Journal articles on the topic 'Damages – great britain'
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Uzunova, K., and L. Lazarov. "DAMAGES OF THE KEEL BONE IN LAYING HENS – OVERVIEW OF THE ETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.004.
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The damages of the locomotor system and the skeletal system, in particular, are one of the major problems in the industrial poultry farming. The topic for the pathological changes in the keel bone in oviparous birds has become especially popular among scientists and researchers in recent years. The high incidence of keel bone damage (KBD) of laying hens in industrial complexes is one of the biggest welfare problems facing the industry. They lead to disturbance of the animal welfare, causing pain, limiting the ability to move and to perform the characteristic behaviour of the species. This in turn causes a decrease in productivity and unacceptably large losses not only for the individual producer but also for the whole sector. The problem with the KBD is widespread in Switzerland, Great Britain, the Nederland, Belgium, Germany, and Canada. Different genetic lines of laying hens are affected, as well as all types of breeding systems. In general, the etiological factors are reduced to three main groups – genetic predisposition, unbalanced diet and imperfections in housing systems. The causes and influencing factors of KBD remain unknown to the research community - a circumstance that seriously complicates the development of effective strategies to reduce their occurrence and severity.
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Porytska, Y. M. "Foreign experience of the legal regulation of compensation of moral damage to the employee." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 79 (October 9, 2023): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.56.
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The article examines the issues related to the compensation of moral damages to the employee and the determination of the amount of moral damages in case of violation of the employee’s labor rights. The relevance of the research topic is justified by the fact that in modern conditions the institution of compensation for moral damage in labor law needs to be improved, in particular, in the part of the procedure for determining the amount of compensation. The institution of compensation for moral damage to the employee is widespread in the international community and in some foreign countries, which indicates the effectiveness of this institute in the regulation of labor relations. The article analyzes the provisions of the current labor legislation of Ukraine in the part of regulation of compensation for moral damage. The specifics of compensation for moral damage in labor law are also defined, which allow to partially distinguish the specified institution from the institution of moral damage in civil legislation. During the writing of the article, both general scientific methods and special-legal methods were used, in particular, the method of state-legal modeling, dialectical, formal-legal, systemic-structural, comparative-legal and other methods. The foreign experience of legal regulation of compensation for moral damage to the employee is summarized, as well as proposals for improving the labor legislation of Ukraine developed on its basis. In the process of writing the article, the legal framework and judicial practice regarding the compensation of moral damage to the employee of Austria, Great Britain, Germany, France, the United States of America and other foreign countries were investigated. The legal regulation of the definition of moral damage, the grounds and conditions of liability, the procedure for considering cases on determining the amount of compensation for moral damage to an employee as a result of the employer’s illegal actions are analyzed. Taking into account foreign experience, it was established the need to develop an effective mechanism for determining the amount of moral damage, which, in turn, will contribute to the unification of the specified mechanism and ensure the stability and unity of judicial practice and the predictability of court decisions. A comparative analysis of compensation for moral damages within the framework of labor relations under the legislation of foreign countries allowed us to conclude that the system of determining the amount of compensation for moral damages formed in them can be taken into account when improving the current labor legislation of Ukraine.
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Mori, Emiliano, Rachele Amerini, Giuseppe Mazza, Sandro Bertolino, Roberto Battiston, Andrea Sforzi, and Mattia Menchetti. "Alien shades of grey: new occurrences and relevant spread of Sciurus carolinensis in Italy." European Journal of Ecology 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0002.
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Abstract The eastern grey squirrel is listed among the worst invasive species throughout the world. This species of American origin is currently replacing the native Eurasian red squirrel in most of the Great Britain, as well as in parts of Ireland and Italy. It may debark trees and exert damages to woodlands and tree plantations. Therefore, its spread may be deleterious for biodiversity and environment, emphasising the need for a rapid detection in new areas of occurrence. In this work, we reported for the first time, the presence of new populations of this invasive species in Tuscany (Central Italy) and some updates and analyses regarding the status of this species in Veneto (North-Eastern Italy). Occurrences were collected through citizen-science contributory approach supported by photos, road-kills, and/or hair-tube sampling. Field investigations ad hoc were carried out in Veneto and Tuscany to confirm the repeated reports in the surroundings of Arezzo and in the province of Siena. Although records can be possibly related to erratic or single individuals escaped from captivity, reproductive nuclei have also been detected in both regions, with the observations of juveniles and/or lactating females. The occurrence of the species in these regions is still scarce and localised, but considering the surrounding favourable wooded habitats, a rapid removal of the animals would be required to prevent their spread.
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Kolesnichenko, Ol'ga Viktorovna. "Foreign experience of application of special systems of restitution for damages to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases (on the example of Germany and Great Britain) and prospects of borrowing it by Russia." Право и политика, no. 8 (August 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.8.33119.
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The subject of this research is the legislation and practice of its implementation, as well as the legal doctrine of Russia, Germany and Great Britain on the existing special systems of compensation for damage inflicted to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases. The author examines the special systems of restitution for occupational damage that represent starkly different versions of implementation of basic models developed in global practice (Bismarck and Beveridge). Attention is focused on the key issues of compensation for occupational damage using the legal means available in the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on the existing foreign experience on the matter. The author’s special contribution to the research of the topic consists in the statement that for establishing balance within the system of restitution for occupational damage it is necessary to clearly demarcate the three types of compensations: guaranteed social security paid from the budget funds in terms of obligations assumed by government to support vulnerable population groups; obligations in tort recovered from the tortfeasor, considering the grounds and limits of civil liability; insurance payments, which represent partial coverage of inflicted damage based on the terms of insurance contract. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the prospects for improving the national special system of restitution for occupational damage. It is substantiated that in such system the distribution of losses between different types of compensations should be based on the criteria of preferred form of compensation (payment in kind or financial compensation); legal nature of separate elements of reparation (incapacitation, occupational disease, etc.); type of payments (recurring or lump sum), purpose of compensation; calculation of payments.
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Rausch, Fabian. "«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835." Journal of Modern European History 15, no. 2 (May 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-2-221.
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«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835 This article proposes a comparative perspective on the role of constitutions in European political cultures from 1814 to c.1835. Through its analysis of constitutions first as a means to legitimising post-revolutionary monarchies, and secondly as a means to integrating the divided societies in France, Great Britain as well as the German states, this article suggests two major results: 1) Constitutions were a central instrument that was imagined by post-revolutionary European societies in order to open up an «evolutionary» path to political progress and thereby finally «end» or «prevent» further revolutionary changes. 2) The major challenges to constitutional integration were posed by the emergence of competing political groups that often demanded a strengthening of certain parts of the constitutions or their further reform. The problems, which were faced by almost all political actors regarding the acceptance of these new imperatives of party politics and the different constitutional «solutions» that they had developed to meet these challenges, provide explanations for the different constitutional paths that were taken by Great Britain, the German states and France during the early 1830s. In Great Britain, a common constitutionalist language enabled a precarious understanding amongst the competing groups, whereas anti-pluralist constitutional conceptions led to constitutional instability in France and even damaged the very idea of constitutional integration in Germany thus benefitting a «unification first»-approach in the German states.
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Andreeva, T. "The Evolution of Britain's Approach to Crisis in Ukraine and UK–Russia Relations." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 11 (2015): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-11-56-66.
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This paper represents the second part of the previously published article. It covers Great Britain's role in generating of a consolidated international view on Russia's influence on the Ukrainian crisis during Petr Poroshenko's presidency (2014–2015), further explores the worsening of bilateral relations between the UK and Russia in a wide context of antagonism between the US and Russia. The author also investigates Britain's role in imposing of the gravest economic sanctions on Russian economy after the Malaysian aircraft crush, and their impact on the Western countries' economies, especially on the British economy key industries. The attention is given to popularity of Vladimir Putin and his policy in Russian society and business community, which rose after the introducing of western sanctions. The article examines the damage done to cooperation between Russian and British business by deterioration in bilateral political relations. Assessing the scope of this damage, the author notes that for quite a long time Britain disinclined to start a new Cold War with Russia. The author further scrutinizes the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on strengthening of Anglo-American “special relations”, on the revival of the NATO's strategic task of being a tool to hamper Russia's influence in the world: for this purpose joint military exercises in the Baltic region were organized, and special NATO Response Force was created. The main questions raised in this research are: when can the UK–Russia relations become better again, and what can help improve the relationship between two countries?
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Andreeva, T. "The Evolution of Britain's Approach to Crisis in Ukraine and UK–Russia Relations." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2015): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-35-45.
