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Journal articles on the topic 'Darjeeling Tea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Yu, Ren, Qianyi Wang, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "More than Tea - Environmental Decay, Administrative Isolation and the Struggle for Identity in Darjeeling." Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 59, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol59no1.6.

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The victim of both geographical, historical and administrative isolation, Darjeeling owed its growth to tea cultivation in the hills by migrants from neighbouring Nepal collectively called Gorkhas. Their contributions notwithstanding, they felt discriminated by West Bengal’s residents to whose state they were administratively attached. Poverty and poor working conditions, with no voice in the tea estates, and poorly maintained infrastructure that brought frequent landslides have fuelled demands for “Gorkhaland”, a homeland separate from West Bengal, where the distinctiveness of their identity and their role as Indian citizens would be fully recognised. It did not help that the Darjeeling district had been administratively detached from the political mainstream. Periodic agitations against the state government have weakened local institutions, disrupted the local economy impacting adversely tea production and tourism on which the local economy and the Gorkhas depend. The West Bengal government had partly recognised Gorkha demands by establishing the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) each vested with limited autonomy. But disagreements on autonomy have left the Gorkhaland issue unresolved. In the meantime, Darjeeling continues to experience gradual decay, absent adequate support from the West Bengal government and from Darjeeling’s local government, including the GTA itself.

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2

Sarkar, Satyajit, Anurag Chowdhury, Sanjay Das, Bhaskar Chakraborty, Palash Mandal, and Monoranjan Chowdhury*. "Major tea processing practices in India." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.0015.

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Tea is the most popular beverage in the world and is the economical backbones of some countries like India, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka etc. Indian tea is very much popular among the world, specially Darjeeling tea which is famous for its flavour and taste. Among the various types of tea, orthodox tea is highly demandable for its quality. The present paper deals with various types of tea processing in India. Mainly three types of tea processing are practices in India. Among these, CTC tea processing is more common in Indian sub-continent followed by Green tea and Orthodox tea. In this paper, details manufacturing process and step wise pictorial viewed are presented. All the data are extracted from different world famous tea gardens of Darjeeling, terai and duars of Northern West Bengal.

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3

CHETTRI, ABHISHEK, KISHOR SHARMA, SAILENDRA DEWAN, and BHOJ KUMAR ACHARYA. "Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190339.

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Chettri A, Sharma K, Dewan S, Acharya BK. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya,India. Biodiversitas 19: 1066-1073. The biodiversity wealth and conservation potential of agro-ecosystems including cash cropplantations is gaining significance in recent years. Agro-forestry provides ecosystem services similar to forest and, hence, support a highdiversity of flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to explore the bird community in different tea gardens of Kurseong Hill,Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India. Darjeeling is globally known for its extent and magnificent tea production. We sampled birds usingpoint count methods along transects during August 2015-January 2016. A total of 581 individual birds comprising 48 species wererecorded during the study. Amongst the guild types, insectivorous birds were the most dominant both in terms of species andabundances. Depending on their habitat preferences most of the birds were forest generalists followed by forest specialists. This studyhighlights that tea plantations have a great potential in harbouring and conserving birds and other associated life forms. Thus, propermanagement of these landscapes would be an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity of the Himalayas.

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4

Muthukkaruppan, M., A. Nithya, and P. Parthiban. "Caffeine estimation in Darjeeling District tea samples." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 5 (2018): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00368.2.

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5

D' Suza, Rohin. "Darjeeling Tea: "Fair-Trade Labeling Organization Internatinal"." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.64-71.

