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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Data harm

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Academic literature on the topic 'Data harm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Data harm"

1

Allen, David. "Harm From Unadjusted Data?" Health Affairs 24, no. 4 (July 2005): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.24.4.1181.

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Beynon, Caryl, David Bayliss, Jenny Mason, Kate Sweeney, Clare Perkins, and Clive Henn. "Alcohol-related harm to others in England: a cross-sectional analysis of national survey data." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e021046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021046.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence, the frequency and the perpetrators of alcohol-related harm to others (AHTO) and identify factors associated with experiencing harm and aggressive harm.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingEngland.ParticipantsAdults (general population) aged 16 and over.Outcome measuresPercentage of respondents who experienced harm. Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the outcomes. Outcomes were (1) experienced harm/did not experience harm and (2) experienced aggressive harm (physically threatened, physically hurt and forced/pressured into something sexual)/did not experience an aggressive harm (no aggressive harm plus no harm at all).ResultsData to support a response rate calculation were not collected; 96.3% of people surveyed completed the AHTO questions. The weighted sample was 4874; 20.1% (95% CI 18.9 to 21.4, N=980) reported experiencing harm in the previous 12 months and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0 to 5.4, N=225) reported experiencing an aggressive harm. Friends and strangers were the dominant perpetrators. Most harms (74.8%) occurred less than monthly. Factors associated with experiencing harm were: younger age (p<0.001), drinking harmfully/hazardously (p<0.001), white British (p<0.001 compared to other white groups and Asian groups and p=0.017 compared to black groups), having a disability (p<0.001), being educated (p<0.001 compared to no education) and living in private rented accommodation (p=0.004 compared with owned outright). Being in the family stage of life (defined as having children in the household) had significantly lower odds of harm (p=0.006 compared to being single), as did being retired (p<0.001 compared to being employed). Factors associated with experiencing an aggressive harm were similar.ConclusionsThis exploratory study, using data collected through the Alcohol Toolkit Survey, shows that AHTO affects 20.1% of the population of England. Even apparently minor harms, like being kept awake, can have a negative impact on health, while aggressive harms are clearly of concern. Using a standard methodology to measure harm across studies would be advantageous. Policies that focus on alcohol must take into consideration the impact of drinking on those other than the drinker.

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Curtis-Ham, Sophie, and Darren Walton. "The New Zealand Crime Harm Index: Quantifying Harm Using Sentencing Data." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 12, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pax050.

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Shepard, Benjamin. "Harm Reduction Outreach Services and Engagement of Chemically Dependent Homeless People Living with HIV/AIDS: An Analysis of Service Utilization Data to Evaluate Program Theory." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 23, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm20072366.

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This study examines service utilization patterns among a socially vulnerable population of homeless people living with HIV/AIDS and who have a history of chemical dependence, as they are engaged through outreach services. CitiWide Harm Reduction collaborates with Montefiore Medical Center to connect homeless people with health care through harm reduction outreach and low threshold medical services. Analysis of two cohorts – individuals engaged through harm reduction outreach and individuals who “walk-in” to engage in services at CitiWide Harm Reduction’s drop-in center – assesses the program’s theory that outreach engagement is a mediating variable increasing service utilization. These results demonstrate that low-threshold harm reduction outreach, a brand of outreach designed to reduce barriers to services, does increase access to health care and related services for a socially vulnerable, traditionally “hard-to-reach,” population. Harm reduction outreach is a valuable intervention for increasing service utilization among this highly marginalized group.

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Frakt, Austin B., and Nicholas Bagley. "Protection or Harm? Suppressing Substance-Use Data." New England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 20 (May 14, 2015): 1879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1501362.

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Rossow, Ingeborg, and Mats Ramstedt. "Challenges in Estimating Population Impacts of Alcohol's Harm to others." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, no. 5-6 (December 2016): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0042.

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Background There is a renewed interest in alcohol's harm to others (AHTO), and survey studies in the general population are often used to estimate the extent of harm, to address the severity and variety of harms, and to identify the victims of such harm. While cross-sectional survey studies are attractive in several respects, they also entail several methodological challenges. Aim We discuss some of these issues, paying particular attention to the problems of causal attribution, transferability, survey data collection and range of harms. Conclusions We offer some suggestions for study design to enhance causal inferences from studies examining alcohol's harm to others.