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The article covers the role the Great Britain has played as a fourth independent political actor of international relations, along with the U.S., EU and NATO, in the political crisis in Ukraine from its very beginning (2014), and in finding quick and effective ways of solving it. The article also explores the worsening of the bilateral relationship between UK and Russia under the influence of the 2014–2015 Ukrainian crisis, in a wide context of antagonism between the U.S. and Russia. There are several factors introduced in the article which hampered the crisis from the start and which still can be used to improve the bilateral relations in the nearest future. The author scrutinizes the evolution of the Britain's stance on the Ukrainian upheaval at the beginning of 2014, the Crimea annexation/joining perceived as a violation of the international law, Russia's interference in the conflict in the Eastern territories of Ukraine, and the imposing of sever EU and U.S. sanctions against Russia. The article highlights the influence of the Ukrainian crisis on the strengthening of Anglo-American “special relations” and on the revival of the NATO strategic role as a tool to confront Russia not only in this conflict, but also on the world stage. The author tries to assess the scope of damage for the UK–Russia relationship made by the Ukrainian crisis and answer the questions: where has British participation in this crisis boosted the Great Britain's world standing, when can the UK–Russia relations become better again, and what can help improve the relationship between two countries?
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Rico, José M. "L’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels." Acta Criminologica 1, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 261–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017003ar.
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Abstract COMPENSATION TO VICTIMS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES The system of composition, which was developed during the Middle Ages, especially under Germanic penal law, represents not only an abatement of the system of collective vengeance characteristic of this era, but also the first step towards the principle of compensation to victims of criminal offences. With the development and consolidation of a strong central power, the State asked for a share of these transactions either in the form of sanction or as a price for its intervention. W^hen at last the central government obtained the full and exclusive right to inflict punishment and when private justice gave way to public justice, the State's share of compensation increased progressively and took the form of fines, while the victim's share gradually diminished and withdrew little by little from the penal system to become civil compensation for damages. Nevertheless, the total separation between public action, whose aim is to ensure punishment, and civil action, whose main object is to secure compensation to the victim, did not materialize until very recently. This principle of total separation, which was adopted by the classical school of criminal law, resulted in a complete overlooking of the victim's right to compensation, in daily legal practice. New solutions were therefore proposed to remedy this deficiency in the penal systems, the most original and daring being those to be found in the Spanish Penal Codes of 1822 and 1848 which compel the State to compensate victims of criminal offences when the wrong-doers or other responsible persons are unable to do so. This idea of compensation by the State to victims of crime, although taken lip and elaborated several years later by Bentham and the Italian Positivist School, had absolutely no repercussions as far as practice was concerned. It was only in the second half of the XXth Century that an Englishwoman, Margaret Fry, drew the attention to this problem. Inspired by her compatriot Bentham, Margaret Fry proclaimed that compensation for harm caused to victims of criminal violence should be assumed by the State. This was the starting point of a considerable development in the study of compensation to the victim. During the last ten years, not only were many papers and conferences devoted to the subject, but also many legislations adopted the progressive solution of conferring upon the State the task of compensating the victim of criminal offences. In most contemporary penal legislations, the dissociation between public and civil action has resulted in relegating the subject of compensation solely to the civil domain. A certain number of penal systems (France, Belgium, Germany, etc.), while accepting in principle the civil character of this matter, nevertheless offer the injured party the possibility of bringing his action for damages before criminal courts. A last group of systems (Spain, Italy, Switzerland) treat this problem within the framework of the criminal code, although in most cases they do nothing but repeat analogous paragraphs of the civil code. Upon examining these different methods of coping with the problem of compensating the victim for damages caused by criminal violence, we find that certain reforms were put into effect but that they chiefly hinge upon one preliminary question ~— the means available to the victim for bringing his case before the criminal courts and of engaging in the criminal procedure, to obtain recognition of his rights by the Court. However, it often happens that once the sentence has been passed, the victim is obliged to act on his own to recover the sum of the indemnity. Modern penal law, progressive and innovating as it is in certain respects, often neglects the victim of crime. Certain solutions were proposed and even introduced into positive penal legislations, in view of securing for the injured party, as much as possible, the recovery of the compensation decided upon by the courts in his favour, especially in cases where the offender is destitute. Among such solutions, one should stress legal solidarity between co-delinquents, priority accorded to the compensation debt, accessory imprisonment, compulsory work in prison and in liberty, compulsory insurance and the creation of a compensation fund. Similar proposals tend to consider compensation to the victim as an indispensable condition for the obtainment of certain privileges (pardon, parole, probation, legal rehabilitation, etc.). Due to the insufficiency of the classical systems and of the solutions destinated to secure compensation of the victim by the offender, one again began to wonder whether the State should not undertake the charge of repairing damages caused by crime. The main argument offered in favour of this system is the State's failure in preventing crime and in protecting its citiiens against felonious acts. Despite the numerous criticisms concerning the essentially judicial composition of the courts in charge of the application of the system as well as of the procedure to be followed, the infractions to be compensated, the amount to be paid and the total cost of the system, some countries have recognized the right of the victim to be compensated and consequently adopted measures to enforce this principle (New Zealand, 1963; Great Britain, 1964; States of California and New York, 1966; the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, 1967).
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McCulloch, Tony. "A royal visit revisited: Mackenzie King and the British royal visit to the USA, June 1939." British Journal of Canadian Studies 36, no. 1 (March 11, 2024): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2024.5.
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In June 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were on a tour of Canada that included a brief visit to the United States. The timing of this visit proved to be fortuitous from the British point of view as it came soon after the controversial Munich agreement in September 1938, which ceded the Czech Sudetenland to Germany, and the subsequent occupation of the remainder of the Czech state by German troops in March 1939 – both of which had damaged Britain’s image in America. The royal visit to the USA was a great public-relations success, as was the visit to Canada, and its significance for relations between Britain, Canada, and the United States has been discussed by a number of historians from all three countries. However, very little attention has been paid to the key role of the Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, regarding the American phase of the royal visit. Indeed, a recent film about the Royal Visit and the weekend spent by the king and queen at President Franklin Roosevelt’s family home in upstate New York omitted any mention of Mackenzie King, despite the fact that he was their official escort. This article seeks to fill this gap by assessing Mackenzie King’s involvement in the origins and conduct of the royal visit. It also reflects upon what the royal visit reveals about Canada’s relations with Britain and the United States on the eve of the war and, in particular, Mackenzie King’s relationship with President Franklin Roosevelt and his contribution to the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’.
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Shkvorchenko, N. "SEMIOTIZATION OF POLITICAL TOXICITY IN THE MEDIA SPACES OF THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE: A MULTIMODAL ASPECT." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 25, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2022.263132.
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The article attempts to build a multimodal model of toxic political communication and determine common and distinctive features of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine. Toxic political communication is interpreted as a type of interaction characterized by a high degree of aggressive (verbal and/or paraverbal) behavior of various participants in the political discourse, which causes moral harm or discriminates against the opponent based on race, nationality or gender resulting in such politician(s) being perceived and then defined as toxic. The constructed model of toxic political communication takes into account multimodal mechanisms of the discursive expression of toxicity (verbal, paraverbal, extralingual), modes of expanding the toxic effect (direct, indirect, and mediated), mechanisms of perception and image formation of politicians (toxic vs. positive) in the media environment of the respective countries.We determined that toxicity is manifested in derogatory statements by politicians, which contain insults, name-calling, ridiculing, emotional and inclusive utterances aimed at polarization and causing psychological and/or image damage to participants in the political debate (opponents). Toxic paraverbal co-speech means are divided into prosodic and gestural-mimic forms, which include aggressive, caustic, derogatory, paternalistic, pompous tone of speech, gestures that violate the personal boundaries of the interlocutor, exaggerated facial expressions. Extralingual forms of toxic communication include poster colors, electoral campaign symbols, clothing, rally sites, music, etc., which intensify the damaging effect of actions/utterances of a politician who is defined as toxic in the media. We found that contrasting forms of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine are determined by the relevant information agendas for each of the countries, for example, racism and intolerance towards migrants (USA), Partygate (Great Britain), zrada (betrayal) vs. peremoha (victory) (Ukraine) and others. Common to the three linguistic cultures is the aggressive type of politician-speaker, whose utterances/behavior are prone to dramatizing and aimed at causing psychological damage to the opponent’s personality through direct or indirect derogatory images accompanied by prosodic, gestural and facial emphases.
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Student. "OPINION FROM GREAT BRITIAN CONCERNING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT FROM NEWBORN INFANTS." Pediatrics 84, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.5.885.
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Discussion and debate about decision making should form an important part of the continuing education of medical and nursing staff in neonatal units. Often it may be helpful to discuss cases which the staff have not been involved with the care of the baby and here film material can be valuable. Discussions with parents whose children died in the neonatal period or who survived with or without damage may be valuable, as are role play techniques. The aim of such continuing education is to improve decision-making practice in a situation where it is probably impossible to evolve specific guidelines to cover all eventualities. If a decision has been taken to cease active treatment, it is then the responsibility of the staff to ensure that a baby dies quickly and as painlessly as possible.
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Khesin, Yefim S. "The Impact of the Brexit on the Living Standards and Quality of Life in Britain." Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, no. 2 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr/2020.16.2.5.
