Journal articles: 'Danes – Virgin Islands – History'

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Østegaard Hansen, Pernille. ""Let's Put the Background to the Foreground" - nostalgi, turisme og iscenesættelse af en dansk kolonial fortid på de tidligere vestindiske øer." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 75 (May 30, 2017): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/slagmark.v0i75.124139.

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“LET’S PUT THE BACKGROUND TO THE FOREGROUND” - NOSTALGIA, TOURISM AND THE EVOCATION OF A DANISH COLONIAL PAST ON U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS When Denmark in 1917 sold the West Indies to the United States, official Danish colonialism came to an end. However, the transfer of the islands did not break Danish ties to its former colony. Instead, a group of Danish companies on the islands materialised the idea of an affective bond between the former colony and Motherland. Accordingly, ‘Island Danes’ on and off the islands expressed productive nostalgia and contributed to the creation of a space for tourism on the islands in the decades after 1917. For returnees to Denmark the nostalgia was often amplified. Through their heavy involvement in memory work, they came to form the national-romantic narrative of the colonial past in Danish public memory. Moreover, their efforts to remember – and remind Danes of - the history of Denmark on the islands, became entangled with the islands’ tourism strategy – developed by an inspired Danish tourist chief, and effected in part by the associations Friends of Denmark and The Danish West Indian Society. This way, by reproducing the past and staging a Danish culture on the islands, they indirectly attempted to take ownership over the history of the islands.

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Neff, J. E., D. K. Allen, D. M. Aurin, T. S. Boyajian, P. Crowther, K. Davis, D. M. Drost, et al. "The Virgin Islands telescope: history and status." Astronomische Nachrichten 325, no. 6-8 (October 2004): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asna.200410283.

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Reifschneider, Meredith. "Danish Colonial Healthcare Policy, St. Croix, Virgin Islands." Itinerario 43, no. 02 (August 2019): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000287.

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Abstract(Post)colonial scholarship in recent decades has undergone methodological and conceptual revisions and scholars have increasingly adopted the premise that social and political transformations are the product of both global and local struggles. The goal of this paper is to position healthcare as an “imperial force field” by focusing on the development of a colonial healthcare system in the nineteenth-century Danish West Indies. I argue that challenging seemingly self-evident concepts such as healthcare forces us to recognise that interventionist healthcare was contested and negotiated at multiple levels. This paper mobilises archival and archaeological research from a plantation hospital at Estate Cane Garden, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, to provide a context for interrogating the practical negotiations of colonial healthcare policy. While colonial administrative documents and physician reports depict a rather narrow range of healthcare practices, archaeological evidence from a plantation hospital suggests that healthcare, within plantation institutions, was more heterogeneous than the documents indicate. The goal of this paper is largely methodological. It mobilises colonial transcripts and material culture in ways that disrupt and reimagine taken-for-granted assumptions to show how those most affected by colonial policies complicate colonial institutions via on-the-ground practices.

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Nicholls, Robert W. "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents." African Arts 32, no. 3 (1999): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337709.

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WILEY, JAMES W. "ORNITHOLOGY IN PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17419.x.

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Glesne, Corrine E., Emanuel Hurwitz, Julius Menacker, and Ward Weldon. "Educational Imperialism: American School Policy and the U. S. Virgin Islands." History of Education Quarterly 28, no. 2 (1988): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368505.

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Watlington, R. A., E. Lewis, and D. Drost. "Coordinated management of coastal hazard awareness and preparedness in the USVI." Advances in Geosciences 38 (April 30, 2014): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-38-31-2014.

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Abstract. As far back as history has been written in the islands today known as the US Virgin Islands (USVI), residents have had to endure and survive costly and deadly onslaughts from tropical storms such as the 1867 San Narciso Hurricane, Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Marilyn. Keenly alerted by recent tragic events in the Indian Ocean in 2004, in Haiti in 2010 and in Japan in 2011, the USVI was reminded that it had suffered its greatest tsunami impact in a well-documented event that had followed the 1867 hurricane by fewer than three weeks. To address their community's continual vulnerability to coastal hazards, USVI emergency managers, scientists and educators, assisted by national and regional disaster management agencies and warning programs, have engaged programs for understanding, anticipating and mitigating these hazards. This paper focuses on how three public-serving institutions, the Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency (VITEMA), the University of the Virgin Islands and the Caribbean Ocean Observing System have responded to the community's need for improved preparedness through programs of physical preparation, planning, research, observations, education and outreach. This report reviews some of the approaches and activities employed in the USVI in the hope of sharing their benefits with similarly vulnerable coastal communities.

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A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio, Benito Pinto-Rodríguez, Mario Velasco-Escudero, Ruby A Montoya-Ospina, Nilda M. Jiménez-Marrero, Marta A. Rodriguez-Lopez, Ernest H. Williams, and Daniel K. Odell. "Cetacean strandings in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 1, no. 2 (September 1, 1999): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v1i2.466.