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Hogan, Helen, Nora Cooke-O’Dowd, Kaushik Chattopadhyay, Jan van der Meulen, Christopher Sherlaw-Johnson, and Nick Black. "Observational study to determine the utility of hospital administrative data to support case finding of English patients at higher risk of severe healthcare-related harm." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e025372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025372.

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ObjectivesTo identify ways of using routine hospital data to improve the efficiency of retrospective reviews of case records for identifying avoidable severe harmDesignDevelopment and testing of thresholds and criteria for two indirect indicators of healthcare-related harm (long length of stay (LOS) and emergency readmission) to determine the yield of specified harms coded in Hospital Episode Statistics (HES).SettingAcute National Health Service hospitals in England.ParticipantsHES for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), bowel cancer surgery and hip replacement admissions from 2014 to 2015.InterventionsCase-mix-adjusted linear regression models were used to determine expected LOS. Different thresholds were examined to determine the association with harm. Screening criteria for readmission included time to readmission, length of readmission and diagnoses in initial admission and readmission. The association with harm was examined for each criterion.ResultsThe proportions of AMI cases with a harm code increased from 14% among all cases to 47% if a threshold of three times the expected LOS was used. For hip replacement the respective increase was from 10% to 51%. However as the number of patients at these higher thresholds was small, the overall proportion of harm identified is relatively small (15%, 19%, 9% and 8% among AMI, urgent bowel surgery, elective bowel surgery and hip replacement cohorts, respectively). Selection of the time to readmission had an effect on the yield of harms but this varied with condition. At least 50% of surgical patients had a harm code if readmitted within 7 days compared with 21% of patients with AMI.ConclusionsOur approach would select a substantial number of patients for case record review. Many of these cases would contain no evidence of healthcare-related harm. In practice, Trusts may choose how many reviews it is feasible to do in advance and then select random samples of cases that satisfy the screening criteria.

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Borschmann, Rohan, Emma Thomas, Paul Moran, Megan Carroll, Ed Heffernan, Matthew J. Spittal, Georgina Sutherland, Rosa Alati, and Stuart A. Kinner. "Self-harm following release from prison: A prospective data linkage study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416640090.

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Objective: Prisoners are at increased risk of both self-harm and suicide compared with the general population, and the risk of suicide after release from prison is three times greater than for those still incarcerated. However, surprisingly little is known about the incidence of self-harm following release from prison. We aimed to determine the incidence of, identify risk factors for and characterise emergency department presentations resulting from self-harm in adults after release from prison. Method: Cohort study of 1325 adults interviewed prior to release from prison, linked prospectively with State correctional and emergency department records. Data from all emergency department presentations resulting from self-harm were secondarily coded to characterise these presentations. We used negative binomial regression to identify independent predictors of such presentations. Results: During 3192 person-years of follow-up (median 2.6 years per participant), there were 3755 emergency department presentations. In all, 83 (6.4%) participants presented due to self-harm, accounting for 165 (4.4%) presentations. The crude incidence rates of self-harm for males and females were 49.2 (95% confidence interval: [41.2, 58.7]) and 60.5 (95% confidence interval: [44.9, 81.6]) per 1000 person-years, respectively. Presenting due to self-harm was associated with being Indigenous (incidence rate ratio: 2.01; 95% confidence interval: [1.11, 3.62]), having a lifetime history of a mental disorder (incidence rate ratio: 2.13; 95% confidence interval: [1.19, 3.82]), having previously been hospitalised for psychiatric treatment (incidence rate ratio: 2.68; 95% confidence interval: [1.40, 5.14]) and having previously presented due to self-harm (incidence rate ratio: 3.91; 95% confidence interval: [1.85, 8.30]). Conclusion: Following release from prison, one in 15 ex-prisoners presented to an emergency department due to self-harm, within an average of 2.6 years of release. Demographic and mental health variables help to identify at-risk groups, and such presentations could provide opportunities for suicide prevention in this population. Transition from prison to the community is challenging, particularly for those with a history of mental disorder; mental health support during and after release may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes, including self-harm.

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Treasure, Wilfrid. "First do no harm: data gathering and interpretation." British Journal of General Practice 62, no. 601 (August 2012): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp12x653679.

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Walji, M. F., A. Yansane, N. B. Hebballi, A. M. Ibarra-Noriega, K. K. Kookal, S. Tungare, K. Kent, et al. "Finding Dental Harm to Patients through Electronic Health Record–Based Triggers." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419892550.

