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Journal articles on the topic 'Darjeeling Himalaya'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Chatterjee, Rajib. "Social Gradation and Inter-Ethnic Stratification among the Muslims of Darjeeling Himalaya." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 13, no. 2 (July 2013): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1301300220.

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The Muslims of Darjeeling Himalaya an a mosaic of diverse ethnic groups. They are divided into a number of segments and social groupings, and a notion of hierarchy or social gradation on the basis of purity is observed among them; though theoretically, Islam advocates an egalitarian social order. The present paper helps us to dispel an established monolithic believe regarding the social and cultural homogeneity of the Indian Muslims, and come to prove the differences in their religious ideologies, cultural practices, and ethnic characters. The covert (i.e., Islamic ideology based on textual Islam), and overt, (i.e., local traditions or lived Islam) aspects of the society have also been examined, as an existing phenomena, as the Muslim society of Darjeeling Himalayan town is deeply fragmented into various social orders. An effort has been made here to sketch an account of the social stratification of the Himalayan Muslims through an extensive field work in the Himalayan town of Darjeeling, West Bengal.

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2

CHETTRI, ABHISHEK, KISHOR SHARMA, SAILENDRA DEWAN, and BHOJ KUMAR ACHARYA. "Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190339.

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Chettri A, Sharma K, Dewan S, Acharya BK. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya,India. Biodiversitas 19: 1066-1073. The biodiversity wealth and conservation potential of agro-ecosystems including cash cropplantations is gaining significance in recent years. Agro-forestry provides ecosystem services similar to forest and, hence, support a highdiversity of flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to explore the bird community in different tea gardens of Kurseong Hill,Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India. Darjeeling is globally known for its extent and magnificent tea production. We sampled birds usingpoint count methods along transects during August 2015-January 2016. A total of 581 individual birds comprising 48 species wererecorded during the study. Amongst the guild types, insectivorous birds were the most dominant both in terms of species andabundances. Depending on their habitat preferences most of the birds were forest generalists followed by forest specialists. This studyhighlights that tea plantations have a great potential in harbouring and conserving birds and other associated life forms. Thus, propermanagement of these landscapes would be an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity of the Himalayas.

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3

Asthana, Geeta, and Chandrakala Bhagat. "Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland: An addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora with a brief note on the Genus Stereophyllum Mitt. and Entodontopsis Broth. in India." Indian Journal of Forestry 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2019-561742.

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Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland is an epiphytic moss belonging to family Stereophyllaceae. The plants have been observed during the survey and investigation of mosses of Garhwal Hills, Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. In India the species has been reported from Darjeeling (West Bengal) in Eastern Himalaya and from Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) in Western Ghats, South India so far. Now the species is being reported here for the first time from Pipalkoti in Chamoli district, (Garhwal Hills) Uttarakhand which is an addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora.

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4

Yonzone, G. S., and D. K. N. Yonzone. "ETHNOBOTANY OF DARJEELING HIMALAYA, INDIA*." Acta Horticulturae, no. 500 (August 1999): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.500.31.

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5

Pradhan, Aditya, Niran Chettri, and Saibal Sengupta. "First record of the Assam Leaf Turtle Cyclemys gemeli (Fritz et al. 2008) (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae) from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 13 (September 26, 2020): 16909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6633.12.13.16909-16911.

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An individual of the Assam Leaf Turtle Cyclemys gemeli was sighted at an elevation of 580m in Darjeeling. This is the first record of the species from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India. Photographs and locality record of the sighting are provided in the present communication.

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6

SARKAR, ANKITA, PARAMITA BANERJEE, SHUVRA KANTI SINHA, and ABHIJIT MAZUMDAR. "A taxonomic revision of the Indian species of the ‘Aterinervis’ group of Culicoides Latreille Subgenus Hoffmania Fox (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Zootaxa 5258, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.3.

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The seven species of Culicoides spp. belonging to the Aterinervis Group of subgenus Hoffmania Fox reported from India are revised. The study is based on type material and fresh specimens trapped during the Annual Biodiversity Assessment (2nd & 4th) of Neora Valley National Park (NVNP) in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya of India. Comparative redescriptions of adult male and female of Culicoides isoregalis, C. neoregalis, C. pararegalis, C. pseudoregalis, C. quasiregalis, C. regalis and C. subregalis are provided along with the formal transfer of the nominate species, Culicoides aterinervis from subgenus Culicoides Latreille to Hoffmania. A key to the Indian species belonging to the Aterinervis group is provided along with a list of the Culicoides species present in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas.

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7

Rai, Preshina, and Saurav Moktan. "An updated checklist of vascular epiphytes in the Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Check List 18, no. 6 (December 16, 2022): 1279–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/18.6.1279.