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An assessment of cetacean strandings was conducted in waters off Puerto Rico and the United States and British Virgin Islands to identify, document and analyse factors associated with reported mortality events. Nineteen species of cetaceans were reported stranded. The total number of events recorded between 1867 and 1995 was 129, comprising over 159 individuals. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was the species most commonly found stranded, followed by Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenellafrontalis) and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). An increase in the number of strandings is evident over the past 20 years, averaging 63.l% per year. Between 1990 and 1995, the average number of cases per year increased from 2.1 to 8.2. The seasonal pattern of strandings was not found to be uniform, with a high number of strandings occurring in the winter and spring. The monthly temporal distribution showed an overall bimodal pattern, with the highest number of cases reported for February, May and September. The spatial distribution was not even, and differed between countries, within countries, and between taxonomic groups and species. Aside from undetermined causes of mortality, the ratio of natural causes in relation to human-related causes was of 1.2:1. Between 1990 and 1995, a reduction of the percentage of undetermined cause of deaths resulted from the establishment of a cooperative effort in studying mortality in an organised and systematic manner. The most common natural cause of death category was dependent calf. The most common human-related cause categories observed were entanglement and accidental captures, followed by animals being shot or speared. Evaluation and recommendations to improve the research conducted are formulated, including guidelines for the development of a strategic plan to obtain baseline data on the biology and life history of cetaceans to be applied to their conservation and management.

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Valldejuli, Luis Galanes, and Jorge Capetillo. "America's Virgin Islands: A History of Human Rights and Wrongs (review)." Caribbean Studies 38, no. 2 (2010): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2010.0050.

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WOODS, CHARLES A. "THE LAND MAMMALS OF PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17418.x.

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Belle, La Vaughn, Tami Navarro, Hadiya Sewer, and Tiphanie Yanique. "Ancestral Queendom." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling 8, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.118478.

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This article is written in what can be described as the “post-centennial” era, post 2017, the year marked by the 100th anniversary of the sale and transfer of the Virgin Islands from Denmark to the United States. 2017 marked a shift in the conversation around and between Denmark and its former colonies in the Caribbean, most notably the increasing access of Virgin Islanders to the millions of archival records that remain stored in Denmark as they began to emerge in online databases and temporarily in exhibitions. That year the Virgin Islands Studies Collective, a group of four women (La Vaughn Belle, Tami Navarro, Hadiya Sewer and Tiphanie Yanique) from the Virgin Islands and from various disciplinary backgrounds, also emerged with an intention to center not only the archive, but also archival access and the nuances of archival interpretation and intervention. This collaborative essay, Ancestral Queendom: Reflections on the Prison Records of the Rebel Queens of the 1878 Fireburn in St. Croix, USVI (formerly the Danish West Indies), is a direct engagement with the archives and archival production. Each member responds to one of the prison records of the four women taken to Denmark for their participation in the largest labor revolt in Danish colonial history. Their reflections combine elements of speculation, fiction, black feminitist theory and critique as modes of responding to the gaps and silences in the archive, as well as finding new questions to be asked.

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Brichet, Nathalia. "A Postcolonial Dilemma Tale from the Harbour of St. Thomas in the US Virgin Islands." Itinerario 43, no. 02 (August 2019): 348–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000305.

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AbstractThe port of Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas has long been a vibrant centre for ship trafficking in the Caribbean, as it was during Danish colonial rule starting in 1672. In 1917, Denmark officially sold and left what became the US Virgin Islands. Not everybody left, though. The Danish-owned West Indian Company, which owned the majority of the St. Thomas port and its attendant facilities, stayed until 1993. At that point the harbour was sold to the Virgin Islanders, who for some time had complained about the fact that a Danish company still profited from the islands. The harbour of Charlotte Amalie, which is my central analytical unit here, thus provides a lens through which to approach Danish colonial imprints.The harbour is and has been characterised by activities of a temporary and opportunistic kind: industries blossom, people and crops from far away get uprooted and replanted in the Caribbean, businesses provide work for locals, goods are shipped out to be consumed in other places. The transitory nature of projects designed by people elsewhere, I argue, is part of what colonialism is. As I will show, the traces of such projects appear not only as particular ecologies but also as dilemmas to be grappled with long after the foreign decision-makers have left. My approach to colonial legacies on the Virgin Islands, then, mobilises the shifting flows of people, commodities, and interests shipped in and out of Charlotte Amalie to leave behind altered landscapes that are continuously debated.

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GÓMEZ, SAMUEL, RAY GERBER, and JUAN MANUEL FUENTES-REINÉS. "Redescription of Cletocamptus albuquerquensis and C. dominicanus (Harpacticoida: Canthocamptidae incertae sedis), and description of two new species from the US Virgin Islands and Bonaire." Zootaxa 4272, no. 3 (May 30, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4272.3.1.

