Academic literature on the topic 'Data over sound'
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Journal articles on the topic "Data over sound"
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Fejfar, Jiří, Jiří Šťastný, Martin Pokorný, Jiří Balej, and Petr Zach. "Analysis of sound data streamed over the network." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072105.
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In this paper we inspect a difference between original sound recording and signal captured after streaming this original recording over a network loaded with a heavy traffic. There are several kinds of failures occurring in the captured recording caused by network congestion. We try to find a method how to evaluate correctness of streamed audio. Usually there are metrics based on a human perception of a signal such as “signal is clear, without audible failures”, “signal is having some failures but it is understandable”, or “signal is inarticulate”. These approaches need to be statistically evaluated on a broad set of respondents, which is time and resource consuming. We try to propose some metrics based on signal properties allowing us to compare the original and captured recording. We use algorithm called Dynamic Time Warping (Müller, 2007) commonly used for time series comparison in this paper. Some other time series exploration approaches can be found in (Fejfar, 2011) and (Fejfar, 2012). The data was acquired in our network laboratory simulating network traffic by downloading files, streaming audio and video simultaneously. Our former experiment inspected Quality of Service (QoS) and its impact on failures of received audio data stream. This experiment is focused on the comparison of sound recordings rather than network mechanism.We focus, in this paper, on a real time audio stream such as a telephone call, where it is not possible to stream audio in advance to a “pool”. Instead it is necessary to achieve as small delay as possible (between speaker voice recording and listener voice replay). We are using RTP protocol for streaming audio.
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Kim, Hyun-Don, Kazunori Komatani, Tetsuya Ogata, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Binaural Active Audition for Humanoid Robots to Localise Speech over Entire Azimuth Range." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 6, no. 3-4 (2009): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/817874.
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We applied motion theory to robot audition to improve the inadequate performance. Motions are critical for overcoming the ambiguity and sparseness of information obtained by two microphones. To realise this, we first designed a sound source localisation system integrated with cross-power spectrum phase (CSP) analysis and an EM algorithm. The CSP of sound signals obtained with only two microphones was used to localise the sound source without having to measure impulse response data. The expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm helped the system to cope with several moving sound sources and reduce localisation errors. We then proposed a way of constructing a database for moving sounds to evaluate binaural sound source localisation. We evaluated our sound localisation method using artificial moving sounds and confirmed that it could effectively localise moving sounds slower than 1.125 rad/s. Consequently, we solved the problem of distinguishing whether sounds were coming from the front or rear by rotating and/or tipping the robot's head that was equipped with only two microphones. Our system was applied to a humanoid robot called SIG2, and we confirmed its ability to localise sounds over the entire azimuth range as the success rates for sound localisation in the front and rear areas were 97.6% and 75.6% respectively.
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Saldanha, Jane, Shaunak Chakraborty, Shruti Patil, Ketan Kotecha, Satish Kumar, and Anand Nayyar. "Data augmentation using Variational Autoencoders for improvement of respiratory disease classification." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e0266467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266467.
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Computerized auscultation of lung sounds is gaining importance today with the availability of lung sounds and its potential in overcoming the limitations of traditional diagnosis methods for respiratory diseases. The publicly available ICBHI respiratory sounds database is severely imbalanced, making it difficult for a deep learning model to generalize and provide reliable results. This work aims to synthesize respiratory sounds of various categories using variants of Variational Autoencoders like Multilayer Perceptron VAE (MLP-VAE), Convolutional VAE (CVAE) Conditional VAE and compare the influence of augmenting the imbalanced dataset on the performance of various lung sound classification models. We evaluated the quality of the synthetic respiratory sounds’ quality using metrics such as Fréchet Audio Distance (FAD), Cross-Correlation and Mel Cepstral Distortion. Our results showed that MLP-VAE achieved an average FAD of 12.42 over all classes, whereas Convolutional VAE and Conditional CVAE achieved an average FAD of 11.58 and 11.64 for all classes, respectively. A significant improvement in the classification performance metrics was observed upon augmenting the imbalanced dataset for certain minority classes and marginal improvement for the other classes. Hence, our work shows that deep learning-based lung sound classification models are not only a promising solution over traditional methods but can also achieve a significant performance boost upon augmenting an imbalanced training set.
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Aiello, Luca Maria, Rossano Schifanella, Daniele Quercia, and Francesco Aletta. "Chatty maps: constructing sound maps of urban areas from social media data." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 3 (March 2016): 150690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150690.
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Urban sound has a huge influence over how we perceive places. Yet, city planning is concerned mainly with noise, simply because annoying sounds come to the attention of city officials in the form of complaints, whereas general urban sounds do not come to the attention as they cannot be easily captured at city scale. To capture both unpleasant and pleasant sounds, we applied a new methodology that relies on tagging information of georeferenced pictures to the cities of London and Barcelona. To begin with, we compiled the first urban sound dictionary and compared it with the one produced by collating insights from the literature: ours was experimentally more valid (if correlated with official noise pollution levels) and offered a wider geographical coverage. From picture tags, we then studied the relationship between soundscapes and emotions. We learned that streets with music sounds were associated with strong emotions of joy or sadness, whereas those with human sounds were associated with joy or surprise. Finally, we studied the relationship between soundscapes and people's perceptions and, in so doing, we were able to map which areas are chaotic, monotonous, calm and exciting. Those insights promise to inform the creation of restorative experiences in our increasingly urbanized world.
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Cushing, Colby W., Jason D. Sagers, and Megan Ballard. "Ambient sound observations from beamformed horizontal array data in the Pacific Arctic." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015582.