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6

MISRA, TARUN KUMAR, ANIRUDDHA SAHA, ASHIS KUMAR NANDA, and PALASH MANDAL. "Effects of climatic factors on antioxidant quality of tea (Camellia sinensis) in North Bengal." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i7.83947.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the important contributors to the growing economy of NorthBengal. The phytochemical and therapeutic qualities of tea prominently altered recently due to continuous change in climatic conditions of North Bengal. The nutraceutical quality of tea is largely dependent on antioxidant attributes. For investigating the relationship between antioxidant attributes and climatic factors, the present field experiment was conducted in 18 tea gardens of Terai, Dooars and Darjeeling Hills of North Bengal during 2012–17. Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis was performed in three different harvest seasons, viz. March, June and December. Phenolic compounds including catechins were low during winter months, and then gradually increased up to warmer spring season. In stress condition, tea plants biosynthesized more flavonoids and high flavour index in Darjeeling hills. However, free-radical scavenging and metal chelating activities were found to increase from spring to winter season. The data were pooled for PCA analysis to determine the relationship between seasonal variations and tea antioxidant quality in each region of North Bengal separately. Different attributes of climatic factors significantly correlated with antioxidant quality and bioactive compounds. Variation in climate is reportedly affecting the antioxidant quality of tea and its shifting pattern grossly influences the key phytochemicals responsible for the flavour of tea.

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7

Gohain, Bornali, Sangeeta Borchetia, Priyadarshini Bhorali, Niraj Agarwal, L. P. Bhuyan, A. Rahman, K. Sakata, et al. "Understanding Darjeeling tea flavour on a molecular basis." Plant Molecular Biology 78, no. 6 (February 12, 2012): 577–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-012-9887-0.

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8

Rasaily, Rinju. "Sitting Ducks Post-COVID? Work Organisation and Compounded Health Risks for Darjeeling Tea Workers." Social Change 53, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231203359.

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This article argues that burgeoning economic uncertainty, competitiveness of commodity production after COVID-19 and labour reforms may facilitate the industry to reorganise work arrangements through labour flexibilisation and mechanisation, accentuate health precarity, and nefariously push the disenfranchised Darjeeling tea labour further into oblivion. Workers’ access to basic healthcare services for illnesses and diseases such as fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and hypertension pivots on the fragile lines of power and ethno-gender that are deeply embedded in plantation societies. Subsequently, social distancing as a preventive everyday measure during the pandemic appears to have reinforced both class and caste divide among these communities. The tangible absence of a robust health infrastructure in the Darjeeling hills exposes the undeniable shift in the responsibility of healthcare by the tea garden management on workers’ households and the samaj, as a social collective in managing illness and care.

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9

Chakraborty, Sumanta, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Abhijit Mukherjee, and Samir Dasgupta. "Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and their association with ergonomic physical risk factors among women working in tea gardens of Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v11i1.35179.

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Introduction: Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) is common among tea-plucking folks and may be attributed to the long duration of work in same posture, the load they carry while plucking and transporting the leaves to the nearest depot, improper job rotations and the difficult hilly terrains. Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal disorders among tea garden workers and to ascertain the risk factors for the same. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 female tea garden workers employed in tea gardens of Darjeeling district using 30 cluster sampling design. Data on musculoskeletal morbidities were collected using Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and ergonomic risk was assessed by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) worksheet. Results: Proportion of musculoskeletal disorders in past 12 months was 92.4% and in past 7 days was 71.4%. Upper extremities were the most commonly affected body part. Higher altitude, age, BMI, more duration in present job, history of work related injuries and increased REBA risk assessment score were found to be significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal morbidities among female tea garden workers of Darjeeling were found to be considerably high. Ergonomic mechanised assistance in tea plucking can reduce this proportion of MSD and thus may go a long way in reducing sickness absenteeism and increasing productivity. Financial support and sponsorship - Nil. Conflicts of interest - There are no conflicts of interest.

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10

Pradhan, Aditya, and Sarala Khaling. "Butterfly diversity in an organic tea estate of Darjeeling Hills, eastern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 16521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5716.12.11.16521-16530.

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The study was undertaken from March–May 2019 to explore the butterflies in the human-modified tea dominated landscape of Darjeeling Hills and understanding the diversity, community structure, habitat specialization, and conservation status of butterflies in an organic tea estate. Sampling was done in the two representative ecosystems of tea plantation and secondary forest within the study area. Altogether 71 species and sub-species across 43 genera belonging to five families were recorded during this study, of which seven are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972.

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11

Mandal, Diptojyoti, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Asit Kumar Biswas, and Sampriti Samanta. "Determinants of malnutrition among the tea garden workers of Darjeeling district in 2021: an ordinal regression analysis." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 2132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20231692.