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The Object of the Study. Living standards and quality of life of the population in Great Britain. The Subject of the Study. The Brexit. The Purpose of the Study is exposing the impact of the Brexit on the living standards and quality of life in the country. The Main Provisions of the Article. Following a June 2016 referendum on continued European Union membership in which 52% voted to leave and 48% voted to stay the UK government announced the country's withdrawal from the EC (Brexit). In March 2017 it formally began the withdrawal process. The withdrawal was delayed by deadlock in the UK parliament. Having failed to get her agreement with the EC approved, Theresa May resigned as Prime Minister in July 2019 and was succeeded by Boris Johnson, an active supporter of the Brexit. An early general election was then held on 12 December. The Conservatives won a large majority. As a result, the parliament ratified the withdrawal agreement, and the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020. This began a transition period that is set to end on 31 December 2020, during which the UK and EU will negotiate their future relationship. The first round of negotiations between London and Brussels began in March 2020. The author investigates the consequences of the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EC on the living standards and quality of life, economic situation, labour market, social policy of the government. in this country. It analyzes on the impact of the Brexit on the major elements of human capital: education, science, health, living conditions, ecology. It found that short-term forecasts of what would happen immediately after the Brexit referendum were too pessimistic. Nowadays it is very difficult to give an accurate estimate of the future effect of the Brexit on cost of living in Great Britain – many essential issues in the relations between the UK and the EC remain open. Besides, the coronavirus crisis and lockdown measures may cause the grave damage to growth and jobs. Much evidence shows that in the medium- and long-term leaving the European Union damage the British economy and thus reduce the UK's real per-capita income level and may adversely affect jobs and earnings, income and wealth, life expectancy, education and skills, academic research, health status, environmental quality and subjective well-being in the UK. Finally, the author analyses the impact on the economic and social life in Great Britain of different Brexit scenarios after the end of the transition period. The consequences will differ sharply depending on whether the UK does a Soft or Hard (no deal) Brexit.
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Solovyanov, A. A. "Experience of the Great Britain, Germany and Denmark in removal of the objects of accumulated environmental damage." Environmental Protection in Oil and Gas Complex, no. 3 (2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30713/2411-7013-2018-3-49-55.
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Labutina, Tatyana. "Great Britain and Russia on the Way to Restoring Diplomatic Relations (1720–1731)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016152-5.
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The article deals with the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia in the first third of the 18th century. England was the first country with which Russia established diplomatic relations 465 years ago. During this time, the countries have passed a difficult and thorny path of interaction. Often there were open military conflicts between them, and sometimes it simply came to the severance of diplomatic relations. One of these events occurred in the reign of Peter I on 14 December in 1720 year. Although diplomatic relations were interrupted, trade between the states continued to develop. The trade volume was reduced due to political tensions, which caused significant damage to the economy of England. In this regard, the British began to take active steps to establish diplomatic relations. The analysis of the correspondence between two British diplomats, T. Ward and C. Rondeau, and the Secretary of State of Great Britain, first undertaken in historical science, the author concludes that it was England that initiated the restoration of diplomatic relations, primarily to strengthen the position of the English merchants in Russia. The analysis of the ambassadors' dispatches gives valuable insights as to the strategy and tactics of the British Foreign Office in relation to Russia during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, as well as the motives that guided the diplomats involved in the preparatory process of establishing relations between the countries. The correspondence of the diplomats provides an opportunity to get acquainted with both their official and “secret” intelligence activities, which allows the author identify the true intentions of British diplomacy: to comprehensively study a potential rival which the British imagined Russia to be. It is also of great interest to learn more about how their mission went, what impressions they got from their visit to our country, what assessments they made about the top officials in the administration of the Russian Empire, as well as about the Russian people in general.
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Kay, Alison L., Naomi Booth, Rob Lamb, Emma Raven, Nathalie Schaller, and Sarah Sparrow. "Flood event attribution and damage estimation using national-scale grid-based modelling: Winter 2013/2014 in Great Britain." International Journal of Climatology 38, no. 14 (August 13, 2018): 5205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.5721.
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Pajtić, Bojan. "Unjust enrichment: Comparative legal review." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 57, no. 3 (2023): 659–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns57-45194.
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Unjust enrichment is very highly positio ned as one of the sources of obligations in the Law on Obligations. Research of comparative legal literature (both doctrinal type and judgments of national courts) indicated significant differences in the attitude towards this institute both bet ween the legal systems of continental law and within the corpus of countries in which the so-called common law system is dominant. In the paper, a detailed analysis of both domestic and COM parative legal literature and court practice was carried out. During the research, special emphasis was placed on the legal solutions in force in other, primarily European legal systems. The analysis included both those legal systems (French, German) that have a decisive influence on the civil law codes of other continental law countries, as well as those that are of decisive importance in coun tries characterized by precedential law (Great Britain, United States of America). A re view was al so made of solutions from the Hungarian legal system, whose impact on our law is not ne arly as far-reaching as the aforementioned legal orders, but due to the similarity of the genesis of civil law in our two countries in the last hundred years, they arouse interest. One of the basic differences bet ween continental and commonlaw is reflected in the fact that in the former the central question is whether there was a legal basis for the defendant to gain some benefit, while the latter the focus is on the question of whether the plaintiff has a basis to claim restitution. Consequently, in continental law systems, the court will, first of all, order the restitution of what the defendant unjustly acquired, while in "common law" systems the plaintiff has the obligation to first prove that he has a reliable basis for restitution. In addition to recognizing the differences between the two groups of systems, through analysis we also come to distinctions within the groups themselves. For example, unlike French law, German law, albeit with certain difficulties, resolves the problem of unjust enrichment due to the actions of a third party. According to our ZOO, when a part of one person's property has been transferred in any way to the property of another person, and that transfer has no basis in a legal transaction or in the law, the acquirer is obliged to return it, and when this is not possible - to compensate the value of the benefits achieved. Obligation to return, i.e. compensation of value also occurs when something is received with regard to a basis that was not realized or that later fell away. The obligation to return is not subject to those goods that were given in the name of fulfilling some natural obligation or some moral or social duty, amounts that were paid even though the payer knew that he was not obliged to make the payment, as well as funds that, without a legal basis, were paid in the name of compensation for damages due to bodily injury, health impairment or death, if the payment was made to a bona fide recipient. The review of domestic judicial practice shed light on a wide range of situations in which legally unjustified enrichment can occur, i.e. acquisition without grounds. Although we are talking about an institution that has long been present as a source of obligations in the Law on Obligations, certain judgments, which are contra legem, show that in connection with this institution there are, still, numerous doubts.
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Imanbaiev, S. M., and A. H. Romanova. "COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIATION INSTITUTE UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDUR LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN, THE USA AND GREAT BRITAIN." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2021, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2021.02.035.
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This article focuses on a comparative legal analysis of one of the alternative dispute resolution methods – mediation – in the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the USA and Great Britain, considering various programs and projects on mediation used in the USA and Great Britain, in order to apply the experience of the above mentioned countries to improve the mediation institution and reduce the level of recidivism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors made the conclusion that the proper use of mediation in the criminal procedure contributes to a more active involvement of victims in the process of restoring their rights and freedoms, which were violated by the offenders. An increasing number of crime victims prefer to meet face to face with their offenders in order to inform how the crime has affected their lives, get answers to many unresolved questions and take a direct part in bringing offenders to justice for the harm caused. A victim and offender mediation is a viable alternative to traditional punitive measures to meet the victims` needs. The main advantage of mediation in criminal proceedings for the victim is that he or she can ask the offender all the questions that could not have been answered during the trial. In addition, participation in mediation between the victim and the offender can help humanize the latter and prevent future offenses. In addition, the authors conclude that it is necessary to amend the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Mediation” regarding compensated damage to the victim by a person who has committed a criminal offense, and also propose to amend this Law regarding the mechanism for implementing the mediation institution, establishing a state body to control the activities of mediators, and specifying accreditation and disciplinary responsibility of mediators. Key words: mediation, restorative justice, criminal offense, victim, criminal, punishment, recidivism, conciliation procedures, mediator, compensation for damage, court of biys.
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Haas, David J. "The early history of cryo-cooling for macromolecular crystallography." IUCrJ 7, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252519016993.
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This paper recounts the first successful cryo-cooling of protein crystals that demonstrated the reduction in X-ray damage to macromolecular crystals. The project was suggested by David C. Phillips in 1965 at the Royal Institution of Great Britain and continued in 1967 at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where the first cryo-cooling experiments were performed on lysozyme crystals, and was completed in 1969 at Purdue University on lactate dehydrogenase crystals. A 1970 publication in Acta Crystallographica described the cryo-procedures, the use of cryo-protectants to prevent ice formation, the importance of fast, isotropic cryo-cooling and the collection of analytical data showing more than a tenfold decrease in radiation damage in cryo-cooled lactate dehydrogenase crystals. This was the first demonstration of any method that reduced radiation damage in protein crystals, which provided crystallographers with suitable means to employ synchrotron X-ray sources for protein-crystal analysis. Today, fifty years later, more than 90% of the crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank have been cryo-cooled.
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Henrys, P. A., C. J. Stevens, S. M. Smart, L. C. Maskell, K. J. Walker, C. D. Preston, A. Crowe, E. C. Rowe, D. J. Gowing, and B. A. Emmett. "Impacts of nitrogen deposition on vascular plants in Britain: an analysis of two national observation networks." Biogeosciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 3501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3501-2011.
