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Jiang, Ing-Guey. "The implications of a live halo for galactic warps and satellite dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301926.
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Le, Delliou Morgan. "Self-similar infall models for cold dark matter haloes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63431.pdf.
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Mertsch, Philipp. "Cosmic ray backgrounds for dark matter indirect detection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2734b849-4d7a-4266-8538-d3dc6cab6b20.
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The identification of the relic particles which presumably constitute cold dark matter is a key challenge for astroparticle physics. Indirect methods for their detection using high energy astro- physical probes such as cosmic rays have been much discussed. In particular, recent ‘excesses’ in cosmic ray electron and positron fluxes, as well as in microwave sky maps, have been claimed to be due to the annihilation or decay of dark matter. In this thesis, we argue however that these signals are plagued by irreducible astrophysical backgrounds and show how plausible con- ventional physics can mimic the alleged dark matter signals. In chapter 1, we review evidence of, and possible particle candidates for, cold dark matter, as well as our current understanding of galactic cosmic rays and the state-of-the-art in indirect detection. All other chapters contain original work, mainly based on the author’s journal publications. In particular, in chapter 2, we consider the possibility that the rise in the positron fraction observed by the PAMELA satellite is due to the production through (hadronic) cosmic ray spallation and subsequent acceleration of positrons, in the same sources as the primary cosmic rays. We present a new (unpublished) analytical estimate of the range of possible fluctuations in the high energy electron flux due to the discreteness of plausible cosmic ray sources such as supernova remnants. Fitting our result for the total electron-positron flux measured by the Fermi satellite allows us to fix the only free parameter of the model and make an independent prediction for the positron fraction. Our explanation relies on a large number of supernova remnants nearby which are accelerating hadronic cosmic rays. Turning the argument around, we find encouraging prospects for the observation of neutrinos from such sources in km^3-scale detectors such as IceCube. Chapter 3 presents a test of this model by considering similar effects expected for nuclear secondary-to-primary ratios such as B/C. A rise predicted above O(100)GeV/n would be an unique confirmation of our explanation for a rising positron fraction and rule out the dark matter explanation. In chapter 4, we review the assumptions made in the extraction of the `WMAP haze' which has also been claimed to be due to electrons and positrons from dark matter annihilation in the Galactic centre region. We argue that the energy-dependence of their diffusion means that the extraction of the haze through fitting to templates of low frequency diffuse galactic radio emission is unreliable. The systematic effects introduced by this can, under specific circumstances, reproduce the residual, suggesting that the ‘haze’ may be just an artefact of the template subtraction. We present a summary and thoughts about further work in the epilogue.
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Giesen, Gaelle. "Dark Matter Indirect Detection with charged cosmic rays." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112160/document.
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Les preuves pour l'existence de la matière noire (MN), sous forme d'une particule inconnue qui rempli les halos galactiques, sont issues d'observations astrophysiques et cosmologiques: son effet gravitationnel est visible dans les rotations des galaxies, des amas de galaxies et dans la formation des grandes structures de l'univers. Une manifestation non-gravitationnelle de sa présence n'a pas encore été découverte. L'une des techniques les plus prometteuse est la détection indirecte de la MN, consistant à identifier des excès dans les flux de rayons cosmiques pouvant provenir de l'annihilation ou la désintégration de la MN dans le halo de la Voie Lactée. Les efforts expérimentaux actuels se focalisent principalement sur une gamme d'énergie de l'ordre du GeV au TeV, où un signal de WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) est attendu. L'analyse des mesures récentes et inédites des rayons cosmiques chargés (antiprotons, électrons et positrons) et leurs émissions secondaires et les améliorations des modèles astrophysiques sont présentées.Les données de PAMELA sur les antiprotons contraignent l'annihilation et la désintégration de la MN de manière similaire (et même légèrement meilleurs) que les contraintes les plus fortes venant des rayons gamma, même dans le cas où les énergies cinétiques inférieures à 10 GeV sont écartées. En choisissant des paramètres astrophysiques différents (modèles de propagation et profils de MN), les contraintes peuvent changer d'un à deux ordres de grandeur. Pour exploiter la totalité de la capacité des antiprotons à contraindre la MN, des effets précédemment négligés sont incorporés et se révèlent être importants dans l'analyse des données inédites de AMS-02 : ajouter les pertes d'énergie, la diffusion dans l'espace des moments et la modulation solaire peut modifier les contraintes, même à de hautes masses. Une mauvaise interprétation des données peut survenir si ces effets ne sont pas pris en compte. Avec les flux de protons et d'hélium exposé par AMS-02, le fond astrophysique et ces incertitudes du ratio antiprotons sur protons sont réévalués et comparés aux données inédites de AMS-02. Aucune indication pour un excès n'est trouvé. Une préférence pour un halo confinant plus large et une dépendance en énergie du coefficient de diffusion plus plate apparaissent. De nouvelles contraintes sur l'annihilation et la désintégration de la MN sont ainsi dérivés.Les émissions secondaires des électrons et des positrons peuvent aussi contraindre l'annihilation et la désintégration de la MN dans le halo galactique : le signal radio dû à la radiation synchrotron des électrons et positrons dans le champs magnétique galactique, les rayons gamma des processus de bremsstrahlung avec le gas galactique et de Compton Inverse avec le champs radiatif interstellaire sont considérés. Différentes configurations de champs magnétique galactique et de modèles de propagation et des cartes de gas et de champs radiatif interstellaire améliorés sont utilisées pour obtenir des outils permettant le calculs des émissions synchrotrons et bremsstrahlung venant de MN de type WIMP. Tous les résultats numériques sont incorporés dans la dernière version du Poor Particle Physicist Coookbook for DM Indirect Detection (PPPC4DMID).Une interprétation d'un possible excès dans les données de rayons gamma de Fermi-LAT au centre galactique comme étant dû à l'annihilation de MN en canaux hadronique et leptonique est analysée. Dans une approche de messagers multiples, le calcul des émissions secondaires est amélioré et se révèle être important pour la détermination du spectre pour le canal leptonique. Ensuite, les limites provenant des antiprotons sur l'annihilation en canal hadronique contraignent sévèrement l'interprétation de cet excès comme étant dû à la MN, dans le cas de paramètres de propagation et de modulation solaire standards. Avec un choix plus conservatif de ces paramètres elles s'assouplissent considérablement<br>Overwhelming evidence for the existence of Dark Matter (DM), in the form of an unknownparticle filling the galactic halos, originates from many observations in astrophysics and cosmology: its gravitational effects are apparent on galactic rotations, in galaxy clusters and in shaping the large scale structure of the Universe. On the other hand, a non-gravitational manifestation of its presence is yet to be unveiled. One of the most promising techniques is the one of indirect detection, aimed at identifying excesses in cosmic ray fluxes which could possibly be produced by DM annihilations or decays in the Milky Way halo. The current experimental efforts mainly focus in the GeV to TeV energy range, which is also where signals from WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are expected. Focussing on charged cosmic rays, in particular antiprotons, electrons and positrons, as well as their secondary emissions, an analysis of current and forseen cosmic ray measurements and improvements on astrophysical models are presented. Antiproton data from PAMELA imposes contraints on annihilating and decaying DM which are similar to (or even slightly stronger than) the most stringent bounds from gamma ray experiments, even when kinetic energies below 10 GeV are discarded. However, choosing different sets of astrophysical parameters, in the form of propagation models and halo profiles, allows the contraints to span over one or two orders of magnitude. In order to exploit fully the power of antiprotons to constrain or discover DM, effects which were previously perceived as subleading turn out to be relevant especially for the analysis of the newly released AMS-02 data. In fact, including energy losses, diffusive reaccelleration and solar modulation can somewhat modify the current bounds, even at large DM masses. A wrong interpretation of the data may arise if they are not taken into account. Finally, using the updated proton and helium fluxes just released by the AMS-02 experiment, the astrophysical antiproton to proton ratio and its uncertainties are reevaluated and compared to the preliminarly reported AMS-02 measurements. No unambiguous evidence for a significant excess with respect to expectations is found. Yet, some preference for thicker halos and a flatter energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient starts to emerge. New stringed constraints on DM annihilation and decay are derived. Secondary emissions from electrons and positrons can also be used to constrain DM annihilation or decay in the galactic halo. The radio signal due to synchrotron radiation of electrons and positrons on the galactic magnetic field, gamma rays from bremsstrahlung processes on the galactic gas densities and from Inverse Compton scattering processes on the interstellar radiation field are considered. With several magnetic field configurations, propagation scenarios and improved gas density maps and interstellar radiation field, state-of-art tools allowing the computaion of synchrotron and bremssttrahlung radiation for any WIMP DM model are provided. All numerical results for DM are incorporated in the release of the Poor Particle Physicist Coookbook for DM Indirect Detection (PPPC4DMID). Finally, the possible GeV gamma-ray excess identified in the Fermi-LAT data from the Galactic Center in terms of DM annihilation, either in hadronic or leptonic channels is studied. In order to test this tantalizing interprestation, a multi-messenger approach is used: first, the computation of secondary emisison from DM with respect to previous works confirms it to be relevant for determining the DM spectrum in leptonic channels. Second, limits from antiprotons severely constrain the DM interpretation of the excess in the hadronic channel, for standard assumptions on the Galactic propagation parameters and solar modulation. However, they considerably relax if more conservative choices are adopted
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Macias, Ramirez Oscar. "Astrophysical Constraints on Dark Matter." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9857.
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Well motivated theoretical models predict the annihilation of dark matter (DM) into standard model particles, a phenomenon which could be a significant source of photons in the gamma-ray sky. With its unprecedented sensitivity and its broad energy range (20 MeV to more than 300 GeV) the main instrument on board the Fermi satellite, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), might be able to detect an indirect signature of DM annihilations. In this work we revisit several interesting claims of extended dark matter emission made from analyses of Fermi-LAT data: First, based on three years of Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray data of the Virgo cluster, evidence for an extended emission associated with dark matter pair annihilation in the bb̄ channel has been reported by Han et al. (arxiv:1201.1003). After an in depth spatial and temporal analysis, we argue that the tentative evidence for a gamma-ray excess from the Virgo cluster is mainly due to the appearance of a population of previously unresolved gamma-ray point sources in the region of interest. These point sources are not part of the LAT second source catalogue (2FGL), but are found to be above the standard detection significance threshold when three or more years of LAT data is included.
Second, we confirm the detection of a spatially extended excess of 2-5 GeV gamma rays from the Galactic Center (GC), consistent with the emission expected from annihilating dark matter or an unresolved population of about 10³ milisecond pulsars. However, there are significant uncertainties in the diffuse galactic background at the GC. We have performed a revaluation of these two models for the extended gamma ray source at the GC by accounting for the systematic uncertainties of the Galactic diffuse emission model. We also marginalize over point source and diffuse background parameters in the region of interest. We show that the excess emission is significantly more extended than a point source. We find that the DM (or pulsars population) signal is larger than the systematic errors and therefore proceed to determine the sectors of parameter space that provide an acceptable fit to the data. We found that a population of order a 10³ MSPs with parameters consistent with the average spectral shape of Fermi-LAT measured MSPs was able to fit the GC excess emission. For DM, we found that a pure τ⁺τ⁻ annihilation channel is not a good fit to the data. But a mixture of τ⁻τ⁻ and bb̄ with a (σν) of order the thermal relic value and a DM mass of around 20 to 60 GeV provides an adequate fit.
We also consider the possibility that the GeV excess is due to nonthermal bremsstrahlung produced by a population of electrons interacting with neutral gas in molecular clouds. The millisecond pulsars and dark matter alternatives have spatial templates well fitted by the square of a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile with inner slope γ = 1.2. We model the third option with a 20-cm continuum emission Galactic Ridge template. A template based on the HESS residuals is shown to give similar results. The gamma-ray excess is found to be best fit by a combination of the generalized NFW squared template and a Galactic Ridge template. We also find the spectra of each template is not significantly affected in the combined fit and is consistent with previous single template fits. That is, the generalized NFW squared spectrum can be fit by either of order 10³ unresolved MSPs or DM with mass around 30 GeV, a thermal cross section, and mainly annihilating to bb̄ quarks. While the Galactic Ridge continues to have a spectrum consistent with a population of nonthermal electrons whose spectrum also provides a good fit to synchrotron emission measurements. We also show that the current DM fit may be hard to test, even with 10 years of Fermi-LAT data, especially if there is a mixture of DM and MSPs contributing to the signal, in which case the implied DM cross section will be suppressed.