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Background: Due to increasing lifestyle changes and poverty, double burden of malnutrition is becoming more and more severe, especially in the underserved areas like tea gardens. Food security is also a major issue not only in underdeveloped countries but also in developing countries like India. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among the tea garden workers and to find out the associated factors with malnutrition among the tea garden workers of Darjeeling district. Methods: 200 people were selected from 10 tea gardens of Darjeeling district by cluster sampling method. They were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to find out the associated factors with malnutrition. Weight and height was measured using standard measuring tools and then BMI was calculated. To find out the determinants of nutritional status, an ordinal regression analysis was done with the help of SPSS software. Results: The prevalence of under nutrition and obesity was 25% and 20.5% respectively. The ordinal regression model showed that the odds of higher BMI was found with increasing age, male gender, being a permanent garden employee and higher educational status. Household food insecurity increased the odds of undernutrition, as individuals from food secure households had significantly higher odds of getting higher BMI. Conclusions: Nutritional status is closely associated with socio-economic and demographical variables and household food security. To ensure the health and nutrition of the tea garden workers, a more comprehensive strategy to addressing socio-demographic issues and household food security is required.

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12

Subba, Dipika. "Gender Differences in Nutritional Status of Children in Tea Gardens of Darjeeling: Based on Conventional Indices and Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure." International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 10, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2021.10.03.4.

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Objectives: The study aims to assess the nutritional status of children aged 1-5 years and its relationship with gender. Further, it also tries to assess the nutritional status of children using conventional indices and the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and suggests the appropriate method to estimate undernutrition among children. Materials and Methods: The area selected for the study is the tea gardens of Darjeeling. The study is based on the primary survey, and a total of 400 children were included in the study. A Chi-square test is conducted to find out the differences in the nutritional status of children gender-wise. Results: The analysis indicated that the level of undernutrition in tea gardens of Darjeeling is very high (51%). The level of undernutrition estimated through conventional indices indicated that the level of stunting, wasting, and underweight are 43.8%, 20.2%, and 36.2%, respectively, whereas the composite index of anthropometric failure estimated more prevalence rate (51.2%). The analysis indicates that the conventional indices underestimate the prevalence of undernutrition. On the contrary, a composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) gives better estimates of undernutrition. Both the indices of nutrition in the study area indicated higher undernutrition among girl children than a boy. However, no significant differences in the nutritional status gender-wise exist. Conclusion: The result depicts the positive sign as it contradicts the general belief that a boy child is more nourished than a girl. However, half of the children in tea gardens of Darjeeling aged 1-5 years, irrespective of gender, are undernourished. The paper highlights the urgent need to work out nutritional strategies to improve child health in the study area.

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13

Sen, Debarati. "Fempreneurs or organic tea farmers? Entrepreneurialism, resilience and alternative agriculture in Darjeeling, India." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22386.

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AbstractIn this article I underscore how women organic tea farmers build economic resilience through dual enactments as "organic farmers" and as "entrepreneurs." In substantiating both, women question the limited optics through which Fair Trade type sustainability ventures measure their work for a tea cooperative, as well poorly recognizing their entrepreneurial work in their households and community. Women are deeply aware of the politics of Fair Trade where their productive and reproductive labor is appropriated through the labor of organics, where women not only produce the organic green leaf tea but also produce narratives of Fair Trade's success in its certification and gender audits. Thus, to understand what sustains the new wave of "sustainable agriculture" in the global South, we must explore the intersections of organic farming practices with emerging discourses and practices of gendered entrepreneurialism in organic farming communities. In Darjeeling, India, women provide the labor necessary to sustain organics that should ideally come from the Indian state or international trading partners. They fill the gap through their labor, time, creativity and risk-taking. I contend that the success of organic farming depends on critical maneuvers that entail economic and cultural entrepreneurialism, and demonstrate forms of resilience expressed through which women farmers identify and navigate the inadequacies of alternative agriculture and related Fair Trade practices.Keywords: Women organic tea farmers, women entrepreneurs, Fair Trade, rural Darjeeling, risk-taking, resilience

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14

Banerjee, Devottam, and Hemanta Banerjee. "Thiacloprid Residues and Its Safety Evaluation in Darjeeling Tea." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 89, no. 3 (July 15, 2012): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0731-7.

