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Journal articles on the topic 'Darjeeling Hills'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Yu, Ren, Qianyi Wang, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "More than Tea - Environmental Decay, Administrative Isolation and the Struggle for Identity in Darjeeling." Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 59, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol59no1.6.

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The victim of both geographical, historical and administrative isolation, Darjeeling owed its growth to tea cultivation in the hills by migrants from neighbouring Nepal collectively called Gorkhas. Their contributions notwithstanding, they felt discriminated by West Bengal’s residents to whose state they were administratively attached. Poverty and poor working conditions, with no voice in the tea estates, and poorly maintained infrastructure that brought frequent landslides have fuelled demands for “Gorkhaland”, a homeland separate from West Bengal, where the distinctiveness of their identity and their role as Indian citizens would be fully recognised. It did not help that the Darjeeling district had been administratively detached from the political mainstream. Periodic agitations against the state government have weakened local institutions, disrupted the local economy impacting adversely tea production and tourism on which the local economy and the Gorkhas depend. The West Bengal government had partly recognised Gorkha demands by establishing the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) each vested with limited autonomy. But disagreements on autonomy have left the Gorkhaland issue unresolved. In the meantime, Darjeeling continues to experience gradual decay, absent adequate support from the West Bengal government and from Darjeeling’s local government, including the GTA itself.

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2

CHETTRI, ABHISHEK, KISHOR SHARMA, SAILENDRA DEWAN, and BHOJ KUMAR ACHARYA. "Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190339.

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Chettri A, Sharma K, Dewan S, Acharya BK. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya,India. Biodiversitas 19: 1066-1073. The biodiversity wealth and conservation potential of agro-ecosystems including cash cropplantations is gaining significance in recent years. Agro-forestry provides ecosystem services similar to forest and, hence, support a highdiversity of flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to explore the bird community in different tea gardens of Kurseong Hill,Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India. Darjeeling is globally known for its extent and magnificent tea production. We sampled birds usingpoint count methods along transects during August 2015-January 2016. A total of 581 individual birds comprising 48 species wererecorded during the study. Amongst the guild types, insectivorous birds were the most dominant both in terms of species andabundances. Depending on their habitat preferences most of the birds were forest generalists followed by forest specialists. This studyhighlights that tea plantations have a great potential in harbouring and conserving birds and other associated life forms. Thus, propermanagement of these landscapes would be an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity of the Himalayas.

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3

Asthana, A. K., and Reesa Gupta. "Distributional Pattern of Genus Hypnum Hedw. (Bryophyta) in Relation to Habitat and Altitude at Darjeeling hills (Eastern Himalaya)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i.8443.

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Hypnum Hedw. is a moss genus of family Hypnaceae which mostly occurs in temperate and sub tropical regions having ample moisture regime. The present study explicates the distribution and diversity of eight taxa of Hypnum viz. H. aduncoides (Brid.) Müll. Hal., H. cupressiforme Hedw., H. cupressiforme ssp. imponens, H. macrogynum Besch., H. sikkimense Ando, H. subimponens Lesq., H. subimponens ssp. ulophyllum (Müll. Hal.) Ando and H submolluscum Besch. occurring in Darjeeling hill region of eastern Himalaya. The distribution of all the eight species of genus Hypnum in eastern Himalaya at Darjeeling hills along the altitudinal gradient and at five different habitats has been provided.

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4

Asthana, Ashish K., and Reesa Gupta. "A Note on Bryophyte Diversity in Context of Habitat and Anthropogenic Intervention at Ghoom (Darjeeling), Eastern Himalaya, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 7, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v7i04.4.

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An assessment of diversity of bryophytes at Ghoom, Darjeeling Hills has been made. A total of 47 species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families have been identified during the study. Six habitats were selected to compare relative bryophyte distribution. Evaluation of the bryophyte distribution in different habitats has been done with an observation of different growth forms occurring in the area. It has been noticed that bryophyte diversity in terms of number of taxa was quite low here as compared to nearby Jalapahar and Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary of Darjeeling hills surveyed during study, owing to higher level of pollution and habitat loss due to constant anthropogenic movement.

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5

GURUNG., N., S. SINGH, D. BARMAN, S. SARKAR, B. K. SINGH, and N. PRASAD. "Evaluation of superior Darjeeling mandarin genotypes/clones from Sikkim and Darjeeling hills." Journal of Crop and Weed 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2022.v18.i3.1646.