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The Darjeeling Himalaya, located in eastern part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot in India, is known for its diverse vegetation. The varying climatic conditions along the elevational gradient provide suitable habitats for supporting a rich flora in the region. We provide an updated checklist of vascular epiphytes in Darjeeling Himalaya. A total of 239 vascular epiphyte species belonging to 93 genera and 38 families have been recorded from the region, which include holoepiphytes, hemiepiphytes, facultative and accidental epiphytes. Orchidaceae was the largest family with 70 species, followed by Polypodiaceae comprising 42 species. We make available baseline biodiversity information on vascular epiphytes of the study area and provide details on taxonomic diversity and distribution in terms of vegetation types and along the elevational gradient. We also provide photographs to facilitate field identification.

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8

Asthana, A. K., and Reesa Gupta. "Distributional Pattern of Genus Hypnum Hedw. (Bryophyta) in Relation to Habitat and Altitude at Darjeeling hills (Eastern Himalaya)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i.8443.

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Hypnum Hedw. is a moss genus of family Hypnaceae which mostly occurs in temperate and sub tropical regions having ample moisture regime. The present study explicates the distribution and diversity of eight taxa of Hypnum viz. H. aduncoides (Brid.) Müll. Hal., H. cupressiforme Hedw., H. cupressiforme ssp. imponens, H. macrogynum Besch., H. sikkimense Ando, H. subimponens Lesq., H. subimponens ssp. ulophyllum (Müll. Hal.) Ando and H submolluscum Besch. occurring in Darjeeling hill region of eastern Himalaya. The distribution of all the eight species of genus Hypnum in eastern Himalaya at Darjeeling hills along the altitudinal gradient and at five different habitats has been provided.

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9

Wiejaczka, Łukasz, Paweł Prokop, Rafał Kozłowski, and Subir Sarkar. "Reservoir’s Impact on the Water Chemistry of the Teesta River Mountain Course (Darjeeling Himalaya)." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0005.

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Abstract The article presents the role of the newly built reservoir in the formation of the hydrochemistry of water of the Teesta River (a tributary of the Brahmaputra) in its Himalayan course. Field research were performed in the post-monsoon season of the period 2013-2015. Sampling and measuring points were located in five points over 43 km of the Teesta River in the Darjeeling Himalaya. Analysis of water along of river longitudinal profile above and below the reservoir suggest that the reservoir caused decrease most of the basic ions concentrations (Cl−, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NO3− and PO43−). An inverse trend was observed only with respect to Ca2+, SO42− and NH4+. The dam does not influent on the F− concentration. The reservoir causes minor enrichment most of the heavy metals such Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd and Sr. The lower enrichment of Teesta water below the dam indicates the water self-purification processes for metals by the Teesta Reservoir. The changes of physicochemical properties and concentrations of ions caused by the reservoir are usually normalised by environmental factors before the Teesta River outlet from the Himalayas (within 15 km of the river).

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10

Nameer, P. O. "Comments on the “A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya landscape, India”." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 18956–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6658.13.7.18956-18958.

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11

Omar, Ichha, Vinay Sahu, and Ashish Kumar Asthana. "A study on some taxa of family Mniaceae (Bryophyta) in Darjeeling (West Bengal), India." Plant Science Today 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.647.

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During study on the family Mniaceae in Darjeeling and its neighbouring areas, three genera and six species (Mnium lycopodioides, Orthomnion bryoides, Plagiomnium acutum, P. confertidens, P. rhynchophorum and P. succulentum) have been identified. Of these Plagiomnium acutum is reported here for the first time from eastern Himalaya. A detailed morpho-taxonomic account of these species with their current status and a key to all the taxa of family Mniaceae in Darjeeling is provided here.

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Sarkar, C., A. Chatterjee, D. Majumdar, S. K. Ghosh, A. Srivastava, and S. Raha. "Volatile organic compounds over Eastern Himalaya, India: temporal variation and source characterization using Positive Matrix Factorization." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 23 (December 19, 2014): 32133–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-32133-2014.

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Abstract. A first ever study on the characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been made over a Himalayan high altitude station in India. A total of 18 VOCs (mono aromatics-BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), non-BTEX substituted aromatics and halocarbon) have been measured over Darjeeling (27.01° N, 88.15° E, 2200 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Himalaya in India during the period of July 2011–June 2012. The annual average concentration of the sum of 18 target VOCs (TVOC) was 376.3 ± 857.2 μg m−3. Monoaromatics had the highest contribution (72%) followed by other substituted aromatics (22%) and halocarbon (6%) compounds. Toluene was the most abundant VOC in the atmosphere of Darjeeling with the contribution of ~37% to TVOC followed by benzene (~21%), ethylbenzene (~9%) and xylenes (~6%). TVOC concentrations were highest during the postmonsoon season with minimum solar radiation and lowest during the premonsoon season with maximum solar radiation. Anthropogenic activities related mainly to tourists like diesel and gasoline emissions, biomass and coal burning, use of solvent and solid waste emissions were almost equal in both the seasons. Seasonal variation in TVOCs over Darjeeling was mainly governed by the incoming solar radiation rather than the emission sources. Source apportionment study using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model indicated that major fraction of (~60%) TVOC were contributed by diesel and gasoline exhausts followed by solvent evaporation (18%) and other sources. Diesel exhaust was also found to have the maximum potential in tropospheric ozone formation. The atmospheric loading of BTEX over Darjeeling was found to be comparable with several Indian metro cities and much higher than other cities around the world.