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15

Mondal, Rakesh, Sumantra Sarkar, Avijit Hazra, Indira Banerjee, Abhisek Saren, Goutam Mukherjee, and Mridula Chatterjee. "Clinico-Anthropometric Profile of Children from Darjeeling Tea Garden." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 81, no. 4 (September 5, 2013): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-013-1165-x.

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16

Podder, S., H. Biswas, G. K. Saha, and S. K. Gupta. "Life cycle of Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tea leaves in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India." Animal Biology 64, no. 4 (2014): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002449.

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The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.), has been cultivated since ancient time and is host to several pest species that can significant reduce productivity. One such pest species is the tea red spider mite. The life cycle of this species, Oligonychus coffeae, Nienter was studied on tea leaves in Darjeeling under laboratory conditions at 20°C and 65% relative humidity. Observations were recorded on freshly laid eggs on tea leaves and continued until individuals reached adulthood. The eggs required an average of 16.17 days to develop into adults. The average longevity of adult was 28.67 days. Our findings contribute to the understanding of mite abundance and population fluctuations in different seasons and climates, and will hopefully help to devise a management strategy for this pest species.

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17

Lee, Jin-mee. "A Study on the Blending of Darjeeling Tea and the Modernization of Tea Industry." Association for International Tea Culture 48 (June 30, 2020): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.48..202006.23.

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18

Ghorai, Narayan, Srimanta Raut, and Asit Bhattacharyya. "Behavioural ecology of a tea pest, Andraca bipunctata (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), in the Sub-Himalayan climate of Darjeeling (India)." Biological Letters 47, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-009-0023-z.

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Behavioural ecology of a tea pest,Andraca bipunctata(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), in the Sub-Himalayan climate of Darjeeling (India)The summer generation (G1) ofAndraca bipunctataWalker in Darjeeling was confined to May-December and the winter generation (G2) extended from August to June. One female laid on average 480 and 526 eggs in G1and G2, respectively. Larvae fed onCamellia sinensisandC. assamicaleaves. Duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4thand 5thinstars were 7, 7, 6, 6 and 6 days in G1, and 20, 20, 24, 72 and 33 days in G2, respectively. Temperature seems to greatly influence the duration of its life stages. A fungus (Paecilomyces tenuipesSamson), garden lizardCalotes versicolor(Daudin), and several bird species (Stachyris nigricepsBlyth,Spelaeornis caudatus(Blyth) andDendrocitta frontalisHorsefield) were found effective in reducing the population ofA. bipunctata.

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19

Thapa, Manorama, and Pribat Rai. "Integrated Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in estimating Soil Erosion in the Tukvar Tea Plantation Area, Darjeeling, India by RUSLE Modelling." Disaster Advances 16, no. 10 (September 15, 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1610da011016.

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Soil erosion is one of the major threats to food security and agricultural sustainability worldwide. Numerous factors including relief, slope, land use, land cover, rainfall pattern, soil texture, conservation techniques and anthropogenic factors, combine to cause soil erosion. The enormity and spatial distribution of soil erosion should be known for effectively assessing and mapping erosion-prone areas. In the hill region, soil loss is a significant component in decreasing stability and persistent loss causes landslides. So in order to study this, various soil erosion models have come up amongst which RUSLE has been adopted by many researchers. The goal of the current study is to forecast the projected soil loss in Tukvar tea plantations of the Darjeeling district. This study will provide an estimate of the amount and rate of erosion in the Darjeeling district's Tukvar tea plantations. This study revealed that the leading factors to soil erosion are slope factors and rainfall erosivity. The geo-coded reference of the geographic extent of soil erosion-prone areas will be useful for micro-level planning and will serve as a useful tool for managing and conserving soil.

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Sahu, Netrananda, Pritiranjan Das, Atul Saini, Ayush Varun, Suraj Kumar Mallick, Rajiv Nayan, S. P. Aggarwal, Balaram Pani, Ravi Kesharwani, and Anil Kumar. "Analysis of Tea Plantation Suitability Using Geostatistical and Machine Learning Techniques: A Case of Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 10101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310101.