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6

Harijan, Kishan. "Sustainability of Cultural Integrtion in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.72-82.

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7

Pradhan, Alina. "Ethnic Awareness among the Lepchas of Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.03.2012.36-45.

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8

Harijan, Kishan. "ICT: A Case study of the Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.04.2013.150-161.

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9

Chakrabarti, Anjan. "Economic Development in Darjeeling Hills: Quest for Alternatives." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.36-46.

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10

Pal, Ram, and R. Medhi. "A colour variant of Liparis Bootanensis Griff. from Darjeeling Hills." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-avqp5g.

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A colour variant of Liparis bootanensis Griff. collected from Mangpoo, Darjeeling district of West Bengal has been recorded for the first time from India. The variant is described here with the help of photographs.

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11

Antal, J. S., M. Prasad, and E. G. Khare. "Fossil woods from the Siwalik sediments of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1180.

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The fossil woods described in this paper form the first report from the Himalayan foot-hills near Oodlabari, a small town on Siliguri-Guwahati Highway, Darjeeling District, West Bengal. These belong to the extant genera Baubinia Linn. and Diospyros Linn. of the families fabaceae and Ebenaceae, respectively and have been described as Baubiniumpalaeo malabaricum Prakash & Prasad and Ebenoxylon miocenicum Prakash. They indicate the prevalence of tropical humid climate in the foot-hills during Siwalik sedimentation.

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12

Mallick, Jayanta Kumar. "Mammals of Kalimpong Hills, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 4, no. 12 (October 10, 2012): 3103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2418.3103-36.

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13

Joseph, Babu. "The Emergence of Darjeeling Hills as a Tourist Destination." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.15-35.

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14

Rai, Sudha. "Technological-gap of Agro-Horticulture sector in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.04.2013.174-181.

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15

Asthana, Geeta, and Chandrakala Bhagat. "Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland: An addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora with a brief note on the Genus Stereophyllum Mitt. and Entodontopsis Broth. in India." Indian Journal of Forestry 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2019-561742.

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Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland is an epiphytic moss belonging to family Stereophyllaceae. The plants have been observed during the survey and investigation of mosses of Garhwal Hills, Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. In India the species has been reported from Darjeeling (West Bengal) in Eastern Himalaya and from Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) in Western Ghats, South India so far. Now the species is being reported here for the first time from Pipalkoti in Chamoli district, (Garhwal Hills) Uttarakhand which is an addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora.

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16

Pal, Amartya, Swetapadma Dash, Devanshu Gupta, and P. C. Saha. "Redescription of Carbula indica (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) from West Bengal, India with a key to the Indian species of the genus Carbula Stål, 1865." ENTOMON 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v48i4.987.

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Carbula indica (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) re-described with illustrations based on the material collected from the Himalayan hills of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. New characters are included, along with both male and female genitalia and morphometric measurements to facilitate easy species determination. A key to the Indian species of Carbula Stål, 1865 is also presented.

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17

Sarkar, Tahiti. "Linking Environmental History of South Asia with Colonial Darjeeling Hills:…" SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.09.2018.57-64.

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18

Hazra, Prantik, Shuvam Sharma, and Arghya Ghosh. "Covid 19 Pandemic: Misery of Local Farmers in Darjeeling Hills." Journal of Plant Science Research 37, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2021.37.01.10.

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19

Datta, Karubaki. "Heritage of Tibetan culture among the people of Darjeeling Hills." Social Change 36, no. 2 (June 2006): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570603600210.

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20

Rai, Smriti. "Social Networking Sites - Impact on Social Relationships in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.04.2013.135-149.

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21

Sofique, Mir Abdul. "Role of Tourism in Human Resource Development in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.1-14.

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22

GURUNG, N., D. BARMAN, S. SARKAR, and D. TAMANG. "Evaluation of Darjeeling mandarin on different rootstocks of citrus in Darjeeling and Kalimpong hills of West Bengal." Journal of Crop and Weed 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2020.v16.i2.1327.

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23

Chhetri, Nilamber. "Gendered Frames of Mobilization: Differential Participation of Women in Ethno-politics of Darjeeling." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 28, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521520974846.