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Abstract. Large areas of Great Britain currently have nitrogen (N) deposition at rates which exceed the thresholds above which there is risk of damage to sensitive components of the ecosystem (critical loads). Previous studies have focussed primarily on the relationship of species richness to nitrogen, whereas here we look at individual species. We used data from two national observation networks over Great Britain to examine the response of individual vascular plant species to N in acid grasslands, calcareous grasslands and heathlands. Presence absence records of individual species, along with mean Ellenberg N scores, within 10 km hectads were modelled against N deposition whilst at the same time controlling for the effects of climate, land use and sulphur deposition using generalised additive models. Ellenberg N showed a significant increase with increasing N deposition in almost all habitats across both surveys indicating increased fertility. Many individual species showed strong relationships with N deposition and clear negative trends in species prevalence to increasing nitrogen were found in all habitats. A number of these species were either habitat dominants or possessed traits known to be influential in controlling ecosystem function. Many community dominants showing significant negative relationships with N deposition highlight a potentially significant loss of function. Some species that showed negative relationships to N showed signs of decline at low levels, far below the current critical load levels. Some species also showed continuous changes as N deposition levels rose above the current critical load values. This work contributes to the growing evidence base suggesting species level impacts at low N deposition values.
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Kendell, R. E. "The future of psychiatric research in Britain." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 2, no. 2 (1987): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00000766.
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SummaryThe prospect for psychiatric research in Britain is bleak. The U.K. government reduced its funding of British Universities by about 10 % between 1980 and 1983 and is now imposing further reductions of about 2 % a year for the foreseeable future. Funding of the Research Councils is also being reduced at a similar rate. As a result many academic and technical posts in our medical schools have already been lost or “frozen” and many more seem destined to disappear before the end of the decade. Although charitable bodies like the Wellcome Foundation are attempting to provide additional funds to offset the damage serious harm is being done to British medical research, and to British science in general.Psychiatric research suffers along with everything else. For the past generation our strength and our most important achievements have been in social psychiatry. Very few departments have the laboratories or the expertise to mount fundamental biological research and in the present financial climate they have little hope of acquiring this capacity. The Medical Research Council spends its shrinking funds as wisely as it can and there is still a great deal of expertise in our university departments and MRC units, but our capacity to compete with the United States is waning fast. We will do our best to continue to do research which is well designed, innovative and useful. But unless our financial predicament changes we will be responsible for a decreasing proportion of the most important and influential studies, particularly in the biological sphere in which the major developments of the next decade are likely to come.
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Artamonov, V. A. "Proclamation of the All-Russian Empire – the Beginning of the Way to the Great Power Status." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-51-68.
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Many historians believe that Russia became a great power either as a result of the Poltava victory in 1709, or after the Nystadt Peace of 1721. It is difficult to agree with this. Peter the Great’s rule indeed produced a combat-ready regular army, a guard, an officer corps, a navy with shipyards, military bases, and coastal artillery. There was an upsurge in the metallurgical industry and mining. Schools with high-quality military and secular education, the Academy of Sciences, the Senate, and the Synod were established. St. Petersburg was founded. Talented and enterprising individuals were promoted to military, diplomatic and administrative posts. The main factor in the rise of the state was military modernization. The main geopolitical achievement of Peter I was the conquest of full access to the Baltic Sea. However, a limited resource base, military and diplomatic defeats and setbacks did not allow Russia to rise to the rank of a great power. The disasters of Narva in 1700 and on the Prut River in 1711 were painful. Russia lost access to the Sea of Azov, the city of Azov, city of Taganrog, the Azov squadron, shipyards and shipbuilding in the Voronezh Territory were lost. The damage from three treatises with the Ottomans in 1711-1713 was great. Russia has lost all of Zaporozhye. The demarcation of the borders of 1714 threw Russia back several hundred kilometers from the Black Sea region. In 1719, the Russian military force was squeezed out of Central Europe – from Mecklenburg. The sphere of influence of Russia after the victorious Peace of Nystad in 1721 was established only in Northern and Eastern Europe – in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Danish-Norwegian kingdom, partly in Prussia. The tsar had no claims to hegemony in Europe and no claims to join the circle of the then great powers. Russia was not a great power like the Habsburg monarchy, France, Great Britain, and the Eurasian-African Ottoman Empire. Russia could not compare with the great powers of that time neither in terms of economic (industrial, financial) power, nor in terms of the intensity of expansionism. The entry of the Russian Empire into the system of international relations as one of the five great powers – France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia – occurred during the Seven Years War of 1756-1763. Another rise to great power took place during the reign of Catherine II. The apogee of greatness and the culmination of Russia's influence on European affairs was the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815.
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Langan, S. J., J. Hall, B. Reynolds, M. Broadmeadow, M. Hornung, and M. S. Cresser. "The development of an approach to assess critical loads of acidity for woodland habitats in Great Britain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2004): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-355-2004.
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Abstract. Alongside other countries that are signatories to the UNECE Convention Long Range Transboundary on Air Pollution, the UK is committed to reducing the impact of air pollution on the environment. To advise and guide this policy in relation to atmospheric emissions of sulphur and nitrogen, a critical load approach has been developed. To assess the potential impact of these pollutants on woodland habitats a steady state, simple mass balance model has been parameterised. For mineral soils, a Ca:Al ratio in soil solution has been used as the critical load indicator for potential damage. For peat and organic soils critical loads have been set according to a pH criterion. Together these approaches have been used with national datasets to examine the potential scale of acidification in woodland habitats across the UK. The results can be mapped to show the spatial variability in critical loads of the three principal woodland habitat types (managed coniferous, managed broadleaved/ mixed woodland and unmanaged woodland). The results suggest that there is a wide range of critical loads. The most sensitive (lowest) critical loads are associated with managed coniferous followed by unmanaged woodland on peat soils. Calculations indicate that at steady state, acid deposition inputs reported for 1995–1997 result in a large proportion of all the woodland habitats identified receiving deposition loads in excess of their critical load; i.e. critical loads are exceeded. These are discussed in relation to future modelled depositions for 2010. Whilst significant widespread negative impacts of such deposition on UK woodland habitats have not been reported, the work serves to illustrate that if acid deposition inputs were maintained and projected emissions reductions not achieved, the long-term sustainability of large areas of woodland in the UK could be compromised. Keywords: critical loads, acid deposition, acidification, woodland, simple mass balance model, sustainability
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Rhodes, Andy, Geoff Hunt, Neil Harwood, Naim Kuka, Laurent Baron, and Jaime Borrell. "Track damage comparison between conventional and articulated trains operating on a Great Britain railways ‘classic’ mainline route and a high-speed route." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 7 (November 27, 2018): 743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718805256.
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The impact of train architecture and design characteristics on track deterioration accounts for a significant proportion of the whole-life costs of operating a railway. Introducing new train fleets with an expected life in excess of 30 years means that it is important to optimise train design to minimise track deterioration, maximise track life and realise long-term cost savings. Furthermore, higher traffic tonnage (from more frequent services) and increased train acceleration and speeds will cause increasing track deterioration rates; therefore, this issue is central to managing a sustainable railway in future. The track ‘friendliness’ of a train is determined by several ‘vehicle/track interaction’ parameters: train mass, axle load, number of axles, bogie unsprung mass, traction power, suspension ride forces and speed. The Vehicle/Track Interaction Strategic Model (VTISM) can be used to analyse the effect of these parameters on track forces and the resultant track deterioration and maintenance and renewal costs. This paper describes a study undertaken using the VTISM to investigate the impact of axle loads and train architecture on vertical deterioration and costs of ballasted track on a Great Britain railways ‘classic’ mainline route (up to 125 mph) and, following VTISM upgrading and validation, a high-speed route (up to 360 km/h). It identifies where potential cost advantages may be obtained when comparing conventional trains with new, alternative train architectures.
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Reyniers, Nele, Timothy J. Osborn, Nans Addor, and Geoff Darch. "Projected changes in droughts and extreme droughts in Great Britain strongly influenced by the choice of drought index." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 5 (March 16, 2023): 1151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1151-2023.
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Abstract. Droughts cause enormous ecological, economical and societal damage, and they are already undergoing changes due to anthropogenic climate change. The issue of defining and quantifying droughts has long been a substantial source of uncertainty in understanding observed and projected trends. Atmosphere-based drought indicators, such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), are often used to quantify drought characteristics and their changes, sometimes as the sole metric representing drought. This study presents a detailed systematic analysis of SPI- and SPEI-based drought projections and their differences for Great Britain (GB), derived from the most recent set of regional climate projections for the United Kingdom (UK). We show that the choice of drought indicator has a decisive influence on the resulting projected changes in drought frequency, extent, duration and seasonality using scenarios that are 2 and 4 ∘C above pre-industrial levels. The projected increases in drought frequency and extent are far greater based on the SPEI than based on the SPI. Importantly, compared with droughts of all intensities, isolated extreme droughts are projected to increase far more with respect to frequency and extent and are also expected to show more pronounced changes in the distribution of their event durations. Further, projected intensification of the seasonal cycle is reflected in an increasing occurrence of years with (extremely) dry summers combined with wetter-than-average winters. Increasing summer droughts also form the main contribution to increases in annual droughts, especially using the SPEI. These results show that the choice of atmospheric drought index strongly influences the drought characteristics inferred from climate change projections, with a comparable impact to the uncertainty from the climate model parameters or the warming level; therefore, potential users of these indices should carefully consider the importance of potential evapotranspiration in their intended context. The stark differences between SPI- and SPEI-based projections highlight the need to better understand the interplay between increasing atmospheric evaporative demand, moisture availability and drought impacts under a changing climate. The region-dependent projected changes in drought characteristics by two warming levels have important implications for adaptation efforts in GB, and they further stress the need for rapid mitigation.
