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1
Mikelėnas, Valentinas, and Rasa Zaščiurinskaitė. "Quantification of Harm and the Damages Directive: Implementation in CEE Countries." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 10, no. 5 (2017): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.15.6.
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Quantification of harm is regarded as one of the most significant obstacles for the full compensation of harm and development of private enforcement within the European Union, including CEE Member States. Consequently, the Damages Directive establishes general rules and requirements for the quantification of harm, such as a rebuttable presumption of harm in case of cartels, the power of national courts to estimate harm as well as others, which closely interact with the principle of full compensation emphasized by the case-law of the European Union and directly established in the Damages Directive. The main focus of this paper is the effectiveness of the rules on the quantification of harm in general, and how these rules will contribute to the development of private antitrust enforcement in CEE Member States. Therefore, one of the issues to be discussed in the paper is the analysis of how, and to what extent specific rules and requirements for the quantification of harm have been transposed into the national legislation of CEE Member States. As certain CEE national jurisdictions have had certain rules for the quantification of harm already before the implementation of the Damages Directive, the paper analyses how effective these rules have been, and how much they have contributed to the development of private antitrust enforcement of those CEE national jurisdictions. Previous experience of those CEE Member States in applying specific rules for the quantification of harm is important, in order to assess the possible impact of the newly introduced rules on the quantification of harm and on private antitrust enforcement in general in other CEE Member States. The rules for the quantification of harm will not enhance private antitrust enforcement on their own, however, their effective application by national courts together with other rules under the Damages Directive should contribute to a quicker development of private enforcement in CEE Members States.
2
Sultanova, Dilbar, Anna Maliashova, and Svetlana Gadelshina. "Waste management as an element of sustainable development of the circular economy in the European Union." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701007.
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The problems of waste disposal at the present stage of development all over the world are the most important. Waste accumulation is an acute problem in all countries. Waste damages the soil, affects the quality of life of the population and damages the vital functions of all living organisms. The decomposition time of some types of garbage is more than 500 years. Rapid population growth increases waste. The problem of their utilization is a promising area of development for all countries. In the countries of the European Union a waste management system has been developed, which gives positive results. The article discusses the main aspects of waste management policy in the countries of the European Union. The data of the general European trend in the formation of household waste for the last two decades are presented. Hypotheses about what factors can influence the correctness of the waste management policy were tested using regression analysis. The recycling rate of waste, the circular material use rate, as well as trade in secondary raw materials were chosen as indicators of the level of development of waste management. The level of GDP, R&D costs, human resources in science and technology were selected as factors of the effectiveness of this policy. Indicators have been identified that have the greatest impact on the degree of waste disposal.
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Vávrová, E. "The Czech agricultural insurance market and a prediction of its development in the context of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 11 (February 21, 2012): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5148-agricecon.
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In the market economy, agriculture ranks among the important political and economic issues. Risks associated with agricultural activity can be catastrophic. For farmers and farms, damages resulting from materialized risks represent significant and existence-threatening problems. For the state, damages in agriculture can endanger the food supply chain, cause fluctuation in employment or jeopardize the state’s foreign-policy position due to lack of self-sufficiency. This is why it is necessary to discuss the methods and ways to deal with the problem, to eliminate agricultural risks or to minimize their occurrence and materialization. One of the possible ways is insurance. With regard to these facts, the author attempts to make an analysis of the possible ways to eliminate risks that endanger agricultural production and, according to this analysis, to describe the basic approaches to minimizing or eliminating the materialization of risks associated with agricultural activity. Subsequently, the author focuses on agricultural insurance systems in the countries of the European Union, and on the present-day situation in the field of agricultural insurance in the Czech Republic.
4
Holló, Gábor, Doreen Schmidl, and Anton Hommer. "Referral for first glaucoma surgery in Europe, the ReF-GS study." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118791937.
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Purpose: To analyze the appropriateness of referrals for incisional glaucoma-surgery in Europe. Methods: Referrals for the first open-angle glaucoma surgery between January and October 2017 were analyzed in 18 countries: 8 “old” European Union, 7 “new” European Union and 3 non-European Union European countries. Results: Most eyes had primary open-angle or exfoliative glaucoma. The average mean deviation was −13.8 dB with split fixation in 44.3%. No structural progression analysis was made before the referrals. The most common medications were the combination of a prostaglandin analog, timolol and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (30.0%), and all other combinations comprising ⩾ 3 molecules (33.8%). Laser trabeculoplasty was reported in only 18.4%. Of the 294 referrals, 41.5% were appropriate and timely, 35.0% appropriate but later than optimal, and 17.6% appropriate but too late (minimal vision maintained). The treatment period was significantly longer (median: 7 years) in the “old” European Union countries than in the other groups (3 and 2 years, respectively). No between-group differences were seen in intraocular pressure and mean deviation, but the non-European Union group referred the patients at significantly lower cup/disk ratio and eye drop usage than the other groups. Split fixation was significantly more common in the “old” (60.6%) than the “new” European Union countries (38.7%), and in both EU country-groups than in the non-European Union countries (13.6%). Conclusions: Of 294 European open-angle glaucoma referrals for first glaucoma-surgery, 41.5% were completely satisfactory. The damage was typically advanced, and the care varied considerably among the countries. This suggests that further efforts are necessary to improve glaucoma care in Europe.