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Lawson, Kyle. "Quark nugget dark matter : cosmic evidence and detection potential." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52012.
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I present a dark matter model in which the dark matter is composed of very heavy “nuggets” of Standard Model quarks and antiquarks. This model was originally motivated by the fact that the matter and dark matter mass densities are observed to have similar scales. If these two forms of matter originate through completely distinct physical processes then their densities could easily have existed at vastly different scales. However, if the dark and the visible matter are co-produced, this similarity in scales is a natural outcome. In the model considered here dark matter and the baryonic matter share an origin in Standard Model strong force physics.
The main goal of this work is to establish the testable predictions of this model. The physical properties of the nuggets are set by well understood nuclear physics and quantum electrodynamics, allowing many observable consequences to be predicted. To this end, I devote special attention to the structure of the surface layer of the nuggets from which the majority of observable consequences arise.
With this basic picture of nugget structure in place, I will discuss the consequences of their interactions with a number of different environments. Particular attention is given to the galactic centre and to the early universe, as both are sufficiently dense to allow for significant levels of matter-dark matter interaction. The emitted radiation, in both cases, is shown to be consistent with observations.
Finally, I discuss the consequences of a nugget striking the earth. In this context, I will demonstrate that the nuggets produce effects observable in cosmic ray detectors. Based on these considerations, I discuss the nugget detection potential for experiments primarily devoted to the study of high energy cosmic rays.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Physics and Astronomy, Department of<br>Graduate
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Enander, Jonas. "Cosmic tests of massive gravity." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113076.
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Massive gravity is an extension of general relativity where the graviton, which mediates gravitational interactions, has a non-vanishing mass. The first steps towards formulating a theory of massive gravity were made by Fierz and Pauli in 1939, but it took another 70 years until a consistent theory of massive gravity was written down. This thesis investigates the phenomenological implications of this theory, when applied to cosmology. In particular, we look at cosmic expansion histories, structure formation, integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and weak lensing, and put constraints on the allowed parameter range of the theory. This is done by using data from supernovae, the cosmic microwave background, baryonic acoustic oscillations, galaxy and quasar maps and galactic lensing. The theory is shown to yield both cosmic expansion histories, galactic lensing and an integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect consistent with observations. For the structure formation, however, we show that for certain parameters of the theory there exists a tension between consistency relations for the background and stability properties of the perturbations. We also show that a background expansion equivalent to that of general relativity does not necessarily mean that the perturbations have to evolve in the same way.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.</p>
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Genolini, Yoann. "Refined predictions for cosmic rays and indirect dark matter searches." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY049/document.
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Il y a tout juste cent ans que les premières mesures du taux d'ionisation de l'air ont dévoilé que la terre est sans cesse bombardée par une pluie de particules énergétiques provenant du Cosmos. D'un point de vue astrophysique, l'origine de ces particules hautement relativistes, appelés rayons cosmiques (CRs), ainsi que leur mécanisme d'accélération restent très peu connus. Le paradigme actuel suppose une injection sporadique des CRs accélérés par la propagation d'ondes de choc au cours de la mort de certaines étoiles (SNRs).Les mesures récentes des flux de CRs (par les expériences PAMELA et AMS-02 par exemple) inaugurent une nouvelle ère de précision dans la mesure où les incertitudes statistiques sont désormais considérablement réduites. Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous proposons et approfondissons de nouvelles pistes théoriques de manière à maximiser l'information extraite de ces nouvelles données.Après une introduction générale sur la physique des CRs, nous nous concentrons sur les espèces dites primaires, qui sont produites directement par les SNRs. De la nature discrète des SNRs et de la méconnaissance quasi-complète de leurs positions et de leurs ages résulte une incertitude théorique qui nécessite d'être estimée pour la prédiction des flux observés sur Terre. Jusqu'alors ces prédictions se contentent de calculer la moyenne d'ensemble de ce flux. Dans cette partie nous exposons la théorie statistique que nous avons élaborée, permettant de calculer la probabilité d'une déviation du flux mesuré par rapport à la moyenne d'ensemble. Nous sommes amenés à utiliser une version généralisée du théorème de la limite centrale, avec lequel nous montrons que la loi de probabilité est intimement reliée à la distribution des sources et qu'elle converge vers une loi stable. Cette dernière diffère de la loi gaussienne par sa queue lourde en loi de puissance. Le cadre théorique développé ici peut non seulement être étendu à d'autres observables du rayonnement cosmique, mais aussi enrichi en incluant une description plus complète des corrélations entre les sources. De plus, la méthode que nous avons développée peut être appliquée à d'autres problèmes de physique/astrophysique impliquant des distributions à queue lourde.Deuxièmement nous nous penchons sur les CRs dits secondaires (comme le bore), qui sont produits par les collisions des espèces primaires avec le milieu interstellaire. Plus précisément nous nous concentrons sur le rapport du flux du bore sur celui du carbone qui est traditionnellement utilisé pour comprendre la propagation des CRs. Ainsi, tout porte à croire que les mesures extrêmement précises de ce rapport nous donneraient de fortes contraintes sur les scénarios de propagation. Malheureusement il n'en est rien et nous montrons que le calcul théorique dépend fortement de certaines hypothèses telles que le lieu de production des secondaires et le choix du jeux de sections efficaces d’interaction. Nous estimons à au moins 20 % les incertitudes sur les paramètres de propagation dérivés jusqu'à maintenant. Grâce aux nouvelles données de l'expérience AMS-02, nous présentons les points de départ de notre nouvelle analyse pour laquelle nous utilisons le code semi-analytique USINE.Finalement, dans une troisième partie, nous utilisons ces données de précision pour réactualiser les analyses portant sur la recherche indirecte de matière noire. En effet, les CRs d'antimatière seraient -au même titre que le bore- des particules secondaires. La prédiction de leur fond astrophysique repose sur une connaissance précise de la propagation des CRs et de leurs interactions dans la Galaxy. Nous les traitons ici sous les hypothèses habituelles et réévaluons les flux de positrons et d'antiprotons à la lumière des nouvelles données d'AMS-02. Nous discutons ensuite les conséquences pour la matière noire et les possibles explications astrophysiques d'éventuels excès observés<br>A hundred years ago, pioneering observations of air ionization revealed that the Earth is showered with particles coming from the Galaxy and beyond. Because of their high energies, these particles coined cosmic-rays are still a crucial tool in the field of particle physics, complementary to man-made accelerators. From an astrophysical point of view, the origin of cosmic-rays and the mechanisms which accelerate them are still very poorly known. The present paradigm involves sporadic production associated with the expanding shock waves from dying stars (SNRs).Recent experiments (notably PAMELA and, more recently, AMS-02) are ushering us into a new era of measurements of cosmic-ray fluxes with greatly reduced statistical uncertainties. In this dissertation, we propose and investigate new theoretical refinements of our predictions to fully benefit from these advances.After a general introduction on cosmic-ray physics, we first focus on the so-called primary species which are directly produced by SNRs. In this context of precision measurements, the discreteness of the sources in space and time, together with a substantial ignorance of their precise epochs and locations (with the possible exception of the most recent and close ones) may lead to significant uncertainties in the predictions of the fluxes at the Earth. So far, the conventional approach just relied on average trends. Here, we elaborate a statistical theory in order to compute the probability for the actual flux to depart from its ensemble average. Using the generalized version of the central limit theorem, we demonstrate that the probability distribution function of the flux is intimately related to the source distribution and follows a stable law with a heavier tail than the Gaussian distribution. Our theoretical framework can not only be extended to other cosmic-ray observables, such as the lepton flux, but also can be enriched to include a more comprehensive description of the correlations between the sources. Moreover the method which we have developed may be applied to a variety of problems in physics/astrophysics involving heavy tail distributions.Secondly, we concentrate on secondary CRs, like the boron nuclei, which are thought to be produced only by the collisions of cosmic-rays on the interstellar medium. More precisely, the ratio of the boron to carbon fluxes is a traditional tool used to understand and gauge the propagation of cosmic-rays in the Galaxy. Hence a very precise measurement of this ratio should imply stringent constraints on the propagation scenario. However we show that its theoretical derivation strongly depends on where these secondary species are produced as well as on the chosen set of nuclear cross-sections. Hence we assess at the 20% level the theoretical uncertainties on the so far derived propagation parameters. As new data from AMS-02 were freshly released, we present the starting points of a comprehensive new analysis for which we use the semi-analytical code USINE.Finally these high precision measurements offer new opportunities for a number of astroparticle problems, such as indirect dark matter searches which is the main thrust of the third part of the thesis. Antimatter cosmic rays are thought to be secondary species and their relatively low fluxes make them a channel of choice to look for rare processes such as dark matter annihilation. Nonetheless, the predictions of the expected backgrounds rely on a precise modeling of cosmic-ray propagation and interactions in the Galaxy. We treat them under commonly used simplified assumptions and discuss two studies where we re-evaluate the anti-proton and the positron fluxes in the light of the new AMS-02 data. Then we discuss the implications for dark matter and astrophysical explanations
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Delahaye, Timur. "Propagation of galactic cosmic rays and dark matter indirect detection." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS019.
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Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude de la propagation des électrons et positrons cosmiques dans la Voie Lactée ainsi qu'à la détection indirecte de matière sombre. L'existence de la matière sombre dans l'Univers est une hypothèse raisonnable du point de vue de la cosmologie, de l'astrophysique mais également de la physique des particules. Pourtant sa détection nous échappe encore et il n'est pas possible de vérifier la validité de cette hypothèse autrement que par des moyens faisant intervenir la gravitation. L'une des voies possibles pour la détection de la matière sombre et la compréhension de ses propriétés, consiste à chercher les produits de son annihilation ou de sa désintégration dans les rayons cosmiques Galactiques. Durant ces trois dernières années, les données concernant les flux d'électrons et de positrons cosmiques se sont accumulées et ont atteint des précisions remarquables. Une telle précision expérimentale exige que l'on raffine les modèles théoriques et que l'on quantifie les erreurs. Cette thèse s'efforce donc de recenser et de quantifier toutes les sources d'incertitudes des prédictions de flux d'électrons et de positrons cosmiques, qu'ils soient primaires ou secondaires, classiques ou exotiques. La plus grande attention a été portée sur les sources et la propagation dans le halo Galactique. De plus, une étude des émissions gamma et radio associées à ces rayons cosmiques est présentée, toujours avec la même volonté de mesurer les incertitudes. Enfin, un état des lieux de la recherche de détection de l'annihilation ou de la désintégration de la matière sombre galactique est présenté<br>This thesis is dedicated to the study of propagation of cosmic electrons and positrons in the Milky Way and to the indirect detection of dark matter. The existence of dark matter is a hypothesis considered as reasonable from the point of view of cosmology, astrophysics and even particle physics. Nevertheless its detection still eludes us and it is not possible to verify this hypothesis by other means than gravitational one. A possible way to detect dark matter is to look for its annihilation or decay products among Galactic cosmic rays. During the last three years, data concerning cosmic ray electrons and positrons have been accumulated and have reached a remarkable precision. Such a precision requires from us to refine the theoretical models and to quantify the errors. This thesis addresses the study of all the sources of uncertainties affecting predictions of cosmic electrons and positron fluxes, primary and secondary, classical or from exotic origin. The greatest care has been dedicated to the sources and the propagation in the Galactic halo. Moreover a study of gamma and radio emissions associated to these cosmic rays is presented, again with the will of sizing uncertainties. Finally a status of the research for detection of annihilation or decay of Galactic dark matter is presented
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Mondragon, Antonio Richard. "Lorentz-violating dark matter." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1672.
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Pinzke, Anders. "Gamma-Ray Emission from Galaxy Clusters : DARK MATTER AND COSMIC-RAYS." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-42453.