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This study aimed to identify suitable sites for tea cultivation using both random forest and logistic regression models. The study utilized 2770 sample points to map the tea plantation suitability zones (TPSZs), considering 12 important conditioning factors, such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, slope, soil depth, soil drainability, soil electrical conductivity, base saturation, soil texture, soil pH, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use land cover (LULC). The data were normalized using ArcGIS 10.2 and the models were calibrated using 70% of the total data, while the remaining 30% of the data were used for validation. The final TPSZ map was classified into four different categories: highly suitable zones, moderately suitable zones, marginally suitable zones, and not-suitable zones. The study revealed that the random forest (RF) model was more precise than the logistic regression model, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The results indicated that well-drained soil with a pH range between 5.6 and 6.0 is ideal for tea farming, highlighting the importance of climate and soil properties in tea cultivation. Furthermore, the study emphasized the need to balance economic and environmental considerations when considering tea plantation expansion. The findings of this study provide important insights into tea cultivation site selection and can aid tea farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding tea plantation expansion.

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21

Kawakami, Michiko, Subhendu N. Ganguly, J. Banerjee, and Akio Kobayashi. "Aroma Composition of Oolong Tea and Black Tea by Brewed Extraction Method and Characterizing Compounds of Darjeeling Tea Aroma." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00049a037.

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22

Ghosh, Chandra, Rajib Biswas, and A. P. Das. "Ethnic uses of some pteridophytic weeds of tea gardens in Darjeeling and Terai." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.008.

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Pteridophytes occupy a recognisable position in the flora of Terai and the hills of Darjiling. They are also well represented as weed in the Tea Gardens of this area. Recent survey recorded the occurrence of 86 species of pteridophytes from nine such gardens covering both Terai and Darjiling Hills. Of these, 25 species (30%), covering 21 genera and 20 families, are used by the Tea Garden workers in different manner like (i) 10 species as food, (ii) 02 species for fermenting traditional liquor, (iii) 01 species as fodder and (iv) 22 species as medicine for human diseases. In addition, some of these plants are used for basketry, playing carom, ceremonial decoration, ornamentals etc.

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23

Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha, Saikat Datta, JyotiBikash Saha, and Manasi Chakraborty. "Maternal health care services utilization in tea gardens of Darjeeling, India." Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences 2, no. 2 (2013): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-960x.118645.

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24

Cichorowski, Georg, Bettina Joa, Heidi Hottenroth, and Mario Schmidt. "Scenario analysis of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of Darjeeling tea." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20, no. 4 (January 7, 2015): 426–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0840-0.

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25

Jha, Timir Baran, Sumita Jha, and S. K. Sen. "Somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of an elite Darjeeling tea clone." Plant Science 84, no. 2 (January 1992): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(92)90136-a.

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26

Banerjee, Piu, Md Moinul Islam, Arghya Laha, Himani Biswas, Nimai Chandra Saha, Goutam Kumar Saha, Debjani Sarkar, Srijit Bhattacharya, and Sanjoy Podder. "Phytochemical analysis of mite‐infested tea leaves of Darjeeling Hills, India." Phytochemical Analysis 31, no. 3 (May 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2893.

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27

Subba, Rashi, Binod C. Sharma, and Aniruddha Saha. "CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE TEA RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL FROM DARJEELING HILLS." Plant Archives 21, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.no2.106.

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Most soils contain insoluble inorganic phosphates but they are of no use to crops unless it is solubilised. Hence phosphate solubilising microorganisms play a key role in solubilising the tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and make it available to the plants. The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize the selected phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizospheric soil of tea from Singla Tea Estate, Darjeeling. Bacteria which showed clear zones in Pikovskaya’s agar were selected and screened for further characterization. The two isolates were found to solubilise TCP in Pikovskaya agar and were designated as GCS1 and GCS2. In vitro phosphate solubilisation ability of these isolates was determined and it was observed that phosphate solubilisation was associated with the reduction in the pH of the medium. These isolates were also found to produce growth promoting substance IAA. These isolates were found to survive well at different pH levels of 5, 7 and 9 and at two different temperatures (room temperature and 370C). Germination of fenugreek seeds were augmented by these isolates. The isolates were identified as Kurthia sp. (GCS1) and Bacillus cereus (GCS2) at IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. This study revealed the presence of potent phosphate solubilising bacteria from rhizosphere tea plants which may be used as bioinoculants after detailed on-farm as well as off-farm investigations.