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The history surrounding the identity of Cletocamptus albuquerquensis (Herrick, 1894) and C. dominicanus Kiefer, 1934 is very complex. This complexity has been exacerbated by incomplete, and in some cases erroneous, original descriptions of these two species. Also, new records from other locations did not describe the significant characters needed to clearly delineate them. This led several authors to consider C. dominicanus as a synonym of C. albuquerquensis, among other taxonomical considerations regarding, for example, the status of Marshia brevicaudata Herrick, 1894. Inspection of biological material from Saskatchewan (southern Canada), Wyoming (central US), Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands, identified by other researchers as C. albuquerquensis, as well as of newly collected material from Great Salt Lake (Utah, central US), Puerto Rico, Culebra Island, Vieques Island, St. John Island (US Virgin Islands), San Salvador (Bahamas), and Santa Marta (Colombia), revealed that C. albuquerquensis and C. dominicanus are distinct and identifiable species, distributed in a more restricted area than previously thought. Additionally, we describe a new species, C. tainoi sp. nov., from St. John Island (US Virgin Islands), and we propose another new species, C. chappuisi sp. nov., for two males from Bonaire previously identified as C. albuquerquensis. Finally, we give some observations on tube-pore-like structures, previously overlooked, on the endopod of the male leg three.

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Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Gian M. Toyos-González, Janice Pérez-Padilla, Marta A. Rodríguez-López, and Julie Overing. "Mass stranding of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the British Virgin Islands." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 2 (April 2000): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499002076.

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The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is an offshore, tropical and subtropical delphinid found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The species has only recently been studied, mostly from specimens collected from strandings. While over 52 reports exist for the Atlantic Ocean, only one record exists for the Caribbean Sea. A new record of a mass stranding of pygmy killer whales from the British Virgin Islands is documented and the pathology and life history of the specimens is described, associating the stranding process with the meteorological and oceanographic disturbance of Hurricane Marilyn, which devastated the Virgin Islands a day prior to the stranding. This stranding event constitutes the sixth known mass stranding for the species worldwide, the first record for pygmy killer whales for the northeastern Caribbean and the second for the entire Caribbean Sea.

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Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Gian M. Toyos-González, Janice Pérez-Padilla, Marta A. Rodríguez-López, and Julie Overing. "Mass stranding of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the British Virgin Islands." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 4 (August 2000): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499002702.

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The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is an offshore, tropical and subtropical delphinid found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The species has only recently been studied, mostly from specimens collected from strandings. While over 52 reports exist for the Atlantic Ocean, only one record exists for the Caribbean Sea. A new record of a mass stranding of pygmy killer whales from the British Virgin Islands is documented and the pathology and life history of the specimens is described, associating the stranding process with the meteorological and oceanographic disturbance of Hurricane Marilyn, which devastated the Virgin Islands a day prior to the stranding. This stranding event constitutes the sixth known mass stranding for the species worldwide, the first record for pygmy killer whales for the northeastern Caribbean and the second for the entire Caribbean Sea.

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Howden, Anne T. "REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD EYELESS WEEVILS WITH UNCINATE TIBIAE (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE; MOLYTINAE, CRYPTORHYNCHINAE, COSSONINAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 124, S162 (1992): 3–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm124162fv.

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AbstractThe majority of the species of the New World litter-inhabiting eyeless weevils belong to groups possessing uncinate tibiae: Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, and Cossoninae. The remaining species are Raymondionymini (Erirhininae) and are not included in this work.Eight genera and 40 species with uncinate tibiae are diagnosed and keyed. Caecossonus Gilbert (four species) is revised and the following new species are described: C. continuus (Mexico); C. sylvaticus (Belize). Decuanellus Osella (10 species) is revised and the following new species are described: D. bahamensis (Bahama Islands); D. brevicrus (Virgin Islands); D. iviei (Virgin Islands); D. longirostris (Puerto Rico); D. muchmorei (Virgin Islands). The new genus Kuschelaxius is proposed and the type species K. tomentosus (Puerto Rico) is described from Puerto Rico. The new species K. discifer is described from Hispaniola. No new species are described in the remaining genera: Howdeniola Osella (two species, Colombia); Lymantes Schoenherr (five species, central United States, El Salvador); Neotorneuma Hustache (one species, Chile); Pseudoalaocybites Osella (15 species, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, and Venezuela); Pseudocaecocossonus Osella (one species, Cuba). There are many undescribed species in Lymantes and Pseudoalaocybites, and problems precluding much-needed revisions of these genera are detailed.New combinations and a new synonymy are as follows: Bordoniola Osella is transferred to Raymondionymini; Howdeniola is transferred to Cossoninae; Caecossonus negreai Osella is transferred to Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites); Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites) venezuelanus Osella is transferred to P. (Croizatius); Pseudoalaocybites (Croizatius) montanus Osella is a junior synonym of P. (C.) latithorax Osella.Both the geological history of the Caribbean and dispersal by overwater rafting influenced the present distribution patterns of Caecossonus and Decuanellus.

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AHL, A. S., D. A. MILLER, and P. C. BARTLETT. "Leptospira Serology in Small Ruminants on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 653, no. 1 Tropical Vete (June 1992): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb19640.x.

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Friedlander, Alan M., and James P. Beets. "Fisheries and life history characteristics of dwarf herring (Jenkinsia lamprotaenia) in the US Virgin Islands." Fisheries Research 31, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(97)00015-5.