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Changes in the Arctic environment with regard to declining sea ice and changing oceanography are expected to alter the ambient sound field, affecting both the sound generating processes and the acoustic propagation. This talk presents acoustic recordings collected on the 150-m isobath on the Chukchi Shelf during the Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment (CANAPE), which took place over a yearlong period spanning October 2016 to October 2017. The data were recorded on a 52-channel center-tapered horizontal line array and adaptively beamformed to quantify the azimuthal directionality in long-term trends ambient sound under 1200 Hz as well as track specific sound events as they travel through space over time. The acoustic data were analyzed in the context of wind speed and satellite imagery to identify the dominant sound generation mechanisms. Automated identification system (AIS) data were also incorporated to determine sources of ship generated sound and seismic profiler activity observed in the acoustic recordings. This talk will provide an overview of the long-term trends and describe a subset of results from the beamforming. [Work Supported by ONR.]
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Bessen, Sarah Y., James E. Saunders, Eric A. Eisen, and Isabelle L. Magro. "Perceptions of Sound Quality and Enjoyment After Cochlear Implantation." OTO Open 5, no. 3 (July 2021): 2473974X2110314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x211031471.
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Objectives To characterize the quality and enjoyment of sound by cochlear implant (CI) recipients and identify predictors of these outcomes after cochlear implantation. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A tertiary care hospital. Methods Surveys based on the Hearing Implant Sound Quality Index were sent to all patients who received a CI at a tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2019. Survey questions prompted CI recipients to characterize enjoyment and quality of voices, music, and various sounds. Results Of the 339 surveys, 60 (17.7%) were returned with complete data. CI recipients had a mean ± SD age of 62.5 ± 17.4 years with a mean 8.0 ± 6.1 years since CI surgery. Older current age and age at implantation significantly predicted lower current sound quality ( P < .05) and sound enjoyment ( P < .05), as well as worsening of sound quality ( P < .05) and sound enjoyment ( P < .05) over time. Greater length of implantation was associated with higher reported quality and enjoyment ( r = 0.4, P < .001; r = 0.4, P < .05), as well as improvement of sound quality ( r = 0.3, P < .05) but not sound enjoyment over time. Conclusion Recipients who had CIs for a longer period had improved quality of sound perception, suggesting a degree of adaptation. However, CI recipients with implantation at an older age reported poorer sound quality and enjoyment as well as worsening sound quality and enjoyment over time, indicating that age-related changes influence outcomes of cochlear implantation.
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Bandara, Meelan, Roshinie Jayasundara, Isuru Ariyarathne, Dulani Meedeniya, and Charith Perera. "Forest Sound Classification Dataset: FSC22." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042032.
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The study of environmental sound classification (ESC) has become popular over the years due to the intricate nature of environmental sounds and the evolution of deep learning (DL) techniques. Forest ESC is one use case of ESC, which has been widely experimented with recently to identify illegal activities inside a forest. However, at present, there is a limitation of public datasets specific to all the possible sounds in a forest environment. Most of the existing experiments have been done using generic environment sound datasets such as ESC-50, U8K, and FSD50K. Importantly, in DL-based sound classification, the lack of quality data can cause misguided information, and the predictions obtained remain questionable. Hence, there is a requirement for a well-defined benchmark forest environment sound dataset. This paper proposes FSC22, which fills the gap of a benchmark dataset for forest environmental sound classification. It includes 2025 sound clips under 27 acoustic classes, which contain possible sounds in a forest environment. We discuss the procedure of dataset preparation and validate it through different baseline sound classification models. Additionally, it provides an analysis of the new dataset compared to other available datasets. Therefore, this dataset can be used by researchers and developers who are working on forest observatory tasks.
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Schwock, Felix, and Shima Abadi. "Summary of underwater ambient sound from wind and rain in the northeast Pacific continental margin." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018294.
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Analyzing underwater ambient sound from various sources such as ships, marine mammals, rain, and wind is crucial for characterizing the ocean environment. While efforts to analyze ocean ambient sounds have been ongoing since the 1940s, networks such as the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) provide modern large-scale recording setups for a more in-depth analysis. Here we will summarize results from analyzing over 11,000h of wind generated ambient sound and 280 h of ambient sound during rain collected between 2015 and 2019 by two OOI hydrophones deployed in the northeast Pacific continental margin. The hydrophones record continuously at depths of 81 and 581 m with a sample rate of 64 kHz. Meteorological data are provided by surface buoys deployed near the hydrophones. We compare our results to data obtained from a large-scale recording setup in the tropical Pacific Ocean (Ma et al., 2005). In contrast to their results, we found that sound levels during rain in the northeast Pacific Ocean are highly dependent on the wind speed over a wide frequency range. This implies that large-scale distributed sound measurements are necessary to accurately characterize underwater ambient sound from wind and rain across the globe. [Work supported by ONR.]
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Wałęga, Przemysław Andrzej, Mark Kaminski, and Bernardo Cuenca Grau. "Reasoning over Streaming Data in Metric Temporal Datalog." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 3092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33013092.
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We study stream reasoning in datalogMTL—an extension of Datalog with metric temporal operators. We propose a sound and complete stream reasoning algorithm that is applicable to a fragment datalogMTLFP of datalogMTL, in which propagation of derived information towards past time points is precluded. Memory consumption in our algorithm depends both on the properties of the rule set and the input data stream; in particular, it depends on the distances between timestamps occurring in data. This is undesirable since these distances can be very small, in which case the algorithm may require large amounts of memory. To address this issue, we propose a second algorithm, where the size of the required memory becomes independent on the timestamps in the data at the expense of disallowing punctual intervals in the rule set. Finally, we provide tight bounds to the data complexity of standard query answering in datalogMTLFP without punctual intervals in rules, which yield a new PSPACE lower bound to the data complexity of the full datalogMTL.
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Phillips, James E. "Verification of an acoustic model of outdoor sound propagation from a natural resource compressor station over complex topography." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019009.