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13

Saha, Pamela, Md Aziz, and D. Maity. "Notes on the Occurrence of Timmiella (De Not.) Limpr., In Darjeeling District: A New Generic Record from Eastern Himalaya." Indian Journal of Forestry 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2017-j60354.

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Timmiella anomala (B.S.G.) Limpr. is recorded new from Darjeeling district, West Bengal in Eastern Himalaya. A detailed description of the taxon with illustration, photomicrograph, SEM micrographs, along with note and discussion for its status is presented.

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14

Islam, SK Rasidul Islam, Amal Kumar Mondal, and Devendra Singh. "Cyathodium denticulatum (Cyathodiaceae; Marchantiophyta): A Rare Species New to Bryoflora of Jharkhand, India." Journal of Plant Science Research 39, no. 2 (September 8, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2023.39.02.5.

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Cyathodim denticulatum Udar & S.C.Srivast. has been discovered for the first time from Jharkhand, earlier recorded from the Eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling) and Central India (Chhattisgarh) only. A detailed taxonomic description along with illustration, ultrastructure of spores and elaters are provided herewith.

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15

Chauhan, M. S., and Chhaya Sharma. "Late Holocene vegetation of Darjeeling (Jore-Pokhari) eastern Himalaya." Journal of Palaeosciences 45 (December 31, 1996): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1996.1226.

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Pollen analysis of Late Holocene lacustrine sediments from Jore-Pokhari, a temperate lake of eastern Himalaya, has revealed that around 2500 yr B.P. mixed broad-leaved Oak forests existed, reflecting to a warm-temperate and humid climate in the region. Between 1600- and 1000-year B.P. a short-term cool-oscillation is witnessed as evidenced by decline in broad-leaved tree taxa and a simultaneous increase in the conifers. The anthropogenic activities have also been noticed during this period as evidenced by the increase in grasses together with culture pollen such as Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Artemisia and Asteraceae as well as appearance of Cerealia type pollen. Between 1000- and 300-year B.P. the improvement in the broad-leaved taxa, viz., Quercus, Betula and Alnus and reappearance of Rhododenrdron as well as simultaneous decline in Pinus indicate the amelioration of climate which became warm-temperate the humid once again.

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16

Shah, Rinan, and Shrinivas Badiger. "Conundrum or paradox: deconstructing the spurious case of water scarcity in the Himalayan Region through an institutional economics narrative." Water Policy 22, S1 (October 8, 2018): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.115.

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Abstract Water scarcity in mountain regions such as the Himalaya has been studied with a pre-existing notion of scarcity justified by decades of communities' suffering from physical water shortages combined by difficulties of access. The Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR) of India receives significantly high amounts of annual precipitation. Studies have nonetheless shown that this region faces a strange dissonance: an acute water scarcity in a supposedly ‘water-rich’ region. The main objective of this paper is to decipher various drivers of water scarcity by locating the contemporary history of water institutions within the development trajectory of the Darjeeling region, particularly Darjeeling Municipal Town in West Bengal, India. A key feature of the region's urban water governance that defines the water scarcity narrative is the multiplicity of water institutions and the intertwining of formal and informal institutions at various scales. These factors affect the availability of and basic access to domestic water by communities in various ways resulting in the creation of a preferred water bundle consisting of informal water markets over and above traditional sourcing from springs and the formal water supply from the town municipality.

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17

KUMAR, ANANT. "A new variety of Brachystemma calycinum (Caryophyllaceae) from West Bengal, India with notes on its typification." Phytotaxa 598, no. 3 (May 25, 2023): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.3.8.

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Brachystemma (Caryophyllaceae) is an asian monotypic genus including B. calycinum. As part of field survey in Dooars and Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya (India), a population ascribed to this species was found. Since the different morphology, a new variety has been described and illustrated. Moreover, the typification of the name B. calycinum is also discussed.

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18

Debnath, Manashi, and Samiran Chakrabarti. "Diversity, Bioecology and Biosystematics of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Darjeeling Himalaya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 21 (April 30, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2020.v21.002.

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Darjeeling Himalaya with its foot hill has a diverse flora and fauna. Aphids with their host plants have shown a great remark in aphidological studies. Altitudinal variation is very important in case of aphid diversity. Predators are also important natural enemies of aphids in this area. There are endemic aphid species found in this region.