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19

Maclean, Jessica Striebel. "Simplicity, Equality, and Slavery: an Archaeology of Quakerism in the British Virgin Islands, 1740–1780." Post-Medieval Archaeology 53, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2019.1659649.

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Mueller, Joshua R., Mitchell J. Power, and Colin J. Long. "Climate and human influence on late Holocene fire regimes in the British Virgin Islands." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.123.

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AbstractGlobal climate change poses significant threats to the Caribbean islands. Yet, little is known about the long-term disturbance regimes in island ecosystems. This research investigates 2000 yr of natural and anthropogenic fire disturbance through the analysis of a latitudinal transect of sediment records from coastal salt ponds in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). The two research objectives in this study are (1) to determine the fire regime history for the BVI over the last 2000 yr and (2) to explore ecological impacts from anthropogenic landscape modification pre- and post-European settlement. The magnitude of anthropogenic landscape modification, including the introduction of agriculture, was investigated through a multiproxy approach using sedimentary records of fossil pollen and charcoal. Our results suggest fire regimes from Belmont Pond, Thatch Island, and Skeleton Pond have been influenced by human activity, particularly during the postsettlement era, from 500 cal yr BP to modern. Our results suggest that fire regimes during the Medieval Climate Anomaly were responding to changes in climate via dominant atmospheric drivers. The presettlement fire regimes from these islands suggest that fires occurred every 90 to 120 yr. This research represents a significant data contribution to a region with little disturbance and vegetation data available.

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ACKERMAN, JAMES D. "THE MATURATION OF A FLORA. Orchidaceae of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17411.x.

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Berrios-Ortiz, Angel. "The Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: An Eighty-Year Reassessment of the Islands' Natural History. Julio C. Figueroa Colon." Isis 88, no. 2 (June 1997): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/383741.

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23

Maurer, Bill. "Writing Law, Making a "Nation": History, Modernity, and Paradoxes of Self-Rule in the British Virgin Islands." Law & Society Review 29, no. 2 (1995): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3054012.

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24

Platt, Warren C. "The African Orthodox Church: An Analysis of Its First Decade." Church History 58, no. 4 (December 1989): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168210.

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The African Orthodox church, an expression of religious autonomy among black Americans, had its genesis in the work and thought of George Alexander McGuire, a native of Antigua, whose religious journey and changing ecclesiastical affiliation paralleled his deepening interest in and commitment to the cause of Afro-American nationalism and racial consciousness. Born in 1866 to an Anglican father and a Moravian mother, George Alexander McGuire was educated at Mico College for Teachers in Antigua and the Nisky Theological Seminary, a Moravian institution in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (then the Danish West Indies). In 1893 McGuire, having served a pastorate at a Moravian church in the Virgin Islands, migrated to the United States, where he became an Episcopalian. In 1897 he was ordained a priest in that church and, in the succeeding decade, served several parishes, including St. Thomas Church in Philadelphia, which was founded by Absalom Jones. His abilities and skills were recognized, and in 1905 he became the archdeacon for Colored Work in the Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas. Here he became involved with various plans—none of which bore fruit—which would have provided for the introduction of black bishops in the Episcopal church to assist in that church's work of evangelization among black Americans. It is believed, however, that McGuire was influenced by the different schemes which were advanced, and that he “almost certainly carried away from Arkansas the notion of a separate, autonomous black church, and one that was episcopal in character and structure, as one option for black religious self-determination and one avenue for achieving black independence.”

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Blouet, Helen C. "Interpretations of Burial and Commemoration in Moravian and African Diasporas on St. John, Virgin Islands." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 17, no. 4 (August 2, 2013): 731–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0241-2.

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den Besten, Hans, and Pieter Muysken. "De Sociolinguïstische Geschiedenis Van Het Negerhollands." Thema's en trends in de sociolinguistiek 42 (January 1, 1992): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.42.05bes.

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In this paper we describe a number of features of the history of Negerhollands (Creole Dutch), spoken on the Danish Antilles, later U.S. Virgin Islands, between around 1700 and 1900 (the last remaining speaker died recently). Special attention is paid to early history and demography, linguistic features of the creole (on the basis of a number of proverbs), a characterization of the type of Dutch that provided the lexical input for the language, and variation in the creole itself. The paper provides the framework in which much more detailed research, based on the analysis of 18th century manuscript sources, can be carried out in the near future.

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COLON, JULIO C. FIGUEROA, and ROY O. WOODBURY. "RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. An Annotated Checklist." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17412.x.

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Anderson, David G., R. Steven Kidd, and Emily M. Yates. "The Water Island Archaeological Project: archaeology and history in the eastern Caribbean." Antiquity 75, no. 289 (September 2001): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088700.

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In 1998 extensive investigations were undertaken on Water Island, US Virgin Islands, by a research team from the Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service. The US government is relinquishing ownership of the island, an action that would affect cultural resources. Earlier surveys had located a number of sites, including the remains of three 18th- and l9th-century plantations, historic wells, prehistoric shell middens and an extensive World War II fortification complex (Wild & Anderson 1992; Knight 2001; Anderson et al. in preparation).Water Island, located off St Thomas, encompasses about one square mile, and is characterized by steep rocky slopes, a pronounced central ridgeline and a highly indented coastline with numerous bays and beaches (FIGURE 1). Fresh water comes from rainfall, and in small brackish ponds. Vegetation ranges from dry tropical thorn scrub to mangrove/salt ponds.