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Outdoor sound propagation from a natural resource compressor station with multiple, large, reciprocating compressors enclosed within a structure was modeled using DGMR iNoise. Data from sound level measurements taken near the station were used to estimate the sound power of the operating compressor station equipment and used as input to the model. The model was then used to project the sound pressure levels at multiple measurement locations over complex topography. Good agreement was achieved between the projected and measured sound pressure levels as far as ½-mile from the station, particularly after accounting for meteorological influences upon sound propagation in the field. Observations and lesson learned while measuring and modeling the sound propagation will be discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Data over sound"
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Gupta, Harshvardhan. "Development of High-Performance Piezoelectric Micromachined Transducers for Near Ultrasound." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6109.
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Near-ultrasound refers to sound with frequencies just above the range of human hearing, from about 18 to 40 kHz. This band is rarely used for typical ultrasound applications and is ignored for all except the most demanding audio applications. We highlight the advantages of using this band and present a design study on the development of high-efficiency, resonant transducers for near-ultrasound. Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers, or PMUTs, are MEMS resonators that are used to generate and receive ultrasound and acoustic waves. They are fabricated as multilayered diaphragms consisting of a passive structural layer coated with a piezoelectric material sandwiched between metal films.
In this dissertation, we report the realization of a novel near-ultrasound PMUT system especially designed for Data-over-Sound (DoS) applications. This realization includes investigation of new transducer designs, innovation in fabrication processes, and a significant advance in acoustics and electronics integration. We use analytical and coupled finite element models of clamped circular plates with in-plane stresses to generate design maps for PMUTs. Residual tensile stresses generated during fabrication processes have the effect of stiffening the diaphragms and increasing their resonant frequencies. We experimentally estimate the magnitude of these stresses in sol-gel PZT-coated SOI wafers and fabricate transducers with dimensions optimized for near-ultrasound. The transducers are 50 times smaller and 20 times more efficient than conventional electrodynamic micro speakers in the near-ultrasound range.
We then present a novel design for PMUTs with “bossed” diaphragms that allows further reduction in device footprint and power consumption while improving sensitivity and efficiency. The dimensions of the central boss structure are optimized using simulations. The fabricated devices are found to be up to 10 times smaller than conventional PMUTs for the same frequencies, and less sensitive to variations in residual stress.
We have studied and optimized the effects of packaging and the acoustic environment on the performance of the transducers using finite element and boundary element acoustic simulations. The devices are packaged with 3D-printed acoustic resonators and horns designed to boost sensitivity, improve bandwidth, and widen the directivity of the transducers. The results of the simulations are experimentally verified by scanning the acoustic field of the transducers. The transducers are finally integrated into battery- and solar-powered DoS beacons and wireless sensor nodes, complete with a low-power microcontroller for modulation/demodulation, a low Q-current amplifier, a MEMS microphone, an acoustic resonator, and the near-ultrasound transducer — all in a compact package with a transmission range of up to 30 meters and a battery reserve of up to 4 weeks.
Books on the topic "Data over sound"
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Havlik, Richard J. Aging in the eighties, impaired senses for sound and light in persons age 65 years and over: Preliminary data from the Supplement on aging to the National Health Interview Survey : United States, January-June 1984. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, 1986.
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Wacks, Raymond. 6. The death of privacy? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198725947.003.0006.
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Privacy is under attack from several quarters. The ‘war on terror’ has amplified this pressure. The Internet, increased surveillance, and sensationalist journalism seriously undermine individuals’ control over their private lives. Many advocates believe that the protection of privacy stands in need of urgent renewal. Has the Internet sounded privacy’s death knell? The rapid advance of information technology, especially the Internet, has generated widespread concern about protection of personal data, with many jurisdictions adopting data protection legislation. Ironically, technology generates both the malady and part of the cure. While the law is rarely an effective tool against the dedicated intruder, advances in protective software, along with fair information practices of the European Directive and laws of several jurisdictions, afford a rational and sound normative framework for the collection, use, and transfer of personal data. Some of these questions—likely to dominate 21st-century discussions of privacy—are considered in this concluding chapter.
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Tkaczyk, Viktoria, and Stefan Weinzierl. Architectural Acoustics and the Trained Ear in the Arts. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.14.
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This chapter shifts perspective from the history of architectural acoustics (as a branch of physics) to the history of architecture and practices of listening from around 1780 to 1830. In this period, operas, concerts, and spoken theater pieces, traditionally performed in the same venue, were increasingly regarded as separate genres, each related to a specific sonic reverberation time. As this chapter illustrates using acoustic data from major venues, this separation corresponded with ever-diverging concepts of acoustic design and the acoustic properties of new buildings. The shift occurred, first, because of the emergence of a bourgeois theater and music culture and, second, due to a fundamental epistemic shift in acoustic theory when sound reflection began to be thought of as a phenomenon related to energy, time, and building materials. The audience was conceived of as a group of genre-specific listening experts who paid attention to sound dying away over time.
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Unwin, Tim. Understanding the Technologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795292.003.0002.
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In this chapter the author provides an introduction to eight important ongoing technological changes with significant ramifications for ICT4D: an ever more converged and miniaturized digital world; radio spectrum technologies and their management; from fixed-line to wireless communication; from voice to data and the impacts of the digital transition; technological openness and being free; social media and Over The Top services; 5G and the Internet of Things; and incubators, digital hubs, and app development. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of a sound technical understanding by all those involved in trying to use ICTs effectively for delivering real development outcomes.
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Schedel, Margaret. Colour is the Keyboard. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.8.
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This chapter discusses the phenomenon of ‘synaesthesia’, the phenomenon in which a visual perception gives rise to a musical sense-impression, or vice-versa. The chapter covers over one hundred years of artists, composers, and inventors developing sculptures, instruments, and systems to transcode visual data into sonic material. This time frame encompasses mechanical, analogue, digital, and hybrid systems. Most of the algorithmic procedures in these case studies are not reversible; in other words, the visuals cannot be generated from the sound. In many cases the visual aspect is not even meant to be seen as part of the experience, while in others the visual aspect is an equal partner in a synaethestic experience.