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19

Faulkner, Sarah, and KR Rama Mohan. "Mayel Lyang Embodied: ‘Tradition’ and Contemporary Lepcha Textiles." HIMALAYA 40, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/himalaya.2021.6595.

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The Lepchas, an ethnic group indigenous to the Himalayas and the Darjeeling hills, have been weaving textiles from local nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) for millennia. However, their native land, centered around the former Kingdom of Sikkim in modern-day northeastern India, has been the site of centuries of cultural exchange and colonization despite its remoteness, entailing wide-ranging and continuous social, political, and economic changes within the area. Rapid regional industrialization, and the concomitant globalization process and urbanization will potentially further transform Lepcha culture. Despite this, the Lepchas continue to weave textiles they consider traditional. With that in mind, this article will consider the concept of ‘tradition’ and its place in post-industrial Sikkim, using these textiles as a basis for understanding the significance of ‘tradition’ and how ‘tradition’ is used as a tool for carving a place out in the contemporary world. This study analyzes its deployment in contemporary Lepcha textiles so as to illuminate the relationship between tradition, textiles, and contemporary Lepcha identity.

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20

Paloi, Soumitra, Arun Kumar Dutta, and Krishnendu Acharya. "A new species of Russula (Russulales) from Eastern Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 234, no. 3 (November 18, 2015): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.3.6.

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A new species of Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) is described from Darjeeling Hill, Eastern Himalaya, India. Morphological and molecular (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region) sequence data assign the present species to the subgen. Incrustatula Romagn., sect. Lilaceinae (Melzer & Zvára) Konrad & Joss. and subsect. Lilaceinae Melzer & Zvára. Comprehensive description, photographs and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided.

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21

Rahamtulla, Mohammed, Venkatesh Rampilla, and Shaik Mahammad Khasim. "Distribution and Ethnomedicinal Importance of Orchids of Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Indian Forester 146, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2020/v146i8/154856.

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22

Acton, C. E., K. Priestley, S. Mitra, and V. K. Gaur. "Crustal structure of the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya and southern Tibet." Geophysical Journal International 184, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 829–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04868.x.

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23

Asthana, Ashish K., and Reesa Gupta. "A Note on Bryophyte Diversity in Context of Habitat and Anthropogenic Intervention at Ghoom (Darjeeling), Eastern Himalaya, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 7, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v7i04.4.

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An assessment of diversity of bryophytes at Ghoom, Darjeeling Hills has been made. A total of 47 species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families have been identified during the study. Six habitats were selected to compare relative bryophyte distribution. Evaluation of the bryophyte distribution in different habitats has been done with an observation of different growth forms occurring in the area. It has been noticed that bryophyte diversity in terms of number of taxa was quite low here as compared to nearby Jalapahar and Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary of Darjeeling hills surveyed during study, owing to higher level of pollution and habitat loss due to constant anthropogenic movement.

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RANJAN, VINAY, ANANT KUMAR, and GOPAL KRISHNA. "Second-step lectotypification of Garcinia stipulata (Clusiaceae) and its recollection from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 577, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.577.1.5.

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Garcinia stipulata (Clusiaceae) is recollected after a lapse of 53 years from Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling, India. A taxonomic description with photograph and illustration are provided to facilitate easy identification. Also, a second-step lectotypification is discussed.

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Singh, Trilochan, and Usha Bajpai. "On some plant fossil from Gondwana equivalent sediments of Eastern Himalaya." Journal of Palaeosciences 37, no. (1-3) (December 31, 1988): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1988.1625.

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The plant fossils reported here were recovered from Gondwana equivalent continental facies outcropping in Kameng District (Arunachal Pradesh), South Sikkim District (Sikkim) and Darjeeling District (West Bengal). The flora comprising equisetalean axes, Phyllotheca sp., Glossopteris stenoneura Feistmantel, G. communis Feistmantel, G. sp. cf. G. leptoneura Bunbury, G. syaldiensis Chandra & Surange, G. formosa Feistmantel and Vertebraria indica Royle resembles that of the Late Permian Raniganj Formation of peninsular India.

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Chawla, Amit, Sowmiya Chawla, Srinivas Pasupuleti, A. C. S. Rao, Kripamoy Sarkar, and Rajesh Dwivedi. "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Darjeeling Himalayas, India." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 16, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6416492.