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Background: Patients may be inadvertently harmed while undergoing dental treatments. To improve care, we must first determine the types and frequency of harms that patients experience, but identifying cases of harm is not always straightforward for dental practices. Mining data from electronic health records is a promising means of efficiently detecting possible adverse events (AEs). Methods: We developed 7 electronic triggers (electronic health record based) to flag patient charts that contain distinct events common to AEs. These electronic charts were then manually reviewed to identify AEs. Results: Of the 1,885 charts reviewed, 16.2% contained an AE. The positive predictive value of the triggers ranged from a high of 0.23 for the 2 best-performing triggers (failed implants and postsurgical complications) to 0.09 for the lowest-performing triggers. The most common types of AEs found were pain (27.5%), hard tissue (14.8%), soft tissue (14.8%), and nerve injuries (13.3%). Most AEs were classified as temporary harm (89.2%). Permanent harm was present in 9.6% of the AEs, and 1.2% required transfer to an emergency room. Conclusion: By developing these triggers and a process to identify harm, we can now start measuring AEs, which is the first step to mitigating harm in the future. Knowledge Transfer Statement: A retrospective review of patients’ health records is a useful approach for systematically identifying and measuring harm. Rather than random chart reviews, electronic health record–based dental trigger tools are an effective approach for practices to identify patient harm. Measurement is one of the first steps in improving the safety and quality of care delivered.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Data harm"

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Buffenbarger, Lauren. "Ethics in Data Science: Implementing a Harm Prevention Framework." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623166419961692.

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Andersson, Erica, and Ida Knutsson. "Immigration - Benefit or harm for native-born workers?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53829.

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The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of immigrants on wages for natives with divergent skill level within one country. Skill level is measured as education level and the purpose is to focus on the level where it according to us is a lack in research, namely the effect on high skilled native-born worker wages. Further, our contribution to the already existing studies may be considered to be a complement. Using panel data, collected from the time period 2000-2008 for the 290 municipalities in Sweden to get regional variation, we investigate and interpret the estimated outcome of how wages for native-born workers in the Swedish labor market respond to immigration into Sweden. The main findings, when controlling for age, unemployment, and differences between year and municipalities in this study are on the short run, in line with the theory. The closer to a substitute the native-born and foreign-born workers are, the greater are the adverse effect on the wage for native-born, given that we assume immigrants as low skilled. The effect on wage for high skilled native workers in short run, when assuming immigrants and natives as complement, is positive, i.e. the wage for high skilled natives increases as the share of immigrants increases. The effect on high skilled native-born wages is positive even in mid-long run and adverse for the low and medium skilled native-workers. This is not an expected outcome since we according to theory predict the wage to be unaffected in mid-long run. This may be the result of errors in the assumption that immigrants are low skilled, or that five years is a too short time to see the expected effect in the long run; the Swedish labor market may need more time to adjust to what we predict the outcome to be.

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Chang, David C. "A comparison of computed and measured transmission data for the AGM-88 HARM radome." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA274868.

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McCullagh, Karen. "The social, cultural, epistemological and technical basis of the concept of 'private' data." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-social-cultural-epistemological-and-technical-basis-of-the-concept-of-private-data(e2ea538a-8e5b-43e3-8dc2-4cdf602a19d3).html.

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In July 2008, the UK Information Commissioner launched a review of EU Directive 95/46/EC on the basis that: “European data protection law is increasingly seen as out of date, bureaucratic and excessively prescriptive. It is showing its age and is failing to meet new challenges to privacy, such as the transfer of personal details across international borders and the huge growth in personal information online. It is high time the law is reviewed and updated for the modern world.” Legal practitioners such as Bergkamp have expressed a similar sense of dissatisfaction with the current legislative approach: “Data Protection as currently conceived by the EU is a fallacy. It is a shotgun remedy against an incompletely conceptualised problem. It is an emotional, rather than rational reaction to feelings of discomfort with expanding data flows. The EU regime is not supported by any empirical data on privacy risks and demand…A future EU privacy program should focus on actual harms and apply targeted remedies.” Accordingly, this thesis critiques key concepts of existing data protection legislation, namely ‘personal’ and ‘sensitive’ data, in order to explore whether current data protection laws can simply be amended and supplemented to manage privacy in the information society. The findings from empirical research will demonstrate that a more radical change in EU law and policy is required to effectively address privacy in the digital economy. To this end, proposed definitions of data privacy and private data was developed and tested through semi-structured interviews with privacy and data protection experts. The expert responses indicate that Bergkamp et al have indeed identified a potential future direction for privacy and data protection, but that further research is required in order to develop a coherent definition of privacy protection based on managing risks to personal data, and harm from misuse of such information.