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The quest for the first detection of a galaxy cluster in the high energy gamma-ray regime is ongoing, and even though clusters are observed in several other wave-bands, there is still no firm detection in gamma-rays. To complement the observational efforts we estimate the gamma-ray contributions from both annihilating dark matter and cosmic-ray (CR) proton as well as CR electron induced emission. Using high-resolution simulations of galaxy clusters, we find a universal concave shaped CR proton spectrum independent of the simulated galaxy cluster. Specifically, the gamma-ray spectra from decaying neutral pions, which are produced by CR protons, dominate the cluster emission. Furthermore, based on our derived flux and luminosity functions, we identify the galaxy clusters with the brightest galaxy clusters in gamma-rays. While this emission is challenging to detect using the Fermi satellite, major observations with Cherenkov telescopes in the near future may put important constraints on the CR physics in clusters. To extend these predictions, we use a dark matter model that fits the recent electron and positron data from Fermi, PAMELA, and H.E.S.S. with remarkable precision, and make predictions about the expected gamma-ray flux from nearby clusters. In order to remain consistent with the EGRET upper limit on the gamma-ray emission from Virgo, we constrain the minimum mass of substructures for cold dark matter halos. In addition, we find comparable levels of gamma-ray emission from CR interactions and dark matter annihilations without Sommerfeld enhancement.<br>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Accepted.
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Casas, Miranda Rigoberto Angel. "Statistics of the dark matter halo distribution in cosmic density fields." Diss., [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00000098.
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Klaus, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Sterile neutrino dark matter from the cosmic QCD epoch / Alexander Klaus." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237048559/34.
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Ng, Chun Yu. "Seeking the Light in the Dark: Quests for Identifying Dark Matter." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471363029.
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Korsmeier, Michael [Verfasser], Fiorenza [Akademischer Betreuer] Donato, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Krämer. "Unveiling dark matter with cosmic messengers / Michael Korsmeier ; Fiorenza Donato, Michael Krämer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1233315757/34.
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Hatfield, Peter. "The relationship between galaxies and their dark matter haloes over cosmic time." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6338f463-3305-420a-ad86-4ae8bcd88251.
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In this thesis I study and measure the spatial distribution of galaxies selected in optical and near-infrared surveys over cosmic time. By measuring the clustering of these sources, valuable insight can be gained into the role of environment in shaping galaxy evolution over the history of the Universe. I present a series of results from a clustering analysis of the first data release of the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) survey. VIDEO is the only survey currently capable of probing the bulk of stellar mass in galaxies at redshifts corresponding to the peak of star formation on degree scales. Galaxy clustering is measured with the two-point correlation function, which is calculated using a non para- metric kernel based density estimator. I use my measurements to investigate the connection between the galaxies and the host dark matter halo using a Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) methodology, deriving bias, satellite fractions, and typical host halo masses for stellar masses between 10<sup>9.35</sup>M<sub>⊙</sub> and 10<sup>10.85</sup>M<sub>⊙</sub>, at redshifts 0.5 < z < 1.7. I show that the typical halo mass increases with stellar mass (with moderate scatter) and bias also increases with stellar mass and redshift, consistent with previous studies. I find the satellite fraction increases towards low redshifts, from ∼ 5% at z ∼ 1.5, to ∼ 20% at z ∼ 0.6, also increasing for lower mass galaxies. I combine my results to derive the stellar mass to halo mass ratio for both satellites and centrals over a range of halo masses and find the peak corresponding to the halo mass with maximum star formation efficiency to be ∼ 2 Ã 10<sup>12</sup>M<sub>⊙</sub>, finding no evidence for evolution. It has long been known that environment has a large effect on star formation in galaxies. There are several known plausible mechanisms to remove the cool gas needed for star formation, such as strangulation, harassment and ram-pressure stripping. It is unclear which process is dominant, and over what range of stellar mass. In this thesis, I find evidence for suppression of the cross-correlation function between massive galaxies and less massive star-forming galaxies, giving a measure of how less likely a galaxy is to be star-forming in the vicinity of a more massive galaxy. I develop a formalism for modelling environmental quenching mechanisms within the HOD formalism. I find that at z ∼ 2 environment is not a significant factor in determining quenching of star-forming galaxies, and that galaxies are quenched with similar probabilities in group environments as they are globally. However, by z ∼ 0.5 galaxies are much less likely to be star forming when in a group environment than when not. This increased probability of being quenched does not appear to have significant radial dependence within the halo, supportive of the quenching being caused by the halting of fresh inflows of pristine gas, as opposed to by tidal stripping. Furthermore, by separating the massive sample into passive and star-forming, I find that this effect is further enhanced when the central galaxy is passive, a manifestation of galactic conformity. Hydrodynamical cosmological simulations, with advances in computing power over the last decade, have recently made great advances in reproducing the galaxy population and understanding the underlying physical processes behind galaxy evolution. There is extensive research in the literature comparing predicted stellar mass functions from hydrodynamical simulations to observed stellar mass functions in data. In this thesis I extend these results, comparing clustering of galaxies in mock catalogues from the hydrodynamical cosmological simulation Horizon-AGN to clustering measurements from the VIDEO observations. Clustering and HOD modelling in the Horizon-AGN mock catalogue qualitatively recreates clustering measurements from the VIDEO data, but reflects the known excess stellar mass to halo mass ratio for low mass haloes in Horizon-AGN. This reinforces the need for stronger regulation of star formation in low mass haloes in the simulation. I extend my results into the high redshift regime by studying the large-scale structure of the bright high-redshift Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) population - gaining insight into the role of environment in galaxy formation physics in the early Universe. I measure the clustering of a sample of bright (â22.7 < M<sub>UV</sub> < â21.125) LBGs at z ∼ 6 and use a HOD model to measure their typical halo masses. I find that the clustering amplitude and corresponding HOD fits sug- gests that these sources are highly biased (b ∼ 10) objects in the densest regions of the high-redshift Universe. Coupled with the observed rapid evolution of the number density of these objects, my results suggest that the shape of high lu- minosity end of the luminosity function is related to feedback processes or the onset of dust obscuration - as opposed to a scenario where these sources are pre- dominantly rare instances of the much more numerous M<sub>UV</sub> ∼ â19 population of galaxies caught in a particularly vigorous period of star formation. Despite investigating several variations on the model, it was not possible to simultaneously fit both the number densities and clustering measurements. I interpret this as a signal that a refinement of the model halo bias relation at high redshifts or the incorporation of quasi-linear effects may be needed for future attempts at modelling the clustering and number counts. Finally, the difference in number density between the fields (UltraVISTA has a surface density ∼ 1.8 times greater than UDS) is shown to be consistent with the cosmic variance implied by the clustering measurements. Finally I discuss future data sets that will become available in the coming years, and future approaches to modelling large-scale structure. In summary I have shown that measuring the spatial distribution of galaxies on large-scales is a vital probe of galaxy evolution and an essential tool for understanding the connection between galaxies and their dark matter haloes over cosmic time.
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Méndez, Isla Miguel Alfonso. "Dark matter searches with cosmic-ray detectors and the Square Kilometre Array." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32379.
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Beyond gravitational evidence for dark matter, a set of search techniques are employed in the present thesis within the particle dark matter paradigm. Under the possibility of dark matter annihilating into particles of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, we study the products of annihilation with cosmic-ray detectors, such as AMS, Fermi-LAT and PAMELA, and radio telescopes, such as the SKA. In this work, we focus on the positron fraction measured in the Solar System due to dark matter annihilating in the dark matter galactic halo, but also on radio signals from the Milky Way and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Our main purpose is to constrain the dark matter parameter space under the light of the latest experimental data for cosmic-rays and the new sensitivities reached in radio astronomy. Furthermore, we discuss some of the most promising locations and synchrotron frequencies to search for dark matter with masses around the TeV scale. The analysis presented in this thesis lies in setting constraints on modelindependent dark matter. However, some specific dark matter candidates in the context of extra-dimensional theories are considered as well. Indeed, brane fluctuations, dubbed branons, are new degrees of freedom appearing in flexible brane-world models. These new fields behave as standard weakly interacting massive particles with a significant associated thermal relic density and would explain dark matter observational features.
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Belloli, Nicoletta. "Study of cosmic nuclei fluxes with AMS-02: implication for dark matter search." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7582/.
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L’Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) é un rivelatore per raggi cosmici (CR) progettato e costruito da una collaborazione internazionale di 56 istituti e 16 paesi ed
installato il 19 Maggio del 2011 sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (ISS).
Orbitando intorno alla Terra, AMS-02 sará in grado di studiare con un livello di accuratezza mai raggiunto prima la composizione dei raggi cosmici, esplorando nuove frontiere nella fisica delle particelle, ricercando antimateria primordiale ed evidenze indirette di materia oscura.
Durante il mio lavoro di tesi, ho utilizzato il software GALPROP per studiare la propagazione dei CR nella nostra Galassia attraverso il mezzo interstellare (ISM), cercando
di individuare un set di parametri in grado di fornire un buon accordo con i dati preliminari di AMS-02. In particolare, mi sono dedicata all’analisi del processo di
propagazione di nuclei, studiando i loro flussi e i relativi rapporti. Il set di propagazione ottenuto dall’analisi é stato poi utilizzato per studiare ipotetici
flussi da materia oscura e le possibili implicazioni per la ricerca indiretta attraverso AMS-02.
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Kumar, Saurabh. "Radiating Macroscopic Dark Matter: Searching for Effects in Cosmic Microwave Background and Recombination History." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1606996786558263.
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Barello, Gregory. "Models and Constraints for New Physics at the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20454.
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The modern era of particle physics is driven by experimental anomalies. Experimental efforts have become increasingly diverse and are producing enormous volumes of data. In such a highly data-driven scientific environment theoretical models are necessary to understand this data and to help inform the development of new experimental approaches. In this dissertation I present two significant contributions to this effort relevant to the energy, intensity, and cosmic frontiers of modern particle physics research.
Part 1 of this dissertation discusses methods to understand modern dark matter direct detection results. In particular I present an analysis under the hypothesis of inelastic dark matter, which supposes that dark matter must scatter inelastically, i.e. that it must gain or loose mass during a collision with atomic nuclei. This hypothesis is attractive because it can alleviate otherwise contradictory results from a number of dark matter detection facilities. The main conclusion of this work is a presentation of the analytical tools, along with a mathematica package that can be used to run the analysis, and the discovery that there are regions of inelastic dark matter parameter space which are consistent with all current experimental results, and constraints.
Part 2 of this dissertation discusses a phenomenon of modern interest called kinetic mixing which allows particles from the standard model to spontaneously transform into particles which experience a new, as of yet undiscovered, force. This phenomenon is relatively common and well motivated theoretically and has motivated significant experimental effort. In this work, I present an analysis of a general case of kinetic mixing, called nonabelian kinetic mixing. This work shows that, In general, kinetic mixing predicts the existence of a new particle and that, under certain conditions, this particle could be detected at modern particle colliders. Furthermore, the mass of this particle is related to the strength of kinetic mixing. This relationship suggests novel ways to constrain kinetic mixing parameter space, and if observed would provide a very striking indication that such a model is realized in nature.
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Olzem, Jan. "Signatures of SUSY dark matter at the LHC and in the spectra of cosmic rays." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984327568.
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Rybka, Gray. "A search for Z = -1 dark matter annihilation products in cosmic rays with AMS-01." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45406.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89).<br>The majority of mass in the universe has not been observed optically and is termed dark matter. The supersymmetric neutralino provides an interesting dark matter candidate, which may self-annihilate in our galaxy, producing particles visible in the cosmic ray spectrum. During a ten day space shuttle flight, the AMS-01 detector recorded over 100 million cosmic ray events. This analysis searches for the products of neutralino annihilation in the AMS-01 Z=-1 spectrum, and uses the results to place limits on which supersymmetric and dark matter halo distribution models are compatible.<br>by Gray Rybka.<br>Ph.D.
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Lineros, Rodriguez Roberto Alfredo. "Study of positrons from cosmic rays interactions and cold dark matter annihilations in the galactic environment." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS059.
