Books: 'Data-Driven Processes'

1

Chen, Zhiwen. Data-Driven Fault Detection for Industrial Processes. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16756-1.

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Zhao, Jun, Wei Wang, and Chunyang Sheng. Data-Driven Prediction for Industrial Processes and Their Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94051-9.

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1975-, Chiang Leo H., and Braatz Richard D. 1966-, eds. Data-driven methods for fault detection and diagnosis in chemical processes. London: Springer, 2000.

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4

Russell, Evan L., Leo H. Chiang, and Richard D. Braatz. Data-driven Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Processes. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0409-4.

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Russell, Evan L. Data-driven Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Processes. London: Springer London, 2000.

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Shang, Chao. Dynamic Modeling of Complex Industrial Processes: Data-driven Methods and Application Research. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6677-1.

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Kalita, Kanak, Xiao-Zhi Gao, and Ranjan Kumar Ghadai. Data-Driven Optimization of Manufacturing Processes. IGI Global, 2020.

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Kalita, Kanak, Xiao-Zhi Gao, and Ranjan Kumar Ghadai. Data-Driven Optimization of Manufacturing Processes. IGI Global, 2020.

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Kalita, Kanak, Xiao-Zhi Gao, and Ranjan Kumar Ghadai. Data-Driven Optimization of Manufacturing Processes. IGI Global, 2020.

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Kalita, Kanak, Ranjan Ghadai, and Xiao-Zhi Gao. Data-Driven Optimization of Manufacturing Processes. IGI Global, 2021.

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Kalita, Kanak, Xiao-Zhi Gao, and Ranjan Kumar Ghadai. Data-Driven Optimization of Manufacturing Processes. IGI Global, 2020.

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12

Poole, Marshall Scott, and Andrew Pilny. Group Processes: Data-Driven Computational Approaches. Springer, 2017.

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13

Poole, Marshall Scott, and Andrew Pilny. Group Processes: Data-Driven Computational Approaches. Springer, 2018.

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14

Poole, Marshall Scott, and Andrew Pilny. Group Processes: Data-Driven Computational Approaches. Springer, 2017.

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15

Neto, Antônio José Silva, Marcos Quiñones-Grueiro, and Orestes Llanes-Santiago. Monitoring Multimode Continuous Processes: A Data-Driven Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Neto, Antonio Jose Silva, Marcos Quiñones-Grueiro, and Orestes Llanes-Santiago. Monitoring Multimode Continuous Processes: A Data-Driven Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.

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17

Wei, Wang, Jun Zhao, and Chunyang Sheng. Data-Driven Prediction for Industrial Processes and Their Applications. Springer, 2018.

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18

Wei, Wang, Jun Zhao, and Chunyang Sheng. Data-Driven Prediction for Industrial Processes and Their Applications. Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.

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19

Brereton, Richard G. Chemometrics: Data Driven Extraction for Science. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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20

Chemometrics: Data Driven Extraction for Science. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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21

Chemometrics: Data Driven Extraction for Science. Wiley, 2018.

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22

Shang, Chao. Dynamic Modeling of Complex Industrial Processes: Data-driven Methods and Application Research. Springer, 2019.

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23

Shang, Chao. Dynamic Modeling of Complex Industrial Processes: Data-driven Methods and Application Research. Springer, 2018.

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24

Sari, Adel Haghani Abandan. Data-Driven Design of Fault Diagnosis Systems: Nonlinear Multimode Processes. Springer Vieweg, 2014.

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25

Sari, Adel Haghani Abandan. Data-Driven Design of Fault Diagnosis Systems: Nonlinear Multimode Processes. Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2014.

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26

Mirza-Babaei, Pejman, and Thomas Galati. Affordable and data-driven user research for indie studios. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0021.

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User testing games does not have to be expensive and time-consuming. In this chapter we focus on the specific situation where the resources, expertise, and time available for user testing is limited, as is usually the case for indie studios. This means adapting affordable and accessible user testing processes for indie studios. We emphasize the contribution of analytics techniques in this adaptation process, and describe different methods of how to incorporate analytics into other Games User Research methods.