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Landslide susceptibility map aids decision makers and planners for the prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. This study presents a methodology for the generation of landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing data and Geographic Information System technique for the part of the Darjeeling district, Eastern Himalaya, in India. Topographic, earthquake, and remote sensing data and published geology, soil, and rainfall maps were collected and processed using Geographic Information System. Landslide influencing factors in the study area are drainage, lineament, slope, rainfall, earthquake, lithology, land use/land cover, fault, valley, soil, relief, and aspect. These factors were evaluated for the generation of thematic data layers. Numerical weight and rating for each factor was assigned using the overlay analysis method for the generation of landslide susceptibility map in the Geographic Information System environment. The resulting landslide susceptibility zonation map demarcated the study area into four different susceptibility classes: very high, high, moderate, and low. Particle Swarm Optimization-Support Vector Machine technique was used for the prediction and classification of landslide susceptibility classes, and Genetic Programming method was used to generate models and to predict landslide susceptibility classes in conjunction with Geographic Information System output, respectively. Genetic Programming and Particle Swarm Optimization-Support Vector Machine have performed well with respect to overall prediction accuracy and validated the landslide susceptibility model generated in the Geographic Information System environment. The efficiency of the landslide susceptibility zonation map was also confirmed by correlating the landslide frequency between different susceptible classes.

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27

Searle, Michael P., and Adam G. Szulc. "Channel flow and ductile extrusion of the high Himalayan slab-the Kangchenjunga–Darjeeling profile, Sikkim Himalaya☆." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25, no. 1 (April 2005): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.03.004.

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28

Palit, Debnath, Sudin Pal, and Soma Chanda. "Diversity and Richness of Plants in Darjeeling Himalaya with an Eye on Gaddikhana Forest Beat, Senchal East Zone Forest Range, Darjeeling." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-kpy91r.

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As many as 40 plant species belonging to 36 genera of 27 families were composing the study area - Gaddikhana Forest, Darjeeling. Among them 37 were dicotyledons and 3 monocotyledons. Its plant community was analyzed quantitatively and synthetically. The effective quadrate size was 90×90cm2. Diversity indices of 34 plant species and their evenness were determined. The proportional abundance of every species against its rank of abundance was also determined to deduce the allocation of individuals to species in communities. But for the population pressures the anthropogenic activities in forest regions are increased and in future it seems to be a major threat of biodiversity of Darjeeling.

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29

De, Rajib, Jayati Saha, and Prabir Sarkar. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a common liverwort from Darjeeling Himalaya." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 3, no. 1 (2009): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2009.v03i01.006.

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The study was concerned with an examination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Marchantia convoluta (Merch.) L.. collected from Darjeeling Himalaya. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by means of five in vitro methods, viz. free radical-scavenging activity, Fe3+ -reducing power, metal-chelating ability, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and activity in hydroxyl radical-scavenging system. The total phenol content was 1.1 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1 dried thallus. After 30 min of reaction, the 100 mg lyophilized extract possessed 6.7 % free radical-scavenging activity. The same amount of extract exhibited 13.4 % 168.2 % metal-chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, respectively. The reducing activity was found to be 28.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents g-1 dried thallus. Total antioxidant activity was 0.18 μg TEAC g-1 dried thallus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by testing the methanolic extract of the samples against five microorganisms including two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and one yeast (Candida albicans by disc-diffusion assay. M. convoluta thallus extract was more or less inhibitory against all of the test bacteria, however did not possess any antifungal property. S. aureus was found to be most sensitive target organism.

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30

Rai, Upkar. "Diversity of Trees in the Darjeeling Foothill Region of Eastern Himalaya." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.004.

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Phytosociological investigation using 20 x 20 m quadrats has been made on seven major forest types of Darjiling foothill region within an altitudinal range of 135 m to 1200 m leading to the record of 215 species of trees, 11 species of liana and three species of palms. Analysis of data revealed that the East Himalayan Sal forest showed highest species diversity but have moderate species richness and concentration of dominance. High species diversity and species richness were recorded from Semi Evergreen Mixed forest, Wet Mixed Deciduous Forest & Lower Bhabar Sal Forest with correspondingly low concentration of dominance. Bamboo brake had the lowest species diversity with high concentration of dominance. Computation of similarity index showed a poor relation between different forest types and reflected the developing nature of vegetation. Also, these forests have a high regeneration status with a good species composition. It has also been predicted that the anthropogenic interferences may cause the abrupt change in the structure of these vegetation types.

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De, Rajib, Jayati Saha, and Prabir Sarkar. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a common liverwort from Darjeeling Himalaya." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 3, no. 1 (2009): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2009.v03i01.006.

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The study was concerned with an examination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Marchantia convoluta (Merch.) L.. collected from Darjeeling Himalaya. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by means of five in vitro methods, viz. free radical-scavenging activity, Fe3+ -reducing power, metal-chelating ability, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and activity in hydroxyl radical-scavenging system. The total phenol content was 1.1 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1 dried thallus. After 30 min of reaction, the 100 mg lyophilized extract possessed 6.7 % free radical-scavenging activity. The same amount of extract exhibited 13.4 % 168.2 % metal-chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, respectively. The reducing activity was found to be 28.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents g-1 dried thallus. Total antioxidant activity was 0.18 μg TEAC g-1 dried thallus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by testing the methanolic extract of the samples against five microorganisms including two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and one yeast (Candida albicans by disc-diffusion assay. M. convoluta thallus extract was more or less inhibitory against all of the test bacteria, however did not possess any antifungal property. S. aureus was found to be most sensitive target organism.