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While issues related to collective mobilizations have recently attracted considerable attention, little has been done to explore and explain the differential rate of participation of women in different forms of mobilization. While addressing the issues of gender within the charred ethno-politics of Darjeeling, this article will analyse women’s participation in two successive waves of Gorkhaland movements, followed by the recent mobilization for recognition as scheduled tribes. In this regard, the article will highlight how the overt use of violence, followed by the response of the state, contributes significantly towards differential participation in ethnic movements. Looking at the changing ethno-politics of the Darjeeling hills, the article argues that the gender difference within social movements is produced through anchoring frames which use cultural cues to structure the repertoire of the movement.

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24

MISRA, TARUN KUMAR, ANIRUDDHA SAHA, ASHIS KUMAR NANDA, and PALASH MANDAL. "Effects of climatic factors on antioxidant quality of tea (Camellia sinensis) in North Bengal." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i7.83947.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the important contributors to the growing economy of NorthBengal. The phytochemical and therapeutic qualities of tea prominently altered recently due to continuous change in climatic conditions of North Bengal. The nutraceutical quality of tea is largely dependent on antioxidant attributes. For investigating the relationship between antioxidant attributes and climatic factors, the present field experiment was conducted in 18 tea gardens of Terai, Dooars and Darjeeling Hills of North Bengal during 2012–17. Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis was performed in three different harvest seasons, viz. March, June and December. Phenolic compounds including catechins were low during winter months, and then gradually increased up to warmer spring season. In stress condition, tea plants biosynthesized more flavonoids and high flavour index in Darjeeling hills. However, free-radical scavenging and metal chelating activities were found to increase from spring to winter season. The data were pooled for PCA analysis to determine the relationship between seasonal variations and tea antioxidant quality in each region of North Bengal separately. Different attributes of climatic factors significantly correlated with antioxidant quality and bioactive compounds. Variation in climate is reportedly affecting the antioxidant quality of tea and its shifting pattern grossly influences the key phytochemicals responsible for the flavour of tea.

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25

Ghosh, Chandra, Rajib Biswas, and A. P. Das. "Ethnic uses of some pteridophytic weeds of tea gardens in Darjeeling and Terai." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.008.

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Pteridophytes occupy a recognisable position in the flora of Terai and the hills of Darjiling. They are also well represented as weed in the Tea Gardens of this area. Recent survey recorded the occurrence of 86 species of pteridophytes from nine such gardens covering both Terai and Darjiling Hills. Of these, 25 species (30%), covering 21 genera and 20 families, are used by the Tea Garden workers in different manner like (i) 10 species as food, (ii) 02 species for fermenting traditional liquor, (iii) 01 species as fodder and (iv) 22 species as medicine for human diseases. In addition, some of these plants are used for basketry, playing carom, ceremonial decoration, ornamentals etc.

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26

Rasaily, Rinju. "Sitting Ducks Post-COVID? Work Organisation and Compounded Health Risks for Darjeeling Tea Workers." Social Change 53, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231203359.

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This article argues that burgeoning economic uncertainty, competitiveness of commodity production after COVID-19 and labour reforms may facilitate the industry to reorganise work arrangements through labour flexibilisation and mechanisation, accentuate health precarity, and nefariously push the disenfranchised Darjeeling tea labour further into oblivion. Workers’ access to basic healthcare services for illnesses and diseases such as fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and hypertension pivots on the fragile lines of power and ethno-gender that are deeply embedded in plantation societies. Subsequently, social distancing as a preventive everyday measure during the pandemic appears to have reinforced both class and caste divide among these communities. The tangible absence of a robust health infrastructure in the Darjeeling hills exposes the undeniable shift in the responsibility of healthcare by the tea garden management on workers’ households and the samaj, as a social collective in managing illness and care.

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27

Chakraborty, B. N., P. L. Dey, R. Shankar, J. Adhikari, and D. Lama. "Genetic relatedness between some saprophytic and parasitic macrofungi of Darjeeling Hills." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.013.

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Eight dominant saprophytic and parasitic macro fungi collccted from Darjeeling hills [N 26°31’ 27.13 – E 87-59’ -88.53'] of North Bengal region were studied using internal transcribe space (ITS) and RAPD PCR, rDNA region of saprophytic and parasitic macro fungi with ITS1 and ITS4 primers produced range between 400-800bp products. The genetic relatedness among these macro fungi were analyzed with four random primers. RAPD profiles showed genetic diversity among the isolates with the formation of two clusters. Analysis of dendrogram revealed that similarity coefficient ranged from 0.34-0.86.