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27

Renato, Del Gaudio, ed. WebSphere sensor solutions: Driving business processes with sensor data in an event-driven SOA. [Poughkeepsie, NY]: International Technical Support Organization, 2008.

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28

Chen, Zhiwen. Data-Driven Fault Detection for Industrial Processes: Canonical Correlation Analysis and Projection Based Methods. Springer Vieweg, 2017.

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29

Russell, Evan L., Leo H. Chiang, and Richard D. Braatz. Data-driven Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Processes (Advances in Industrial Control). Springer, 2000.

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30

Vallbé, Joan-Josep. Frameworks for Modeling Cognition and Decisions in Institutional Environments: A Data-Driven Approach. Springer, 2014.

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31

Vallbé, Joan-Josep. Frameworks for Modeling Cognition and Decisions in Institutional Environments: A Data-Driven Approach. Ingramcontent, 2016.

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32

Vallbé, Joan-Josep. Frameworks for Modeling Cognition and Decisions in Institutional Environments: A Data-Driven Approach. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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33

Cartwright, Sarah M. I. Continuous Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190885885.003.0009.

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For the anesthesia provider early in his or her career, the concept of continuous quality improvement (CQI) seems far-reaching in daily practice. CQI is a concept that crosses multiple disciplines focusing on improving the provision of care from one episode to the next. Unlike traditional performance improvement or quality improvement initiatives that initiate change for a specific issue, CQI challenges system thinking with cyclic re-evaluation of processes for both improvement and sustainability. Data driven, CQI concepts are approached using a systematic methodology that supports inquiry, change management, and process development. The American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Medical Association, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and multiple regulatory agencies support CQI. This approach engages evidence-based medicine and promotes improved patient and provider outcomes.

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Commercial Vehicles 2021. VDI Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023808.

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Contents Ways to achieve Zero Emission ZF E-Mobility products and software for commercial vehicles ..... 1 Thermoelectric generators for heavy-duty vehicles as an economical waste heat recovery system ..... 17 Hybridization of heavy duty trucks – Market analysis and technology for high voltage as well as low voltage solutions ..... 33 Development processes and methods Lightweight construction and cost reduction – a lean, agile MSCDPS® product development process ..... 43 eDrive & Fuel Cell powertrain systems engineering for commercial vehicles ..... 55 Fatigue development of a 10x10 commercial vehicle frame using dynamic and/or strength simulation, virtual iteration and component testing together with measurement data acquisition ..... 73 Data-driven selection of vehicle variants for the E/E integration test – Increasing variants and complex technology versus test coverage ..... 81 Hydrogen propulsion High performance and efficiency hydrogen engine using westport fuel systems’ Commercially available HPDI fuel system ..... 97 E/E architecture and operating strategy for fuel-cell trucks – Challenges...

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35

Gibson, Lorna M., Cathie L. M. Sudlow, and Joanna M. Wardlaw. Incidental findings: Current ethical debates and future challenges in advanced neuroimaging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0003.

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The urgency to pragmatically address the challenges of managing incidental findings on neuroimaging is driven by the recent development of very large, population-based imaging studies, and ever-increasing use of imaging within research, clinical, and commercial sectors. Incidental findings are complex and variable. Their clinical significance ranges from benign to life-threatening; detection may be influenced by imaging, reader, and participant characteristics; and feedback may generate follow-up and anxiety. Appropriate management of incidental findings is therefore challenging, but essential in order to minimize negative impacts on participants, health services, individual research studies, and public trust in the wider community. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the scale of the problem of incidental findings, factors influencing detection, potential impact, and public expectations. It highlights areas where robust, empirical data are needed to inform the design of feasible management policies and improve informed consent processes for the future.

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Mauranen, Anna. Second-Order Language Contact. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.010.

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This chapter discusses the nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as uniquely complex ‘second order language contact’, which arises from contact between ‘similects’ of speakers from given first language backgrounds. The data is drawn from speech in academic communities. ELF is best understood as operating on three levels: the macro-social, the micro-social, and the cognitive. English as a lingua franca is largely similar to English as a native language in comparable social circumstances, but it also manifests lexico-grammatical features that are clearly different: nonstandard grammatical and lexical forms are relatively common, together with lexical simplification in a statistical sense. As speakers make competent use of discourse phenomena for communicative success, it seems that lexico-grammatical accuracy may be less crucial to communication. The findings lend support to modelling language processes as discourse-driven, fuzzy and approximate, with a high level of tolerance for variability in form.