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Steeg, Sarah. "Estimating effects of self-harm treatment from observational data in England : the use of propensity scores to estimate associations between clinical management in general hospitals and patient outcomes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/estimating-effects-of-selfharm-treatment-from-observational-data-in-england-the-use-of-propensity-scores-to-estimate-associations-between-clinical-management-in-general-hospitals-and-patient-outcomes(ab6f96b1-f326-43ea-9999-0c410e4c517d).html.

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Background: The use of health data from sources such as administrative and medical records to examine efficacy of health interventions is becoming increasingly common. Addressing selection bias inherent in these data is important; treatments are allocated according to clinical need and resource availability rather than delivered under experimental conditions. Propensity score (PS) methods are widely used to address selection bias due to observed confounding. This project used PS methods with observational cohort data relating to individuals who had attended an Emergency Department (ED) following self-harm (including self-poisoning and self-injury). This group is at greatly increased risks of further self-harm, suicide and all-cause mortality compared to the general population. However, it is not clear how hospital management affects risks of these adverse outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of PS methods with record-based mental health care data was used to determine the most appropriate methodological approach to estimate treatment effects following presentation to ED following self-harm. Following this review, PS stratification and PS matching methods were used with observational self-harm data to address observed baseline differences between patients receiving different types of clinical management following their hospital presentation (specialist psychosocial assessment, medical admission, referral to outpatient mental health services and psychiatric admission). Effects on repeat attendance for self-harm, suicide and all-cause mortality within 12 months were estimated. Advice on the interpretation and dissemination of results was sought from service users. Results: The systematic review resulted in 32 studies. The quality of the implementation and reporting of methods was mixed. Sensitivity analysis of the potential impacts of unobserved confounding was largely absent from the studies. Results from analysis of the self-harm cohorts showed that, broadly, prior to PS adjustment, individuals receiving each of the four categories of hospital management had higher risks of repeat attendance for self-harm, suicide and all-cause mortality than those not receiving that management. The use of PS methods resulted in attenuation of most of these increased risks. Psychosocial assessment appeared to be associated with reduced risk of repeat attendance for self-harm (risk ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95). Three advisors attended a group meeting and a further two provided responses by email. As a result of advisors' recommendations, an information sheet is being developed containing information about what patients can expect when attending hospital following self-harm and how treatment might influence future risk. Conclusions: Propensity score methods are a promising development in evaluating routine care for individuals who have self-harmed. There is now more robust evidence that specialist psychosocial assessment is beneficial in reducing risk of further attendances for self-harm. Advisors offered different perspectives to the researchers, leading to novel suggestions for dissemination.

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Mpame, Mario Egbe [Verfasser]. "The General Data Protection Regulation and the effective protection of data subjects’ rights in the online environment : To what extent are these rights enforced during mass harm situations? / Mario Egbe Mpame." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237168708/34.

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Gkaravella, Antigoni. "A study of patients referred following an episode of self-harm, a suicide attempt, or in a suicidal crisis using routinely collected data." Thesis, University of East London, 2014. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4593/.

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Self-harm and suicide prevention remain a priority of public health policy in the UK. Clinicians conducting psychosocial assessments in Accident and Emergency Departments are confronted with a complex and demanding task. There is a paucity of research into the content of psychosocial assessments and the experiences of clinicians conducting psychosocial assessments in Accident and Emergency Departments. This study examines the experiences of people who presented in an Accident and Emergency Department following self-harm or with suicidal ideation, as those are documented in the psychosocial assessments. Furthermore, the study explores the attitudes, feelings and experiences of clinicians working in a Psychiatric Liaison Team, as well as the process of making decisions about aftercare plans. In order to achieve this, qualitative methods were employed. A sample of sixty-one psychosocial assessments was collected and analysed using thematic analysis. The coding of the data was done inductively and deductively with the use of the categories of the Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale. Two focus groups with clinicians were conducted and analysed with a grounded theory oriented approach. Stevens’ framework was applied in order to analyse the interactional data in the focus groups. Key themes emerging from the focus groups were shared with serviceusers who offered their own interpretation of the data and findings. The study draws on psychodynamic theories to explore the experiences of clinicians assessing and treating patients with self-harm and suicidal ideation in an Accident and Emergency Department and to make sense of the needs of the patients. The findings are that suicidal ideation and self-harm were assessed and treated in similar ways. Difficulties in relationships and experiences of loss or trauma in childhood and/or adulthood were the two most common themes emerging in the psychosocial assessments. Decisions about aftercare plans were guided by patients’ presentation and needs in conjunction with available resources. Clinicians were found to have various emotional responses to patients’ painful experiences with limited space to reflect upon these at work. Clinicians and service-users commented upon the therapeutic aspect of psychosocial assessments, which in light of the painful experiences reported in the psychosocial assessments could be used to generate more sensitive and meaningful approaches to the care of this population. Providing support and a space for clinicians to be able to think of their task and their responses seems important.