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28

Chakraborty, B. N., P. L. Dey, R. Shankar, J. Adhikari, and D. Lama. "Genetic relatedness between some saprophytic and parasitic macrofungi of Darjeeling Hills." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.013.

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Eight dominant saprophytic and parasitic macro fungi collccted from Darjeeling hills [N 26°31’ 27.13 – E 87-59’ -88.53'] of North Bengal region were studied using internal transcribe space (ITS) and RAPD PCR, rDNA region of saprophytic and parasitic macro fungi with ITS1 and ITS4 primers produced range between 400-800bp products. The genetic relatedness among these macro fungi were analyzed with four random primers. RAPD profiles showed genetic diversity among the isolates with the formation of two clusters. Analysis of dendrogram revealed that similarity coefficient ranged from 0.34-0.86.

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29

Chamling, Novin, Nilesh Bhowmick, Binayak Chakraborty, Abhas Kr Sinha, Puspendu Dutta, and Somnath Mandal. "Ameliorative Role of Boron on Morpho-physiological Characters of Mandarin Orange Seedlings under Aluminium Stress Condition." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (September 9, 2023): 1830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193734.

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Darjeeling mandarin orange is well known for its unique and delicious taste. It is also considered as one of the major cash crop of Darjeeling hills. But in recent past, the production has been declined drastically due to some of the biotic and abiotic factors. Acidic soils are mainly confined in this region which has a complex interaction of growth limiting factors that can restricts growth by inducing stress on plants through triggering aluminium stress and micronutrient Deficiency. This has resulted in declination in production and quality of mandarin orange grown in foothills of Darjeeling. Since boron is known to act as ameliorative role under aluminium toxicity, the present study was investigated to understand the effect of boron in mandarin orange seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition. Seedlings of Darjeeling mandarin orange were fertilized with Hoagland solution containing four levels of boron (i.e, 0µM, 5µM, 10µM and 25µM H3BO3) and two level of Aluminium (i.e., 0µM and 1200µM AlCl3.6 H2O) up to 22 weeks. Seedlings without boron and aluminium was treated as the control. Aluminium at higher concentration severely hinder physiological changes in terms of shoot length, leave numbers, leaf area, fresh shoot, root weight, chlorophyll content and carotenoid of mandarin seedlings. However, the application of boron improved the physiological attributes under higher concentration of aluminium. Furthermore, application of boron concentration at 10µM proved to be better treatment for mandarin seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition.

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30

Mukhia, Terence. "Ethnic Identities and Development in the Darjeeling Hills: A Critical Reasoning." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.09.2018.61-68.

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31

Banerjee, Piu, Md Moinul Islam, Arghya Laha, Himani Biswas, Nimai Chandra Saha, Goutam Kumar Saha, Debjani Sarkar, Srijit Bhattacharya, and Sanjoy Podder. "Phytochemical analysis of mite‐infested tea leaves of Darjeeling Hills, India." Phytochemical Analysis 31, no. 3 (May 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2893.

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32

HENRY, WILLIE, SACHIN THAPA, PETER H. ADLER, SUBRATA KUMAR DEY, and RAKESH VARMA. "Cytotaxonomy of Simulium (Montisimulium) ghoomense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Darjeeling Hills, India." Zootaxa 2872, no. 1 (May 9, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2872.1.4.

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The polytene chromosomes are mapped for a scarce Himalayan simuliid, Simulium (Montisimulium) ghoomense Datta, from the Darjeeling area of India. This species has three tightly paired polytene chromosomes with a haploid number of 3. Chromosomes I, II, and III account for 39.6%, 30.3%, and 30.1% of the total complement length, respectively. The centromeres of chromosomes II and III consistently form a putative partial chromocenter. Sex chromosomes are undifferentiated and polymorphisms and sibling species are lacking in a sample of 35 larvae. This is the first chromosomal map for a species in the subgenus Montisimulium in India.

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Pradhan, Aditya, and Sarala Khaling. "Butterfly diversity in an organic tea estate of Darjeeling Hills, eastern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 16521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5716.12.11.16521-16530.