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Lenik, Stephan. "Considering Multiscalar Approaches to Creolization Among Enslaved Laborers at Estate Bethlehem, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13, no. 1 (August 26, 2008): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-008-0070-x.

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Hopkins, Daniel P. "The Danish Ban on the Atlantic Slave Trade and Denmark's African Colonial Ambitions, 1787–1807." Itinerario 25, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 154–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300015035.

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On 16 March 1792, King Christian VII of Denmark, his own incompetent hand guided by that of the young Crown Prince Frederik (VI), signed decree banning both the importation of slaves into the Danish West Indies (now the United States Virgin Islands) and their export from the Danish establishments on the Guinea Coast, in what is now Ghana. To soften the blow to the planters of the Danish West Indies and to secure the continued production of sugar, the law was not to take effect for ten years. In the meantime, imports of slaves, and of women especially, would actually encouraged by state loans and favourable tariffs, so as, it was hoped, render the slave population capable of reproducing itself naturally thereafter.

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Banerjee, SM, A. Frey, CM Kurle, JR Perrault, and KR Stewart. "Morphological variation in leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchlings at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, US Virgin Islands." Endangered Species Research 41 (April 9, 2020): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01030.

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Understanding species’ mating systems provides important information about their ecology, life history, and behavior. Direct observations of mating behaviors can be challenging, but molecular techniques can reveal information about mating systems and paternal identity in difficult-to-observe species such as sea turtles. Genetic markers can be used to assess the paternity of a clutch and to assign hatchlings to a father. Leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea sometimes mate with multiple individuals, resulting in clutches with mixed paternity; however, the effects of multiple paternity on hatchling quality are unclear. Leatherback hatchlings at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, exhibit visible variation in individual body size, sometimes within the same clutch. We collected morphometrics and tissue samples from hatchlings across multiple nesting seasons (2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016) and found that hatchlings exhibited small but statistically significant differences in morphometrics between years. We used maternal and hatchling microsatellite genotypes to reconstruct paternal genotypes, assigning fathers to each hatchling. We found multiple paternity in 5 of 17 clutches analyzed and compared differences in morphometrics between full-siblings with differences between half-siblings. We found no significant differences between morphometrics of hatchlings from the same mother but different fathers. We compared within-clutch variances in morphometrics for clutches with and without multiple paternity and found no significant difference in morphological variation between them. Therefore, we could not attribute differences in hatchling size within a clutch to paternal contribution. Understanding other factors affecting hatchling morphology, and other possible fitness metrics, may reveal insights into the benefits, or lack thereof, of polyandry in sea turtles.

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LODGE, D. JEAN. "FUNGI OF PUERTO RICO AND THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS. A History of Previous Surveys, Current Status, and the Future." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17417.x.

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Bastian, Jeannette A. "‘Play mas’: carnival in the archives and the archives in carnival: records and community identity in the US Virgin Islands." Archival Science 9, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10502-009-9101-6.

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Unterman, Katherine. "Trial without Jury in Guam, USA." Law and History Review 38, no. 4 (June 26, 2019): 811–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000627.

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This article adds to the growing literature about how the Supreme Court's decisions in the Insular Cases affected the residents of the U.S. territories. It focuses on the territory of Guam, which lacked juries in both criminal and civil trials until 1956–nearly sixty years after the island became a U.S. possession. Residents of Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands had limited jury trials, but Guam was left out due to its strategic military significance as well as racialized ideas about the capabilities of Chamorros, the native inhabitants of the island. This article recovers the struggle by Guamanians to gain jury trials. It argues that independence movements, like those in the Philippines and Puerto Rico, were not the only forms of resistance to American empire. Through petitions, court challenges, and other forms of activism, Guamanians pushed for jury trials as a way to assert local agency and engage in participatory democracy. For them, the Insular Cases were not just abstract rulings about whether the Constitution followed the flag; they deeply affected the administration of justice on the ground for ordinary Guamanians.

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Drachmann, Emilie Paaske. "Toldbodens nye dronning - den danske kolonialismes im/materielle aftryk." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 75 (November 23, 2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/slagmark.v0i75.124134.

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Through the analysis of both the direct, the derived and the non-existing imprints of Danish colonialism, the article examines the collective memory of the Danish involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. In 2017, 100 years have passed since Denmark sold its three Caribbean islands to the United States. Since then the collective memory of the Danish-West Indian past has evolved into a patriotic narrative where the Danish territorial loss is framed as a consequence of the noble abolition of the slave trade and thus turned into a moral victory. In this narrative the emphasis is placed on Danes as being the sole active agents of history. A potentially new imprint, represented in the article by the proposed memorial statue Queen Mary, presents an alternative version of the past by highlighting the Black resistance and power. In this inversion of the colonial hierarchies of power and representation it is made clear how the cityscape of Copenhagen and the Danish historiography are constantly reproducing the patriotic narrative. Hence, the colonial past is present in Danish society today but in a way that coincides with the Danish culture and thus goes unnoticed.