5
Kuzmin, Sergey B. "Risk of Environmental Management in Countries of European Union." Issues of Risk Analysis 18, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-3-46-63.
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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, as well as protection from natural disasters and disasters at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy. Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia. Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, when assessing the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPI of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Taking into account direct indicators and damage from past events in assessing the risk of natural resource use also suffers from a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.
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Bobek, Michal, and David Kosař. "Global Solutions, Local Damages: A Critical Study in Judicial Councils in Central and Eastern Europe." German Law Journal 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2014): 1257–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019362.
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Judicial independence appears on most laundry lists of all bodies or institutions engaged with the rule of law. It is considered an unqualified public good. As a result, all major players engaged in legal reform and building a rule of law have diverted significant resources to this issue. For instance, the United Nations created the office of Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers in 1994. The World Bank has been investing heavily in judicial reforms in Latin America and Asia. In Europe, the Council of Europe has been pushing for judicial independence and judicial reform throughout the continent. Additionally, the European Union included judicial independence among its core requirements for the accession countries. Both organizations, the European Union and the Council of Europe, then jointly encouraged legal and judicial reforms in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). A number of non-governmental organizations have likewise paid considerable attention to this issue.
7
Vlahek, Ana, and Klemen Podobnik. "Provisions of the Damages Directive on Limitation Periods and their Implementation in CEE Countries." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 10, no. 5 (2017): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.15.8.
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The article analyses the provisions on limitation of antitrust damages actions set out in Directive 2014/104/EU on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union. It presents (draft) implementing legislation of CEE countries from the perspective of their general rules on limitation, and the problems the Member States have faced in the process of transposing the Directive into their national legal systems. Within that, focus is placed upon the analysis of the types of limitation periods, their length and their suspension or interruption. In addition, the authors present the effects of the new limitation regime on the balance between the interests of the claimants and of the defendants, as well as on the relation between public and private antitrust enforcement.
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Solntsev, V. S., O. Ye Kyiashko, N. B. Klymova, and N. V. Nestor. "The international experience of damages valuation criteria application for measuring losses through intellectual property illegal exploitation." Ukrainian Society 77, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2021.02.154.
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One of the main goals of intellectual property rights is to ensure financial protection of intellectual property rights of the rightsholder in case of violation. The article analyses the international experience of damages valuation criteria application for measuring losses through illegal exploitation of intellectual property (patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc.). The ability to make preliminary damage measuring due to the illegal use of intellectual property helps make better litigation choices. It is crucial to understand the basic approaches and damages valuation criteria in determining material loss. On the one hand, it helps the rightsholder make an informed and optimal decision to recover a reasonable amount of compensation in court. On the other hand, understanding the approach to determining damages affects the type and number of witnesses, facts, and experts involved in defending the case. Authors consider approaches and damage criteria for assessing the loss caused to rightsholders on the example of the European Union, the United States, and Colombia. It is shown that the same criteria are used in different countries for damages: lost benefit of the rightsholder; the profit of the offender; lump sum damage and/or hypothetical (“reasonable”) royalties; compensation established by law; coverage of other indirect losses. However, applying these criteria in different countries is different for the reimbursement of different types of intellectual property rights. The international experience analysis of damages valuation criteria application for measuring losses through intellectual property illegal exploitation allows to improve the normative-legal field in Ukraine and create a national methodology of damages measuring caused by illegal exploitation of the intellectual property.
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Mrvić-Petrović, Nataša. "Right to compensation of damage arising from traffic accident in the legislation of the countries in transition." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 71, no. 12 (1999): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9907210m.
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By comparative analysis of the bases of liability for damages and the scope of the right to compensation for damages arising from traffic accidents existing in the legislation of the countries that are undergoing transition, the author reaches a conclusion that the process of overcoming the disadvantages of the former legislative solutions is going on slowly and that significant differences are noticed in respect of the level of protection of the injured person. In comparison to these jurisdictions, the present Yugoslav law, especially the solutions accepted in court practice, prove to be much more comprehensive. With the existing changes of the insurance law and with improved efficiency of the judicial protection, Yugoslav legislation could be more successfully adapted to the standards of the European Union.