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Gerber, Esther, and Urs Schaffner. "Gebietsfremde Staudenknöteriche im Schweizer Wald – Auswirkungen und Massnahmen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0150.
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Exotic knotweeds on Swiss forest sites: consequences and measures to take Natural areas in Switzerland are home to an increasing number of non-native plant species, so-called neophytes. Some are highly prolific, causing damage to the environment and the economy. Especially some species originally imported as ornamental plants have been accidentally introduced into forest habitats, where their spread has become increasingly problematic. Using the example of exotic knotweeds (Reynoutria spp., Syn Fallopia spp.), which are among the most aggressive neophytes in Europe, we outline potential consequences of alien plant invasions in forests and give management recommendations to mitigate their negative effects on native ecosystems. Management options discussed include mechanical, chemical and biological methods of control. In regard to the latter, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) is of particular interest as there is an ongoing classical biological control project against this species in Great Britain.
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Irving, Sarah. "Unsettled Responsibilities: Antiquity, Resistance, and Rubble in Mandate Palestine." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.12.1.0050.
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ABSTRACT The 1927 Jericho earthquake caused widespread damage across Palestine and Transjordan, both ruled at the time by Britain. The worst-hit city was Nablus, where the Old City’s historic buildings became a field for conflict. Drawing on G. Gordillo’s differentiation between ruins and rubble and his analysis of colonial anxiety, power, and oppression, this article considers local and colonial reactions and competition over the material heritage of Nablus, particularly in the city’s Samaritan Quarter and the Crusader wall of the Great Mosque. Entangled in these are definitions of antiquity and ideas of archaeological value for the Ottoman and British rulers of Palestine. Decisions made and contested in Nablus and Jerusalem highlight the fine line between ruin and rubble, the mechanisms by which the mandatory administration sought to tame the built environment and indigenous communities of Nablus, and the way their confrontations reverberated in the city’s rebellious history and insurrectionary future.
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Heitz, Jesse A. "British Reaction to American Civil War Ironclads." Vulcan 1, no. 1 (2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00101004.
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By the 1840’s the era of the wooden ship of the line was coming to a close. As early as the 1820’s and 1830’s, ships of war were outfitted with increasingly heavy guns. Naval guns such as the increasingly popular 68 pounder could quickly damage the best wooden hulled ships of the line. Yet, by the 1840’s, explosive shells were in use by the British, French, and Imperial Russian navies. It was the explosive shell that could with great ease, cripple a standard wooden hulled warship, this truth was exposed at the Battle of Sinope in 1853. For this reason, warships had to be armored. By 1856, Great Britain drafted a design for an armored corvette. In 1857, France began construction on the first ocean going ironclad, La Gloire, which was launched in 1859. This development quickly caused Great Britain to begin construction on HMS Warrior and HMS Black Prince. By the time HMS Warrior was commissioned in 1861, the Royal Navy had decided that its entire battle fleet needed to be armored. While the British and the French naval arms race was intensifying, the United States was entering into its greatest crisis, the United States Civil War. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the majority of the United States Navy remained loyal to the Union. The Confederacy, therefore, gained inspiration from the ironclads across the Atlantic, quickly obtaining its own ironclads. CSS Manassas was the first to enter service, but was eventually brought down by a hail of Union broadside fire. The CSS Virginia, however, made an impact. Meanwhile, the Union began stockpiling City Class ironclads and in 1862, the USS Monitor was completed. After the veritable stalemate between the CSS Virginia and USS Monitor, the Union utilized its superior production capabilities to mass produce ironclads and enter them into service in the Union Navy. As the Union began armoring its increasingly large navy, the world’s foremost naval power certainly took notice. Therefore, this paper will utilize British newspapers, government documents, Royal Naval Reviews, and various personal documents from the 1860’s in order to examine the British public and naval reaction to the Union buildup of ironclad warships.
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Steinberg, Marc W. "Coercion in the Cradle." Sociology of Development 7, no. 2 (2021): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2021.7.2.186.
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Important recent research highlights the role of forced labor in the expansion of neoliberal capitalism in the global South. In this article I make the case that coerced labor was central to the first industrial revolution, the classical case of Great Britain. I demonstrate that in an area known as the Black Country for its coal, steel, and related industries, master and servant laws allowed criminal prosecution of workers deemed problematic, to insure labor control in the workplace. Employers relied on these laws when they were unable to use machinery to embed control in the labor process, and when they had recourse to reliable local courts (or petty sessions), in which many were magistrates, so they could rely on convictions under summary jurisdictions for fines, damage payment, and incarceration. I conclude by suggesting that this particular historical case can reorient our perspective on labor coercion and the law across the long arc of modern capitalism.
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READ, CHARLES. "THE ‘REPEAL YEAR’ IN IRELAND: AN ECONOMIC REASSESSMENT." Historical Journal 58, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000168.
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AbstractMost of the existing literature on the ‘Repeal Year’ agitation in Ireland explains the rise in popularity of the 1842–3 campaign for repeal of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in political and religious terms. This article argues that, in addition, the British government's economic policy of reducing tariffs in 1842 damaged Ireland's agricultural economy and increased popular support for the Repeal movement. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, this article shows that the tariff reductions and import relaxations of the 1842 budget had an immediate negative impact on Irish real incomes by reducing agricultural prices. A negative relationship between these prices and the Repeal rent, together with the economic rhetoric of Repeal in favour of protection, indicate a link between the economic downturn and the rise in the popularity of Repeal. This article concludes that Peel's trade policy changes of 1842 should therefore be added to the traditional religious and political explanations as a cause behind the sudden surge in popularity of the Repeal movement between 1842 and 1843.
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McTominey, Andrew. "A Tale of Two Yorkshire Villages: The Local Environmental Impact of British Reservoir Development, c.1866-1966." Environment and History 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15444572414083.
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The supply of clean, soft water was of great importance to towns and cities in Britain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, helping to maintain a healthy population and the resources for industries. Leeds, West Yorkshire, was no exception to this, with the Leeds Corporation in the 1860s looking north of the town to the Washburn Valley for a new supply of water to replace the polluted waters of the Rivers Aire and Wharfe. The construction of four reservoirs in the valley, three between 1869 and 1879 and a further one between 1961 and 1966, irrevocably altered the natural environment. In order to highlight how the actions of a municipal body impacted on the natural environment and the lives of those residing there, this article will examine two case studies: the village of Fewston, which was severely damaged by land subsidence a year after the completion of the original three reservoirs in 1880; and the construction of Thruscross Reservoir and the flooding of West End village in the 1960s.
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Moore, John, and Christopher P. Quine. "A comparison of the relative risk of wind damage to planted forests in Border Forest Park, Great Britain, and the Central North Island, New Zealand." Forest Ecology and Management 135, no. 1-3 (September 2000): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00292-9.
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Henrys, P. A., C. J. Stevens, S. M. Smart, L. C. Maskell, K. J. Walker, C. D. Preston, A. Crowe, E. Rowe, D. J. Gowing, and B. A. Emmett. "Nitrogen impacts on vascular plants in Britain: an analysis of two national observation networks." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 25, 2011): 7441–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-7441-2011.
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Abstract. Large areas of the United Kingdom currently have nitrogen (N) deposition at rates which exceed the thresholds above which there is risk of damage to sensitive components of the ecosystem (critical loads), and are predicted to continue to do so. Previous studies have shown that this excess N can be very damaging to semi-natural ecosystems. However, such studies have focussed primarily on the relationship of species richness to nitrogen, possibly missing the risk that increased deposition can have on individual plant species. To address this gap in knowledge, we used data from two national observation networks over Great Britain: the vascular plant database and the Botanical Society of the British Isles local change network to examine the response of individual vascular plant species to nitrogen in acid grasslands, calcareous grasslands and heathlands. Presence absence records of individual species, along with mean Ellenberg scores, within 10 km hectads were modelled against N deposition whilst at the same time controlling for the effects of climate, land use and sulphur deposition using generalised additive models. Ellenberg N showed a significant increase with increasing N deposition in almost all habitats across both surveys. Many individual species showed strong relationships with N deposition and clear negative trends in species prevalence to increasing nitrogen were found in all habitats. Species that showed negative relationships to N showed signs of decline at low levels, far below the current critical load levels.
