, non-retention, non-targeting, closed areas and gear restrictions are reviewed. The review of management performance shows that the effectiveness of management actions varies considerably. Some measures such as voluntary non-retention policies have had little impact, whereas others such as closed areas have had a marked impact on fishery interactions and sectoral conflict. Relatively small areaclosures reduced the interactions of Japanese longliners with black marlin by 85%. On a per unit-of-effort basis marlinsare currently afforded greater protection than ever from overfishing; however, effort from all sectors continues to increase and sectoral conflict with respect to marlins is expected to continue to result in calls for further management action.
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Alazab, Mamoun, Seung-Hun Hong, and Jenny Ng. "Louder bark with no bite: Privacy protection through the regulation of mandatory data breach notification in Australia." Future Generation Computer Systems 116 (March 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.10.017.
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Keegel, Tessa, Ollie Black, Ewan MacFarlane, Rwth Stuckey, Anthony LaMontagne, Rosemary Nixon, and Malcolm Sim. "O5B.4 Workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis: 20 years of data from victoria, australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A44.1—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.119.
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BackgroundOccupational contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases, but there is a lack of reliable information on incidence. Despite acknowledged limitations, workers’ compensation statistics may provide insights into contact dermatitis patterns.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to characterise historical patterns of workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis from 1996–2015 (n=3,348) accepted by WorkSafe Victoria in Victoria, Australia. Accepted claims per 1 00 000 person-years stratified by sex, age and industry were calculated. Denominators for the population at risk were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics using Victorian Labour Force Survey data.ResultsThe compensation claims rate of occupational contact dermatitis was 6.72 per 1 00 000 person-years for the overall twenty-year period. There was a significant reduction in claims from 11.84 in 1996 to 1.78 in 2015. Males had a higher overall claims rate of 7.97 compared to the rate for females of 5.18. Over the twenty-year period the rate for males decreased from 14.46 to 1.7 compared to a reduction from 8.4 to 1.8 for females. This decrease was still observed when the data were standardised for underlying changes in the age structure of the population. There was an overall decline across all high-risk occupational groupsConclusionsThere was a fivefold decrease in accepted claims for occupational contact dermatitis for the twenty-year period from January 1996 to December 2015 for the state of Victoria in Australia. These results need to be regarded with caution as the declining rate of accepted occupational contact dermatitis claims may indicate changes in workplace dermal exposures or improvements in workplace skin protection practices over time, or they may be driven by underlying changes to the workers’ compensation system or changes to claims behaviour amongst workers.