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Bertrand-Krajewski, Jean-Luc, Francois Clemens-Meyer, and Mathieu Lepot, eds. Metrology in Urban Drainage and Stormwater Management: Plug and Pray. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060119.
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Abstract This book presents the advancements made in applied metrology in the field of Urban Drainage and Storm water Management over the past two decades in scientific research as well as in practical applications. Given the broadness of this subject (measuring principles, uncertainty in data, data validation, data storage and communication, design, maintenance and management of monitoring networks, technical details of sensor technology), the focus is on water quantity and a sound metrological basis. The book offers common ground for academics and practitioners when setting up monitoring projects in urban drainage and storm water management. This will enable an easier exchange of results so as to allow for a faster scientific progress in the field. A second, but equally important goal, is to allow practitioners access to scientific developments and gained experience when it comes to monitoring urban drainage and storm water systems. In-depth descriptions of international case studies covering all aspects discussed in the book are presented, along with self-training exercises and codes available for readers on a companion website. Numerous detailed examples are given in the book, with corresponding open-source codes and training files available to download here. ISBN: 9781789060102 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789060119 (eBook)
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Samset, Knut, and Gro Holst Volden. Quality Assurance in Megaproject Management. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.17.
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This chapter discusses the Norwegian governance regime for public megaprojects and the lessons learned. Governance regimes for major public investment projects comprise the processes and systems which the financing party must implement to ensure a successful investment. Such regimes typically include a regulatory framework, compliance with agreed objectives, and sound management and resolution of issues that may arise. The challenges in securing quality at entry include identification of a conceptual solution that is economically viable and relevant with respect to the needs and often conflicting priorities in society, avoiding underestimating costs, overestimating utility and making unrealistic and inconsistent assumptions, and securing essential planning data and adequate contract regimes. The Norwegian regime involves external quality assurance of key decision documents, and has given the government greater control over the total cost of its investment project portfolio. It also ensures that decisions regarding the choice of conceptual solution are based on a broad assessment of overall needs and goals, as well as alternative ways of achieving these goals.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Otorhinolaryngology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0028.
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Conditions of the ear, nose, or throat (ENT) are common diagnoses in primary care and are a frequent indication for referral to secondary care. They have a major impact on health and health-care resources, and it is therefore important that the management of ENT conditions is based upon the best available evidence. Such evidence should come from methodologically sound research in patients representative of those seen in everyday practice. Over the past decades, general practitioners and ENT surgeons have embraced the principles of evidence-based medicine, actively contributing to randomized controlled trials in this field. Consequently, management of ENT conditions is shifting from experience-based to evidence-based. The randomized controlled trials and individual patient data meta-analyses presented in this chapter have been instrumental in the development of clinical guidelines that allow general practitioners and ENT surgeons to make evidence-based shared decisions for the management of some of the commonest ENT conditions.
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Woinarski, John, Andrew Burbidge, and Peter Harrison. Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108745.
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The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 is the first review to assess the conservation status of all Australian mammals. It complements The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010 (Garnett et al. 2011, CSIRO Publishing), and although the number of Australian mammal taxa is marginally fewer than for birds, the proportion of endemic, extinct and threatened mammal taxa is far greater. These authoritative reviews represent an important foundation for understanding the current status, fate and future of the nature of Australia.
This book considers all species and subspecies of Australian mammals, including those of external territories and territorial seas. For all the mammal taxa (about 300 species and subspecies) considered Extinct, Threatened, Near Threatened or Data Deficient, the size and trend of their population is presented along with information on geographic range and trend, and relevant biological and ecological data. The book also presents the current conservation status of each taxon under Australian legislation, what additional information is needed for managers, and the required management actions. Recovery plans, where they exist, are evaluated.
The voluntary participation of more than 200 mammal experts has ensured that the conservation status and information are as accurate as possible, and allowed considerable unpublished data to be included. All accounts include maps based on the latest data from Australian state and territory agencies, from published scientific literature and other sources.
The Action Plan concludes that 29 Australian mammal species have become extinct and 63 species are threatened and require urgent conservation action. However, it also shows that, where guided by sound knowledge, management capability and resourcing, and longer-term commitment, there have been some notable conservation success stories, and the conservation status of some species has greatly improved over the past few decades.
The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 makes a major contribution to the conservation of a wonderful legacy that is a significant part of Australia’s heritage. For such a legacy to endure, our society must be more aware of and empathetic with our distinctively Australian environment, and particularly its marvellous mammal fauna; relevant information must be readily accessible; environmental policy and law must be based on sound evidence; those with responsibility for environmental management must be aware of what priority actions they should take; the urgency for action (and consequences of inaction) must be clear; and the opportunity for hope and success must be recognised. It is in this spirit that this account is offered.
Winner of a 2015 Whitley Awards Certificate of Commendation for Zoological Resource.
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Vihman, Marilyn May. Phonological Templates in Development. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793564.001.0001.
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Based on cross-linguistic data from several children each learning one of eight languages and grounded in the theoretical frameworks of usage-based phonology, exemplar theory, and Dynamic Systems Theory, this book explores the patterns or phonological templates children develop once they are producing 20–50 words or more. The children are found to begin with ‘selected’ words, which match some of the vocal forms they have practised in babbling; this is followed by the production of more challenging adult word forms, adapted—differently by different children and with some shaping by the particular adult language—to fit that child’s existing word forms. Early accuracy is replaced by later recourse to an ‘inner model’ of what a word can sound like; this is a template, or fixed output pattern to which a high proportion of the children’s forms adhere for a short time, before being replaced by ‘ordinary’ (more adult-like) forms with regular substitutions and omissions. The idea of templates developed in adult theorizing about phonology and morphology; in adult language it is most productive in colloquial forms and pet names or hypocoristics, found in informal settings or ‘language at play’. These are illustrated in some detail for over 200 English rhyming compounds, 100 Estonian and 500 French short forms. The issues of emergent systematicity, the roles of articulatory and memory challenges for children, and the similarities and differences in the function of templates for adults as compared with children are central concerns.