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Aldag, Ole. "Due Diligence and Environmental Damages Under Rome II." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 1231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020074.
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Within the European Union, the Rome II Regulation determines the applicable law on cross-border matters of non-contractual nature. The paper examines the applicable law on environmental-related tort claims against European multi-national companies utilizing production facilities in third countries, either based on active misconduct or on alleged omission of environment-related due diligence. As these types of claims are an expression of misconduct by multinational corporations conducting business abroad, particular notice will be given to the applicable law on compensation claims for environmental damages allegedly caused by negligent compliance for environmental standards of either independent or subsidiary production facilities. While doing so, its main point of interest will be whether claims against European-based companies may be governed by the law of the effective seat of the latter. Considering that Article 7 Rome II provides for a special connecting factor regarding environmental damages, the paper examines whether Rome II does justice for due diligence-related cases on the conflict of laws level and argues for a nuanced approach to localize the place of the event giving rise to such damages. Private International Law, Environmental Damages, Civil Compensation, Torts, Corporate Social Responsibility, Rome II, Mandatory Rules, Public policy
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Druviete, Inese, Jūlija Jerņeva, and Aravamudhan Ulaganathan Ravindran. "Disclosure of Evidence in Central and Eastern European Countries in Light of the Implementation of the Damages Directive." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 10, no. 5 (2017): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.15.10.
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The article looks primarily at the material comprised in the volume edited by A. Piszcz, Implementation of the EU Damages Directive in Central and Eastern European Countries published in 2017 and based on that compares aspects of the disclosure of evidence issue in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The purpose of this article is to look into how the process for the disclosure of evidence has evolved in eleven countries of the European Union in light of Directive 2014/104/EU. The article looks at six key issues with regard to disclosure of evidence in light of Directive 2014/104/EU: general procedural issues; procedure for the submission of evidence; criteria for the disclosure of evidence; restrictions on the disclosure of evidence; disclosure of evidence by parties other than the defendant; and consequences of the failure to comply with a request to submit evidence. The article relies on primary data from eleven EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe.
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Al-Jaberi, Prof Dr Sattar Jabbar. "Iraq and the European Union towards a Strategic Partnership." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 220, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v220i2.487.
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The Iraq's relations with the European Union countries of the oldest and surest Iraq's foreign relations, in spite of the damage to those relationships during certain time periods, and sometimes degradation several considerations, they quickly return to normal, the importance of Iraq's strategy for European countries on the one hand, and interest in Iraq, the European its relations On the other hand .
The EU played an important role in Iraq in the era after 2003, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and try to achieve a real partnership in the political, economic and cultural fields, and interested in EU areas of human rights, and civil society organizations, and strengthen the Iraqi security capacity and we will try in this Find the study of the positions of the European Union countries of Iraq, and then try the European Union and Iraq to establish a strategic partnership between them.
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Brodny, Jarosław, Magdalena Tutak, and Peter Bindzár. "Assessing the Level of Renewable Energy Development in the European Union Member States. A 10-Year Perspective." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133765.
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The global economic development is, to a great extent, dependent on access to large amounts of cheap energy sources. The growing social awareness of ecology and the enormous damage to the Earth’s ecosystem due to the production of energy from conventional sources have forced fundamental changes in the energy sector. Renewable energy is considered to be an opportunity for such changes. The current state of the art allows such changes to be made without restricting economic development. Therefore, activities related to the energy transition are being taken all over the world. The European Union has definitely managed to achieve the most tangible effects in this regard. This article presents the findings of the research aimed at presenting the current state of renewable energy in the European Union and analyzing the changes reported in this sector in the last decade. The research was carried out using a selected set of 11 indicators characterizing renewable energy in individual countries. These indicators were selected on the basis of literature review and own studies of the state of renewable energy and its development prospects. Based on these indicators, changes in the energy structure of individual European Union countries between 2008–2018 were determined. The study is divided into two main stages. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the first analysis. In turn, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to assess the level of renewable energy development in the European Union countries. Both these methods and the extended statistical analysis were applied to determine the state of renewable energy development in the European Union countries in the studied period and to divide the Member States into classes with different levels of development. The results of the study showed that the EU countries are characterized by significant differences in the development of RES during the period in question. The unquestionable leaders in this respect are Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Latvia. Based on the findings, it is possible to evaluate the effects of activities related to renewable energy development and to prepare assumptions for future activities. Additionally, both the research and its findings broaden the knowledge of the directions of renewable energy development in individual European Union countries. This is particularly important in the context of changes related to the need to reduce harmful substance emissions and the implementation of the European Green Deal idea.