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Middleton, Nicos, Panayiota Ellina, George Zannoupas, Demetris Lamnisos, and Christiana Kouta. Socio-Economic Inequality in Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0006.

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Socioeconomic position (SEP) refers to the relative place an individual or a social group holds within the structure of society. SEP is determined by a multitude of factors, from individual and household circumstances across the life course to social processes operating at higher levels. Even though a complex construct, it is often operationalized using single person-based indicators and/or subjective measures of an individual’s own perceived position in the social ladder. Furthermore, recognizing that social stratification is geographically defined, area-based measures place a community in the socioeconomic disadvantage continuum and are used to quantify the magnitude of geographically defined social inequalities Data driven approaches have been mostly used to construct socioeconomic deprivation indices, commonly using census-based indicators which reflect the sociodemographical compositions of areas. Increasingly, a wider set of methods are been used to capture features of a community’s environment pertaining to the physical, built and social environment.

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38

Kitchin, Rob. Data Lives. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215144.001.0001.

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How can we begin to grasp the scope and scale of our new data-rich world, and can we truly comprehend what is at stake? This book explores the intricacies of data creation and charts how data-driven technologies have become essential to how society, government and the economy work. Creatively blending scholarly analysis, biography and fiction, the book demonstrates how data are shaped by social and political forces, and the extent to which they influence our daily lives. The book begins with an overview of the sociality of data. Data-driven endeavours are as much a result of human values, desires, and social relations as they are scientific principles and technologies. The data revolution has been transforming work and the economy, the nature of consumption, the management and governance of society, how we communicate and interact with media and each other, and forms of play and leisure. Indeed, our lives are saturated with digital devices and services that generate, process, and share vast quantities of data. The book reveals the many, complex, contested ways in which data are produced and circulated, as well as the consequences of living in a data-driven world. The book concludes with an exploration as to what kind of data future we want to create and strategies for realizing our visions. It highlights the need to enact 'a digital ethics of care', and to claim and assert 'data sovereignty'. Ultimately, the book reveals our data world to be one of potential danger, but also of hope.

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Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. (Re)using resources for historical languages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 covers the topic of language resources in historical linguistics. It explains the relationship between historical corpora and language resources in a data-driven framework, and refers to valency lexicons as an example. The chapter also points to resources external to the linguistics community, and shows how these can enrich the research process in historical linguistics. We explain the basic concepts of linked data, and argue for a more extensive linking of linguistic resources with other types of resources, including gazetteers and prosopographical data. We provide a worked example from the LexInfo ontology.

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40

Lee, Juneseok, and Jonathan Keck, eds. Embracing Analytics in the Drinking Water Industry. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062380.

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Abstract Analytics can support numerous aspects of water industry planning, management, and operations. Given this wide range of touchpoints and applications, it is becoming increasingly imperative that the championship and capability of broad-based analytics needs to be developed and practically integrated to address the current and transitional challenges facing the drinking water industry. Analytics will contribute substantially to future efforts to provide innovative solutions that make the water industry more sustainable and resilient. The purpose of this book is to introduce analytics to practicing water engineers so they can deploy the covered subjects, approaches, and detailed techniques in their daily operations, management, and decision-making processes. Also, undergraduate students as well as early graduate students who are in the water concentrations will be exposed to established analytical techniques, along with many methods that are currently considered to be new or emerging/maturing. This book covers a broad spectrum of water industry analytics topics in an easy-to-follow manner. The overall background and contexts are motivated by (and directly drawn from) actual water utility projects that the authors have worked on numerous recent years. The authors strongly believe that the water industry should embrace and integrate data-driven fundamentals and methods into their daily operations and decision-making process(es) to replace established “rule-of-thumb” and weak heuristic approaches – and an analytics viewpoint, approach, and culture is key to this industry transformation. ISBN: 9781789062373 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789062380 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062397 (ePub)

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41

Zerubavel, Eviatar. Generally Speaking. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519271.001.0001.