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Wojda, Magdalena A. "A focus on the risk of harm : applying a risk-centered purposive approach to the interpretation of "personal information" under Canadian data protection laws." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55133.

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We now live in a world where the Internet is in its second generation, big data is king, and a “Digital Earth” has emerged alongside advancements in 3S technologies, where cyber-attacks and cybercrime are the new trend in criminal activity. The ease with which we can now find, collect, store, transfer, mine and potentially misuse large amounts of personal information is unprecedented. The pressure on data protection regulators continues to mount against this backdrop of frenetic change and increased vulnerability. Law and policy makers around the world tasked with protecting information privacy in the face of these advances are simply struggling to keep pace. One important difficulty they encounter is defining the term “personal information” under data protection laws (DPLs) in order to delineate precisely what type of information enjoys the protection of these legislative instruments. As a result, the meaning and scope of this term have emerged as a pressing issue in scholarly debates in the field of privacy and data protection law. This thesis contributes to these discussions by critically appraising the approaches taken by Canadian courts, privacy commissioners and arbitrators to interpreting the statutory definitions of “personal information” under Canadian private sector DPLs, and showing that a different approach is justified in light of rapidly evolving technologies. The second part of my thesis recommends a purposive risk of harm focused framework advanced by Canadian privacy scholar Éloïse Gratton as a desirable substitute for existing expansionist approaches to interpreting the definition of “personal information” under Canada’s private sector DPLs. I support my recommendation by discussing the ways in which the proposed risk of harm framework can overcome the shortcomings of existing approaches, and demonstrate this by applying it to previously issued decisions in which Canadian arbitrators and privacy commissioners or their delegates have applied expansionist approaches to new data types and data gathered by new technologies. In so doing, I demonstrate that the proposed framework better reflects the fundamental purpose of Canadian private sector DPLs: to protect only data that raises a risk of harm to individuals impacted by its collection, use or disclosure.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Berto, Hedda. "Sharing is Caring : An Examination of the Essential Facilities Doctrine and its Applicability to Big Data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411945.

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Since the internet revolution, and with the ever-growing presence of the internet in our everyday lives, being able to control as much data as possible has become an indispensable part of any business looking to succeed on digital markets. This is where Big Data has become crucial. Being able to gather, but more importantly process and understand data, has allowed companies to tailor their services according to the unspoken wants of the consumer as well as optimize ad sales according to consumers’ online patterns. Considering the significant power over digital markets possessed by certain companies, it becomes critical to examine such companies from a competition law perspective. Refusal to supply, which is an abuse of a dominant position according to Article 102 TFEU, can be used to compel abusive undertakings to share a product or service, which they alone possess, and which is indispensable input in another product, with competitors. This is otherwise known as the Essential Facilities Doctrine. If the Big Data used by attention platforms such as Facebook or Google were to be considered such an indispensable product, these undertakings would be required to share Big Data with competitors. While Big Data enables the dominant positions held by powerful attention platforms today, there are certain aspects of it and its particular uses by such platforms that do not allow for the application of the Essential Facilities Doctrine. Considering the significance of Big Data for these undertakings, however, there may be need for a reform of the Essential Facilities Doctrine. From a purely competition standpoint, allowing the application of the Essential Facilities Doctrine to Big Data would be beneficial, particularly considering the doctrine’s effect on innovation. However, enforcing an obligation to share Big Data with competitors would be in breach of privacy policies within the EU. While competition decisions made by the Commission do not directly concern rules set forth in such policies, the Commission is still obligated to respect the right to privacy set forth in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Thus, while the significance of Big Data demands a change in how it is approached by competition law, the Essential Facilities Doctrine is not the appropriate remedy.

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Lee, Amra. "Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387653.

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Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.

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Books on the topic "Data harm"

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Gfroerer, Joseph C. Perceived availability and risk of harm of drugs: Estimates from the National household survey on drug abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994.