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Korneva, P. M. "Conflicting regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism: the experience of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.66.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union. The author analyzes the concept of «medical tourism» and other terms used to denote the phenomenon of travel of persons to foreign countries to receive medical services («cross-border healthcare», «medical tourism», «medical travel»). The article analyzes the regulation of the EU-member states and supra-national regulation of private law aspects in the field of medical tourism. In particular, the peculiarities of receiving medical care by citizens of the European Union, which are regulated with the Directive of the Euro-pean Council and the Parliament 2011/24 / EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. The author concludes that the conflict regulation of medical tourism in the European Union is based on the general conflict rules on the conclusion and implementation of contracts in the field of services and insurance, as well as compensation for damage caused by improper performance of contracts or civil offenses (torts), resolving conflicts of jurisdiction, etc. Special conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union is not developed. At the same time, the author emphasizes the significant gaps in the conflict regulation of certain issues related to medical tourism, especially such debatable as cross-border surrogacy, organ transplantation, eutha-nasia and others. The author supports the view that for the countries of the European Union today in the context of medical tourism for the purpose of surrogacy in countries where such a procedure is legal, relevant today are issues of conflict regulation, such as determining the nationality of the child; recognition of paternity (origin of the child); recognition of birth certificates of a surrogate mother issued in other countries.
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Kuzmin, Sergey, and Dmitrii Lopatkin. "Geoinformation support for environmental risk assessment in countries of European Union." Geoinformatika, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2021-4-4-17.
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An assessment of the risk of environmental management for the countries of the European Union was carried out on the basis of
two main criteria — natural hazard and protection from natural disasters. For this purpose, specific geoinformation support was used to calculate the risk according to the author's methodology. Natural hazard consists of natural processes of various origins — lithospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric and biospheric, which are considered dangerous within the entire state according to official data, — as well as of protection from natural disasters and catastrophes at the state level. The last criterion is calculated on the basis of a number of socio-economic and environmental
indicators for the EU countries: gross domestic product, the share of the working-age population and the population living below
the poverty line, telecommunications and transport coefficients, life expectancy and literacy of the population, child mortality, and the intensity of environmental problems. The relationship between the level of economic development and the level of risk of environmental management in individual EU countries has not been established. So, highly developed countries fall into all risk categories: Italy, Austria and Germany — high risk, France, Netherlands and Belgium — medium risk, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark — low risk. Conversely, underdeveloped countries
are also present in all categories: Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania — high risk, Latvia, Lithuania — medium risk, Estonia — low risk. Therefore, the assessment of the risk of environmental management, its subsequent analysis and management of natural and natural-man-made emergencies, one should not rely only on indicators of the level of economic development in countries, for example, GDP, as well as on environmental standards established, albeit at the international level, such as MPC, MPE of harmful substances in soils, plants, water bodies, atmospheric air, etc. Consideration of direct indicators and damage from past events when assessing the risk of natural resource use also has a number of drawbacks. A differentiated approach is required.
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Mat Enh, Azlizan, Muhamad Khaider Bustami, Hasrina Mustafa, Mohd Shazwan Mokhtar, and Nur Solehah Mohd Ashri. "The Malaysian Palm Issue in the European Union Press Report." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 38, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 118–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3801-07.
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This article explores how the European media reports on the Malaysian palm oil to consumers in the European Union countries. The European newspapers allegedly mentioned that palm oil brings extensive damage and affects the environment, cutting down of forests, animal extinction and child labour. The consistent role and influence of the European media in reporting and giving a bad sentiment regarding the disadvantages of Malaysian palm oil to the European consumers have successfully launched an anti-palm oil campaign among the consumers. This matter has also caused a decrease in the export of palm oil into the European Union and indirectly affected the fate of 600,000 palm oil producers in Malaysia. This article uses the literature review approach on the resources such as the European Union newspapers which have a high number of readers in their respected countries such as the Guardian and BBC (United Kingdom), Gazeta Wyborcza and Super Express (Poland), The Brussel Times, Metro and Gazet Van Antwerpen (Belgium) to analyse the role of media in this matter. The results found that the issue of palm oil in the news reports propagated by the European media on the drawbacks of Malaysian palm oil did not happen as reported. In truth, the actual purpose behind their act was to ‘protect’ their real agenda, which is to replace palm oil with their soybean crops. The issues that were touted by the newspapers have given a bad image to the Malaysian palm oil industry. Keywords: European Union, Malaysian palm oil, MPOB, MPOC, biofuel.
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Papp, Nikolett. "A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban." Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.04.09.
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"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."
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Thiet, Tran Cong, and Vu Thi Duyen Thuy. "Some legal issues on compensation for environmental damage under Vietnamese law and the law of the European Union." Studia Prawnicze KUL, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/sp.10660.