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Curbelo, Daniasa. "The Others of the Ravine." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-9311074.

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Abstract In the society and culture of the Canary Islands, ravines (barrancos in Spanish) are spaces that contain a wealth of meanings and perceptions attached to a collective imagination. These natural scars that mark and characterize the island's geography represent scenes of dissidence, as will be shown through the spatial and geographic stories of various transsexuals and transvestites who lived in Tenerife between 1970 and 1990; the specific character of their testimonials is situated in a specific context: El Cabo, a barrio in Tenerife, as well as the Santos Ravine (Barranco de Santos in Spanish). The state repression, marginalization, and violence against sexually dissident people during this age will be the main context of analysis. In a brief journey through history, these aspects will be placed in relation to key events from the Francoist dictatorship on the islands, a travel journal of the nineteenth century, and passages from the conquest of the Canary Islands in which the ravines, among them the Santos Ravine itself, take on a relevant importance. Finally, this study will mention the existence of a chapel consecrated to the Virgin of Candelaria in this environment as possibly the most significant crystallization of the otherness of the ravine. This study thereby contemplates reviewing these spaces on the basis of their formation as media in which specific Canary Island subjectivities can be located.

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Rerup, Lorenz. "Grundtvigs indflydelse på den tidlige danske nationalisme." Grundtvig-Studier 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v43i1.16073.

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Grundtvig’s Position in Early Danish NationalismBy Lorenz RerupThe article deals with Grundtvig’s important position in Early Danish nationalism, i.e., in the decades from about 1800 to 1830. The background is the Danish Monarchy from the prosperous years at the turn of the century to the disastrous war 1807-1814, the loss of Norway in 1814, and the following needy postwar time. After 1814 the Danish Monarchy consisted of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, the North-Atlantic Islands (the Faeroes and Greenland) and some minor colonies. The ideology which integrated the higher ranks of these heterogeneous ethnic groups of the Monarchy into one society was a patriotism underlining peace and order in the realm, the importance of just government and - before 1807 - the protection provided by the Danish navy.The patriotism of the Monarchy was compatible with various feelings of identity which bred in different parts of it from about 1750. The Danes, living in an old kingdom, equipped with a written language, with a complete educational system, and with a history of their own, of course, had a feeling of a Danish identiy, as the German speaking population of the Duchies had a corresponding feeling of an identity of their own. Clashes of these different identities might happen but were not connected with political ideas. The state was run by the king, not by the people, and a public opinion about politics was not allowed - and was almost non-existent - before the announcement of the Advisory Estates Assemblies in 1831. Now nationalism spread and soon undermined the supranational Monarchy, which finally disintegrated in 1864.However, in the first decades of the 18th century and influenced by the ideas of Romanticism a few poets, first of all Grundtvig, developed a literary national movement without political aims. In the writings of these poets the Danes - the whole people - have a real chance to make history if they abandon their superficial life and revive the virtues and piety of the great periods in Danish history. Like political nationalists these poets propagate this kind of revival. Their attempt failed. People were still divided into a ’high’ and a ’broad’ culture and some decades had to pass until the latter one felt the need of an ideology in order to be integrated into society. Nevertheless, Grundtvig seems to be a kind of link between the patriotic ideology of the 18th and the political nationalism of the 19th century.

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McElroy, Jerome L. "Island Demography: A Review of Selected Caribbean Contributions." Island Studies Journal 6, no. 2 (2011): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.259.

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This article traces the demographic contributions of island studies scholarship in four sections. First, demographic transition theory is applied to the population history of the region. The second highlights the impact of this demographic scholarship on related social science fields in the Caribbean. The third and fourth contributions focus on the impact of migration on two related hypotheses: the demographic transition and the mobility transition. In the first case, migration patterns between St. Kitts-Nevis and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the 1960s suggest that the age-sex selectivity of migration tends to accelerate the transition in sending societies and retard its progress in receiving societies. In the second case, empirical support is provided for the so-called ‘migration transition’ whereby former chronic labour exporters become labour importers under sustained growth.

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INÉS, SASTRE-D. J., and EUGENIO SANTIAGO-VALENTÍN. "BRYOLOGY IN PUERTO RICO. Knowledge prior to and after the Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17416.x.

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ALEGRÍA, RICARDO E. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT ON THE ISLAND." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776, no. 1 The Scientifi (June 1996): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17425.x.

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Smith, Davion. "Sunshine capital: The British Virgin Islands desperately need freedom of information. One journalist reports on finding the truth against the odds." Index on Censorship 47, no. 2 (June 20, 2018): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306422018784510.

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Bergin, Cathy, and Anita Rupprecht. "Reparative histories: tracing narratives of black resistance and white entitlement." Race & Class 60, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396818770853.