Book chapters on the topic "Data over sound"
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Eargle, John M. "Fresnel Diffraction Over Sound Barriers." In Electroacoustical Reference Data, 32–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2027-6_16.
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Eargle, John M. "Sound Attenuation over Distance in Semireverberant Spaces." In Electroacoustical Reference Data, 44–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2027-6_22.
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Chary, Gnaneshwara, Charan Kumar, Shriram Ravindranathan, Suhruth Yambakam, and Janakiram Sunku. "Device-to-Device Data Transmission Over Sound Waves Using FSK/BPSK/QPSK." In Communication, Software and Networks, 95–102. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4990-6_9.
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Cuzzocrea, Alfredo, and Carson K. Leung. "Computing Theoretically-Sound Upper Bounds to Expected Support for Frequent Pattern Mining Problems over Uncertain Big Data." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 379–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40581-0_31.
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Ndemo, Bitange, Njuguna Ndung’u, Scholastica Odhiambo, and Abebe Shimeles. "Introduction." In Data Governance and Policy in Africa, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24498-8_1.
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AbstractData quality has improved over the 20 years, and there has been a rise in cutting-edge research on African economies as well as behavioral studies with well-designed field experiments. A combination of data quality and new techniques of analysis has given researchers unique advantages to explore frontier issues that were unthinkable a few decades ago. Availability of timely, comprehensive, credible, and reliable data leads to sound economic policy arising from robust analytics. Evidently, Africa national statistics are often characterized with measurement errors, poor data management, and weak institutional capacity to handle the analysis and hence incoherent development strategies. Moreover, when reliable data are collected from large household and labor force survey and census, much of them are not used in the policymaking space. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) is playing a critical role in facilitating the use of large data sets for microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis emanating from African countries. The institution has contributed significantly to economic policy environment in Africa, but the continent remains under-researched. The contributors of this book consist of economists, lawyers, statisticians, and data technology experts. The chapters in this book have assessed the opportunities, challenges, and risks existent in the current state of data generations, sharing protocols, and consistency of legislations.
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Peruffo, Andrea, Daniele Ahmed, and Alessandro Abate. "Automated and Formal Synthesis of Neural Barrier Certificates for Dynamical Models." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 370–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72016-2_20.
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AbstractWe introduce an automated, formal, counterexample-based approach to synthesise Barrier Certificates (BC) for the safety verification of continuous and hybrid dynamical models. The approach is underpinned by an inductive framework: this is structured as a sequential loop between a learner, which manipulates a candidate BC structured as a neural network, and a sound verifier, which either certifies the candidate’s validity or generates counter-examples to further guide the learner. We compare the approach against state-of-the-art techniques, over polynomial and non-polynomial dynamical models: the outcomes show that we can synthesise sound BCs up to two orders of magnitude faster, with in particular a stark speedup on the verification engine (up to three orders less), whilst needing a far smaller data set (up to three orders less) for the learning part. Beyond improvements over the state of the art, we further challenge the new approach on a hybrid dynamical model and on larger-dimensional models, and showcase the numerical robustness of our algorithms and codebase.
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Pourchasse, Pierrick. "Les réseaux négociants européens et les échanges entre la France et l'Europe du Nord (XVIIe-XIXe siècles)." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 155–81. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.09.
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France was a country that had great agricultural potential and natural resources that allowed it to not be dependent on external markets, especially raw materials from the North. French ports, however, maintained close relations with the Baltic countries where they marketed many products and obtained supplies of naval stores and, depending on the economic situation, cereals. This paper proposes to revisit the French trade with the Baltic over a period of two centuries by using the Sound Toll Accounts whose entire data is now available to the research community. As we will see, several evidences are to be reconsidered.
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Feng, Nick, Lina Marsso, Mehrdad Sabetzadeh, and Marsha Chechik. "Early Verification of Legal Compliance via Bounded Satisfiability Checking." In Computer Aided Verification, 374–96. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_18.
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AbstractLegal properties involve reasoning about data values and time. Metric first-order temporal logic (MFOTL) provides a rich formalism for specifying legal properties. While MFOTL has been successfully used for verifying legal properties over operational systems via runtime monitoring, no solution exists for MFOTL-based verification in early-stage system development captured by requirements. Given a legal property and system requirements, both formalized in MFOTL, the compliance of the property can be verified on the requirements via satisfiability checking. In this paper, we propose a practical, sound, and complete (within a given bound) satisfiability checking approach for MFOTL. The approach, based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), employs a counterexample-guided strategy to incrementally search for a satisfying solution. We implemented our approach using the Z3 SMT solver and evaluated it on five case studies spanning the healthcare, business administration, banking and aviation domains. Our results indicate that our approach can efficiently determine whether legal properties of interest are met, or generate counterexamples that lead to compliance violations.
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Ball, Adrian, John Zigman, Arman Melkumyan, Anna Chlingaryan, Katherine Silversides, and Raymond Leung. "Addressing Application Challenges with Large-Scale Geological Boundary Modelling." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 221–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_17.