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Samanta, Susanta Kumar, and Ranjit Kumar Majumdar. "Identification of landslide-prone slopes at Paglajhora area, Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Landslides 17, no. 11 (July 2, 2020): 2643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01472-w.

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Limbu, Vinay, and Indu Chettri. "Village Tourism in Darjeeling Himalaya: Ensuring Sustainable Development and Rural Livelihood." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.05.2014.37-43.

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Tamang, Sapan, and Kishore Kumar Thapa. "Traditional Ethno-healing, Environment and Modernity: An Outlook in Darjeeling Himalaya." Indian Science Cruiser 36, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24906/isc/2022/v36/i4/216412.

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35

Ghosal, Mitali, Premlata Kalwar, and Palash Mandal. "Deterioration of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Seven Taruls Through Boiling." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 8, no. 1 (2014): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2014.v08i01.009.

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The underground edible rhizomes and tubers are commonly known as "Taruls' in Darjeeling Himalaya and are mostly available during winter season. These vegetables are consumed as raw or processed through boiling for making them more palatable by local people of Darjeeling Himalaya. The methanolic extracts of raw and boiled (ten minutes) taruls were screened for their in vitro antioxidant potential by DPPH and ABTS' free-radicals, reducing power, metal chelating. nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation assays along with measuring in vitro antidiabetic activity by a-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibition. Our present study demonstrated that in majority of experimental assays, the performance of Dioscorea alata (ghar tarul) was best followed by Ipomoea batatas (red and white cultivar of sakarkanda) and D. hamiltonii (ban tarul), which showed stronger free-radical scavenging activity, high degree of different polyphenol content as well as antidiabetic capacity except for the iron-induced metal chelation where Sechium edule (squash-jara) was excellent performer. Therefore it can be stated that the extracts of different taruls might help in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress induced diseases. Our study also showed that in every antioxidant assays the scavenging activity reduced with boiling. As boiling decreases bioactive potency, it can be suggested that some alternative strategies should be developed during post-processing through which valuable phytochemicals of taruls might be preserved.

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Basu, Srimoyee, Kailash Chandra, Kumrapuram Apadodharanan Subramanian, and Goutam Kumar Saha. "Water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions of West Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 12 (November 12, 2018): 12619–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3060.10.12.12619-12714.

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The present study reports a total of 61 Species belonging to 34 genera and 14 families from Darjeeling Himalaya and Jalpaiguri sub Himalaya regions of West Bengal. The study documented 11 new species to science, which were already published, 15 new records to the state and one new record to India. The study showed that the Nepomorphan families are mostly restricted to the slow flowing or to the stagnant ecosystems like ponds or lakes and the running waters are dominated mainly by the Gerromorpha. The key to all family, genera and species of aquatic Hemiptera are provided with their distribution in India and globally. The description of all species with their detail photographs and distribution map were also presented here. The diagnostic characters supported with photographs for each species are also presented here.

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Mondal, Sujit, Shyamal K. Basu, and Monoranjan Chowdhury. "Calamus pseudoerectus (Arecaceae), a new species from the eastern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 13605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4493.11.5.13605-13610.

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Calamus pseudoerectus (Arecaceae or Palmae), a new species of rattan from the hilly slopes of Mukti and Mahananda rivers at Darjeeling District of West Bengal in the eastern Indian Himalaya, is described and illustrated. This species closely resembles two Indo-Myanmar species, C. erectus Roxb. and C. arborescence Griff. It, however, is distinguished by its short and extremely slender stem, spine ornamentation, pendulous, long-branched inflorescence, and minute fruits with fimbriate scales. A comparative study among C. pseudoerectus sp. nov., C. erectus Roxb., and C. arborescence Griff. is provided. Conservation status of this species is proposed as Endangered (EN) as per IUCN.

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Boral, Debasruti, and Saurav Moktan. "Species distribution modeling of a cucurbit Herpetospermum darjeelingense in Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 12 (December 26, 2022): 22221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7953.14.12.22221-22231.

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Herpetospermum darjeelingense (C.B.Clarke) H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner is a rare cucurbit found in Darjeeling, Himalaya. It is known for its use as food and medicine with possible pharmaceutical applications. Here we assess the current and future habitat suitability of H. darjeelingense in the study area using MaxEnt modeling. In order to obtain accurate results for future models, the ensemble method was used. The current suitable habitat covers only 13% of the study area, while the future models for 2050 and 2070 show zero habitat suitability for the species. This strongly indicates a possible local extinction of the species indicating a need for rapid and decisive conservation efforts.