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The study was undertaken from March–May 2019 to explore the butterflies in the human-modified tea dominated landscape of Darjeeling Hills and understanding the diversity, community structure, habitat specialization, and conservation status of butterflies in an organic tea estate. Sampling was done in the two representative ecosystems of tea plantation and secondary forest within the study area. Altogether 71 species and sub-species across 43 genera belonging to five families were recorded during this study, of which seven are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972.

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34

Roy, Rakesh, Basu Deo Kharga, and Mendel Wangchuk Moktan. "Adoption of improved mandarin production technologies among mandarin growers of Darjeeling hills." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/13.4/396-404.

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35

Mukhia, Terence, and Mathew George. "Impact of Christian Educational Enterprises on the Natives of the Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.06.2015.93-104.

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36

Saha, Biswanath, and Gorky Chakraborty. "Mirroring the Past into Future: Analysing Self-Rule in the Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.09.2018.69-80.

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37

Bharati, P., and S. K. Chatterjee. "AGROECONOMICS OF SOLANUM LACINIATUM AIT - A NEW MEDICINAL PLANT IN DARJEELING HILLS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 188 (June 1986): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.188.32.

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38

Munsi, P. S., T. Mandal, and N. Rowchowdhury. "PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT CYMBIDIUM SPP. AND HYBRIDS UNDER POLYHOUSE IN DARJEELING HILLS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 659 (November 2004): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.64.

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39

Tirkey, Lalit P., and Padam Nepal. "Tea Plantations in the Darjeeling Hills Geo-Ecological Impact and Livelihood Implications." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 10 (December 5, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104.

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The geo-ecological stability of a place has an important role in contributing to the livelihood security of its people. A disturbance to the geo-ecology of a region jeopardizes the livelihood resources of the population and creates pressures for livelihood security. Human interventions in the form of destruction of forests and degradation of land significantly alter the geo-ecology of a region. Moreover, interventions with forests result in several other forms of degradations of the geo-ecology of a region. In the light of this understanding, the present study evaluates the impact of tea plantations on the geo-ecology of Darjeeling Hills, Inia and the consequent impact on the livelihood security of the people in the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104 Hydro Nepal Vol.10 January 2012 53-59

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40

Bhardwaj, Monalisa. "Empire in the hills: Simla, Darjeeling, Ootacamund, and Mount Abu, 1820-1920." International Journal of Environmental Studies 76, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2019.1630104.

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41

Harijan, Kishan. "Role of Tea Plantation Industry in Human Resource Devlopment in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.60-68.

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42

Antal, J. S., and M. Prasad. "Dipterocarpaceous fossil leaves from Ghish River section in Himalayan foot-hills near Oodlabari, Darjeeling District, West Bengal." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1189.

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The fossil leaves belonging to the extant genera Dipterocarpus Gaertn. and Shorea Roxb. of the family Dipterocarpaceae have been described from the Middle Siwalik sediments exposed in Ghish River near Oodlabari in Darjeeling district, West Bengal. The occurrence of both these genera in the Siwalik sediments is phytogeographically significant and suggests the prevalence of warm humid climate during the deposition of Siwalik sediments in this region.

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43

Bharati, P., P. Panda, S. Chatterjee, A. Mandal, P. Sarma, and S. K. Chatterjee. "STUDIES ON IMPROVEMENT OF SOME STEROID YIELDING PLANTS GROWING IN DARJEELING HILLS (INDIA)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 188 (June 1986): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.188.14.

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44

Sunar, Kiran, Pannalal Dey, Usha Chakraborty, and Bishwanath Chakraborty. "Biocontrol efficacy and plant growth promoting activity ofBacillus altitudinisisolated from Darjeeling hills, India." Journal of Basic Microbiology 55, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201300227.

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45

Chhetri, Sangeet, Susan Subba, Nim Tshering Sherpa, Kusumika Roy, and Arpan Thapa. "Mallero (Elaegnus latifolia L.): A potential minor fruit of Darjeeling and Kalimpong hills." International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53552/ijmfmap.9.2.2023.231-235.

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46

Antal, J. S., and Mahesh Prasad. "Some more leaf-impressions from the Himalayan foot-hills of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1171.