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The reinvigoration of forms of white supremacy in the US and Europe has sharply delineated the connections between occluded racialised pasts and contemporary race politics in ways which make reparative history an urgent concern. This article argues that contemporary struggles over the politics of memorialisation telegraph more than a debate over contested histories. They are also signs of how the liberal narrative of ‘trauma’ and healing no longer suffices as a way of marginalising the history of radical black agency. Building on the research by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership project, the article focuses on the incendiary year of 1831 and on a moment of collision – between black resistance and white entitlement. It situates a hitherto overlooked aborted slave uprising in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, within its multiple radical Caribbean, Atlantic and British contexts as a way of disrupting the distance between histories confined to ‘there’ and those confined to ‘here’. The article explores how the link between slavery and capitalism can be connected concretely to the black claim made on the nature of that emancipation as a way of further developing the concept of reparative history.

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Broussard, Albert S. "Still Searching: A Black Family’s Quest for Equality and Recognition during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 22, no. 1 (January 2023): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781422000536.

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AbstractHistorians have correctly interpreted the Gilded Age and Progressive Era as periods in which African Americans faced unpreceded violence, a significant decline in franchise, and the loss of many civil rights. These years however, were far more complex when viewed from the vantage point of African American families who attempted to empower themselves through education, securing employment in white-collar occupations, such as teaching, and working to advance themselves through race betterment groups, including women’s clubs and civil rights organizations. Yet some middle-class Black families like the Stewarts not only rejected white society’s widely held belief of Blacks as racially inferior and incapable of progress. They also embraced migration as a constructive strategy to advance their individual careers and to elevate the race. In an era when the majority of Black workers had minimal literacy and worked unskilled menial jobs, T. McCants Stewart and his children each graduated from college or professional school, worked in white-collar or professional jobs, and paved the way for the next generation. Yet each also understood that migration outside of the Jim Crow South, including to Africa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the territory of Hawaii, held the key to their success. Thus, the Stewarts constructed a new vision of freedom and opportunity and believed that even despite the repressive conditions imposed upon Blacks during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era that there was room for growth and an opportunity to advance their careers. Migration, therefore, should be reconsidered as a viable strategy that some Black families adopted to find their place in American society.

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Graizbord, David L. "Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, and: Jews of the Dutch Caribbean: Exploring Ethnic Identity in Curacao (review)." American Jewish History 92, no. 1 (2004): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajh.2005.0018.

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Benjamin, Alan F. "Judah M. Cohen. Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Hanover, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2004. xxvi, 298 pp." AJS Review 29, no. 2 (November 2005): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405320174.

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Immediately following his acknowledgments, Cohen begins his volume with an invitation that aims to evoke our interest in the Jews of St. Thomas. This chapter structure—in which the volume commences with what is in essence a justification for its publication—elicits an intriguing question about the study of Jewish life. Cohen is asking us to consider why one should be interested in this (and by implication, any?) small community of Jews. His subsequent introductory chapter poses a second fundamental question. It asks whether, in an age in which prevailing historical models have been subject to critical reexamination, a history that is organized by chronology rather than by theme can have scholarly value. The core of his response to these questions is that the St. Thomas Jewish community is an unusual instance of “accumulative ethnicity” (xxii) and thus constitutes a pattern in Jewish ethnicity worthy of scholarly attention. The narrative is arranged in chronological sequence to convey this pattern. Its unfolding temporal structure allows the reader to watch Jewish ethnicities emerge both from, and in place of one another. In raising these questions, Cohen brings a reflexive stance to the narrative. Yet, socially constructed memory seems to lie at the heart of the notion of accumulative ethnicity. Most Jews currently living on St. Thomas are transplants from the American mainland. Might the volume's framework also represent an American search for roots, and for roots that are special?

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Nielsen, Niels C., and Janne J. Liburd. "Geographical Information and Landscape History in Tourism Communication in the Age of Web 2.0. The Case of the Salt River Bay National Park in St. Croix of the U.S. Virgin Islands." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 25, no. 3-4 (December 2008): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508341.

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Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo A., Yanina M. Bernhardt, William A. Calo, Andrea M. Pacheco Díaz, Sandra I. García-Camacho, Mirza Rivera-Lugo, Edna Acosta-Pérez, Naydi Pérez, and Ana P. Ortiz-Martínez. "Environmental Stressors Suffered by Women with Gynecological Cancers in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and María in Puerto Rico." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111183.

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Background: Hurricanes are the immediate ways that people experience climate impacts in the Caribbean. These events affect socio-ecological systems and lead to major disruptions in the healthcare system, having effects on health outcomes. In September 2017, Puerto Rico (PR) and the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) experienced one of the most catastrophic hurricane seasons in recent history (Hurricane Irma was a Category 5 and Hurricane María was a Category 4 when they hit PR). Objective: This study examines environmental stressors experienced by women with gynecologic (GYN) cancers from PR and USVI who received oncologic cancer care in PR, in the aftermath of the hurricanes. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used to obtain rich information for understanding the context, barriers, knowledge, perspectives, risks, vulnerabilities, and attitudes associated to these hurricanes. We performed focus groups among GYN cancer patients (n = 24) and key-informant interviews (n = 21) among health-care providers and administrators. Interviews were conducted from December 2018–April 2019. Results: Environmental health stressors such as lack of water, heat and uncomfortable temperatures, air pollution (air quality), noise pollution, mosquitos, and rats ranked in the top concerns among cancer patients and key-informants. Conclusions: These findings are relevant to cancer patients, decision-makers, and health providers facing extreme events and disasters in the Caribbean. Identifying environmental secondary stressors and the most relevant cascading effects is useful for decision-makers so that they may address and mitigate the effects of hurricanes on public health and cancer care.