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Rayons cosmiques de positons et les électrons de fournir un moyen complémentaire à l'étude de l'environnement galactique. Les expériences de rayons cosmiques, par exemple PAMELA et HEAT, ont présenté des résultats très intéressant dans ce domaine. La fraction de positrons observé semble plus importante que la réalité les prédictions théoriques des énergies de plus de 10 GeV. Les preuves indirectes de la matière sombre dans le cadre de théories au-delà du modèle standard suggère l'existence d'une contribution supplémentaire présent dans le signal de rayons cosmiques. Nous étudions et le calcul de la positon du signal produit par l'anéantissement d'un générique de Dark Matter candidate. En particulier, nous analysons les signatures typiques annihilation et de l'impact de la physique sur la propagation CR positon signal. En outre, nous étudions la positon signal liées à des processus de spallation entre noyaux cosmiques - les rayons et le gaz interstellaire. Nous analysons les effets de l'incertitude actuelle en matière de coupe, les noyaux cosmiques - ray et CR propagation physique. La propagation de positons est modelé en fonction de la Deux - Zone modèle de propagation qui a été testé avec succès dans l'étude des noyaux cosmiques - ray et présente une approche analytique pour étudier les cosmique - physique des rayons<br>Positron and electron cosmic rays provide a complementary way to study the galactic environment. The actual cosmic rays experiments, for instance PAMELA and HEAT, have presented very exciting results in this field. The observed positron fraction appears larger than the actual theoretical predictions for energies larger than 10 GeV. The indirect evidences of Dark Matter in connection with Beyond the Standard Model theories would suggest the existence of an extra contribution present in the cosmic ray signal. We study and calculate the positron signal produced by the annihilation of a generic Dark Matter candidate. Especially, We analyze typical annihilation signatures and the impact of CR propagation physics on the positron signal. In addition, we study the positron signal related to spallation processes between nuclei cosmic--rays and the interstellar gas. We analyze the effects of uncertainties present in nuclear cross section, nuclei cosmic--ray and CR propagation physics. The propagation of positrons is modeled according to the Two--Zone Propagation Model which has been successfully tested in the study of nuclei cosmic--ray and present an analytical approach to study the cosmicray physics
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Hennings-Yeomans, Raul. "First 5 Tower WIMP-search Results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search with Improved Understanding of Neutron Backgrounds and Benchmarking." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1217635684.
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Beyer, Joschka [Verfasser], and Christof [Akademischer Betreuer] Wetterich. "Aspects of cosmic structure formation in coupled scalar field dark matter models / Joschka Johannes Beyer ; Betreuer: Christof Wetterich." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1180032888/34.
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Zimmer, Stephan. "Searching for Gamma Rays from Galaxy Clusters with the Fermi Large Area Telescope : Cosmic Rays and Dark Matter." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96231.
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In this licentiate thesis, I report a search for GeV γ rays towards the location of Galaxy clusters. I mainly discuss the results of a search for cosmic-ray (CR) induced γ-ray emission but also briefly elaborate on a related study, searching for Dark Matter (DM)-induced γ-ray emission from Galaxy clusters. In addition, I provide a detailed discussion on the analysis tools that were used and discuss some additional tests that are not included in the papers this licentiate thesis is based on. In a comprehensive search almost covering the entire sky, we find no statistically significant evidence for either DM or CR induced γ rays from galaxy clusters. Thus we report upper limits on CR quantities that exclude emission scenarios in which the maximum hadronic injection efficiency is larger than 21% and associated limits on the maximum CR-to-thermal pressure ratio, <XCR>. In addition, we update previous flux upper limits given a new set of modeling and taking the source extension into account. For a DM masses below 100 GeV, we exclude annihilation cross sections above ∼ 10−24 cm3 s−1 into bb. For decaying DM, we exclude decay times lower than 1027 s over the mass range of 20 GeV– 2 TeV.
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Elmufti, Mohammed. "Perturbations of dark energy models." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3386.
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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>The growth of structure in the Universe proceeds via the collapse of dark matter
and baryons. This process is retarded by dark energy which drives an accelerated
expansion of the late Universe. In this thesis we use cosmological perturbation theory
to investigate structure formation for a particular class of dark energy models,
i.e. interacting dark energy models. In these models there is a non-gravitational interaction between dark energy and dark matter, which alters the standard evolution
(with non-interacting dark energy) of the Universe. We consider a simple form of
the interaction where the energy exchange in the background is proportional to the
dark energy density. We analyse the background dynamics to uncover the e ect of
the interaction. Then we develop the perturbation equations that govern the evolution
of density perturbations, peculiar velocities and the gravitational potential. We
carefully account for the complex nature of the perturbed interaction, in particular
for the momentum transfer in the dark sector. This leads to two di erent types of
model, where the momentum exchange vanishes either in the dark matter rest-frame
or the dark energy rest-frame. The evolution equations for the perturbations are
solved numerically, to show how structure formation is altered by the interaction.
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Leclercq, Florent. "Bayesian large-scale structure inference and cosmic web analysis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066353/document.
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Les observations de la structure à grande échelle de l'Univers sont précieuses pour établir et tester des théories cosmologiques sur son origine et son évolution. Cette démarche requiert des outils appropriés d'assimilation des données, afin d'établir le contact entre les catalogues de galaxies et les modèles de formation des structures.Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle approche pour l'analyse ab initio et simultanée de la formation et de la morphologie de la toile cosmique est présentée : l'algorithme BORG infère les fluctuations de densité primordiales et produit des reconstructions physiques de la distribution de matière noire, en assimilant les relevés de galaxies dans un modèle cosmologique de formation des structures. La méthode, basée sur la théorie bayésienne des probabilités, fournit un moyen de quantifier précisément les incertitudes.On présente l'application de BORG aux données du Sloan Digital Sky Survey et on décrit la structure de l'Univers dans le volume considéré. On démontre que cette approche a mené à la première inférence quantitative des conditions initiales et du scénario de formation des structures observées. On utilise ces résultats pour plusieurs projets cosmographiques visant à analyser et classifier la toile cosmique. En particulier, on construit un catalogue de vides, décrits au niveau de la matière noire et non des galaxies. On présente des cartes probabilistes détaillées de la dynamique de la toile cosmique et on propose une solution générale pour la classification des structures en présence d'incertitude.Les résultats de cette thèse constituent une précise description chrono-cosmographique des inhomogénéités de la structure cosmique<br>Surveys of the cosmic large-scale structure carry opportunities for building and testing cosmological theories about the origin and evolution of the Universe. This endeavor requires appropriate data assimilation tools, for establishing the contact between survey catalogs and models of structure formation.In this thesis, we present an innovative statistical approach for the ab initio simultaneous analysis of the formation history and morphology of the cosmic web: the BORG algorithm infers the primordial density fluctuations and produces physical reconstructions of the dark matter distribution that underlies observed galaxies, by assimilating the survey data into a cosmological structure formation model. The method, based on Bayesian probability theory, provides accurate means of uncertainty quantification.We demonstrate the application of BORG to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data and describe the primordial and late-time large-scale structure in the observed volume. We show how the approach has led to the first quantitative inference of the cosmological initial conditions and of the formation history of the observed structures. We then use these results for several cosmographic projects aiming at analyzing and classifying the large-scale structure. In particular, we build an enhanced catalog of cosmic voids probed at the level of the dark matter distribution, deeper than with the galaxies. We present detailed probabilistic maps of the dynamic cosmic web, and offer a general solution to the problem of classifying structures in the presence of uncertainty.The results described in this thesis constitute accurate chrono-cosmography of the inhomogeneous cosmic structure
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El, Aisati Chaimae. "Gamma-ray and Neutrino Lines from Dark Matter: multi-messenger and dedicated smoking-gun searches." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/266180.
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Identifying what makes up the Dark Matter is a long-standing problem to which the abundance of gravitational and cosmological evidence fails to answer. Indirect detection techniques have the aim to unveil the nature of Dark Matter by catching and identifying the products of potential decays and/or annihilations. The work exposed in this thesis is in line with this strategy and has for common thread the quest for line(-like) features in the extraterrestrial fluxes of gamma-rays and neutrinos. The motivation behind this specific interest is that, due to the absence of astrophysical counterparts beyond the GeV scale, these features constitute the ultimate probes (also called “smoking guns”) of the existence of Dark Matter.The thesis is organized in three Parts, the first of which is an introduction to the different facets of the Dark Matter conundrum and why it is not a trivial issue. The works involving gamma-ray line considerations are gathered in Part II, and those exclusively focusing on neutrino lines in Part III.Part II focuses on the effective field theory of Dark Matter decay, first in the context of millicharged particles decaying to gamma-ray lines, and then in the context of (neutral and millicharged) Dark Matter decays involving the simultaneous emission of gamma-ray and neutrino lines. In both cases, the simultaneous emission of cosmic rays is unavoidable and the decays are constrained in a multi-messenger fashion. The complementarity of the results obtained is used to derive model-independent constraints on the Dark Matter lifetime, and shows the possibility to exclude or distinguishsome specific scenarios on the basis of an explicit experimental conjecture.After an introduction to the neutrino detection principles and to the operation of the IceCube detector, Part III focuses on two careful searches for spectral features in the neutrino spectrum. The main goal behind these analyses, conducted in two different regions of the energy spectrum but using the same likelihood ratio procedure, is to popularize dedicated energy distribution studies by showing their ability to reach sensitivity levels comparable to—sometimes even going beyond—those obtained with angular distribution studies or even in the context of gamma-ray line searches.<br>Option Physique du Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zimmer, Stephan. "Observations of nearby Galaxy Clusters with the Fermi Large Area Telescope : Towards the first Gamma Rays from Clusters." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121592.
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Galaxy clusters are the most massive bound systems known in the Universe and are believed to have formed through large scale structure formation. They host relativistic cosmic-ray (CR) populations and are gravitationally bound by large amounts of Dark Matter (DM), both providing conditions in which high-energy gamma rays may be produced either via CR interactions with the intracluster medium or through the annihilation or decay of DM particles. Prior to the launch of the Fermi satellite, predictions were optimistic that these sources would be established as γ-ray-bright objects by observations through its prime instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT). Yet, despite numerous efforts, even a single firm cluster detection is still pending. This thesis presents a number of studies based on data taken by the LAT over its now seven year mission aiming to discover these γ rays. Using a joint likelihood technique, we study the γ-ray spectra of a sample of nearby clusters searching for a CR-induced signal due to hadronic interactions in the intracluster medium. While we find excesses in some individual targets, we attribute none to the cluster. Hence, we constrain the maximum injection efficiency of hadrons being accelerated in structure formation shocks and the fraction of CR-to-thermal pressure. We also perform a refined search targeting the Coma cluster specifically due to its large variety of existing observations in other wavebands. In the latter case we find weak indications of an excess which however falls below the detection threshold. Because the cluster emission we consider is inherently extended, we need to take into account the imperfect modeling of the foreground emission, which may be particularly difficult such as is the case with the Virgo cluster. Here, we assess the systematics associated with the foreground uncertainties and derive limits based on an improved background model of the region. For the first time we derive limits on the γ-ray flux from CR and DM-interactions in which we take into account the dynamical state of the system. For DM we also include the contribution from substructure. The DM domain is further explored by searching for line-like features as they arise from the annihilation of DM into two photons in a large sample of clusters, including Virgo and Coma. Finding no evidence for γ-ray lines, we derive limits on the DM annihilation cross section that are roughly a factor 10 (100) above that derived from observations of the galactic center assuming an optimistic (conservative) scenario regarding the boost due to DM substructure.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p>
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Kéfélian, Cécile. "Search for dark matter with EDELWEISS-III excluding background from muon-induced neutrons." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1020/document.