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In the present paper five well-preserved leaf-impressions collected from the Siwalik sediments of Sevok Road cutting and Ramthi River sections in Darjeeling District, West Bengal have been described. These are Xanthophyllum mioflavescens sp. nov., Pterospermum siwalicum sp. nov., Swintonia miocenica Awasthi & Prasad, Millettia oodlabariensis sp. nov., and Glochidion (=Phyllanthus) palaeohirsutum sp. nov. showing close resemblance with the extant taxa Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb., Pterospermum semi-sagittatum Ham., Swintonia floribunda Griff., Millettia albiflora Prain and Glochidiom birsutum Muell., of the families Xanthophyllaceae, Sterculiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae, respectively. The presence of these elements in the Siwalik sediments further suggests the prevalence of tropical humid climate in the region during sedimentation.

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47

Bhattacharya, Sayan, and Uday Chand Ghosh. "Socio-Environmental Surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: Two Emerging Ecotourism Hamlets of North Bengal, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 23 (August 2014): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.23.9.

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Tinchuley (Latitude: 26.89748 N, Longitude: 88.23268 E) is a remote hamlet located close to Darjeeling which can be reached through a drive of 32 kilometers. Takdah Cantonment (Latitude: 26.89745 N, Longitude: 88.23265 E) is a settlement located in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. It is one of the upcoming tourist centers of the Darjeeling hills, around 4 km. from Tinchuley. The winding roads, tall pine and fir trees, intruding packs of cloud and warm and hospitable people makes it an ideal destination for people looking to escape from the hectic lifestyle of the city. The main objective of the present research work was to construct the social, environmental, cultural and economic framework of Tinchuley and Takdah Cantonment area and to highlight the proposals for sustainable management policies of those ecologically sensitive zones. The study was done in May, 2014 by visiting Tinchuley and Takdah and the information was gathered through field survey and direct contact with common people and authorized centers of the regions. Surveys on the agriculture, horticulture, livestock, water management, education, culture, health, waste management, transport and biodiversity were done in these areas. Tinchuley and Takdah have become the prominent tourist spots of West Bengal for pleasure trips, biological and geographical excursions and medical research works. In spite of getting so much attention in the recent time, the areas are not adequately developed. There is an urgent need for implementing sustainable management systems in the areas for the betterment of the socio-environmental structures. Some of the possible management strategies have been suggested for maintaining the social, environmental, economic and ecological balance of the regions.

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Bhattacharya, Sayan, and Uday Chand Ghosh. "Socio-Environmental Surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: Two Emerging Ecotourism Hamlets of North Bengal, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 23 (August 19, 2014): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-798gmu.

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Tinchuley (Latitude: 26.89748 N, Longitude: 88.23268 E) is a remote hamlet located close to Darjeeling which can be reached through a drive of 32 kilometers. Takdah Cantonment (Latitude: 26.89745 N, Longitude: 88.23265 E) is a settlement located in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. It is one of the upcoming tourist centers of the Darjeeling hills, around 4 km. from Tinchuley. The winding roads, tall pine and fir trees, intruding packs of cloud and warm and hospitable people makes it an ideal destination for people looking to escape from the hectic lifestyle of the city. The main objective of the present research work was to construct the social, environmental, cultural and economic framework of Tinchuley and Takdah Cantonment area and to highlight the proposals for sustainable management policies of those ecologically sensitive zones. The study was done in May, 2014 by visiting Tinchuley and Takdah and the information was gathered through field survey and direct contact with common people and authorized centers of the regions. Surveys on the agriculture, horticulture, livestock, water management, education, culture, health, waste management, transport and biodiversity were done in these areas. Tinchuley and Takdah have become the prominent tourist spots of West Bengal for pleasure trips, biological and geographical excursions and medical research works. In spite of getting so much attention in the recent time, the areas are not adequately developed. There is an urgent need for implementing sustainable management systems in the areas for the betterment of the socio-environmental structures. Some of the possible management strategies have been suggested for maintaining the social, environmental, economic and ecological balance of the regions.

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Biswas, Kajal K., Shruti Godara, and Dipak Nayak. "Distribution ofCitrus tristeza virusin the Darjeeling hills and their biological symptoms in mandarin orchards." Indian Journal of Horticulture 73, no. 1 (2016): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2016.00031.1.

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50

Chettri, Mona. "Choosing the Gorkha: at the crossroads of class and ethnicity in the Darjeeling hills." Asian Ethnicity 14, no. 3 (February 6, 2013): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2013.764763.

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