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Fieldhouse, Edward, and David Cutts. "Does Diversity Damage Social Capital? A Comparative Study of Neighbourhood Diversity and Social Capital in the US and Britain." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 2 (May 28, 2010): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000065.
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Abstract. A number of scholars have noted a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and social capital or social trust, especially in the US. Evidence from other countries has been more mixed and sometimes contradictory. In this paper we provide the first Anglo-American comparative analysis of the relationship between neighbourhood diversity and social capital, and show how this relationship varies across ethnic categories. We apply multilevel structural equation models to individual level data from the 2000 Citizen Benchmark Survey for the US and the 2005 Citizenship Survey for Great Britain. The findings suggest that while for attitudinal social capital among Whites the negative underlying relationship with diversity is apparent in both countries, the effect is much weaker or reversed for minority groups. For structural social capital the negative relationship is apparent for minorities but not Whites, but this is mainly attributable to other neighbourhood characteristics.Résumé. Un certain nombre d'universitaires ont noté une relation négative entre la diversité ethnique et le capital social ou la confiance sociale, surtout aux États-Unis. D'autres pays, par contre, offrent des constats plus mitigés et parfois contradictoires. Dans cet article, nous présentons la première analyse comparative anglo-américaine de la relation entre la diversité du voisinage et le capital social et nous démontrons comment cette relation varie selon les catégories ethniques. Nous appliquons des modélisations par équation structurelle à multiniveaux à des données de niveau individuel provenant du Citizen Benchmark Survey de 2000 pour les États-Unis et du Citizenship Survey de 2005 pour la Grande-Bretagne. Les résultats démontrent que si, pour le capital social attitudinal, la relation fondamentale négative avec la diversité est évidente parmi les Blancs dans les deux pays, l'effet est cependant beaucoup plus faible ou renversé pour les groupes minoritaires. En ce qui concerne le capital social structurel, la relation négative est évidente pour les minorités, mais pas pour les Blancs, mais cette situation est principalement attribuable à d'autres caractéristiques du voisinage.
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Radovanović, Miloš. "Motor Insurers' Bureau: Guarantee fund in the United Kingdom." Strani pravni zivot, no. 1 (2022): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz66-34574.
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Redress, in cases when the damage has been caused by uninsured or unidentified vehicle, in the United Kingdom is organized on specific manner. Task of providing compensation in such cases is entrusted to the organization Motor Insurers' Bureau (MIB). This task has been entrusted by agreements concluded between the state and MIB. Regardless of this specificity, MIB is a guarantee fund, an institute which exists in other European states. British courts expressed their stance on legal nature of MIB. Case-law of the United Kingdom earlier had considered that MIB was an institute of private law. Due to the influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, a different stance has prevailed. Courts of Great Britain accepted arguments of the European judicial institution. Now they consider that MIB is a subject of the public law - emanation of the state. This standpoint has been implemented in the United Kingdom's law and will not be abandoned after the Brexit. The British example shows how the dilemma on the legal nature of a guarantee fund can be resolved in the country that is not a member of the European Union.
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Golson, Eric. "THE ALLIED NEUTRAL? PORTUGUESE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITH THE UK AND GERMANY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939-1945." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000314.
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ABSTRACTIn September 1939, Portugal made a realist strategic choice to preserve the Portuguese Empire maintaining by its neutrality and also remaining an ally of Great Britain. While the Portuguese could rely largely on their colonies for raw materials to sustain the mainland, the country had long depended on British transportation for these goods and the Portuguese military. With the British priority now given to war transportation, Portugal's economy and Empire were particularly vulnerable. The Portuguese dictator Antonio Salazar sought to mitigate this damage by maintaining particularly friendly financial relations with the British government, including increased exports of Portuguese merchandise and services and permission to accumulate credits in Sterling to cover deficits in the balance of payments. This paper gives an improved set of comprehensive statistics for the Anglo-Portuguese and German–Portuguese relationships, reported in Pounds and according to international standards. The reported statistics include the trade in merchandise, services, capital flows, loans and third-party transfers of funds in favour of the British account. When compared with the German statistics, the Anglo-Portuguese figures show the Portuguese government favoured the British in financial relations, an active choice by Salazar to maintain the Portuguese Empire.
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Surachman, Agus. "POLITIK HUKUM SUMBER DAYA AIR DI ERA GLOBALISASI." DE'RECHTSSTAAT 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v3i1.711.
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Great mercy and infinite value has been given by God for the creatures on earth, one of which is water, water is basic need for humans because water is the source of life for all living things. Water should be used excessively let alone become a commodity economics without limits, because the water supply is limited, but people often use them without limit, greed and lust enrich themselves lead to exploration of a large scale that makes the damage and loss of balance of natural resources. Globalization has swept across the world, insulation-partition the country into a vague, with free trade seemed about the welfare of the world, though many will doubt it. Britain exit (Brexit) case and the election of Donald Trump as the new President of the United States is reason to question the success of globalization. For that legal arrangements of water resources or the so called “constitution of water resources“, that the law governing resources must not conflict with article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 constitution, said, “the resources of the earth’s natural land, water and natural resources contained therein controlled by the state for the welfare of the people“. Means that water should not be controlled by private for trade to seek maximize profit.
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Long, Yining. "The Fundamental Need of Reform in Company Law in England: Parent Company’s Liability for Debt of Insolvent Subsidiary." Journal of Finance Research 4, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v4i2.5511.
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Based on the fact that the parent company has actual control over the subsidiary company, this paper analyzes the possibility of the parent company using the subsidiary company to seek benefits and damage the interests of creditors. Moreover, under the intangible protection of the current limited liability system and the independent personality of the company, it can “retreat”. This is undoubtedly against the original intention of the establishment of enterprise groups and has great potential harm to creditors. In addition, on the basis of the relief measures for the rights and interests of the parent company caused by the bad behavior of the subsidiary, the legal defects that should be carefully considered are determined. Considering whether there are other remedies that may have the same effect as disclosure, some are more moderate than disclosure. With Britain’s strong caution about lifting the veil, a more moderate direction could be considered.
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FEDOROVA, N. V., and S. YU SAVIN. "PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE RESISTANCE OF FACILITIES EXPERIENCED TO LOCALIZED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE - AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW." Building and reconstruction 95, no. 3 (2021): 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2021-95-3-76-108.
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During the entire life cycle, the facilities are experienced to force and environmental actions of various nature and intensity. In some cases, such influences can lead to a loss of the bearing capacity of the structural elements of a building, which in turn can lead to a disproportionate failure of the entire structural system. Such phenomenon was called progressive collapse. Major accidents at facilities, such as the collapse of a section of the Ronan Point high-rise residential building (London, 1968), the Sampoong department store (Seoul, 1995), the Transvaal Park pavement (Moscow, 2004), the World Trade Center (New York, 2011) and others, clearly demonstrated the urgency of this problem. In this regard, the regulatory documents of the USA, Great Britain, EU, China, Australia, Russia and other countries established requirements for the need to calculate structural systems of buildings for resist to progressive collapse after sudden localized structural damage. However, the steady increase in the number of new publications on the problem of progressive collapse observed in the world scientific literature indicates that the results of such studies do not yet provide exhaustive answers to all questions related to this phenomenon. In this regard, the proposed review article is aimed at systematizing, generalizing and analyzing new research results on resistance to progressive collapse of facilities, identifying new trends and proposing new research directions and tasks to improve the level of structural safety of design solutions for buildings and structures. In order to achieve this goal, the following aspects were considered: the nature of the impacts leading to progressive collapse; features of modeling the progressive collapse of structural systems of buildings and structures; mechanisms of resistance to progressive collapse and criteria for evaluation of a progressive collapse resistance. Particular attention in the scientific review is paid to the analysis of works related to a new direction of research in the area under consideration, associated with the assessment of the bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed elements of structural systems, the effect on their resistance to progressive collapse of the parameters of the loading mode, degradation of material properties and the topology of the structural system. The significance of the proposed scientific review is that, along with the well-known and new results presented in the English-language scientific literature, it summarizes and analyzes the original approaches, methods and research results published in Russian-language scientific publications, primarily included in the RSCI Web of Science.
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Cuthbert, Ross N., Angela C. Bartlett, Anna J. Turbelin, Phillip J. Haubrock, Christophe Diagne, Zarah Pattison, Franck Courchamp, and Jane A. Catford. "Economic costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59743.
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Although the high costs of invasion are frequently cited and are a key motivation for environmental management and policy, synthesised data on invasion costs are scarce. Here, we quantify and examine the monetary costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom (UK) using a global synthesis of reported invasion costs. Invasive alien species have cost the UK economy between US$6.9 billion and $17.6 billion (£5.4 – £13.7 billion) in reported losses and expenses since 1976. Most costs were reported for the entire UK or Great Britain (97%); country-scale cost reporting for the UK's four constituent countries was scarce. Reports of animal invasions were the costliest ($4.7 billion), then plant ($1.3 billion) and fungal ($206.7 million) invasions. Reported damage costs (i.e. excluding management costs) were higher in terrestrial ($4.8 billion) than aquatic or semi-aquatic environments ($29.8 million), and primarily impacted agriculture ($4.2 billion). Invaders with earlier introduction years accrued significantly higher total invasion costs. Invasion costs have been increasing rapidly since 1976, and have cost the UK economy $157.1 million (£122.1 million) per annum, on average. Published information on specific economic costs included only 42 of 520 invaders reported in the UK and was generally available only for the most intensively studied taxa, with just four species contributing 90% of species-specific costs. Given that many of the invasive species lacking cost data are actively managed and have well-recognised impacts, this suggests that cost information is incomplete and that totals presented here are vast underestimates owing to knowledge gaps. Financial expenditure on managing invasions is a fraction (37%) of the costs incurred through damage from invaders; greater investments in UK invasive species research and management are, therefore, urgently required.