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Le but de l'expérience EDELWEISS est la détection directe de matière noire sousforme de WIMPs, par l'étude de leur diffusion élastique sur les noyaux de germanium des détecteurs bolomètriques. Le plus problématique des bruits de fond provient des neutrons pouvant mimer l'interaction d'un WIMP dans un détecteur. Ces neutrons sont notamment produits par les rares muons cosmiques de haute énergie qui atteignent le laboratoire souterrain malgré les 4800 m w.e. de roche. Les muons résiduels sont détectés par un système veto de 46 modules de scintillateur plastique entourant l'expérience, qui permet de rejeter la plupart du bruit de fond associé. La détermination précise du bruit de fond neutron résiduel induit par ces muons dans EDELWEISS-III, essentielle pour l'identification des WIMPs, est le but de cette thèse. Le taux de bruit de fond dépend de la géométrie de l'expérience ainsi que des matériaux utilisés, qui ont subi d'importantes modifications depuis EDELWEISS-II. Des simulations GEANT4 du passage des muons dans la nouvelle géométrie ont été réalisées afin d'extraire le taux d'événements induits par les muons dans les bolomètres. Ce taux est en bon accord avec le taux mesuré extrait des données du Run308. En parallèle, une limite inférieure sur l'efficacité du veto muon a été extraite à partir des données bolomètres. Une nouvelle méthode basée sur l'utilisation d'une source d'AmBe a été développée afin d'extraire l'efficacité de chaque module de la simulation. À partir de ces résultats, il a été montré que le bruit de fond attendu est négligeable pour la recherche de WIMPs avec les données du Run308 et ne limitera pas la sensibilité future d'EDELWEISS-III<br>The aim of the EDELWEISS-III experiment is to detect the elastic scattering of WIMPs from the galactic dark matter halo on germanium bolometers. The most problematic background arises from neutrons, which can mimic a WIMP interaction in a detector. Neutrons are notably induced by high energy cosmic ray muons reaching the underground laboratory despite the 4800 m w.e. of rock overburdened. Remaining muons are tagged using an active muon-veto system of 46 plastic scintillator modules surrounding the experiment, which allows to reject most of the associated background. The goal of this thesis was to give a precise estimation of the irreducible muon-induced neutron background, needed to identify a potential WIMP signal. The expected background depends on the geometry of the experiment as well as on the used materials, both strongly modified since EDELWEISS-II. Geant4-based simulations of muons through the modified geometry were performed to derive the rate of events induced by muons in the bolometer array. This rate has been shown to be in good agreement with the measured one extracted from the Run308 data. In parallel, a lower limit on the muon-veto efficiency was derived using bolometer data only. A new method based on an AmBe source was developed to extract precisely the detection efficiency of individual modules from the simulation. From these results, it was shown that the expected background is negligible for the WIMP search analyses performed with the Run308 data and won't limit the future sensitivity of the EDELWEISS-III experiment
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Reichhart, Lea. "ZEPLIN-III direct dark matter search : final results and measurements in support of next generation instruments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7914.
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Astrophysical observations give convincing evidence for a vast non-baryonic component, the so-called dark matter, accounting for over 20% of the overall content of our Universe. Direct dark matter search experiments explore the possibility of interactions of these dark matter particles with ordinary baryonic matter via elastic scattering resulting in single nuclear recoils. The ZEPLIN-III detector operated on the basis of a dualphase (liquid/gas) xenon target, recording events in two separate response channels { scintillation and ionisation. These allow discrimination between electron recoils (from background radiation) and the signal expected from Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) elastic scatters. Following a productive first exposure, the detector was upgraded with a new array of ultra-low background photomultiplier tubes, reducing the electron recoil background by over an order of magnitude. A second major upgrade to the detector was the incorporation of a tonne-scale active veto detector system, surrounding the WIMP target. Calibration and science data taken in coincidence with ZEPLIN-III showed rejection of up to 30% of the dominant electron recoil background and over 60% of neutron induced nuclear recoils. Data taking for the second science run finished in May 2011 with a total accrued raw fiducial exposure of 1,344 kg days. With this extensive data set, from over 300 days of run time, a limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section of 4.8 10-8 pb near 50 GeV/c2 WIMP mass with 90% confidence was set. This result combined with the first science run of ZEPLIN-III excludes the scalar cross-section above 3.9 10-8 pb. Studying the background data taken by the veto detector allowed a calculation of the neutron yield induced by high energy cosmic-ray muons in lead of (5.8 0.2) 10-3 neutrons/muon/(g/cm2) for a mean muon energy of 260 GeV. Measurements of this kind are of great importance for large scale direct dark matter search experiments and future rare event searches in general. Finally, this work includes a comprehensive measurement of the energy dependent quenching factor for low energy nuclear recoils in a plastic scintillator, such as from the ZEPLIN-III veto detector, increasing accuracy for future simulation packages featuring large scale plastic scintillator detector systems.
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Vertongen, Gilles. "The fall and rise of antimatter: probing leptogenesis and dark matter models." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210200.
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Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), together with the analyses of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, confirm what our day to day experience of life attests :antimatter is far less present than matter in the Universe. In addition, these observables also permit to evaluate that there exists about one proton for every 10^{10} photons present in the Universe. This is in contradiction with expectations coming from the standard hot big bang, where no distinction between matter and antimatter is made, and where subsequent annihilations would lead to equal matter and antimatter contents, at a level 10^{−10} smaller than the observed one. The Standard Model of fundamental interactions fails to explain this result, leading us to search for ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ physics.<p><p>Among the possible mechanism which could be responsible for the creation of such a matter asymmetry, leptogenesis is particularly attractive because it only relies on the same ingredients previously introduced to generate neutrino masses. Unfortunatelly, this elegant proposal suffers from a major difficulty :it resists to any tentative of being probed by our low energy observables. In this thesis, we tackle the problem the other way around and propose a way to falsify this mechanism. Considering the type-I leptogenesis mechanism, i.e. a mechanism based on the asymmetric decay of right-handed neutrinos, in a left-right symmetric framework, we show that the observation of a right-handed gauge boson W_R at future colliders would rule out any possibility for such mechanism to be responsible of the matter asymmetry present in our Universe.<p><p>Another intriguing question that analyses of the anisotropies of the CMB confirmed is the presence of a non-baryonic component of matter in our Universe, i.e. the dark matter. As hinted by observations of galactic rotation curves, it should copiously be present in our galactic halo, but is notoriously difficult to detect directly. We can take advantage on the fact that antimatter almost disappeared from our surroundings to detect the contamination of cosmic rays from standard sources the annihilation products of dark matter would produce.<p><p>The second subject tackled in this work is the study of the imprints the Inert Doublet Modem (IDM) could leave in (charged) cosmic rays, namely positrons, antprotons and antideuterons. This model, first proposed to allow the Bout-Englert-Higgs particle to evade the Electroweak Precision Test (EWPT) measurements, introduces an additional scalar doublet which is inert in the sense that it does not couple directly to fermions. This latter property brings an additional virtue to this additional doublet :since it interacts weakly with particles, it can play the role of dark matter. This study will be done in the light of the data recently released by the PAMELA, ATIC and Fermi-GLAST collaborations, which reported e^± excesses in two different energy ranges.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zu, Ying. "Cross-Correlation Cluster Cosmology." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376958777.
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Kamenetska, Masha. "Modeling the affect of dark matter distributions in the Milky Way on the component of the cosmic rays energy spectrum as incident on Earth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32902.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53).<br>In this thesis, we investigate the effect of dark matter distribution in the galaxy on the positron spectrum on earth. We wrote code to simulate two district dark matter distribution functions as well as the annihilations which convert them into positrons. We then channeled the results into a galaxy propagation software package GALPROP and obtained a positron spectrum on earth. Our results suggest that while no dramatic differences emerge in the spectrum as a result of varying dark matter distributions, further studies are needed to confidently establish the exact nature of the relationship between the ellipticity of the dark matter profile and the positron spectrum. trajectories for other research designs are made clear as a result of this project.<br>by Masha Kamenetska.<br>S.B.
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Lazanu, Andrei. "The power spectrum and bispectrum of inflation and cosmic defects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256999.
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Much of the recent progress in cosmology has come from studying the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The latest results from the Planck satellite confirmed that the inflationary paradigm with the $\Lambda$CDM six-parameter model provides a very good description of the observed structures in the Universe. Even so, additional parameters, such as cosmic defects, are still allowed by current observational data. Additionally, many of the inflationary models predict a significant departure from Gaussianity in the distribution of primordial perturbations. Higher order statistics, such as the bispectrum, are required to test and constrain such models. The late-time distribution of matter in the Universe - large-scale structure (LSS) - contains much more information than the CMB that has not yet been used. In this thesis, we look at both problems: the effects of cosmic defects, in particular cosmic strings and domain walls on the CMB power spectrum through numerical simulations, and the dark matter bispectrum of large-scale structure. Topological defects are predicted by most inflationary theories involving symmetry breaking in the early Universe. In this thesis we study the effects of cosmic strings and domain walls on the CMB by determining their power spectrum. We use Nambu-Goto and field theory simulations for cosmic strings and domain walls respectively, and we determine the power spectra they produce with a modified Einstein-Boltzmann solver sourced by unequal time correlators from components of the energy-momentum tensor of the defects. We use these spectra together with CMB likelihoods to obtain constraints on the energy scales of formation of the cosmic defects, finding $G\mu/c^{2} < 1.29 \times 10^{−7}$ and $\eta < 0.93$ MeV (at 95% confidence level) for cosmic strings and domain walls respectively, when using the Planck satellite likelihoods. For the matter bispectrum of LSS, we compare different perturbative and phenomenological models with measurements from $N$-body simulations by using shape and amplitude correlators and we determine on which scales and for which redshifts they are accurate. We propose a phenomenological ‘three-shape’ model, based on the fundamental shapes we have observed by studying the halo model that are also present in the simulations. When calibrated on the simulations, this model accurately describes the bispectrum on all scales and redshifts considered, providing a prototype bispectrum HALOFIT-like methodology that could be used to describe and test parameter dependencies.
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Tran, David [Verfasser], Alejandro [Akademischer Betreuer] Ibarra, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Ratz. "Indirect Signatures of Unstable Dark Matter in Cosmic-Ray Antimatter and in the Gamma-Ray Sky / David Tran. Gutachter: Alejandro Ibarra ; Michael Ratz. Betreuer: Alejandro Ibarra." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014330122/34.
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Bernard, Guilhem. "Flux et anisotropie du rayonnement cosmique galactique : au-delà des modèles continus." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY065/document.
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Cette thèse explore les conséquences du fait que les sources de rayons cosmiques sont distribuées de façon non homogène dans notre Galaxie. Elle débute par plusieurs synthèses théoriques et expérimentales. Dans un premier temps la présentation du milieu interstellaire permet de comprendre les mécanismes en jeu dans la propagation et l'accélération des rayons cosmiques. Puis l'étude du mécanisme détaillé de la diffusion des rayons cosmiques sur le champ magnétique conduit à l'équation de propagation utilisée communément. Les solutions stationnaires de cette équation seront rappelées, puis la thèse s'articule autour de l'étude des solutions non stationnaires dans le cadre de sources ponctuelles dépendantes du temps. Une étude statistique permet d'évaluer la dispersion du flux de rayons cosmiques autour de sa valeur moyenne. Le calcul de cette dispersion conduite à des divergences mathématiques et des outils statistiques sont développés pour contourner ce problème. Ainsi l'effet de la granularité des sources est discuté et l'impact sur le spectre du rayonnement cosmique permet d'expliquer les récentes mesures de flux de protons et d'héliums de expériences CREAM et PAMELA.D'autre part la thèse porte sur l'étude de l'anisotropie du rayonnement cosmique. Les méthodes de mesures expérimentales seront rappelées, et une partie du manuscrit est consacrée à relier les calculs théoriques, menés dans le cadre des modèles de propagation, aux expériences. S'en suit d'une part le calcul de l'effet de l'environnement local sur la mesure d'anisotropie, comme l'influence d'un coefficient de diffusion local. Puis, l'anisotropie et sa variance sont calculées dans le cadre de sources ponctuelles avec l'aide des outils développés dans la première partie. Enfin, la possible influence des sources locales sur l'anisotropie est discutée à la lumière des derniers résultats expérimentaux<br>In this thesis I study the consequence of non homogeneously distributed cosmic ray sources in the Milky way. The document starts with theoretical and experimental synthesis. Firstly, I will describe the interstellar medium to understand the mechanism of propagation and acceleration of cosmic rays. Then, the detailed study of cosmic rays diffusion on the galactic magnetic field allows to write a commonly used propagation equation. I will recall the Steady-state solutions of this equation, then I will focus on the time dependant solutions with point-like sources. A statistical study is performed in order to estimate the standard deviation of the flux around its mean value. The computation of this standard deviation leads to mathematical divergences. Thus, I will develop statistical tools to bypass this issue. So i will discuss the effect of the granularity of cosmic ray sources. Its impact on cosmic ray spectrum can explain some recent features observed by the experiments CREAM and PAMELA.Besides, this thesis is focused on the study of the anisotropy of cosmic rays. I will recap experimental methods of measurements, and I will show how to connect theoretical calculation from propagation theories to experimental measurements. Then, the influence of the local environment on the anisotropy measurements will be discussed, particularly the effect of a local diffusion coefficient. Then, I will compute anisotropy and its variance in a framework of point-like local sources with the tools developed in the first part. Finally, the possible influence of local sources on the anisotropy is discussed in the light of the last experimental results
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Caroff, Sami. "Mesures du flux d'électrons, du flux de positons, et de leur rapport avec l'expérience AMS-02 : interprétation en terme de matière noire et pulsars." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY052/document.