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In recent years, the law on environmental damage compensation has been a burning issue in many countries around the world, especially in developing nations where the dilemma concerns the balance between economic development and environmental protection. The issue of liability for environmental damage can be considered from many perspectives, and the focus of this study will be civil liability compensation. Learning and studying the regulations of developed countries like the European Union plays an important role in the development and improvement of environmental laws in general and the law on environmental compensation in particular for Vietnam. In this article, the authors provide insights on some legal provisions on compensation for environmental damage based on comparison with the laws of the European Union to determine how to develop legal regulations in the field of environmental damage compensation. This creates a foundation that contributes to the introduction of solutions to improve the efficiency of the law on environmental damage compensation in Vietnam.
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Vaglio Laurin, Gaia, Nicola Puletti, Clara Tattoni, Carlotta Ferrara, and Francesco Pirotti. "Estimated Biomass Loss Caused by the Vaia Windthrow in Northern Italy: Evaluation of Active and Passive Remote Sensing Options." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 4924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234924.
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Windstorms are a major disturbance factor for European forests. The 2018 Vaia storm, felled large volumes of timber in Italy causing serious ecological and financial losses. Remote sensing is fundamental for primary assessment of damages and post-emergency phase. An explicit estimation of the timber loss caused by Vaia using satellite remote sensing was not yet undertaken. In this investigation, three different estimates of timber loss were compared in two study sites in the Alpine area: pre-existing local growing stock volume maps based on lidar data, a recent national-level forest volume map, and an novel estimation of AGB values based on active and passive remote sensing. The compared datasets resemble the type of information that a forest manager might potentially find or produce. The results show a significant disagreement in the different biomass estimates, related to the methods used to produce them, the study areas characteristics, and the size of the damaged areas. These sources of uncertainty highlight the difficulty of estimating timber loss, unless a unified national or regional European strategy to improve preparedness to forest hazards is defined. Considering the frequent impacts on forest resources that occurred in the last years in the European Union, remote sensing-based surveys targeting forests is urgent, particularly for the many European countries that still lack reliable forest stocks data.
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Chiabrando, F., E. Colucci, A. Lingua, F. Matrone, F. Noardo, and A. Spanò. "A EUROPEAN INTEROPERABLE DATABASE (EID) TO INCREASE RESILIENCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-151-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The set of laws, actions and organizations for Cultural Heritage (CH) protection is born in the different countries of the European Union from local cultural situations, so the ability to cope with the emergency is certainly different. In addition to the damages that can occur to cultural assets after a disaster, an inadequate emergency intervention can sometimes cause further losses to the CH.<br> The effectiveness of response depends on the adequacy of advanced planning. Some countries have designed emergency plans but their databases (DBs) are fragmented, incomplete and not standardized. It is thus necessary to establish a DB for emergency assistance and maps of CH at risk to be compared with maps of natural hazards and risks, in order to take preventive and operational measures, as well as agree on a common terminology and international standards. The project aims to enhance the capability of Civil Protection to prevent disasters impacts on CH by implementing a European Interoperable Database (EID) as supporting decision tool to understand the risk of damage to cultural assets.<br> The EID, starting from the international standards to represent the map objects (CityGML, INSPIRE), the classification of CH in Europe (UNESCO), in Italy (MiBACT), in Germany and in France and from risks and disasters analysis, will design, with its Conceptual Data Model, an extension of the INSPIRE UML model. This DB will also support 3D models to help finding and recognizing dispersed artworks and facilitate a post-emergency restoration, preserving thus a digital memory in case of destruction.</p>
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Dvulit, Zoriana, and Z. Komarenska. "Features of the export of certified dairy products to the European Union countries in the conditions of Russian aggression in Ukraine." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.02.364.
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The article attempts to investigate the peculiarities of exporting domestically produced dairy products to the European Union countries in the conditions of full-scale invasion and aggression of the occupier of russia. It caused colossal moral and material losses and damages for Ukraine, including for all sectors of the economy and infrastructural sectors of the economy. Among other sectors of the economy, the production of dairy products in the structure of food production suffered significant damage. Like many other Ukrainian enterprises, dairy producers have faced many challenges and problems related to exporting their products. The assessment of the state of the study of this problem made it possible to conclude that there is an objectively small number of scientific publications for the year 2022 devoted to this topic. However, for this research, it is necessary to rely on the opinions, recommendations, and visions of experts in the dairy industry and stakeholders, taking into account the daily changes in the situation not only in Ukraine but also on the world stage. The work highlights the main principles and rules to which dairy products exported to the EU must comply. It was indicated in which cases dairy products cannot be legally presented on the market of EU countries or are prohibited at all. Within the framework of this study, to implement the tasks set in the work, the justification of the choice of dairy products under code 0402 “Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter,” was carried out. The export structures of Ukrainian producers of certified dairy products are analyzed by geographical and commodity structures according to 2016-2021. In the example of one commodity item 040210 for 2021, the value of the export potential of Ukraine and its producers of dairy products is given. The assessment of the potential makes it possible to state that russia's aggression not only destroys entirely or partly the dairy companies but also its potential, deepening the consequences of the global food crisis. The main problems and current challenges in the export of dairy products are outlined, and the primary vectors for the development of the export of Ukrainian dairy products to the EU countries are proposed.