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Beisenov, Arman Ziyadenovich, Daniyar Bolatbekovich Duisenbay, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Svyatko. "Barrow with «moustache» Zhamahtas." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763224.
Full textAbstract:
The monument consists of two parts - burial construction with the diameter of about 14 m and ritual construction located on its east side with the diameter of 10 m from which two stone arches go to the east. The elements of the complex are badly damaged due to using the stones for building. There is a burial pit under the south construction with the dimensions 2,81,41,4 m, which contains disturbed human skeleton. The skeleton was put with his head to the west. There was found a bronze mirror with side handle near his hip bone. In the east construction a round pit with the diameter of 0,8, the depth of 0,4, was found, at the bottom of which there were poorly preserved fragments from the tubular bones of a animal. Horse teeth were revealed to the north of the pit, and 14 fragments of the stucco vessel lay on its eastern side. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained from bone samples from the western and eastern constructions in the laboratory of the Royal University of Belfast, Great Britain. Common intervals of the calibrated value showed that: human burial in the western structure - VIII-V centuries BC, the bones of animals in the eastern structure - III-VI centuries AD. Thus, human burial relates to Tasmola culture, which does not contradict the mirror of the Early Saka image found in the grave. Bones of animals under the eastern structure, iprobably, were left during the Hun period.
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Borisevich, S. V., L. F. Stovba, and D. I. Paveliev. "POXVIRUS DISEASE OF SQUIRRELS (POXVIRIDAE, CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, SQPV - SQUIRREL POXVIRUS)." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-2-53-57.
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A new taxon of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae that may represent a new genus of smallpox viruses is considered in this review. The distribution of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) throughout the UK during the 20th century and the decrease in the population of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) is one of the most well-documented cases of ecological change of local fauna by the introduced species. The tendency to expand the distribution of the smallpox virus from Great Britain to the Western part of Europe has been noted. The genetic peculiarities of the genome of the poxvirus of squirrels, which determine its biological properties, as well as evolutionary relationships with other poxviruses, are separately described. Determination of the size of the genome by restriction analysis, sequencing of the whole genome, determination of the content of G/C nucleotide pairs, and functional mapping of the majority of genes made it possible to construct a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this is a new representative of the subfamily Chordоpoxvirinae located between the viruses of the molluscum contagiosum and parapoxviruses. Serological and molecular biological methods are used to reveal and identify the causative agent of smallpox. The use of electron microscopy is limited in grey squirrels, due to the absence of organ damage and reproduction of the virus. Identification of the DNA of the causative agent of poxvirus of squirrels based on the use of different types of polymerase chain reaction (nested and in real time) overcomes all these limitations.
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Niyogisubizo, Jovial, Lyuchao Liao, Fumin Zou, Guangjie Han, Eric Nziyumva, Ben Li, and Yuyuan Lin. "Predicting traffic crash severity using hybrid of balanced bagging classification and light gradient boosting machine." Intelligent Data Analysis 27, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ida-216398.
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Accident severity prediction is a hot topic of research aimed at ensuring road safety as well as taking precautionary measures for anticipated future road crashes. In the past decades, both classical statistical methods and machine learning algorithms have been used to predict traffic crash severity. However, most of these models suffer from several drawbacks including low accuracy, and lack of interpretability for people. To address these issues, this paper proposed a hybrid of Balanced Bagging Classification (BBC) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) to improve the accuracy of crash severity prediction and eliminate the issues of bias and variance. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the pioneer studies which explores the application of BBC-LGBM to predict traffic crash severity. On the accident dataset of Great Britain (UK) from 2013 to 2019, the proposed model has demonstrated better performance when compared with other models such as Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB), Support vector machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). More specifically, the proposed model managed to achieve better performance among all metrics for the testing dataset (accuracy = 77.7%, precision = 75%, recall = 73%, F1-Score = 68%). Moreover, permutation importance is used to interpret the results and analyze the importance of each factor influencing crash severity. The accuracy-enhanced model is significant to several stakeholders including drivers for early alarm and government departments, insurance companies, and even hospitals for the services concerned about human lives and property damage in road crashes.
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Goryacheva, O. G. "Target organ damage in people with chronic heart failure infected with human immunodeficiency virus depending on blood pressure control." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 29, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2023-29-4-380-391.
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Objective. To study target organ damage in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), depending on the control of blood pressure (BP) in a single-stage clinical study. Design and methods. We examined 240 patients with HIV infection in a multidisciplinary hospital. The diagnosis of CHF was confirmed by the plasma level of the N-terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), echocardiographic criteria, and clinical signs. Subsequently, patients with CHF and elevated BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg (40 people) and with BP from 91/61 to 139/89 mm Hg (76 people) were selected. In all patients we assessed serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and cystatin C to assess renal filtration function. We also performed non-invasive arteriography with the determination of daytime BP for 3 hours using TensioMed ArterioGraph 24 (Great Britain). The data were processed using the Statistica 13.0 program. Results. In patients with CHF and HIV infection BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg was associated with subclinical arterial disease, manifested by an increase in augmentation indices and pulse wave velocity, as well as an increase in serum level of TIMP-1. It was also accompanied by a decrease in the renal filtration function, which was confirmed by a higher serum level of cystatin C and a lower glomerular filtration rate calculated on the basis of cystatin C using the CKD-EPIcys. Myocardial remodeling in patients with CHF, HIV and elevated BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg is presented by a more frequent left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and left atrial dilatation. In patients with CHF and HIV infection, BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg is associated with a higher incidence of heart failure, thrombocytopenia and a history of serum iron deficiency, as well as the intake of protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Conclusions. In patients with HIV infection and CHF, an increase in BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg is associated with the subclinical damage of arterial wall, kidneys and myocardium (mainly diastolic dysfunction, LVH and left atrial dilatation). The use of protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is more common in individuals with elevated BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg.
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Porytska, Y. M. "Financial liability of the employer under the legislation of foreign countries." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 77 (June 27, 2023): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.1.35.
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This article research the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the employer’s material responsibility as a party to an employment contract. The main problems of legal regulation of bringing the employer to material responsibility according to the current legislation on labor of Ukraine are outlined. In order to find ways to improve the current domestic labor legislation, the foreign experience of the legal regulation of bringing the employer to material responsibility was summarized (grounds, procedure for compensation of property damage caused to the employee, grounds for exempting the employer from material responsibility), as well as proposals for improving the legislation on labor of Ukraine. In particular, it was concluded that the current labor legislation of Ukraine does not contain provisions regarding the employer’s material responsibility for the damage caused to the employee. Since Chapter IX “Guarantees in the event of assigning material responsibility to employees for damage caused to the enterprise, institution, organization” provides rules exclusively on the material responsibility of one party to the employment contract - the employee. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the draft Labor Code of Ukraine No. 2410 provides provisions on the material responsibility of the employer, but the relevant norms need to be revised.In the process of writing the article, the legal framework, judicial practice and achievements of legal doctrine regarding the regulation of the employer’s material responsibility in such countries as Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, France and the United States of America were studied. During the writing of the article, general and special methods of learning social processes and legal phenomena were used, including formallogical, dialectical, system-functional and comparative-legal and other methods.Taking into account the experience of foreign countries in the field of legal regulation of the employer’s material responsibility, it was established the need to supplement the provisions of the current labor legislation of Ukraine with provisions on the employer’s material responsibility. Conclusions were made about the expediency of legislative consolidation of both general provisions on holding the employer to material responsibility and special cases of holding the employer to material responsibility.
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Budko, Elena V., Daria A. Chernikova, Leonid M. Yampolsky, and Valentina Y. Yatsyuk. "Local hemostatic agents and ways of their improvement." I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 27, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/pavlovj2019272274-285.
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Recently, local hemostatic agents (LHA) have become increasingly popular abroad and in our country. They act in a targeted way and can be used both in damage to large vessels and in diffuse bleeding. In the article, chemical nature, physical and chemical characteristics of materials and mechanisms of LHA activity are considered, directions of their improvement are shown. LHA are mostly classified by mechanism of action.