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Subba, Awashes. "Comparative study of Sport Achievement Motivation between Tea Garden and Non-Tea Garden Areas Football players (age 14-17) of Darjeeling Hills." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/159.

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29

Bhutia, Sherap. "Darjeeling Tea Industry: A Geographical Perspective on Production, Development, Promotion and Prospects." Khoj:An International Peer Reviewed Journal of Geography 3, no. 1 (2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-6963.2016.00009.6.

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30

Tirkey, Lalit P., and Padam Nepal. "Tea Plantations in the Darjeeling Hills Geo-Ecological Impact and Livelihood Implications." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 10 (December 5, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104.

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The geo-ecological stability of a place has an important role in contributing to the livelihood security of its people. A disturbance to the geo-ecology of a region jeopardizes the livelihood resources of the population and creates pressures for livelihood security. Human interventions in the form of destruction of forests and degradation of land significantly alter the geo-ecology of a region. Moreover, interventions with forests result in several other forms of degradations of the geo-ecology of a region. In the light of this understanding, the present study evaluates the impact of tea plantations on the geo-ecology of Darjeeling Hills, Inia and the consequent impact on the livelihood security of the people in the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104 Hydro Nepal Vol.10 January 2012 53-59

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Das, Kasturi. "International Protection of India's Geographical Indications with Special Reference to "Darjeeling" Tea." Journal of World Intellectual Property 9, no. 5 (September 2006): 459–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00300.x.

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32

Harijan, Kishan. "Role of Tea Plantation Industry in Human Resource Devlopment in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.60-68.

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33

Karki, I. B., J. J. Nakarmi, P. K. Mandal, and S. Chatterjee. "Study of Tea Aroma Based on Zinc Oxide Nanorod Sensing Element." Himalayan Physics 3 (December 26, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v3i0.7266.

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Flavour type of tea liquor is a very important factor in identification of quality of Indian tea. Though the main aromatic ingredients in made tea are same, the quality of made tea mainly differ from their flavour types, which rely on their trace volatile components. CTC Tea is known for its strength and processed to retain its strong taste whereas Orthodox Tea is processed to retain mostly its aroma. Usually the Quality of tea is sensed by Tea Tasters and classified by smelling and very few devices are available to calibrate the Flavour. In this paper, resistance change of zinc oxide nanorods was investigated in an atmosphere of different types of tea infusion with an objective to produce a low cost alternative to classify tea by its quality. Zinc Oxide nanorods were fabricated on a glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating technique. The ZnO film possessed a columnar structure consisting of small crystals with an average grain size of around 5 nm. The sensing properties of the ZnO film were tested for two different Tea liquors, namely, Assam CTC Tea and Darjeeling Orthodox Tea. An obvious change in resistance of the ZnO film was observed when the sensor was exposed to gas mixture. The Nanostructured elements showed higher sensitivity than the larger sized grains and pores. The response time was quite fast with large value of signal-to-noise ratio. This work shows potential application of nanostructured zinc oxide as one of the sensing elements in a sensor array for monitoring the quality of Indian tea.The Himalayan Physics, Vol. 3, No.3, July 2012