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Kibel, Barry M. Success Stories as Hard Data. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4765-5.

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Alting-Mees, Adrian. The hard drive encyclopedia: The guide to PC compatible hard drives. [San Diego, CA]: Annabooks, 1991.

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Shapiro, Ezra. Hard news online. New York: MIS Press, 1996.

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Beiss, P., R. Ruthardt, and H. Warlimont, eds. Powder Metallurgy Data. Refractory, Hard and Intermetallic Materials. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b83029.

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1958-, Lee Tong Heng, and Venkatakrishnan V, eds. Hard disk drive servo systems. London: Springer, 2002.

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Rogers, Richard, and Sabine Niederer, eds. The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724838.

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Disinformation and so-called fake news are contemporary phenomena with rich histories. Disinformation, or the willful introduction of false information for the purposes of causing harm, recalls infamous foreign interference operations in national media systems. Outcries over fake news, or dubious stories with the trappings of news, have coincided with the introduction of new media technologies that disrupt the publication, distribution and consumption of news -- from the so-called rumour-mongering broadsheets centuries ago to the blogosphere recently. Designating a news organization as fake, or der Lügenpresse, has a darker history, associated with authoritarian regimes or populist bombast diminishing the reputation of 'elite media' and the value of inconvenient truths. In a series of empirical studies, using digital methods and data journalism, the authors inquire into the extent to which social media have enabled the penetration of foreign disinformation operations, the widespread publication and spread of dubious content as well as extreme commentators with considerable followings attacking mainstream media as fake.

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Success stories as hard data: An introduction to results mapping. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999.

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Hard real-time computing systems: Predictable scheduling algorithms and applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Hard real-time computing systems: Predictable scheduling algorithms and applications. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Data harm"

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Bland, Matthew P., and Barak Ariel. "Measuring Harm." In Targeting Domestic Abuse with Police Data, 63–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54843-8_5.

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Fountain, Louise, and Patrick McKee. "Case Study 3: Learning from Experience - Using Clinical Risk Data to Influence and Shape Clinical Services." In Self-Harm and Violence, 259–66. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119991175.ch15.

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Bland, Matthew P., and Barak Ariel. "Repeat Domestic Abuse, Escalation and Concentration of Harm." In Targeting Domestic Abuse with Police Data, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54843-8_6.

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Muyeba, Maybin, M. Sulaiman Khan, Zarrar Malik, and Christos Tjortjis. "Towards Healthy Association Rule Mining (HARM): A Fuzzy Quantitative Approach." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2006, 1014–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11875581_121.

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Abbasi, Mohsen, Sorelle A. Friedler, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. "Fairness in representation: quantifying stereotyping as a representational harm." In Proceedings of the 2019 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, 801–9. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975673.90.

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Vinck, Patrick, Phuong N. Pham, and Albert Ali Salah. "“Do No Harm” in the Age of Big Data: Data, Ethics, and the Refugees." In Guide to Mobile Data Analytics in Refugee Scenarios, 87–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12554-7_5.

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Ding, Caiyun. "The Harm of Social Class Consolidation and Its Solutions from the Perspective of Fairness Based on Big Data Predictive Analysis." In Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 38–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5854-9_5.

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Marecek, Jeanne. "Charting a Path from Data to Action: A Culturally Sensitive Intervention for Adolescent Self-Harm in Sri Lanka." In Community Psychology and the Socio-economics of Mental Distress, 175–90. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-00304-1_12.

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Franciss, Fernando Olavo. "Data analysis." In Hard Rock Hydraulics, 142–81. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2021]: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429355325-4.

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Raymond, Nathaniel A. "Beyond “Do No Harm” and Individual Consent: Reckoning with the Emerging Ethical Challenges of Civil Society’s Use of Data." In Group Privacy, 67–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46608-8_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Data harm"

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Salem, Alanoud, Sara Musallam, El-Shaimaa Nada, and Ahmed Ahmed. "Al-Harm Expansion Movie Based on Virtual Reality." In Third International Conference on Database and Data Mining. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2015.50702.

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Pandey, Saurabh, Nahida Chowdhury, Milan Patil, Rajeev R. Raje, C. S. Shreyas, George Mohler, and Jeremy Carter. "CDASH: Community Data Analytics for Social Harm Prevention." In 2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc2.2018.8656957.