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Defying the conventional split between “theory” and “methodology,” this book introduces a yet unarticulated and thus far never systematized method of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. Insisting that such methodology can actually be taught, it tries to make the mental processes underlying the practice of a “concept-driven sociology” more explicit. Many sociologists tend to study the specific, often at the expense of also studying the generic. To correct this imbalance, the book examines the theoretico-methodological process by which we can “distill” generic social patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a “generic sociology” that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, data need to be collected in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi-culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross-contextual commonality, generic sociology tries to reveal formal “parallels” across seemingly disparate contexts. This book features the four main types of cross-contextual analogies generic sociologists tend to use (cross-cultural, cross-historical, cross-domain, and cross-level), disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences.

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Hilliges, Otmar. Input Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0004.

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Sensing of user input lies at the core of HCI research. Deciding which input mechanisms to use and how to implement them such that they work in a way that is easy to use, robust to various environmental factors and accurate in reconstruction of the users intent is a tremendously challenging problem. The main difficulties stem from the complex nature of human behavior which is highly non-linear, dynamic and context dependent and can often only be observed partially. Due to these complexities, research has turned its attention to data-driven techniques in order to build sophisticated and robust input recognition mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the most important aspects that constitute data-driven signal analysis approaches. The aim is to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the process irrespective of the exact choice of sensor or machine learning algorithm.

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Lageson, Sarah Esther. Digital Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872007.001.0001.

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Data-driven criminal justice operations creates millions of criminal records each year in the United States. Documenting everything from a police stop to a prison sentence, these records take on a digital life of their own as they are collected and posted by police, courts, and prisons; reposted on social media, online news, and mugshot galleries; and bought and sold by data brokers as an increasingly valuable data commodity. The result is “digital punishment,” where mere suspicion or a brush with the law can have lasting consequences. This analysis describes the transformation of criminal records into millions of data points; the commodification of these data into a valuable digital resource; and the impact of this shift on people, society, and public policy. The consequences of digital punishment, as described in hundreds of interviews detailed in this book, lead people to purposefully opt out of society as they cope with privacy and due process violations.

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Kirchman, David L. Genomes and meta-omics for microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0005.

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The sequencing of entire genomes of microbes grown in pure cultures is now routine. The sequence data from cultivated microbes have provided insights into these microbes and their uncultivated relatives. Sequencing studies have found that bacterial genomes range from 0.18 Mb (intracellular symbiont) to 13 Mb (a soil bacterium), whereas genomes of eukaryotes are much bigger. Genomes from eukaryotes and prokaryotes are organized quite differently. While bacteria and their small genomes often grow faster than eukaryotes, there is no correlation between genome size and growth rates among the bacteria examined so far. Genomic studies have also highlighted the importance of genes exchanged (“horizontal gene transfer”) between organisms, seemingly unrelated, as defined by rRNA gene sequences. Microbial ecologists use metagenomics to sequence all microbes in a community. This approach has revealed unsuspected physiological processes in microbes, such as the occurrence of a light-driven proton pump, rhodopsin, in bacteria (dubbed proteorhodopsin). Genomes from single cells isolated by flow cytometry have also provided insights about the ecophysiology of both bacteria and protists. Oligotrophic bacteria have streamlined genomes, which are usually small but with a high fraction of genomic material devoted to protein-encoding genes, and few transcriptional control mechanisms. The study of all transcripts from a natural community, metatranscriptomics, has been informative about the response of eukaryotes as well as bacteria to changing environmental conditions.

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45

Whitehouse, Harvey. The Ritual Animal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646364.001.0001.