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AbstractFor banded iron formation-hosted deposits accurate boundary modelling is critical to ore-grade estimation. Key to estimation fidelity is the accurate separation of the different domains within the ore body, requiring modelling of the boundaries between domains. This yields both theoretical and application challenges. We present a series of solutions for application challenges that arise when modelling large-scale boundaries employing a composition of Gaussian Process models on exploration and production hole data. We demonstrate these in the banded iron formation-hosted iron ore deposits in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia. We present solutions to several challenges: the inclusion of information derived from a geologist-defined boundary estimate to incorporate domain knowledge in data sparse regions, the incorporation of unassayed production holes that are implicitly defined as waste to augment production hole assay data, and a more holistic method of defining regional bounds and spatial rotations for Gaussian Process modelling of local spaces. Solution are evaluated against a range of metrics to show performance improvements over the manually performed estimation by an expert geologist of the boundaries delineating the ore body domains. Reconcilliation scores are used for evaluating the quality of predicted domain boundaries against measured production data. The predicted and in situ surfaces are also qualitatively evaluated against production data to ensure that the models were evaluated to be geologically sound by an expert in the field. In particular, better fidelity is shown when separating mineralised and non-mineralised ore, consequently improving the estimation of the ore-grades present in the mine site.
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Abate, Alessandro, Mirco Giacobbe, and Diptarko Roy. "Learning Probabilistic Termination Proofs." In Computer Aided Verification, 3–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_1.
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AbstractWe present the first machine learning approach to the termination analysis of probabilistic programs. Ranking supermartingales (RSMs) prove that probabilistic programs halt, in expectation, within a finite number of steps. While previously RSMs were directly synthesised from source code, our method learns them from sampled execution traces. We introduce the neural ranking supermartingale: we let a neural network fit an RSM over execution traces and then we verify it over the source code using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT); if the latter step produces a counterexample, we generate from it new sample traces and repeat learning in a counterexample-guided inductive synthesis loop, until the SMT solver confirms the validity of the RSM. The result is thus a sound witness of probabilistic termination. Our learning strategy is agnostic to the source code and its verification counterpart supports the widest range of probabilistic single-loop programs that any existing tool can handle to date. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method over a range of benchmarks that include linear and polynomial programs with discrete, continuous, state-dependent, multi-variate, hierarchical distributions, and distributions with undefined moments.
Conference papers on the topic "Data over sound"
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Dover, Ian, Jawad Almaatouk, Chad Baker, and John Ventura. "Data-Over-Sound Robot." In International Engineering Science Technology Online Conference. CLOUD PUBLICATIONS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23953/cloud.iestoc.468.
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Kim, Soohyun, Hyunsu Mun, and Youngseok Lee. "A Data-Over-Sound Application: Attendance Book." In 2019 20th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/apnoms.2019.8892996.
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Gupta, Harshvardhan, Bibhas Nayak, Kaustav Roy, Anuj Ashok, Antony Jeyaseelan A., and Rudra Pratap. "Development of Micromachined Piezoelectric Near-Ultrasound Transducers for Data-over-Sound." In 2020 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ius46767.2020.9251747.
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Kumar, Anurag, Ankit Shah, Alexander Hauptmann, and Bhiksha Raj. "Learning Sound Events from Webly Labeled Data." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/384.
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In the last couple of years, weakly labeled learning has turned out to be an exciting approach for audio event detection. In this work, we introduce webly labeled learning for sound events which aims to remove human supervision altogether from the learning process. We first develop a method of obtaining labeled audio data from the web (albeit noisy), in which no manual labeling is involved. We then describe methods to efficiently learn from these webly labeled audio recordings. In our proposed system, WeblyNet, two deep neural networks co-teach each other to robustly learn from webly labeled data, leading to around 17% relative improvement over the baseline method. The method also involves transfer learning to obtain efficient representations.
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Cilleruelo, Carlos, Javier Junquera-Sanchez, Luis de-Marcos, Nicolas Logghe, and Jose-Javier Martinez-Herraiz. "Security and privacy issues of data-over-sound technologies used in IoT healthcare devices." In 2021 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps52748.2021.9682007.
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Leach, Kesho, and Sean F. Wu. "Visualization of Sound Radiation From a Bowling Ball." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0200.
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Abstract This paper presents results of an investigation on visualization of sound radiation from a bowling ball via the Helmholtz Equation Least Squares (HELS) method [Wang and Wu, 1997; Wu and Wang, 1998; Wu and Yu, 1998]. In conducting the tests, the bowling ball was excited by a vibration shaker using a random signal. The radiated acoustic pressures were measured over both conformal and planer surfaces at certain distances away from the source. The measured data were taken as the input to a computer model based on the HELS formulation. The reconstructed acoustic pressures on the surface and in the field were compared with the measured data at the same locations. Also shown are comparisons of the reconstructed and measured acoustic pressure spectra at various locations on the bowling ball surface. Results demonstrate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on measurements over a conformal surface is much higher than that over a planar surface. This is because a planar surface often extends beyond the near-field region, thus making the accuracy of measurements inconsistent. Nevertheless, satisfactory visualization of acoustic pressure distribution over the entire bowling ball surface can still be obtained, at least in the low-to-mid frequency regime, based on the measurements over a finite, planar surface on one side of the source. Such a capability is unique to the HELS method. However, the efficiency of numerical computations of the HELS method is expected to deteriorate at high frequencies, a difficulty inherent in all expansion theories.
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Geatti, Luca, Alessandro Gianola, and Nicola Gigante. "Linear Temporal Logic Modulo Theories over Finite Traces." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/366.
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This paper studies Linear Temporal Logic over Finite Traces (LTLf) where proposition letters are replaced with first-order formulas interpreted over arbitrary theories, in the spirit of Satisfiability Modulo Theories. The resulting logic, called LTLf Modulo Theories (LTLfMT), is semi-decidable. Nevertheless, its high expressiveness comes useful in a number of use cases, such as model-checking of data-aware processes and data-aware planning. Despite the general undecidability of these problems, being able to solve satisfiable instances is a compromise worth studying. After motivating and describing such use cases, we provide a sound and complete semi-decision procedure for LTLfMT based on the SMT encoding of a one-pass tree-shaped tableau system. The algorithm is implemented in the BLACK satisfiability checking tool, and an experimental evaluation shows the feasibility of the approach on novel benchmarks.
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Siller, Henri A. "Localisation of Sound Sources on Aircraft in Flight." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-0575.