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Subba, B., and PB Chakraborty. "Socio-economic status of terrace-cultivators in Darjeeling Himalaya region, West Bengal." Journal of Hill Agriculture 5, no. 1 (2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00832.5.

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Mondal, Subrata, and Sujit Mandal. "Geomorphic diversity and landslide susceptibility in the Balason River Basin, Darjeeling Himalaya." HKIE Transactions 27, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v27n1thie2017-0054.

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This study attempts to assess the role of basin morphometric parameters in slope instability using a morphometric diversity (MD) model, as well as the role of drainage parameters and relief parameters in slope failure using drainage diversity (DD) and relief diversity (RD) models, respectively. For this, a total of 14 morphometric data layers were considered. The relationship of each data layer to landslide susceptibility was judged using a frequency ratio (FR) approach. Parameters like drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Df), relative relief (Rr), drainage texture (Dt), junction frequency (Jf), infiltration number (In), ruggedness index (Ri), dissection index (Di), elevation (E), slope (S), relief ratio (Rra) and hypsometric integral (Hi) were positively related with landslide potentiality while bifurcation ratio (Rb) and drainage intensity (Din) negatively correlated with S failure. The principal component analysis (PCA)-based weight assigned to each data layer in each model was multiplied with unidirectional reclassified data layers for each model using a weighted linear combination (WLC) approach to prepare landslide susceptibility maps. The receiver operating characteristics curve showed that the landslide prediction accuracy of the DD, RD and MD models were 71.4%, 73.9% and 76.3%, respectively. The FR plots of the aforesaid three models suggested that the chance of landslide increases from very low to very high in susceptible zones.

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Ghosal, Mitali, and Palash Mandal. "In vitro antioxidant activity of two edible Timbur fruits of Darjeeling Himalaya." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.008.

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Frec radicals are implicated for many chronic, painful and near-fatal diseases including Diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, apoptosis, neurodegenerative disorders etc. In treatment of these discases, antioxidant therapy has gained an utmost importance and current rescarch is now directed towards finding naturaly occurring antioxidants of plant origin. Edible Timburs namely Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. and Litsea cubeba (Loureiro) Persoon are traditionally usced as spices in different Nepali recipes. In the present study, the fruits of these plants were extracted with aqucous methanol (1:4) to examinc the in vitro antioxidant property, phenol content and phytochemical constituents. The scavenging activities on DPPH free radicals, superoxide anions and per-oxidized lipid molecules were determined as well as the flavonoid and phenolic constitucnts of the extracts. The extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity towards DPPH free radicals and high anti-lipid peroxidation values duc to the presence of relatively high total phenol contents. Also, these spices contain a vast array of different phytochemicals in their dry form. These results suggest that both Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and Litsea cubeba fruits are endowed with antioxidant phytochemicals and could serve as basal ingredients for nutraceutical formulations.

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42

Rao, G. N. S. Neharika, and D. Neelima Satyam. "Deterministic and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Tindharia, Darjeeling Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 98, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2165-0.

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43

Ghosal, Mitali, and Palash Mandal. "In vitro antioxidant activity of two edible Timbur fruits of Darjeeling Himalaya." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.008.

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Frec radicals are implicated for many chronic, painful and near-fatal diseases including Diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, apoptosis, neurodegenerative disorders etc. In treatment of these discases, antioxidant therapy has gained an utmost importance and current rescarch is now directed towards finding naturaly occurring antioxidants of plant origin. Edible Timburs namely Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. and Litsea cubeba (Loureiro) Persoon are traditionally usced as spices in different Nepali recipes. In the present study, the fruits of these plants were extracted with aqucous methanol (1:4) to examinc the in vitro antioxidant property, phenol content and phytochemical constituents. The scavenging activities on DPPH free radicals, superoxide anions and per-oxidized lipid molecules were determined as well as the flavonoid and phenolic constitucnts of the extracts. The extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity towards DPPH free radicals and high anti-lipid peroxidation values duc to the presence of relatively high total phenol contents. Also, these spices contain a vast array of different phytochemicals in their dry form. These results suggest that both Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and Litsea cubeba fruits are endowed with antioxidant phytochemicals and could serve as basal ingredients for nutraceutical formulations.

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Karmakar, Debapriya, S. Moktan, and A. P. Das. "Foliar Micro-Morphological Traits in some Members of Ericaceae from Darjeeling Himalaya." Pleione 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.26679/pleione.11.2.2017.341-348.

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Asthana, Ashish Kumar, and Vinay Sahu. "Current status of hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) in Darjeeling (Eastern Himalaya), India." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 32, no. 1 (November 29, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.32.1.2.

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46

Bhattacharya, B. "Urban Tourism in The Himalaya in The Context of Darjeeling and Sikkim." Tourism Recreation Research 17, no. 2 (January 1992): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1992.11014652.