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The ritual animal longs to belong. Rituals are a way of defining the boundaries of social groups and binding their members together. The ritual modes theory set out in this book seeks to unravel the psychology behind these processes, and to explain how ritual behaviour evolved, including how different modes of ritual performance have shaped global history over many millennia. Testing the theory has meant designing experiments run with children in psychology labs and on remote Pacific islands, gathering survey data with armed insurgents in the Middle East and Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia, monitoring heart rate and stress among football fans in Brazil, and measuring changes in the brain as people observe traditional Chinese rituals in Singapore. The results of all this research point to new ways of addressing cooperation problems: from preventing violent extremism to motivating action on the climate crisis. Although this book is about the role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity, more broadly it models a new approach to the science of the social—an approach that is driven by real-world observation but grounded in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. More ambitiously still, it shows how cumulative theory building can be used to deliver practical benefits for society at large, perhaps even addressing problems on a global scale by harnessing the formidable cohesive and cooperative capacities of the ritual animal.

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46

Barker, Richard. Seven steps to sustainability based on precision medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737780.003.0005.

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Bioscience is producing tools that can streamline and focus the medical innovation process. Drawing on these tools we can and must make seven specific changes of mindset and practice. These are: (1) basing discovery on a molecular taxonomy of disease within a systems understanding of biology; (2) high impact academic-industry partnerships; (3) adaptive and collaborative product development and approval; (4) more creative reward and financing systems; (5) the engineering of faster adoption and better adherence; (6) real world data-driven learning; (7) bringing patients into the decision-making mainstream. Together they have the potential to transform life science translation, from a new approach to discovery, through faster, more targeted therapy development, to a better use of health data. Together these changes spell a new era of precision medicine.

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47

Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Entropy and Surrogate Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0005.

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Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.

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48

Castillo-Diaz, Pablo, and Hanny Cueva-Beteta. The Promise and Limits of Indicators on Women, Peace and Security. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.15.

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This chapter focuses on the rapid proliferation of data-driven indicators to track the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 internationally, regionally, and nationally. The chapter presents both the critiques and the strengths of such indicators and summarizes current debates around them. It questions the adequacy of indicators primarily because they value process over results and can be manipulated to produce predetermined results. At the same time, indicators expose the shortcomings of governments and pressure them to meet or exceed gender targets. This chapter suggests that evidence gathering and application is a pivotal space to advance gender equality, and the mere existence of indicators makes accountability more possible.

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Singh, Shane P. Beyond Turnout. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832928.001.0001.

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Compulsory voting is widely used in the democratic world, and it is well established that it increases electoral participation. This book assesses the effects of compulsory voting beyond turnout. The author first summarizes the normative arguments for and against compulsory voting, provides information on its contemporary use, reviews recent events pertaining to its (proposed) adoption and abolition, and provides an extensive account of extant research on its consequences. The author then advances a theory that compulsory voting polarizes behavior and attitudes, and broadens gaps in political sophistication levels, among those with negative and positive orientations toward democracy. Recognizing the impact of mandatory voting on the electorate, political parties then alter the ways in which they seek votes, with mainstream parties moderating their platforms and smaller parties taking more extreme positions. The author uses survey data from countries with compulsory voting to show that support for the requirement to vote is driven by individuals’ orientations toward democracy. The theory is then comprehensively tested using: cross-national data, cross-cantonal data from Switzerland, and survey data from Argentina. Empirical results are largely indicative of the theorized process whereby compulsory voting has divergent effects on citizens and political parties. The book concludes with a discussion of future directions for academic research, implications for those who craft electoral policy, and alternative ways of boosting turnout.

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50

Trepulė, Elena, Airina Volungevičienė, Margarita Teresevičienė, Estela Daukšienė, Rasa Greenspon, Giedrė Tamoliūnė, Marius Šadauskas, and Gintarė Vaitonytė. Guidelines for open and online learning assessment and recognition with reference to the National and European qualification framework: micro-credentials as a proposal for tuning and transparency. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/9786094674792.