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Dutta, J., S. Gupta, D. Thakur, and P. J. Handique. "First Report of Nigrospora Leaf Blight on Tea Caused by Nigrospora sphaerica in India." Plant Disease 99, no. 3 (March 2015): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0545-pdn.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an economically important non-alcoholic caffeine-containing beverage crop widely cultivated for leaves in India, especially in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. In May 2012, distinct blight symptoms were observed on leaves of popular tea cultivars AV-2, Tukdah 78, Rungli Rungliot 17/144, and Bannockburn 157 in commercial tea estates of the Darjeeling district. This disease reduces yield and quality of the leaves. The initial symptoms were frequently observed on the young leaf margins and apices. Foliar symptoms are characterized by grayish to brown, semicircular or irregular shaped lesions, often surrounded by pale yellow zones up to 9 mm in diameter. The lesions later expand and the affected leaves turn grayish to dark brown and eventually the dried tissue falls, leading to complete defoliation of the plant. The disease causes damage to leaves of all ages and is severe in young leaves. A portion of the symptomatic leaf tissues were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, then in 2% NaClO for 3 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungal colonies were initially white and then became grayish to brown with sporulation. Conidia were spherical to sub spherical, single-celled, black, 19 to 21 μm in diameter, and were borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of each conidiophore. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were concurring to those of Nigrospora sphaerica (1). Moreover, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA was amplified by using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KJ767520). The sequence was compared to the GenBank database through nucleotide BLAST search and the isolate showed 100% similarity to N. sphaerica (KC519729.1). On the basis of morphological characteristics and nucleotide homology, the isolate was identified as N. sphaerica. Koch's postulates were fulfilled in the laboratory on tea leaves inoculated with N. sphaerica conidial suspension (106 conidia ml−1) collected from a 7-day-old culture on PDA. Six inoculated 8-month-old seedlings of tea cultivars AV-2 and S.3/3 were incubated in a controlled environment chamber at 25°C and 80 to 85% humidity with a 12-h photoperiod. In addition, three plants of each cultivar were sprayed with sterile distilled water to serve as controls. Twelve to 14 days after inoculation, inoculated leaves developed blight symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected tea leaves in the field. No symptoms were observed on the control leaves. The pathogen was re-isolated from lesions and its identity was confirmed by morphological characteristics. It was reported that N. sphaerica is frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte on many plant species and also as a causative organism of foliar disease on several hosts worldwide (2,3). To our knowledge, this is first report of N. sphaerica as a foliar pathogen of Camellia sinensis in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India, or worldwide. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ July 01, 2013. (3) E. R. Wright et al. Plant Dis. 92:171, 2008.

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Banerjee, Piu, Arghya Laha, Indrani Samaddar, Himaniv Biswas, Debjani Sarkar, Sovan Roy, Goutam K. Saha, and Sanjoy Podder. "Acaricidal activity of nishinda (Vitex negundo) leaf and garlic (Allium sativum) bulb extract against red spider mite, Oligonychus coﬀeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in tea plantations of Darjeeling hill, West Bengal, India." Acta Biologica Szegediensis 65, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/abs.2021.1.59-64.

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The red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) serves as a serious threat to the Darjeeling tea plantations affecting the quality of the leaves. Various plant extracts are currently being researched as an alternative to the chemical pesticides to control the red spider mites. In the present study, the leaves of Vitex negundo L. and the bulb of Allium sativum L. were analyzed for their acaricidal activity on the larval, nymphal and adult stages of the mite. Both the extracts were found to have potent activity against red spider mites and may prove to be potential acaricides in future.

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OHNO, Atsuko, and Yukihiro YADA. "Effects of second flush Darjeeling tea aroma on psychological and nervous system activities." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 52, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.52.344.

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Poerting, Julia. "The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justice on Fair-Trade Tea Plantations in India." Mountain Research and Development 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm156.

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Vicol, Mark. "Everyday sustainability: gender justice and fair trade tea in Darjeeling, by Debarati Sen." Asian Studies Review 43, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2019.1584943.

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BESKY, SARAH. "Fixity: On the inheritance and maintenance of tea plantation houses in Darjeeling, India." American Ethnologist 44, no. 4 (November 2017): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12561.

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Black, Rachel E. "The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justice on Fair Trade Tea Plantations in India." Food and Foodways 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2017.1272946.

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Attin, Thomas, Raff-Dieter Kilgers, Christian Zimmermann, Andrej Michael Kielbassa, and Elmar Hellwig. "Plaque surface area after rinsing with a low-level fluoride-containing Darjeeling tea." European Journal of Oral Sciences 103, no. 6 (December 1995): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1995.tb01867.x.

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Firmani, Patrizia, Silvia De Luca, Remo Bucci, Federico Marini, and Alessandra Biancolillo. "Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy-based classification for the authentication of Darjeeling black tea." Food Control 100 (June 2019): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.006.

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Gomes, Shubhro Michael. "Sustaining Performance of Supply Chains through Benchmarking - A Case Study of Darjeeling Tea." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.56-63.