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AMS-02 est un spectromètre magnétique conçu pour la détection du rayonnement cosmique chargé et des photons gamma. La mesure en 2013 de la fraction de positons par AMS-02 a confirmé la présence d'une composante de positons primaires, nécessitant l'existence d'une source de positons dans notre Galaxie. Cette thèse s'est exclusivement consacrée à l'étude de ce phénomène, et à la recherche de cette source de positons. La fraction de positons, le flux de positons et le flux d'électrons sont mesurés à l'aide d'une méthode de fit multidimensionnel mis au point lors de cette thèse. Une étude particulière est réservé au phénomène de confusion de charge, important pour la mesure du signe de la charge à haute énergie. La fonction de réponse instrumentale du détecteur est évaluée à l'aide de simulations Monte Carlo et est corrigée par les données réelles du détecteur. Un travail phénoménologique est effectué afin d'interpréter les résultats mesurés. L'interprétation de ces résultats en termes de composante primaire issues d'un pulsar local et du halo galactique de matière noire est effectué. Les implications et l'espace des paramètres autorisé pour chacun des modèles est explicité. Une ré-évaluation des secondaires à l'aide des nouvelles données d'AMS-02, ainsi que l'étude de l'impact de l'erreur expérimentale d'AMS-02 sur ces résultats, est exécuté<br>AMS-02 is a magnetic spectrometer design for the cosmic ray and gamma ray detection. The measurement in 2013 of the positron fraction by AMS-02 confirmed the presence of a primary positron component, which means the existence of a galactic primary source of positrons. This thesis is devoted exclusively to the study of this phenomenon. The positron fraction, the positron flux, and the electron flux are measured using a method of multidimensional fit developed during this thesis. The charge confusion phenomenon, which is important at the highest energies, is investigated. The instrumental response function of the detector is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and is corrected using the ISS data. A phenomenological work is done to interpret the measured results. The interpretation of these results in terms of primary component from a local pulsar and dark matter halo is done. The implications and the parameter space allowed for each model is detailed. A reevaluation of secondaries with the new AMS-02 data, and the study of the impact of the experimental error of AMS-02 on these results is performed
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Boudaud, Mathieu. "Recherche indirecte de matière noire à travers les rayons cosmiques d'antimatière." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY050/document.
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La matière noire astronomique est une composante essentielle de l'univers. Depuis sa mise en évidence en 1933 par Fritz Zwicky dans l'amas de Coma, sa présence au sein des galaxies et des amas de galaxies a été largement confirmée. Les observations du satellite Planck permettent de fixer le modèle standard cosmologique selon lequel 85% de la matière de l'univers est constituée de matière noire.La nature de cette dernière demeure cependant aujourd'hui inconnue. De nombreux candidats ont été proposés. L'explication la plus plausible fait état de particules massives et interagissant faiblement avec la matière ordinaire. Ces particules de matière noire, dénommées WIMPs pour Weakly Interactive Massive Particles, sont prédites par les extensions du modèle standard des particules, à l'instar des théories supersymétriques ou des théories à dimensions supplémentaires de type Kaluza-Klein.Les particules de matière noire sont traquées activement dans les accélérateurs de particules et dans les détecteurs souterrains. Une stratégie alternative consiste à rechercher les signatures de leur présence dans la Voie Lactée à travers les rayons cosmiques, messagers de l'univers. En effet, on s'attend à ce que les WIMPs présents dans la galaxie s'annihilent en paires particules-antiparticules. Les mécanismes produisant de l'antimatière étant très rares, les antiparticules cosmiques constituent des messagers privilégiés de la présence de matière noire.Ce mémoire de thèse se concentre sur la recherche indirecte de matière noire à travers les flux de positrons et d'antiprotons cosmiques. L'objet de ce travail est de confronter les modèles théoriques de particules de matière noire aux données expérimentales, afin de mettre éventuellement en évidence les hypothétiques WIMPs et d'en déterminer les propriétés.La première partie dresse le bilan des recherches actuelles de matière noire avant de se consacrer aux modes de production et de propagation des rayons cosmiques.La thèse se concentre ensuite sur l'interprétation de la fraction positronique mesurée par la collaboration AMS-02. La possibilité d'expliquer les données par la présence de matière noire dans la galaxie est étudiée. Une explication alternative impliquant des pulsars proches produisant des positrons est examinée. Une méthode permettant de traiter la propagation des positrons cosmiques de basse énergie est ensuite développée, et les premières contraintes sur les propriétés de la matière noire sont alors dérivées à partir des mesures du flux de positrons à basse énergie.Ce travail se poursuit avec l'étude de la propagation des antiprotons cosmiques. L'influence des effets de propagation à basse énergie sur la détermination des propriétés de la matière noire est explorée. De nouvelles contraintes sont dérivées à partir des données expérimentales de la collaboration PAMELA. Les incertitudes théoriques sur la détermination du fond astrophysique sont évaluées. L'interprétation des mesures préliminaires du rapport antiprotons sur protons par la collaboration AMS-02 et les conséquences pour la matière noire sont finalement discutées<br>The astronomical dark matter is ubiquitous in the universe. Since it was discovered in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky in the Coma cluster, its presence in galaxies and in galaxy clusters has been largely confirmed. The standard cosmological model predicts that about 85% of the matter in the universe is composed of dark matter.Its nature, however, remains unknown today. The dark matter particles must still have the properties of being massive and interact weakly with ordinary matter. This type of particles, the WIMPs (Weakly Interactive Massive Particles) are predicted by the extensions theories of the Standard Model of particles physics, like supersymmetrie or extra-dimensional Kaluza-Klein type theories.The dark matter particles are actively hunted in particle accelerators and in direct detection experiments. An alternative strategy is to look for signatures of the dark matter in the Milky Way through cosmic rays -- the universe messengers. Indeed, we expect that WIMPs that are present in the Galaxy annihilate into particle-antiparticle pairs. As antimatter is rare, cosmic antiparticles are privileged messengers of the presence of dark matter.This thesis focuses on indirect dark matter searches through the study of both cosmic ray positron and antiproton fluxes. The purpose of this PhD is to compare the theoretical models of dark matter particles with experimental data, which will allow us to determine their properties.The first part of the thesis provides an overview of current searches on dark matter and then focuses on the production and propagation of cosmic rays.The second part is devoted to the interpretation of the positron fraction measured by the AMS-02 collaboration. The possibility to explain the data by the presence of dark matter in the Galaxy is studied. An alternative explanation involving nearby pulsars is examined. A method to deal with low energy positrons is developed, leading to the first constraints on dark matter properties.Finally, this work focuses on the propagation of cosmic antiprotons. The influence of low energy propagation effects on the antiproton flux is explored. New constraints on WIMPs are derived from the data of the PAMELA collaboration. The theoretical uncertainties on the astrophysical background are assessed. The interpretation of the preliminary data of the AMS-02 collaboration on the antiproton to proton ratio and the implications for dark matter properties are finally discussed
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Campos, Ana Helena de. "Produção de partículas no universo primordial e sua aplicação em problemas de astrofísica e cosmologia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-16122013-174046/.
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Neste trabalho estudam-se três aplicações de mecanismos de produção de partículas no universo pós inflacionário. Apesar da motivação inicial para esses mecanismos ter sido o reaquecimento do universo, eles foram utilizados, posteriormente, para produzir partículas supermassivas. A produção de partículas, sejam elas supermassivas ou não, depende essencialmente do modelo inflacionário utilizado. Aqui, trabalha-se com modelos inflacionários caóticos gerados por um campo escalar, o inflaton. A primeira aplicação estuda a produção de partículas supermassivas pelo mecanismo de pré-aquecimento instantâneo que é não perturbativo. Estabelece-se os limites dos parãmetros desse mecanismo impondo que essas partículas constituam parte da matéria escura e que seu decaimento, hoje, produzam os raios cósmicos de altíssimas energias. A segunda aplicação é um estudo numérico de como teria sido o reaquecimento do universo, num modelo inflacionário quintessencial, com partículas tendo sido produzidas através do mecanismo de pré-aquecimento instantâneo. Esses modelos inflacionários são utilizados para explicar a origem da energia escura que parece dominar o universo hoje. Obtém-se a faixa de temperaturas de reaquecimento permitidas. A terceira aplicação também estuda a produção de partículas supermassivas para explicar os raios cósmicos de altíssimas energias, mas por um mecanismo perturbativo. As partículas seriam o produto do decaimento direto do inflaton após a inflação. Obtém se limites para razão de ramificação deste decaimento, impondo restrições para a vida média das partículas supermassivas e para a sua abundância hoje.<br>We studied three applications of the mechanisms of particle production in the early universe. Although such mechanisms were first proposed to reheat the universe they were used lately to produce supermassive particles. The production of supermassive or massless particles depends mainly on the inflationary model that we work with. Here, we chose the chaotic inflationary models generated by one scalar field, the inflaton. In the first application we studied the production of supermassive particles by the non-perturbative instant preheating mechanism. We used cosmic ray flux and cold dark matter observational data to constrain the parameters of the model, since we are supposing that such particles may account for a fraction of the cold dark matter as well as decay into high energy cosmic rays. In the second application we perform a numerical study of the instant preheating mechanism of particle production in a model of quintessential inflation. Such inflationary models are used to explain the dark energy that seems to dominate the universe nowadays. We obtained the reheating temperatures allowed by this mechanism. The third application studied the supermassive particle production by a perturbative mechanism to explain high energy cosmic rays. The inflaton would have decayed into such particles after inflation. By constraining their lifetime and present abundance we obtained the branching ratio of such decay.
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Leloup, Clément. "Contraintes expérimentales sur des modèles avec champ scalaire léger dans le secteur sombre en cosmologie et physique des particules." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS303/document.
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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contraignent les paramètres d'un modèle de cosmologie, le modèle du galileon, et d'un modèle de physique des particules, le modèle du branon, qui sont des extensions des modèles standards. Ces modèles, qui supposent l'existence d'un champ scalaire additionnel et peuvent trouver leurs origines dans les théories à dimensions supplémentaires, offrent des explications élégantes aux questions de la nature de l'énergie noire et de la matière noire respectivement. La première partie de cette thèse présente les prédictions du modèle du galileon et les résultats obtenus par leur comparaison aux observations cosmologiques et astrophysiques récentes. Cette étude montre que le modèle du galileon a de sérieuses difficultés à reproduire ces observations, qui regroupent le fond diffus cosmologique, les mesures liées aux distances cosmologiques, et l'observation d'un évènement par ondes gravitationnelles et contrepartie électromagnétique. La seconde partie décrit la recherche de branons dans les collisions proton-proton enregistrées en 2016 par le Solénoïde Compact à Muons au Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons, à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 13 TeV. Des évènements qui présentent un jet de haute énergie, produit par un quark ou gluon ou bien par désintégration hadronique d'un boson vecteur, et de l'énergie transverse manquante dans l'état final sont sélectionnés et comparés aux estimations pour les évènements de bruits de fond. Aucun excès d'évènements n'est observé, ce qui permet de poser des contraintes sur les valeurs possibles des paramètres du modèle du branon<br>This PhD thesis presents constraints on the parameters of a cosmological model, the galileon model, and a particle physics model, the branon model. Both are extensions of the standard models that include an additional scalar field and that can be built from extra dimensions theories. The galileon model propose an alternative to the cosmological constant as the nature of dark energy, and the branon model give a dark matter particle candidate. The first part of this thesis shows the predictions of the galileon model and the results obtained from their comparison with recent cosmological and astrophysical observations. The set of observations used contains the cosmic microwave background, cosmological distances measurements and the detection of gravitational waves along with their electromagnetic counterpart from the merger of a binary star system. The study shows that the galileon model has serious difficulties to reproduce these observations. The second part describe the search for branons in proton-proton collisions data at 13 TeV collected in 2016 with the Compact Muon Solenoid at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with high energy jets, produced by a quark, a gluon or a vector boson decaying hadronically, and missing transverse energy in the final state are selected and compared to background estimations. No excess of event has been found allowing for experimental constraints to be put in the parameter space of the branon model
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Angus, Garry W. "Modified Newtonian dynamics at all astrophysical scales." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/530.