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Hretsa, S. M. "Types of constitutional responsibilities of man and citizen in Ukraine and in the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 66 (November 29, 2021): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.66.8.
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The article is devoted to the study of the range of responsibilities of man and citizen in Ukraine and the European Union, the formation of an approach to their classification. The following range of human responsibilities in the EU have been identified: equality between women and men in terms of pay; non-discrimination; respect for human dignity; receiving compulsory education; completion of compulsory school education. The following range of responsibilities of an EU citizen has been identified: to perform military service in relation to one of the EU member states; to be registered as conscripts in one of the EU member states. Such a range of human responsibilities has been established in Ukraine (strict observance of the Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine; non-encroachment on the rights and freedoms, honor and dignity of others; responsibilities in marriage and family; parents are obliged to maintain children until they reach adulthood adult children are obliged to take care of their disabled parents; to obtain a complete general secondary education; not to harm nature, cultural heritage; to compensate for damages; to pay taxes and fees in the manner and amount prescribed by law) and the duties of a citizen of Ukraine (protection of the Fatherland, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine; respect for the state symbols of Ukraine). According to these criteria, the responsibilities of man and citizen are classified into the following groups: criterion "subject": 1) human responsibilities; 2) responsibilities of a citizen; by the criterion of "form of implementation": 1) individual; 2) collective; by the criterion of "content": 1) economic; 2) social; 3) cultural; 4) political; 5) others; according to the criterion of "source" of consolidation: 1) enshrined in the founding treaties of the EU; 2) enshrined in international (additional) EU agreements with international organizations and other countries; 3) enshrined in regulations, directives, recommendations; conclusions; 4) contained in the decision of the Court of Justice, the conclusions of the Court of Justice; 5) contained in the national legislation of the EU member states, third countries; 6) according to the criterion of the circle of subjects in relation to which they are assigned: 1) in relation to other people; 2) in relation to the world community; 3) in relation to future generations.
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Zębek, Elżbieta. "Important issues in select European Union countries’ criminal environmental law in compliance with Directive 2008/99/EC." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 2 (2021): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.207.
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This article analyzes issues in criminal environmental law in Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, which implemented the provisions of the European Commission Directive 2008/99/EC. The provisions of this directive changed the scope of protection of environmental resources in these countries’ penal codes to varying extents. These three countries have been relatively successful in comprehensively implementing criminal directive provisions. This included changes in the special protection of Natura 2000 sites and ozone depleting substances. Legal systems are generally based on prevention and risk assessment, and the basic conditions of criminal responsibility for environmental crimes include “significant damage, causing damage to the health of another or animals and plants, damage to other property and also water, air, soil and environmental components which have significant value”. Additional aspects include environmental damage over larger areas and restoration costs. However, the greatest current problem is the vague definition of conditions of criminal responsibility, which makes it difficult to enforce legislation. The following postulates de lege ferenda were formulated: clarify the premises for offenses against the environment, specify the costs of remedying environmental damage, define critical emission standards for environmental crime, as well as specify activities in protected areas that threaten objects. This article emphasizes that an increased and better definition of the conditions of criminal responsibility for environmental crimes enacted by EU countries may contribute to more effective enforcement of infringements of environmental protection law.
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Kalachin, G. M., and V. N. Zuev. "Role of EU RTA network and anti-crisis measures in overcoming the effects of the pandemic." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 126–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.05.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severe economic and political crisis in many countries around the world. For the European Union,as the most developed integration unit, the damage was profound. Moreover, the failure to provide a coordinated policy at the initial pandemic stage raised the question of the advisability of the existence of the Union as such. Nevertheless, EU countries and institutions have managed to overcome many contradictions and formulate common responses, some of them were unprecedented both in nature and funding. This article aims to identify the main elements of the EU policy to combat and overcome the current crisis. At the same time, the EU network of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is considered as an important element of anti-crisis policy in trade in goods, and the quarterly dynamics of EU trade with RTA partners and third countries is also analyzed. The results demonstrate that European institutions use the pandemic to catalyze profound transformations of the EU economy. Main directions are digitalization and «green economy». At the same time, the RTA network should be considered as an autonomous EU anti-crisis tool, since trade with RTA partners recovered to pre-crisis (2018) levels much faster than with other countries.