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Subba, Bivek, Sajal Mondal, Uttam Kumar Mandal, and Lakpa Tamang. "Small-scale tea farming sustainability: A case study of Darjeeling hill region, India." Farming System 2, no. 2 (April 2024): 100080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100080.

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Blakstad, Mia M., Julie E. H. Nevins, Sudha Venkatramanan, Eric M. Przybyszewski, and Jere D. Haas. "Iron status is associated with worker productivity, independent of physical effort in Indian tea estate workers." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 12 (December 2020): 1360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0001.

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Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world, affecting roughly 40% of women in nonindustrialized countries. Iron is the essential element in hemoglobin, the major carrier of blood oxygen and oxidative metabolism that supports physical and cognitive performance. The relationship between iron and physical work capacity suggests that iron deficient individuals could experience reduced work output. Participants were 138 experienced tea pluckers aged 18–55 years from the Panighatta Tea Estate in Darjeeling District of northern West Bengal, India. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor were measured from venous blood. Energy expenditure was estimated from accelerometry and heart rate, and plucking productivity was measured as amount of tea plucked during the morning work session when temperature and rainfall conditions are optimal. At a given level of energy expenditure, iron deficient, anemic, and iron deficient anemic women plucked less tea during a 3-h period. The results warrant further research as to whether interventions providing supplemental iron might improve worker productivity and work efficiency. Further study should examine evidence of economic incentives for policies and programs targeting nutritional deficiencies. Novelty Anemia predicts up to 2.02 kg (9.1%) less tea plucked per 3 h, or 4.0% lower wage per 3 h, compared with nonanemic women, controlling for physical effort. An increase of 1.0 g/L in hemoglobin concentration predicts 0.71 kg (3.3%) more tea plucked over 3 h. An increase of 1.0 g/L in hemoglobin concentration predicts a 1.6% wage increase.

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Ghosh, Chandra, Suvojeet Mukherjee, Saini Sultana, Priyanka Das, Vivek Chettri, and Sukumar Debnath. "Studies on Air Borne Fungi of Tea Seed Orchard at Gaya Ganga Tea Estate of Darjeeling District, West Bengal." Current Agriculture Research Journal 11, no. 3 (January 5, 2024): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.11.3.11.

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Air borne microorganisms obtaining tremendous interest as they play a significant role in the plant, animal and human health. Studies on aerobiology can help to recognize the resources, take-off, passive deposition and impaction of these microorganisms on the plant life. So far, no work has been reported on the air spora of the seed orchards of tea garden. This work aimed to observe flowering period and the diversity of air mycoflora prevalent in six biclonal tea seed orchards (TS: 569, TS: 491, TS: 557, TS: 520, TS: 463 and TS: 462). A total five species were recorded. Penicillium sp is found to be dominant over the other recorded species. The maximum population of mycoflora (CFU 1580/M3) was recorded under TS: 569 and the lowest (CFU 180/M3) under TS: 463. Air mycoflora fluctuated under TS: 491, TS: 557, TS: 520 and TS: 462 and were CFU/M3 740, 540, 340 and 380 respectively.

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Chettri, Pramesh, and S. S. Mahapatra. "Financial Literacy among the Tea Garden Labourers in Darjeeling District: An Exploratory Factor Analysis." International Journal of Management Studies 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i1(1)/14.

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Besky, Sarah. "Can a Plantation be Fair? Paradoxes and Possibilities in Fair Trade Darjeeling Tea Certification." Anthropology of Work Review 29, no. 1 (May 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1417.2008.00006.x.

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Mandal, >D, >M Rai, >B Pradhan, >D Gurung, >S Sharma, >P Rai, and >T Mandal. "On a New Septate Gregarine from Coccinella septempunctata L. of a Tea Garden, Darjeeling." Archiv für Protistenkunde 131, no. 3-4 (January 1986): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(86)80051-3.

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Gurung, Mamta, and Sanchari Roy Mukherjee. "Gender, Women and Work in the Tea Plantation: A Case Study of Darjeeling Hills." Indian Journal of Labour Economics 61, no. 3 (September 2018): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41027-018-0142-3.

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