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This paper presents beamforming techniques for source localization on aicraft in flight with a focus on the development at DLR in Germany. Fly-over tests with phased arrays are the only way to localize and analyze the different aerodynamic and engine sources of aircraft in flight. Many of these sources cannot be simulated numerically or in wind-tunnel tests because they they are either unknown or they cannot be resolved properly in model scale. The localization of sound sources on aircraft in flight is performed using large microphone arrays. For the data analysis, the source signals at emission time are reconstructed from the Doppler-shifted microphone data using the measured flight trajectory. Standard beamforming techniques in the frequency domain cannot be applied due transitory nature of the signals, so the data is usually analyzed using a classical beamforming algorithm in the time domain. The spatial resolution and the dynamic range of the source maps can be improved by calculating a deconvolution of the sound source maps with the point spread function of the microphone array. This compensates the imaging properties of the microphone array by eliminating side lobes and aliases. While classical beamfoming yields results that are more qualitative by nature, the deconvolution results can be used to integrate the acoustic power over the different source regions in order to obtain the powers of each source. ranking of the sources. These results can be used to rank the sources, for acoustic trouble shooting, and to assess the potential of noise abatement methods.
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Crawford, Susan L., Matthew S. Prowant, Anthony D. Cinson, Michael R. Larche, Aaron A. Diaz, and Michael T. Anderson. "Ultrasonic Sound Field Mapping Through Coarse Grained Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Components." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28745.
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The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been involved with nondestructive examination of coarse-grained cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) components for over 30 years. More recent work has focused on mapping the ultrasonic sound fields generated by low-frequency phased-array probes that are typically used for the evaluation of CASS materials for flaw detection and characterization. The casting process results in the formation of large-grained material microstructures that are nonhomogeneous and anisotropic. The propagation of ultrasonic energy for examination of these materials results in scattering, partitioning, and redirection of these sound fields. The work reported here provides an assessment of sound field formation in these materials and provides recommendations on ultrasonic inspection parameters for flaw detection in CASS components. Confirmatory research conducted at PNNL consisted of acquiring sound field data from four CASS components containing columnar, equiaxed, and banded grain structures, and a fine-grained wrought stainless steel specimen used for benchmarking. Phased-array probes with center frequencies of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 MHz were used for sound field formation, with a pinducer being raster scanned over the end of the specimen face to capture the sound field energy. Data were collected at multiple refracted and skew angles, and imaging performed for analyses. A 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) thick slice of material was removed from the end of the CASS components and the beam mapping repeated. This slicing and mapping sequence was performed three times to produce multiple beam images through the specimens. Grain sizes were also measured at each mapped specimen face and compared to sound field characteristics. The acquired sound field images were characterized in terms of beam redirection from the theoretical position, beam scatter or coherence, and partitioning. A comparison of the fine-grained beam data to the CASS data is made and conclusions are presented.
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Kaminski, Mark, Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Egor V. Kostylev, Boris Motik, and Ian Horrocks. "Foundations of Declarative Data Analysis Using Limit Datalog Programs." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/156.
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Motivated by applications in declarative data analysis, we study DatalogZ---an extension of positive Datalog with arithmetic functions over integers. This language is known to be undecidable, so we propose two fragments. In limit DatalogZ predicates are axiomatised to keep minimal/maximal numeric values, allowing us to show that fact entailment is coNExpTime-complete in combined, and coNP-complete in data complexity. Moreover, an additional stability requirement causes the complexity to drop to ExpTime and PTime, respectively. Finally, we show that stable DatalogZ can express many useful data analysis tasks, and so our results provide a sound foundation for the development of advanced information systems.
Reports on the topic "Data over sound"
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.
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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.
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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Kriegel, Francesco. Learning description logic axioms from discrete probability distributions over description graphs (Extended Version). Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.247.
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Description logics in their standard setting only allow for representing and reasoning with crisp knowledge without any degree of uncertainty. Of course, this is a serious shortcoming for use cases where it is impossible to perfectly determine the truth of a statement. For resolving this expressivity restriction, probabilistic variants of description logics have been introduced. Their model-theoretic semantics is built upon so-called probabilistic interpretations, that is, families of directed graphs the vertices and edges of which are labeled and for which there exists a probability measure on this graph family. Results of scientific experiments, e.g., in medicine, psychology, or biology, that are repeated several times can induce probabilistic interpretations in a natural way. In this document, we shall develop a suitable axiomatization technique for deducing terminological knowledge from the assertional data given in such probabilistic interpretations. More specifically, we consider a probabilistic variant of the description logic EL⊥, and provide a method for constructing a set of rules, so-called concept inclusions, from probabilistic interpretations in a sound and complete manner.
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Rans, Richard. PR-352-16603-Z02 Multi-Vendor USM Test and Calibration Database. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011656.
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Data collection protocols and a common database have been developed to ensure complete and consistent collection of ultrasonic meter (USM) calibration data, logs files and documentation of test piping layout. By using an Excel input table spreadsheet, with instructions on how to organize the collected data, users can easily input data from multiple types of ultrasonic meters. The database retains the original calibration and log file data and processes the test results into standardized velocity and speed of sound reports. This organization supports reporting the original meter specific log file data and diagnostics as well as common velocity/speed of sound analysis of the test results. As the database of test results grows over time, additional comparative and what if analysis of the test results will provide insight into ultrasonic meter measurement capabilities. This report describes the database design and data processing data flow. It is targeted at IT professionals who will install, operate and maintain the database. This report has a related webinar.
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Rans, Richard. PR-352-16603-Z03 Multi-Vendor USM Test and Calibration Database with Common Diagnostics. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011657.