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These Guidelines are one of the results of the four-year research project “Open Online Learning for Digital and Networked Society” (2017-2021). The project objective was to enable university teachers to design open and online learning through open and online learning curriculum and environment applying learning analytics as a metacognitive tool and creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the needs of digital and networked society. The research of the project resulted in 10 scientific publications and 2 studies prepared by Vytautas Magnus university Institute of Innovative Studies research team in collaboration with their international research partners from Germany, Spain and Portugal. The final stage of the research attempted creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the learner needs in contemporary digital and networked society. The need for open learning recognition has been increasing during the recent decade while the developments of open learning related to the Covid 19 pandemics have dramatically increased the need for systematic and high-quality assessment and recognition of learning acquired online. The given time also relates to the increased need to offer micro-credentials to learners, as well as a rising need for universities to prepare for micro-credentialization and issue new digital credentials to learners who are regular students, as well as adult learners joining for single courses. The increased need of all labour - market participants for frequent and fast renewal of competences requires a well working and easy to use system of open learning assessment and recognition. For learners, it is critical that the micro-credentials are well linked to national and European qualification frameworks, as well as European digital credential infrastructures (e.g., Europass and similar). For employers, it is important to receive requested quality information that is encrypted in the metadata of the credential. While for universities, there is the need to properly prepare institutional digital infrastructure, organizational procedures, descriptions of open learning opportunities and virtual learning environments to share, import and export the meta-data easily and seamlessly through European Digital Hub service infrastructures, as well as ensure that academic and administrative staff has digital competencies to design, issue and recognise open learning through digital and micro-credentials. The first chapter of the Guidelines provides a background view of the European Qualification Framework and National Qualification frameworks for the further system of gaining, stacking and modelling further qualifications through open online learning. The second chapter suggests the review of current European policy papers and consultations on the establishment of micro-credentials in European higher education. The findings of the report of micro-credentials higher education consultation group “European Approach to Micro-credentials” is shortly introduced, as well as important policy discussions taking place. Responding to the Rome Bologna Comunique 2020, where the ministers responsible for higher education agreed to support lifelong learning through issuing micro-credentials, a joint endeavour of DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and DG Research and Innovation resulted in one of the most important political documents highlighting the potential of micro-credentials towards economic, social and education innovations. The consultation group of experts from the Member States defined the approach to micro-credentials to facilitate their validation, recognition and portability, as well as to foster a larger uptake to support individual learning in any subject area and at any stage of life or career. The Consultation Group also suggested further urgent topics to be discussed, including the storage, data exchange, portability, and data standards of micro-credentials and proposed EU Standard of constitutive elements of micro-credentials. The third chapter is devoted to the institutional readiness to issue and to recognize digital and micro-credentials. Universities need strategic decisions and procedures ready to be enacted for assessment of open learning and issuing micro-credentials. The administrative and academic staff needs to be aware and confident to follow these procedures while keeping the quality assurance procedures in place, as well. The process needs to include increasing teacher awareness in the processes of open learning assessment and the role of micro-credentials for the competitiveness of lifelong learners in general. When the strategic documents and procedures to assess open learning are in place and the staff is ready and well aware of the processes, the description of the courses and the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to provide the necessary metadata for the assessment of open learning and issuing of micro-credentials. Different innovation-driven projects offer solutions: OEPass developed a pilot Learning Passport, based on European Diploma Supplement, MicroHE developed a portal Credentify for displaying, verifying and sharing micro-credential data. Credentify platform is using Blockchain technology and is developed to comply with European Qualifications Framework. Institutions, willing to join Credentify platform, should make strategic discussions to apply micro-credential metadata standards. The ECCOE project building on outcomes of OEPass and MicroHE offers an all-encompassing set of quality descriptors for credentials and the descriptions of learning opportunities in higher education. The third chapter also describes the requirements for university structures to interact with the Europass digital credentials infrastructure. In 2020, European Commission launched a new Europass platform with Digital Credential Infrastructure in place. Higher education institutions issuing micro-credentials linked to Europass digital credentials infrastructure may offer added value for the learners and can increase reliability and fraud-resistant information for the employers. However, before using Europass Digital Credentials, universities should fulfil the necessary preconditions that include obtaining a qualified electronic seal, installing additional software and preparing the necessary data templates. Moreover, the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to export learning outcomes to a digital credential, maintaining and securing learner authentication. Open learning opportunity descriptions also need to be adjusted to transfer and match information for the credential meta-data. The Fourth chapter illustrates how digital badges as a type of micro-credentials in open online learning assessment may be used in higher education to create added value for the learners and employers. An adequately provided metadata allows using digital badges as a valuable tool for recognition in all learning settings, including formal, non-formal and informal.

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