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In this thesis I test the modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to the cold dark matter hypothesis. In the Milky Way, I show that the dynamics of the dwarf galaxies are well described by the paradigm and I confirm its distant low surface brightness globular clusters provide a strong test, for which I make predictions. Through analysis of a sample of 26 X-ray bright galaxy groups and clusters I demonstrate that the three active neutrinos and their anti-particles are insufficient to reconcile modified Newtonian dynamics with the observed temperatures of the X-ray emitting gas, nor with weak-lensing measurements, in particular for the bullet cluster. To this end, I propose an 11eV sterile neutrino to serendipitously resolve the residual mass problem in X-ray bright groups and clusters, as well as matching the angular power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background. With this in mind, I show that the large collision velocity of the bullet cluster and the high number of colliding clusters is more naturally reproduced in MOND than in standard dynamics.
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Cadiou, Corentin. "L’impact des grandes structures de l’Univers sur la formation des halos de matière noire et des galaxies How does the cosmic web impact assembly bias? Accurate tracer particles of baryon dynamics in the adaptive mesh refinement code Ramses Galaxy evolution in the metric of the cosmic web Galaxies flowing in the oriented saddle frame of the cosmic web." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS508.
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À grande échelle, la distribution anisotrope de la matière forme un large réseau de vides délimités par des murs qui, avec les filaments présents à leurs intersections, tissent la toile cosmique. La matière qui doit former plus tard les halos de matière noire et leurs galaxies afflue vers les nœuds compacts se situant à l’intersection des filaments et garde dans ce processus une empreinte de la toile cosmique. Dans cette thèse, je développe une extension contrainte de la théorie de l’excursion qui, à l'aide d'un modèle de filament, me permet de montrer que l'environnement anisotrope a un effet sur l'histoire de formation des halos de matière noire. La toile cosmique a donc un rôle dans la formation des halos et de leurs galaxies. Dans un second temps, je construis un modèle qui décrit l'évolution de la toile cosmique (fusion de halos, mais aussi de filaments et de murs) afin de mieux contraindre les modèles de formation de galaxies. Le modèle prédit un excès d'accrétion anisotrope dans les filaments par rapports aux nœuds, biaisant ainsi la formation des galaxies. L'effet de l'accrétion anisotrope sur la formation des galaxies est ensuite étudié à l'aide de simulations hydrodynamiques et d'une nouvelle méthode permettant le suivi précis de l'histoire d'accrétion du gaz. J'y montre que le moment angulaire est transporté efficacement des grandes échelles de la toile cosmique jusque dans les zones internes du halo, où les couples gravitationnels le redistribue au disque de la galaxies et au halo interne<br>The anisotropic large-scale distribution of matter is made of an extended network of voids delimited by sheets, with filaments at their intersection which together form the cosmic web. Matter that will later form dark matter halos and their galaxies flows towards compact nodes at filaments' intersections and in the process, retains the imprint of the cosmic web. In this thesis, I develop a conditional version of the excursion set theory which, using a model of a large-scale filament, enables me to show that anisotropic environment have an impact on the formation history of dark matter halos. The cosmic web then has a role in the formation of halos and their galaxies. I then build a model that is able to capture the evolution of the cosmic web (halo mergers, but also filament and wall mergers) that can be used to better constrain galaxy formation models. The model predicts that an excess of anisotropic accretion is expected in filaments compared to nodes, so that the formation history of galaxies is biased. The effect of anisotropic accretion on galaxy formation is then studied using hydrodynamical simulations and a novel numerical method tailored to accurately follow the accretion history of the gas. I show that the angular momentum is transported efficiently from the cosmic web down to the inner halo, where gravitational torques redistribute it to the disk and the inner halo
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Doux, Cyrille. "Combinaisons de sondes cosmologiques : deux applications avec les données de Planck et SDSS-III/BOSS." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC230/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux combinaisons d’observables cosmologiques provenant des mesures du fond diffus cosmologique et des relevés de galaxies, et est basée sur l’exploitation des données du satellite Planck et du Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) du Sloan Digital Sky Survey. On explore l’utilisation de corrélations croisées entre les jeux de données afin de mettre en évidence de nouveaux effets et d’améliorer les contraintes statistiques sur les paramètres cosmologiques. Dans un premier temps, on mesure pour la première fois une corrélation entre le lentillage gravitationnel du fond diffus cosmologique et le spectre de puissance des fluctuations de la forêt Lyman-α des quasars. Cet effet, d’origine purement non-linéaire, est interprété comme la réponse du spectre de puissance à des grandes échelles. Il montre comment les fluctuations dans la densité en hydrogène neutre dans le milieu intergalactique sont influencées par des fluctuations à grande échelle dans la densité de matière noire. Le signal mesuré est compatible avec l’approche théorique et des simulations menées par d’autres groupes. Dans un deuxième temps, on développe un formalisme permettant une analyse conjointe de la densité de galaxies et de quasars de BOSS avec le lentillage gravitationnel du fond diffus cosmologique. La prise en compte des corrélations croisées entre ces sondes permet de diminuer les barres d’erreurs de certains paramètres cosmologiques de 20%, ce qui équivaut à augmenter la surface couverte par les relevés de presque 50%. Cette analyse est complétée par la mesure des anisotropies de température du fond diffus cosmologique afin de contraindre tous les paramètres du modèle standard ΛCDM, ainsi que les biais des galaxies. Puis on étend le modèle afin d’explorer les contraintes sur l’équation d’état de l’énergie noire et la somme des masses des neutrinos<br>This thesis addresses the combinations of cosmological probes from the measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and galaxy redshift surveys, and exploits data from the Planck satellite and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It explores how cross-correlations between different data sets can be used to detect new signals and improve contraints on cosmological parameters. First, we measure, for the first time, the cross-correlation between gravitational lensing of the CMB and the power spectrum of the Lyman-α forest in the spectra of quasars. This effect, which emerges from purely non-linear evolution, is interpreted as the response of the power spectrum to large-scale modes. It shows how fluctuations in the density of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium are affected by large-scale fluctuations in the density of dark matter. The measured signal is compatible with the theoretical approach and simulations run by another group. In a second time, we develop a formalism enabling the joint analysis of the galaxy/quasar density contrast and CMB lensing. Taking cross-correlations between these probes into account reduces error bars on some cosmological parameters by up to 20%, equivalent to an increase in the size of the survey of about 50%. This analysis is completed by CMB temperature anisotropies information in order to constrain all the parameters of the ΛCDM standard model and galaxy biases at once. Finally, it is extended to obtain contraints on the dark energy equation of state as well as the sum of the masses of neutrinos
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Gonzalez, Yuber Ferney Perez. "Massive Neutrinos: Phenomenological and Cosmological Consequences." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-14122017-162727/.
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The XX century witnessed the quantum and relativistic revolutions in physics. The development of these two theories, namely, Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, was the inception of many crucial discoveries and technological advances. Among them, one stands out due to its uniqueness, the neutrino discovery. However, several neutrino properties are still obscure. Neutrinos are the only fundamental particles whose nature is currently unknown. Such fermions can either be different from their antiparticles, i.e., Dirac fermions, or be their own antiparticles, that is, Majorana fermions. On the other hand, the smallness of neutrino masses is a problem seemingly related to the neutrino nature; thus, as essential task consists in addressing the phenomenologically viable models in both cases. Furthermore, it is important to search for other physical process in which the neutrino nature may manifest through different experimental signatures. A rather difficult but promising method corresponds to the detection of the cosmic neutrino background, viz. neutrinos which are relics from the Big Bang. Previous works have shown that detection rates for Dirac and Majorana neutrinos can give different results. Nevertheless, this distinction was obtained considering the Standard Model framework only. Therefore, it is important to understand the consequences of having Non-Standard Interactions contributing to the detection of neutrinos from the cosmic background. Another remarkable relic predicted by Cosmology is the unidentified Dark Matter, composing ~25% of the Universe. All searches regarding the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle, one of the principal candidates for Dark Matter, have given negative results; this has compelled experiments to increase their sensitivity. Notwithstanding, neutrinos may stand in the way of such experimental searches given that they may constitute an irreducible background. In this thesis, we will address these three different phenomena, neutrino mass models, detection of the cosmic neutrino background and the neutrino background in Dark Matter searches, by considering the different characteristics in each case. In the study of neutrino mass models, we will consider models for both Majorana and Dirac neutrinos; specifically, we will probe the neutrinophilic two-Higgs-doublet model. Regarding the detection of relic neutrinos, we will analyse the consequences of the existence of the beyond Standard Model physics in the capture rate by tritium. Finally, we will scrutinize the impact of neutrinos in Direct Detection WIMP searches, by considering Standard Model plus additional interactions in the form of simplified models.<br>Ao longo do século XX testemunhamos as revoluções quântica e relativista que aconteceram na Física. O desenvolvimento da Mecânica quântica e da teoria da relatividade foi o prelúdio de inúmeras descobertas e avanços tecnológicos fundamentais; em particular, a descoberta dos neutrinos. No entanto, a sua total compreensão ainda é um mistério para a física de partículas. Entendidos como partículas fermiônicas fundamentais, os neutrinos possuem sua natureza desconhecida. Podendo ser diferentes de suas antipartículas, denominadas férmions de Dirac, ou também podendo ser as suas próprias antipartícula, sendo conhecidas como férmions de Majorana. Por outro lado, o valor de sua massa continua sendo um problema em aberto, supostamente relacionado à sua natureza. Portanto, é importante estudarmos modelos fenomenológicos viáveis para as duas naturezas possíves dos neutrinos. Além disso, é necessário procurar outros processos físicos cujos resultados experimentais sejam distintos de acordo com a natureza do neutrino. Um método bastante difícil, mas promissor, corresponde à detecção do fundo de neutrinos cósmicos, isto é, os neutrinos relíquia do Big Bang. Análises prévias mostraram que as taxas de detecção para neutrinos de Dirac e de Majorana resultam em valores distintos. Porém, este resultado foi obtido supondo como base o Modelo Padrão; assim, é crucial entender as possíveis consequências da existência de interações desconhecidas na detecção dos neutrinos da radiação cósmica de fundo. Outra relíquia notável prevista pela Cosmologia é a desconhecida Matéria Escura, que compõe ~25% do Universo. Todas as buscas por WIMPs (do inglês Weakly Interactive Massive Particles), um dos principais candidatos a Matéria Escura, tem dado resultados negativos. Isto tem forçado a criação de experimentos cada vez mais sensíveis. Contudo, os neutrinos poderão ser um obstáculo nessas buscas experimentais, pois estes convertir-se-ão em um fundo irredutível. Na presente tese, abordaremos estes três fenômenos diferentes, modelos de massa para os neutrinos, a detecção do fundo de neutrinos cósmicos e o fundo de neutrinos em experimentos de detecção direta de Matéria Escura, considerando as distintas características em cada caso. No estudo dos modelos de massa para os neutrinos consideraremos modelos para neutrinos de Majorana e Dirac; exploraremos modelos neutrinofílicos com dois dubletos de Higgs. Enquanto à detecção dos neutrinos relíquia, analisaremos as consequências da presença de física além do Modelo Padrão na taxa de captura pelo trítio. Finalmente, examinaremos o impacto dos neutrinos em experimentos de detecção direta de WIMPs, supondo as interações do Modelo Padrão junto com interações adicionais na forma de modelos simplificados.
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Sanselme, Lilian. "Cosmologie observationnelle avec le satellite Planck : étude d'effets systématiques de l'instrument HFI et de l'ionisation de l'univers." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063405.