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Chowdhury, Nahida Sultana, Rajeev R. Raje, Saurabh Pandey, George Mohler, and Jeremy Carter. "Enhancing Trust-based Data Analytics for Forecasting Social Harm." In 2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc251055.2020.9239015.

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Jain, Taru. "Adversarial Machine Learning for Self Harm Disclosure Analysis (Workshop Paper)." In 2020 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigmm50055.2020.00070.

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Axon, Louise, Arnau Erola, Ioannis Agrafiotis, Michael Goldsmith, and Sadie Creese. "Analysing cyber-insurance claims to design harm-propagation trees." In 2019 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics And Assessment (Cyber SA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cybersa.2019.8899641.

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Bridge, Kyle. "Missing Data, Moral Eyesores, and Marginalized People: Opposition to Needle Exchange and Harm Reduction in Drug Policy." In The 4th World Sustainability Forum. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wsf-4-i002.

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Shang, Mingyue, Zhenxin Fu, Nanyun Peng, Yansong Feng, Dongyan Zhao, and Rui Yan. "Learning to Converse with Noisy Data: Generation with Calibration." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/603.

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The availability of abundant conversational data on the Internet brought prosperity to the generation-based open domain conversation systems. In the training of the generation models, existing methods generally treat all the training data equivalently. However, the data crawled from the websites may contain many noises. Blindly training with the noisy data could harm the performance of the final generation model. In this paper, we propose a generation with calibration framework, that allows high- quality data to have more influences on the generation model and reduces the effect of noisy data. Specifically, for each instance in training set, we employ a calibration network to produce a quality score for it, then the score is used for the weighted update of the generation model parameters. Experiments show that the calibrated model outperforms baseline methods on both automatic evaluation metrics and human annotations.

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Wilson, Bruce, and David Tyrell. "Reducing the Harm in Rail Crashes: Analysis of Injury Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5811.

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Twenty-three commuter and inter-city passenger train accidents, which occurred over the past twenty years, have been analyzed. The analysis has assessed the potential effectiveness of various injury mitigation strategies. The strategies with the greatest potential to increase passenger safety are interior occupant protection, coupler integrity, end structure integrity, side structure integrity, and glazing system integrity. We recommend that these strategies be researched further. Three types of accidents were analyzed: train-to-train collisions, derailments, and grade-crossing collisions. Train-to-train collisions include the commuter train-freight train collision in Chatsworth, California on September 12, 2008. In Chatsworth a commuter train collided with a freight train at a closing speed of ∼80 mph, fatally injuring twenty-five people and injuring more than 100 others. Derailments include the commuter train derailment in Spuyten Duyvil, New York on December 1, 2013, fatally injuring four people and injuring more than fifty others. Grade-crossing accidents include the commuter-SUV collision in Valhalla, New York on February 3, 2015, which resulted in six fatally injured people, including the SUV driver, and thirteen severely injured people. Four categories of mitigation strategies were considered: train crashworthiness, wayside structure crashworthiness, fire safety, and emergency preparedness. Within each of these categories are equipment features, which may potentially be modified to further mitigate injuries. The features are simple noun phrases, e.g., “floor strength,” implying that the floor strength should be increased. Train crashworthiness includes features such as end strength, floor strength, coupler separation, and numerous others. Wayside structure crashworthiness includes features such as frangible catenary poles and third rail end caps. Fire safety includes train interior and train exterior features for minimizing the potential for fire and for reducing the rate at which fire might spread. Emergency preparedness includes features for emergency egress, access, lighting, signage, and on-board equipment, such as fire extinguishers. Overall, rail passenger travel has a high level of safety, and passenger train accidents are rare events. The numbers are low for expected casualties per passenger-mile and casualties per passenger-trip. A high level of safety, however, does not mean efforts to improve it should cease. But it does mean that crashes are rare events. Rare events in complex systems are notoriously difficult to analyze with confidence. There are too few accidents to provide the data needed for even a moderate degree of mathematical confidence in statistical analysis. Analyses of similar data in medical and scientific fields have been shown to be prone to the biases of the researchers, sometimes in subtle and difficult-to-detect ways. As a means of coping with the sparse data and potential biases, the goal has been to evaluate the accidents transparently and comprehensively. This approach allows a wide audience to understand how injuries and fatalities occur in passenger train accidents and, most importantly, allows us to prioritize mitigation strategies for research.

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Burton, JB, MH Horton, and CG Griffiths. "P87 Are people who experience harm from others’ drinking alcohol more likely to smoke? A cross sectional analysis of national survey data." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.179.