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Poblete, JoAnna. "Women Community Warriors of St. Croix." Women, Gender, and Families of Color 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.9.1.0083.

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Abstract This essay highlights some of the unexpected leadership roles that women have played in relation to the oil industry on St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) from 1965 to the present. The people of St. Croix (Crucians) have a long and proud history of strong women as community and family leaders. Despite their invisibility in contemporary narratives of oil refining under U.S. colonialism on St. Croix, Crucian women have contested commonly held stereotypes of women’s roles and contributed to, as well as challenged, the refinery on their own terms. This article is part of a broader literature about women’s leadership across civil society, the private sector, and the public sector in the Caribbean and Latin America that focuses on women’s agency. This essay is also about the unequal situations that places like St. Croix face when negotiating with multinational corporations under colonial circumstances. While the oil industry generates income for the USVI, the refinery has environmental impacts injurious to the local population. Despite colonial, neocolonial, and patriarchal characteristics of their societies, women leaders on St. Croix, across the Caribbean, and Latin America have been a constant phenomenon, not just a recent occurrence. All the women in this essay demonstrate the centrality that women’s guidance, leadership, and actions play in the fostering, functioning, and protection of families, communities, and public and private institutions on St. Croix. The women in this essay created their own opportunities and took matters into their own hands, demonstrating alternative expressions of self and community values, as well as local action and agency, whether through personal relations, labor protests, stringent economic negotiations, occupying political office, and/or community-based activism.

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Rozmus, Dariusz. "CAN YOU BUY GREENLAND, AN OVERSEAS TERRITORY OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK?" Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XXII (March 31, 2022): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9089.

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Is it possible to buy Greenland which is an overseas territory of the Kingdom of Denmark? The answer to this question is not simple. The question is not a joke. In the past, there was no shortage of ideas and attempts to buy Greenland. The customer in this transaction was the United States of America. It would not be the first territorial purchase made by the USA from the Kingdom of Denmark. During the First World War in 1917, the USA bought from Denmark the so-called Danish West Indies - which is part of today’s Virgin Islands. The US has considered buying the world’s largest island on several occasions. The first such plans appeared in the 19th century. In 1946, President Harry Truman unsuccessfully made an offer to Denmark to buy Greenland for 100 million dollars at that time. The administration of President Donald Trump also deliberates on this issue. The economic (and possibly military) activity of Russia and China forces the USA to be particularly interested in this island. America has military bases in Greenland and is bound by the 1951 treaty together with Denmark to defend it. The US must pursue an active policy in this region of the Arctic, preventing the American continent from being flanked from the east by competing (if not hostile) superpowers. In the opinion of lawyers, the prevailing opinion is that land purchases are a long practice established in history and well-established in international law. This practice, however, may be contrary to the will of the inhabitants of the lands being sold or purchased. In the case of Greenland, apart from issues related to broadly understood human rights, the degree of autonomy enjoyed by this island additionally prevents such transactions. The Greenlanders themselves strive for independence.

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Bogdan, Emma E., Andrea L. Dingeldein, Deirdre Bertrand, and Will White. "Risk-sensitive foraging does not explain condition-dependent choices in settling reef fish larvae." PeerJ 8 (January 13, 2020): e8333. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8333.

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The transition from the planktonic larval to the benthic adult stage in reef fishes is perilous, and involves decisions about habitat selection and group membership. These decisions are consequential because they are essentially permanent (many fish rarely leave their initial settlement habitat, at least for the first several days or weeks). In one common Caribbean reef fish, the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), settling larvae either join groups or remain solitary. Grouped fish have lower mortality rates but slightly slower growth rates, and fish that are smaller at the time of settlement are less likely to join groups. We hypothesized that the decision of smaller (i.e., lower condition) fish to remain solitary could be explained by risk-sensitive foraging: with less competition, solitary fish may have higher variance in foraging success, so that there is a chance of a high payoff (outweighing the increased mortality risk) despite the lack of a large difference in the average outcome. We tested this by comparing the mean, standard deviation, and maximum number of (a) prey items in stomach contents and (b) post-settlement growth rates (from otolith measurements) of solitary and grouped fish during two settlement pulses on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. However, we did not find evidence to support our hypothesis, nor any evidence to support the earlier finding that fish in groups have lower average growth rates. Thus we must consider alternative explanations for the tendency of smaller fish to remain solitary, such as the likely costs of searching for and joining groups at the time of settlement. This study reinforces the value of larval and juvenile fish as a testbed for behavioral decisionmaking, because their recent growth history is recorded in their otoliths.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Danes – Virgin Islands – History'

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