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Le satellite Planck a été conçu pour mesurer de manière ultime les anisotropies primairesen température du fond diffus cosmologique (CMB), et améliorer les contraintes existantes sursa polarisation. La première partie de cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du traitement des donnéesde l'instrument à haute fréquence de ce satellite. Les propriété statistiques du bruit sonttestée. Des effets systématiques dans l'estimateur du bruit sont ainsi détectés, et certains ontpu être corrigés. La sélection des données à projeter sur les cartes est ensuite présentée, ainsique la validation de la qualité de ces données. Cette sélection est finalement comparée à unesélection pour laquelle les critères sont beaucoup plus sévères, afin de vérifier que l'impactdes données imparfaites résiduelles est négligeable. Nous montrons que les données validéespour une utilisation scientifique répondent bien aux exigences de gaussianité et de stationnarité: des effets instrumentaux ne devraient pas induire de fausses conclusions cosmologiques.La seconde partie porte sur l'interprétation des données ainsi obtenues. Le modèle de concordanceest présenté, ainsi que les résultats rendus publiques par la collaboration Planck en 2013.La troisième partie est dédiée à deux études phénoménologiques concernant l'ionisation del'Univers. Premièrement, l'influence de l'annihilation de matière noire sur le spectre du CMBest étudiée : une méthode pour estimer l'impact de l'incertitude des canaux par lesquels sefont ces dépôts d'énergie est développée. Il ressort que les hypothèses sur la façon exacte dontl'énergie s'injecte dans le plasma ne sont pas cruciales pour retrouver les paramètres associée àl'annihilation. Deuxièmement, l'époque de la Réionisation et son rôle dans le spectre du CMBest présentée, avec l'analyse d'une paramétrisation de la fraction d'ionisation. Nous montronsla fiabilité des différents algorithmes dans le cas où la fraction d'ionisation est constante parmorceaux, c'est-à-dire même en présence de fortes discontinuités.
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Silva, Leandro José Beraldo e. "Sinais experimentais de matéria escura supermassiva e fortemente interagente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-20122010-152421/.
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Há várias evidências experimentais da existência de matéria escura no universo. Apesar destas evidências, pouco se sabe sobre sua constituição, sabendo-se apenas que interage gravitacionalmente, mas não eletromagneticamente. Neste projeto, investigamos a possibilidade da matéria escura ser composta por partículas supermassivas e fortemente interagentes (Simpzillas). Para isto determinamos o sinal que deve ser deixado no telescópio IceCube por neutrinos resultantes de aniquilações de matéria escura no Sol. Após determinarmos o espectro de neutrinos no centro do Sol, simulamos sua propagação até a superfície, depois até a Terra e através da Terra até o detector. Comparamos então estes resultados com os fornecidos pelo IceCube. Esta comparação permite testar uma região do espaço de fase massa versus seção de choque previamente não-excluída por outros tipos de experiência que não telescópios de neutrinos. Como resultado, concluímos que partículas supermassivas e fortemente interagentes não podem constituir a matéria escura.<br>There are many experimental evidences for the existence of dark matter in the universe. Despite these evidences, there is no knowledge about its constitution other than the fact that it interacts gravitationally but not electromagnetically. In this project, we investigate the possibility that dark matter is composed of strongly interacting massive particles (Simpzillas). We determine the expected signal in the IceCube telescope from Simpzilla annihilation in the center of the Sun. We first determine the neutrino spectrum in the core of the Sun. We then simulate its propagation through both the Sun and Earth, and finally the rate of neutrinos at the detector. A comparison of these results to the ones published by the IceCube collaboration covers a large region of the yet not excluded regions of the mass versus cross-section phase space. As a result, the possibility of Simpzillas composing the dark matter is ruled out.
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Laurent, Pierre. "L'univers aux grandes échelles : études de l'homogénéité cosmique et de l'énergie noire à partir des relevés de quasars BOSS et eBOSS." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS227/document.
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Ce travail de thèse se sépare en deux volets. Le premier volet concerne l'étude de l'homogénéité de l'univers, et le second une mesure de l'échelle BAO, qui constitue une règle standard permettant de mesurer l'évolution du taux d'expansion de l'univers. Ces deux analyses reposent sur l'étude de la structuration (ou clustering) des quasars des relevés BOSS et eBOSS, qui couvrent la gamme en redshift 0,9 < z < 2,8. Les mesures des observables caractérisant la structuration de l'univers aux grandes échelles sont très sensibles aux effets systématiques, nous avons donc étudiés ces effets en profondeur. Nous avons mis en évidence que les sélections de cibles quasars BOSS et eBOSS ne sont pas parfaitement homogènes, et corrigé cet effet. Au final, la mesure de la fonction de corrélation des quasars nous a permis de mesurer le biais des quasars sur la gamme en redshift 0,9 < z < 2,8. Nous obtenons la mesure actuelle la plus précise du biais, b = 3,85 ± 0,11 dans la gamme 2,2 < z < 2,8 pour le relevé BOSS, et b = 2,44 ± 0,04 dans la gamme 0,9 < z < 2,2 pour le relevé eBOSS. Le Principe Cosmologique stipule que notre univers est isotrope et homogène à grande échelle. Il s'agit d'un des postulats de base de la cosmologie moderne. En étudiant la structuration à très grande échelle des quasars, nous avons prouvé l'isotropie spatiale de l'univers dans la gamme 0,9 < z < 2,8, indépendamment de toute hypothèse et cosmologie fiducielle. L'isotropie spatiale stipule que l'univers est isotrope dans chaque couche de redshift. En la combinant au principe de Copernic, qui stipule que nous ne nous situons pas à une position particulière dans l'univers, permet de prouver que notre univers est homogène aux grandes échelles. Nous avons effectué une mesure de la dimension de corrélation fractale de l'univers, D₂(r), en utilisant un nouvel estimateur, inspiré de l'estimateur de Landy-Szalay pour la fonction de corrélation. En corrigeant notre estimateur du biais des quasars, nous avons mesuré (3 - D₂(r)) = (6,0 ± 2,1) x 10⁻⁵ entre 250 h⁻¹ Mpc et 1200 h⁻¹ Mpc pour le relevé eBOSS, dans la gamme 0,9 < z < 2,2. Pour le relevé BOSS, nous obtenons (3 - D₂(r)) = (3,9 ± 2,1) x 10⁻⁵, dans la gamme 2,2 < z < 2,8. De plus, nous montrons que le modèle Lambda-CDM décrit très bien la transition d'un régime structuré vers un régime homogène. D’autre part, nous avons mesuré la position du pic BAO dans les fonctions de corrélation des quasars BOSS et eBOSS, détecté à 2,5 sigma dans les deux relevés. Si nous mesurons le paramètre α, qui correspond au rapport entre la position du pic mesuré et la position prédite par une cosmologie fiducielle (en utilisant les paramètres Planck 2013), nous mesurons α = 1,074 pour le relevé BOSS, et α = 1,009 pour le relevé eBOSS. Ces mesures, combinées uniquement à la mesure locale de H₀, nous permettent de contraindre l'espace des paramètres de modèles au-delà du Lambda-CDM<br>This work consists in two parts. The first one is a study of cosmic homogeneity, and the second one a measurement of the BAO scale, which provides a standard ruler that allows for a direct measurement of the expansion rate of the universe. These two analyses rely on the study of quasar clustering in the BOSS and eBOSS quasar samples, which cover the redshift range 0.9 < z < 2.8. On large scales, the measurement of statistical observables is very sensitive to systematic effects, so we deeply studied these effects. We found evidences that the target selections of BOSS and eBOSS quasars are not perfectly homogeneous, and we have corrected this effect. The measurement of the quasar correlation function provides the quasar bias in the redshift range 0.9 < z < 2.8. We obtain the most precise measurement of the quasar bias at high redshift, b = 3.85 ± 0.11, in the range 2.2 < z < 2.8 for the BOSS survey, and b = 2.44 ± 0.04 in the range 0.9 < z < 2.2 for the eBOSS survey. The Cosmological Principle states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. It is one of the basic assumptions of modern cosmology. By studying quasar clustering on large scales, we have proved ''spatial isotropy'', i.e. the fact that the universe is isotropic in each redshift bins. This has been done in the range 0.9 < z < 2.8 without any assumption or fiducial cosmology. If we combine spatial isotropy with the Copernican Principle, which states that we do not occupy a peculiar place in the universe, it is proved that the universe is homogeneous on large scales. We provide a measurement of the fractal correlation dimension of the universe, D₂(r), which is 3 for an homogeneous distribution, and we used a new estimator inspired from the Landy-Szalay estimator for the correlation function. If we correct our measurement for quasar bias, we obtain (3 - D₂(r)) = (6.0 ± 2.1) x 10⁻⁵ between 250 h⁻¹ Mpc and 1200 h⁻¹ Mpc for eBOSS, in the range 0.9 < z < 2.2. For BOSS, we obtain (3 - D₂(r)) = (3.9 ± 2.1) x 10⁻⁵, in the range 2.2 < z < 2.8. Moreover, we have shown that the Lambda-CDM model provide a very nice description of the transition from structures to homogeneity. We have also measured the position of the BAO peak in the BOSS and eBOSS quasar correlation functions, which yield a 2,5 sigma detection in both surveys. If we measure the α parameter, which corresponds to the ratio of the measured position of the peak to the predicted position in a fiducial cosmology (here Planck 2013), we measure α = 1.074 for BOSS, and α = 1.009 for eBOSS. These measurements, combined only with the local measurement of H₀, allows for constraints in parameter space for models beyond Lambda-CDM
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Bonnivard, Vincent. "Détection indirecte de matière noire : des galaxies naines sphéroïdes en photons gamma à la recherche d'anti-hélium avec l'expérience AMS-02." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY022/document.
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De nombreuses observations astrophysiques indiquent l'existence de grandes quantités de masse manquante dans l'Univers, et ce de l'échelle galactique à l'échelle cosmologique. Découvrir la nature de cette masse invisible constitue le problème de la matière noire, qui apparaît comme l'un des enjeux majeurs de la physique moderne. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la détection indirecte de matière noire. Cette dernière serait composée de nouvelles particules élémentaires, dont les produits d'annihilation pourraient être observés dans le rayonnement cosmique. Nous étudions dans ce travail deux des canaux de recherche les plus prometteurs : les photons gamma et les anti-noyaux.Les objets astrophysiques permettant de placer les meilleures contraintes actuelles en rayons gamma sont les galaxies naines sphéroïdes (dSphs) de la Voie Lactée. La première partie de notre travail a été consacrée à contraindre les facteurs J d'annihilation de ces objets, qui quantifient l'amplitude des flux gamma attendus. Nous avons pour cela mis au point une configuration optimisée d'analyse de Jeans, pour reconstruire les profils de densité de matière noire et leurs incertitudes à l'aide des données cinématiques stellaires. Notre configuration a été obtenue à l'aide de tests systématiques sur de très nombreuses dSphs simulées, et nous l'avons appliquée à vingt-trois dSphs de la Voie Lactée. La seconde partie de notre travail a consisté à mener une recherche de noyaux d'anti-hélium dans les données collectées par l'expérience AMS-02 sur la Station Spatiale Internationale. Nous avons pour cela mis au point une classification par arbres de décision boostés, et notre analyse préliminaire a permis d'obtenir les meilleures contraintes actuelles sur les rapports anti-hélium sur hélium<br>Many astrophysical observations suggest the existence of large amounts of missing mass in the Universe, from the galactic to the cosmological scale. Discovering the nature of this invisible mass forms the dark matter problem, which appears as one of the major challenges of modern physics. This thesis is established in the context of indirect detection of dark matter. The latter could consist of new elementary particles, whose annihilation products may be observed in cosmic rays. We study in this work two of the most promising research channels!: gamma-rays and anti-nuclei.The best constraints on dark matter properties from gamma-ray observations come from the dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way. The first part of our work was devoted to computing the annihilation J-factors of these objects, which quantify the magnitude of the expected gamma-ray flux. We have developed an optimized Jeans analysis setup in order to reconstruct the dark matter density profiles of these objects and their associated uncertainties, using stellar kinematic data. Our optimized setup was obtained using systematic tests on numerous simulated dSphs, and we applied it to twenty-three dSphs of the Milky Way. The second part of our work was dedicated to the search for anti-helium nuclei in the cosmic ray data collected by the AMS-02 experiment on the International Space Station. We have developed a classification method using boosted decision trees, and our preliminary analysis has led to the best constraints to date on the anti-helium to helium ratio