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Data collection protocols and a common database have been developed to ensure complete and consistent collection of USM calibration data, logs files and documentation of test piping layout. By using an Excel input table spreadsheet, with instructions on how to organize the collected data, users can easily input data from multiple types of ultrasonic meters. The database retains the original calibration and log file data and processes the test results into standardized velocity and speed of sound reports. This organization supports reporting the original meter specific log file data and diagnostics as well as common velocity/speed of sound analysis of the test results. As the database of test results grows over time, additional comparative and what if analysis of the test results will provide insight into ultrasonic meter measurement capabilities. By adding common diagnostic analysis to the database and using the results of existing PRCI installation effect tests, the quantitative high/median RSS risk associated with changes in piping has been determined. This quantitative risk estimate can be applied to controlling the changes between calibration and operating conditions. This zip file contains the related report, the corresponding database with data, installation instructions, and the corresponding reporting tools.
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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Geological interpretation of Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331504.
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An important part of seabed mapping is understanding the shape of the seabed and the depth of water. Hydrographic charts are produced for this purpose by the Canadian Hydrographic Service. During the final survey stages of the Harbour a new technology called multibeam bathymetry became available for high resolution mapping. This system uses transducers (sound sources) mounted on a ship that produce many independent sound beams and can map a large swath of the seabed at one time covering 100% of the bottom. The images that are produced are computer shaded to look as if the water is drained and you are flying over the area. They are the underwater equivalent of aerial photographs of the adjacent land. Because the information is collected digitally, many different kinds of maps can be produced to show subtle aspects of sediment deposition, erosion, and seabed features. The information can also be displayed using various colour schemes to represent seabed shape and computer generated fly-throughs can be produced. The multibeam bathymetric images nicely complement the other geological data sets.
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George. PR-015-08610-R01 Laboratory Conformation of the Effect of Methanol on Gas Chromatograph Performance. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010717.
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In natural gas production and processing applications, methanol is commonly injected into natural gas streams containing water to prevent the formation of hydrates in gas lines and subsequent equipment damage. However, gas chromatographs (GCs) at field sites are typically not equipped to identify or measure methanol, and unless excess methanol is expected to carry over into a gas stream, samples sent to a laboratory are not likely to be analyzed for methanol. As a result, the potential exists for errors in gas property determination, particularly in heating value and sound speed. A previous PRCI project investigated the potential for GCs to quantify methanol as a hydrocarbon, and estimated the resulting errors on heating value and other properties. This theoretical study used assumptions about where methanol would elute on GC columns, but experimental data on GC performance in streams with methanol was unavailable to verify these assumptions. To verify the estimates of the theoretical study, this project collected experimental data on methanol elution behavior in a series of field and laboratory GCs, and established the errors in computed natural gas properties caused by methanol behavior. Three GCs used by the laboratory of a PRCI member company were nominated for testing: ABB NGC 8206 C7+ field GC, Agilent Model 7890A laboratory GC, configured for extended natural gas analysis, and Daniel Model 575 C6+ field GC. The separation columns, valve configurations, and other design features of these GCs that could influence methanol elution were reviewed. Since each GC was predicted to respond differently to methanol, the nominated units were accepted for testing. A fourth GC, a Varian CP-4900 Quad MicroGC outfitted to quantify methanol, was provided to the lab to serve as a reference unit. Hydrocarbon base gas compositions were chosen to represent production and transmission gases and a gas blender was consulted to identify an effective method of stabilizing the methanol content of the test gases delivered to the GCs. Lab personnel and the gas blender then provided the required hardware and the test and calibration gases, with the gas blend compositions traceable to NIST.
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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.
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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, and Gerhard Naegele. Exclusion and inequality in late working life in the political context of the EU. Linköping University Electronic Press, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179293215.
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European societies need to increase the participation in work over the life course to support the provision of qualified labour and to meet the challenges for social security systems under the condition of their ageing populations. One of the key ambitions is to extend people’s working lives and to postpone labour market exit and retirement where possible. This requires informed policies, and the research programme EIWO – ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe’ – aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and the potential of its inclusive and equal prolongation via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. EIWO takes a life course approach on exclusion and inequality by security of tenure, quality of work, workplaces, and their consequences. It identifies life course policies, promoting lifelong learning processes and flexible adaptation to prolong working lives and to avoid increased exclusion and inequality. Moreover, it provides evidence for policies to ensure both individual, company and societal benefits from longer lives. To do so, EIWO orientates its analyses systematically to the macro-political contexts at the European Union level and to the policy goals expressed in the respective official statements, reports and plans. This report systematizes this ambitious approach. Relevant documents such as reports, green books and other publications of the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as those of social partners and research institutions, have been systematically scanned and evaluated. In addition, relevant decisions of European summits have been considered. The selection of documents claims completeness regarding relevant and generally available publication, while relevance is defined from the point of view of EIWO’s interests. It is the aim of this report to provide a sound knowledge base for EIWO’s analyses and impact strategies and to contribute to the emerging research on the connection between population ageing and the European policies towards productivity, inclusiveness, equity, resilience and sustainability. This report aims to answer the following questions: How are EIWO’s conceptual classification and programme objectives reflected in the European Union’s policy programming? How can EIWO’s analyses and impact benefit from a reference to current EU policy considerations, and how does this focus support the outline of policy options and the formulating of possible proposals to Swedish and European stakeholders? The present report was written during early 2022; analyses were finalized in February 2022 and represent the status until this date.
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Latin America and the Caribbean Standardized Public Debt Database: Data as of December 2019. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002864.
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The LAC Debt Group believes that to have sound regional policy it is important to have valid, comparable, and standardized data on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Therefore, at the core of the initiative is the development of a standardized sovereign debt database to help debt managers, policy makers, and other actors of financial markets, analyze the composition of public debt in LAC. The information presented in this database is provided by the Debt Management Offices of 26 LAC countries in response to a questionnaire specifically created to allow comparability of data. The questionnaire is intended to compile up-to-date standardized statistics to conduct cross-country comparisons over clear, objective, and homogeneous definitions of public debt.