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47

BANDYOPADHYAY, UTTARAN, RUSHATI DEY, KAMALIKA BHATTACHARYYA, KAUSHIK MALLICK, ARNA MAZUMDER, SUBRATA GAYEN, MOUMITA DAS, et al. "Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species." Zootaxa 5004, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5004.2.4.

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The Genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Noctuidae: Xyleninae), widely distributed in Palaearctic and Oriental realms, is especially diverse within Indian Himalaya with 12 known species till now. Current communication reports three species new to India viz. P. meticulodina (Draudt, 1950), P. nobilis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998 and P. szecsenyii Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998 and a new species P. similis Bandyopadhyay, Mallick, Sanyal & Chandra sp. nov., thus bringing the species number to 16 for the country, along with taxonomic key with morphology and genitalia-based diagnosis for all the Indian/Himalayan species. Out of those species, partial mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) sequences were generated for 6 species, of which 5 were novel to the NCBI GenBank. The genus had maximum species richness and abundance in Eastern Himalayan Temperate Forest spanning 1800–2500 m in Central Himalayan landscape of Darjeeling-Sikkim and Nepal. Current Habitat suitability model of six Phlogophora species indicated that temperature dependent variables like Temperature Annual Range, Temperature Seasonality and Elevation are the most contributing factors for their predicted distribution range. The genus comprising of both Polycyclic and Monocyclic species became most abundant during Post-monsoon, in cold (9–11 ºC) and humid (87–91%) nights, in areas with Annual Mean Temperature ranging within 4.6–19.9 ºC and Annual Precipitation of 1000–2800 mm.

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Pradhan, Aditya, and Sarala Khaling. "Butterfly diversity in an organic tea estate of Darjeeling Hills, eastern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 16521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5716.12.11.16521-16530.

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The study was undertaken from March–May 2019 to explore the butterflies in the human-modified tea dominated landscape of Darjeeling Hills and understanding the diversity, community structure, habitat specialization, and conservation status of butterflies in an organic tea estate. Sampling was done in the two representative ecosystems of tea plantation and secondary forest within the study area. Altogether 71 species and sub-species across 43 genera belonging to five families were recorded during this study, of which seven are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972.

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Pradhan, Aditya, Rohit George, and Sailendra Dewan. "Documenting butterflies with the help of citizen science in Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 3 (March 26, 2023): 22771–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8138.15.3.22771-22790.

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The availability of information on the distribution and occurrence of different species in a landscape is crucial to developing an informed conservation and management plan, however such information in the Himalaya is often limited. Citizen science, which builds on the knowledge and interest of communities to contribute to science, can be a solution to this problem. In this study, we used butterflies as a model taxon in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya which shows how citizen science can aid in documenting biodiversity. The study employed both citizen science, and researcher-survey approaches to collect data, and the collective effort resulted in 407 species, which is the highest by any study carried out in the region. Results show that citizen science can be helpful as a supplementary tool for data collection in biodiversity documentation projects, and can aid in adding to the diversity and distribution records of species, including those that are unique, rare, seasonal, and nationally protected. Citizen science outreach was used to muster potential participants from the local community to participate in the study. Thus, it is advisable for citizen science projects to find means to recruit a larger pool of contributors, and citizen science outreach can be key to their success.

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Badekar, Ananda, Uttaran Goswami, and Sweta Samant. "Architecture and Source of Alluvial Fan deposits of the Gish and Lish Rivers, Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v38i1.136.

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The Gish and Lish rivers are flowing through Higher Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Sub Himalaya and Quaternary Alluvium of the Sikkim- Darjeeling region. These thrust bounded tectonostratigraphic zones are comprised of different lithologies. Comparative sedimentological studies of the sediments of these rivers were undertaken to understand landforms developed by these rivers and source to sink relationships of these sediments. The Gish River fans are broad and wider as compared to the narrow and linear shaped fans of the Lish River. Textural analysis of these fan sediments revealed high energy conditions of deposition within these rivers. The petrographic analysis of the Gish River sediments shows dominance of Quartz (Qt63%F4% L33%) in the framework components, while the Lithic metamorphic fragments (Lm62% LV0% Ls 38%) show dominance over Lithic sedimentary fragments. This is also supplemented by the dominance of Quartz Polycrystalline grains (Qp62% Lv0% Ls38%) over Lithic sedimentary fractions. The Lish river sediments show dominance of Lithic fragments (Qt39% F2% L59%) in the framework components, while the Lithic sedimentary fragments (Lm44% Lv0% Ls56%) show dominance over lithic metamorphic fragments. This is also supplemented by Lithic sedimentary fractions (Qp41% Lv0% Ls59%) dominance over the Quartz Polycrystalline grains. These results of Quartz dominance in the Gish River sediments indicate higher contribution is from gneissic and metamorphic sources. While, Lithic dominance in the Lish River sediments infers higher contribution from sedimentary and metamorphic sources.

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