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Ivanovskiy, Boris. "ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND MEASURES TO OVERCOME IT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. (REVIEW)." Economic and social problems of Russia The digital economy Current state and prospects, no. 3 (2021): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/espr/2021.03.04.
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The paper describes the economic damage from the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Discusses the financial, organizational and tax measures to overcome the crisis caused by the pandemic, which are being taken in the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the actions of individual EU states to support entrepreneurial and financial activities, the supply of goods and services, as well as employment and incomes of the population.
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Movchan, Roman, Andrii Vozniuk, Maria Burak, Vitalii Areshonkov, and Dmitriy Kamensky. "Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.2.
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The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.
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Mihăilescu, Adina. "Restrictive anti-Covid-19 government measures and the choice of citizens of the European Union at the end of 2020 between health benefits and economic relaxation - Statistical study." Sociology International Journal 6, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/sij.2022.06.00260.
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This exposure is based on the responses of the European Union to the MEDEC question in a common questionnaire. More specifically, the MEDEC question has the following concrete wording: “What is your opinion on the consequences generated by two aspects imposed in Romania by the Covid-19 pandemic? Use for the answer a scale with six answer possibilities where the value 1 means that the health benefits are greater than the economic damage, and by score 6 you appreciate the situation of some economic damage greater than the health benefits. Response scores 2-5 indicate opinions between these two extreme positions”. From a statistical point of view, the answer to the MEDEC question is regarded as an observation from an ordinal categorical variable. The sample was completed in October 2020 and includes 24812 individuals interviewed in European Union between September 25 and October 7, 2020. Taking into account the answers received to the MEDEC question, the relations between the EU countries are specified. Practically is obtained the dendrogram resulting from an agglomerative hierarchical classification procedure. For the statistical analysis we have built the MVE indicator expressing Europeans' confidence in anti-Covid economic restrictions. MVE values bring new clarification of the hierarchical classification. We mention here that the initial database attached to the survey was subsequently weighted taking into account the real proportions into the European populations of the interviewed persons in relation to their country, age category, gender or place of residence.
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Shestak, Viktor, Sergei Katsuba, Tatiana Kvasnikova, and Yuri Bokov. "Liability for Violation of Environmental Legislation in the EU." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 1 (March 1, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021002.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of the legislative mechanisms of administrative and criminal liability for violation of environmental legislation in the legal system of the European Union. Using the methods of political and legal analysis, the comparative legal method and the structure designmethod, the study examines the features of the formation and structure of EU legislative mechanisms in the field of legal regulation of liability for violations of environmental legislation. At the same time, existing problems faced by legislators from the point of view of law enforcement practice in different countries of the European Union are also considered. In the EU, considerable attention is paid to the vector of environmental protection at the supranational level, as well as to the implementation of the acquis communautaire of the environmental legislation into national legislative norms. Nevertheless, the institutions of the European Union have not yet been able to fully achieve complete uniformity with regard to the established environmental liability regime and, accordingly, overcome the difficulties associated with the effective interaction of EU legislation and the realities of national legal systems. At the same time, in European law enforcement practice, administrative measures in matters of environmental responsibility are given preference over measures of criminal responsibility. To date, as evidenced by the study, EU legislators adhere to the position regarding the assignment of criminal prosecution obligations to the national authorities, which is due to the flexibility of law enforcement measures. environmental damage, environmental law, environmental legislation, environmental protection, environmental responsibility, European Union, supranational policy
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López-Rodríguez, Ana Mercedes. "The Sun Behind the Clouds? Enforcement of Renewable Energy Awards in the EU." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 02 (June 7, 2019): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204710251900013x.
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AbstractA number of European Union (EU) countries have undertaken thorough reforms in the renewable energy sector over the past years. The regulatory changes have triggered a wave of claims from low-carbon investors asserting that the reforms have diminished or exhausted the economic viability of their investments. Unlike local investors, who typically take legal action before domestic courts, foreign investors have filed arbitration claims in accordance with the Energy Charter Treaty, notably against Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, resulting in several awards of damages. However, recent developments in EU state aid law seem to restrict the ability of investors to obtain compensation. This article argues that such developments may undermine renewable energy policy, because arbitration enhances the regulatory stability and predictability which low-carbon investments require only if arbitral awards can be enforced effectively. The article examines the different scenarios that may arise out of the interplay between EU law and investment arbitration in the EU and concludes that the European Commission's arguable redrawing of the boundaries of state aid rules to encompass investment arbitration, combined with the EU's general quest to replace investment arbitration with alternative mechanisms of adjudication, may jeopardize climate change mitigation policies.