To date, the popular groups of hemostatic agents are «mucoadhesive agents» (chitosan, amylopectin) and «coagulation factors concentrators» (zeolites, kaolin). Other authors distinguish the group of «aggregation and adhesion stimulants» (collagen, cellulose). Here, representatives of these groups have common characteristics – very high porosity and hydration ability. Another group includes substances that «promote protein denaturation» (inorganic salts of metals, as well as salts of acrylic acid and its derivatives). Polyacrylates are the basis of adhesives with hemostatic activity. However, most modern LHA are complex drugs and it is just this group that is most promising. All means, from hemostatic sponges produced by Zelyonaya Dubrava (Russia) and Nycomed, Takeda (Austria, Norway), and to hemostatic materials of MedTrade manufacture (Great Britain), Etiguette and Z-Medica (USA), combine sorption and, actually, thrombotic properties. The trademarks often imply original compositions and, especially, technologies: Quick Relief, BioSeal, BallistiClot, Hemaderm, CELOX Gauze PRO, OMNI-STAT Hemostatic Gauze for minor external bleeding. The most effective LHA are those based on chitosan and kaolin in the form of dressings with embedded clot-forming substance, for example, with artificial platelets or other coagulation factors.
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Vasilyev, F. Yu. "PROBLEMS OF REALIZATION OF THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, no. 5 (October 5, 2022): 894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2022-32-5-894-899.
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The article deals with the features of a participant in criminal proceedings on the part of the prosecution-the victim. The author notes the high importance of observing the interests of the victim as a victim of a crime in criminal proceedings, which is one of the elements of the constitutional balance of interests in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the features of procedural rights under the Statute of Criminal Proceedings of the Russian Empire before 1917. It is noted that the victim of the crime had a greater amount of rights in cases of private prosecution. The author analyzes the modern approach of the legislator in a number of European countries (Great Britain, the French Republic, the Swiss Confederation) to the protection of the rights of the victim of a crime in criminal proceedings. Attention is drawn to the fact that according to European legislators, the state, represented by its public bodies that carry out criminal prosecution, should not only bear greater responsibility for bringing the perpetrators to criminal responsibility, but also impose the burden of compensation for the damage caused to the victim of the crime. Several variants of approaches to solving the problem of improving the procedural status of the victim in the criminal proceedings of the Russian Federation are proposed. The author expresses an opinion on the practical solution of certain problems of protecting the rights of the victim in criminal proceedings, without making changes to the Russian criminal procedure legislation. The article is illustrated with examples from judicial practice.
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Kapor, Predrag. "German war reparations in wider context." Drustveni horizonti 2, no. 4 (2022): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/drushor2204167k.
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Recently, the issue of war reparations from Germany, which was raised first by Greece (2011), then by Poland (2022), as well as compensation by Germany to the victims of its genocidal colonial rule in Africa (Namibia), has become topical. At the same time, possible requests for war damage compensation from Serbia/ FR Yugoslavia due to the events in the Yugoslav territories in the nineties of the last century, as well as our request for compensation for our damage from NATO aggression in 1999, are also mentioned. From this aspect, it is good to familiarize with the practice of the area of war reparations, which is the richest when it comes to war reparations from Germany after two world wars. After both wars, Germany settled its reparations obligations only to a lesser extent, taking advantage of the favorable attitude of the main victorious western powers (USA, Great Britain and France) who wanted to recover and stabilize it as soon as possible in order to be their ally against the "Bolshevik danger". and the USSR, which even provided it with significant financial support. Because of this, the interests of small countries were sacrificed, and Serbia (Yugoslavia) was among them. After reunification in 1990, Germany managed to take advantage of the favorable political climate and avoid concluding a peace treaty that would definitively regulate the issue of reparations after the Second World War. At the same time, the post-war bilateral Yugoslav-German negotiations, for insufficiently clear reasons, were very poorly conducted on the Yugoslav side, so that Germany "closed" this issue, at least formally, by approving loans (capital aid) to the Yugoslav state, but not by giving compensation to individuals and legal entities, except for a symbolic amount in certain cases. The issue of German war reparations was seen in our country mostly one-sidedly, without considering the wider context, so this paper points out some additional aspects, which should contribute to the creation of a more comprehensive presentation.
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Dor, E., H. Eizenberg, D. M. Joel, E. Levitin, and J. Hershenhorn. "First Report of Orobanche crenata Parasitism on Ornamental Anemone (Anemone coronaria) in Israel." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0655c.
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Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are obligatory parasitic weeds that infect roots of vegetables and field crops worldwide, resulting in severe damage. Orobanche crenata Forsk is common in agricultural fields in the Mediterranean Basin, Southern Europe, and the Middle East and is known as an important scourge of grain and forage legumes and of some Apiaceous crops such as carrot (Daucus carota L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) (3,4). To our knowledge, in this note, we report for the first time on Anemone coronaria L. (Ranunculaceae) as a new host for O. crenata and this is also the first report of Orobanche parasitism on a geophytic crop. Anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) is a high-value ornamental crop, which is commercially grown for cut flowers. Four anemone cultivars (Meron Red, Galil White, Jerusalem Blue, and Jerusalem Pink) were planted in September 2006 in a 2-ha field in Israel. The previous crop, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), was heavily infected during 2005 by O. crenata. In February 2007, O. crenata parasitized the anemone plants and developed numerous fertile flowering stalks throughout the field. The four anemone cultivars were equally infected by the parasite. Additional flowering stalks were still emerging on anemone plants during July 2007. Washing the root system clearly verified direct connection between the parasite and anemone roots. The parasite species was identified morphologically after Flora Europea (1) and Flora Palaestina (2). In addition, the stem had the fragrance typical of O. crenata. Neither symptoms nor visible qualitative or quantitative damage could be detected on infected anemone plants compared with noninfected plants. However, anemone appears to be an alternate host on which O. crenata can produce additional seed for the parasite seed bank. References: (1) A. O. Chater and D. A. Webb. Orobanche. Page 285 in: Flora Europaea. T. G. Tutin et al., eds. Vol. 3. University Press, Cambridge, 1972. (2) N. Feinbrun-Dothan. Page 210 in: Flora Palaestina. Vol. 3. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 1978. (3) D. M. Joel et al. Hortic. Rev. 33:267, 2007. (4) C. Parker and C. R. Riches. Page 111 in: Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, Great Britain, 1993.
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Brisov, Yu V. "Responsibility of the Executive Body of a Legal Entity for Fraud." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.174-184.
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The paper discusses various legislative and enforcement approaches in the Russian Federation, USA, and Great Britain; compares the various provisions of the Plenums of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on issues of good faith; analyzes the application of these provisions by the courts when considering issues of holding directors to account as a result of malpractice that entailed property damage. By the example of consideration of a number of key cases from the law enforcement practice of the courts of the Anglo-American system of law, the question of the use of tests is considered: objective and subjective integrity tests to regulate the issue of holding the executive body accountable. English and American courts resort to the criterion of good faith in very rare cases, and the fiduciary duty of directors in commercial companies was significantly limited. The approach used by the common law courts implies a minimal degree of court interference in the economic affairs of commercial companies. Holding the director accountable is allowed only in case of obvious neglect of duties or is considered in some cases based on the specific circumstances of the case. Russian courts often hold directors accountable not as a result of gross negligence or proven intentional actions by executive bodies to harm the company, but as a result of society not achieving the desired economic result. Besides, dishonesty compensates for obvious gaps in the internal corporate routine, which do not make it possible to precisely determine the boundaries of authority and the area of responsibility of the executive body. The author formulates a conclusion on the degree of admissible judicial discretion when applying the provisions on good faith to corporate relations as requiring special regulation.
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Walker, Timothy. "Atlantic Dimensions of the American Revolution: Imperial Priorities and the Portuguese Reaction to the North American Bid for Independence (1775-83)." Journal of Early American History 2, no. 3 (2012): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00203003.
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This article explains and contextualizes the reaction of the Portuguese monarchy and government to the rebellion and independence of the British colonies in North America. This reaction was a mixed one, shaped by the simultaneous but conflicting motivations of an economic interest in North American trade, an abhorrence on the part of the Portuguese Crown for democratic rebellion against monarchical authority and a fundamental requirement to maintain a stable relationship with long-time ally Great Britain. Although the Lisbon regime initially reacted very strongly against the Americans’ insurrection, later, under a new queen, the Portuguese moderated their position so as not to damage their long-term imperial political and economic interests. This article also examines the economic and political power context of the contemporary Atlantic World from the Portuguese perspective, and specifically outlines the multiple ties that existed between Portugal and the North American British colonies during the eighteenth century. The argument demonstrates that Portugal reacted according to demands created by its overseas empire: maximizing trading profits, manipulating the balance of power in Europe among nations with overseas colonies and discouraging the further spread of aspirations toward independence throughout the Americas, most notably to Portuguese-held Brazil. The Portuguese role as a fundamental player in the early modern Atlantic World is chronically underappreciated and understudied in modern English-language historiography. Despite the significance of Portugal as a trading partner to the American colonies, and despite the importance of the Portuguese Atlantic colonial system to British commercial and military interests in the eighteenth century, no scholarly treatment of this specific subject has ever appeared in the primary journals that regularly consider Atlantic World imperial power dynamics or the place of the incipient United States within them. This contribution, then, helps to fill an obvious gap in the historical literature of the long eighteenth century and the revolutionary era in the Americas.