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Nilsuwankosit, Sunchai. "Report on Feasibility Study for Radiation Alarming Data Collection From Containers at Laem Cha Bang International Sea Port, Thailand." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67908.

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During the period of late-August 2015 to early-October 2015, a number of 105 data sets for the radiation alarming events from the containers passing through the “Laem Cha Bang” International Sea Port, Thailand, were collected. These radiation alarming events were for the containers which carried the goods that could be roughly identified as belonging to the following groups: (1) fertilizer, (2) chemicals, (3) plastics, (4) ceramics, (5) grain, feed, agriculture or dairy products (6) wood, rubber or furniture, (7) scrap, mineral or metal, (8) equipment, (9) parts or spare parts, (10) paper and (11) others. Most of the radiation measurements obtained were relatively low and showed no harm to the public and to the environment. Much of this radiation was from the radioactive materials found or occurred naturally and, thus, could be found anywhere. There were concern, however, regarding the possibility of the radioactive contamination or the smuggling of the harmful radioactive or nuclear materials. Further study was required to prepare against and to manage such situations.

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Reports on the topic "Data harm"

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Idris, Iffat. Documentation of Survivors of Gender-based Violence (GBV). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.103.

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This review is largely based on grey literature, in particular policy documents and reports by international development organizations. While there was substantial literature on approaches and principles to GBV documentation, there was less on remote service delivery such as helplines – much of this only in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, very little was found on actual examples of GBV documentation in developing contexts. By definition, gender featured strongly in the available literature; the particular needs of persons with disabilities were also addressed in discussions of overall GBV responses, but far less in GBV documentation. GBV documentation refers to the recording of data on individual GBV incidents in order to provide/refer survivors with/to appropriate support, and the collection of data of GBV incidents for analysis and to improve GBV responses. The literature notes that there are significant risks associated with GBV documentation, in relation to data protection. Failure to ensure information security can expose survivors, in particular, to harm, e.g. reprisal attacks by perpetrators, stigma, and ostracism by their families/ communities. This means that GBV documentation must be carried out with great care. A number of principles should always be applied when documenting GBV cases in order to protect survivors and prevent potential negative effects: do no harm, survivor-centered approach, survivor autonomy, informed consent, non-discrimination, confidentiality, and data protection (information security).

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Kaszycki, C. A. Appendix A, Till geochemistry data base [hard copy]. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130767.

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Tolstoy, A. MFP Geoacoustic Inversion of Haro Strait Array Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada640871.

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Herget, G. Installation and data analysis for borehole strain monitors in hard rock. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328853.

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Liu, Ke, Song Jiang, and Kei Davis. Hard Disk/Solid State Drive Synergy in Support of Data-Intensive Computing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1047078.

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Geleijnse, Marianne. Goede voeding voor het hart : zorg dat het klopt. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/398542.

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Lim, Joon W., and Berend G. van der Wall. An Assessment of 3-C PIV Analysis Methodology for HART II Measured Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada525841.

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Castek, Jill, Gloria Jacobs, Kimberly Pendell, Drew Pizzolato, Stephen Reder, and Elizabeth Withers. Quantitative Data from: Tutor-Facilitated Digital Literacy Acquisition in Hard-to-Serve Populations. Portland State University, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/dla.1.

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Castek, Jill, Gloria Jacobs, Kimberly Pendell, Drew Pizzolato, Stephen Reder, and Elizabeth Withers. Qualitative Data from: Tutor-Facilitated Digital Literacy Acquisition in Hard-to-Serve Populations. Portland State University, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/dla.2.

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Li, Howell, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Crowdsourced Vehicle Braking Data to Identify Roadway Hazards. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317272.

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Modern vehicles know more about the road conditions than transportation agencies. Enhanced vehicle data that provides information on “close calls” such as hard braking events or road conditions during winter such as wheel slips and traction control will be critical for improving safety and traffic operations. This research applied conflict analyses techniques to process approximately 1.5 million hard braking events that occurred in the state of Indiana over a period of one week in August 2019. The study looked at work zones, signalized intersections, interchanges and entry/exit ramps. Qualitative spatial frequency analysis of hard-braking events on the interstate demonstrated the ability to quickly identify temporary and long-term construction zones that warrant further investigation to improve geometry and advance warning signs. The study concludes by recommending the frequency of hard-braking events across different interstate routes to identify roadway locations that have abnormally high numbers of “close calls” for further engineering assessment.

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