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Dullien, Sebastian, Sabine Stephan, and Thomas Theobald. "EUROPEAN FISCAL RULES AS A LIABILITY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC TRADE CONFLICT: LESSONS FROM NiGEM SIMULATIONS." National Institute Economic Review 254 (November 2020): R54—R66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.41.
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Under the Trump administration, a transatlantic trade conflict has been escalating step by step. First, it was about tariffs on steel and aluminium, then about retaliation for the French digital tax, which is suspended until the end of the year. Most recently, the US administration threatened the European Union with tariffs on cars and car parts because of Canadian seafood being subject to lower import duties. As simulations with NiGEM show, a further escalation of the transatlantic trade conflict has the potential to slow down economic growth significantly in the countries involved. This is a considerable risk given the fact that the countries have to cope with the enormous negative effects of the pandemic shock. Furthermore, the damage caused by the trade conflict depends on the extent to which the affected countries use fiscal policy to stabilise their economies.
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Lockwood, Julia F., Galina S. Guentchev, Alexander Alabaster, Simon J. Brown, Erika J. Palin, Malcolm J. Roberts, and Hazel E. Thornton. "Using high-resolution global climate models from the PRIMAVERA project to create a European winter windstorm event set." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 3585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3585-2022.
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Abstract. PRIMAVERA (process-based climate simulation: advances in high-resolution modelling and European climate risk assessments) was a European Union Horizon 2020 project whose primary aim was to generate advanced and well-evaluated high-resolution global climate model datasets for the benefit of governments, business and society in general. Following consultation with members of the insurance industry, we have used a PRIMAVERA multi-model ensemble to generate a European winter windstorm event set for use in insurance risk analysis, containing approximately 1300 years of windstorm data. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6492182. To create the storm footprints for the event set, the storms in the PRIMAVERA models are identified through tracking. A method is developed to separate the winds from storms occurring in the domain at the same time. The wind footprints are bias corrected and converted to 3 s gusts onto a uniform grid using quantile mapping. The distribution of the number of model storms per season as a function of estimated loss is consistent with re-analysis, as are the total losses per season, and the additional event set data greatly reduce uncertainty on return period magnitudes. The event set also reproduces the temporally clustered nature of European windstorms. Since the event set is generated from global climate models, it can help to quantify the non-linear relationship between large-scale climate indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and windstorm damage. Although we find only a moderate positive correlation between extended winter NAO and storm damage in northern European countries (consistent with re-analysis), there is a large change in risk of extreme seasons between negative and positive NAO states. The intensities of the most severe storms in the event set are, however, sensitive to the gust conversion and bias correction method used, so care should be taken when interpreting the expected damages for very long return periods.
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Poliak, M., E. Salamakhina, N. Lakhmetkina, and N. Zhuravleva. "Comparison of freight forwarder liability in selected countries of the European Union and selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1247, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1247/1/012033.
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Abstract The continuous flow of movement of goods on the world market forces manufacturers to turn to intermediaries who are able to organize cargo transportation services. At the moment, the most common intermediary is a freight forwarder. This article defines the understanding of the term freight forwarder, its role in the supply chain, as well as the risks associated with transportation. This article analyses the part of forwarding contract which deals with a limitation of the forwarder’s liability. The limitation of the forwarder’s liability allows predicting the amount of compensation to the cargo owner in case of damage or loss of goods. In addition to the previously conducted analysis of the freight forwarder’s liability in the selected countries of the European Union, an analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in the selected CIS countries was carried out. Among other things, it was determined which national regulations regulate freight forwarding activities in these countries. The limitations of the liability of freight forwarders proposed by the conditions of the expedition of the national Associations of logistics and forwarding, compiled on the basis of the standard rules of the FIATA organization, are also considered.
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Sadowski, Józef. "The critical infrastructure protection. The genesis." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.259.
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The concept of critical infrastructure was already known in a number of ancient civilizations across different continents. Critical infrastructure was considered vital, enabling civilization a proper functioning. The purpose of this article is to present reason and sequence of practice actions for selected Poland associated administrative offices and countries organizations. A cause and an historical overview of the preparation of the United States, European and Polish critical infrastructure protection was provided. According to the manuscripts, critical infrastructure of majority of nations concerns systems and physical or virtual resources, damage or destruction of which, impairing the national and citizen security. Polish European Union membership accession requires for this article to be examined regarding the European programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection.
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Chen, James Ming, Mira Zovko, Nika Šimurina, and Vatroslav Zovko. "Fear in a Handful of Dust: The Epidemiological, Environmental, and Economic Drivers of Death by PM2.5 Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168688.
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This study evaluates numerous epidemiological, environmental, and economic factors affecting morbidity and mortality from PM2.5 exposure in the 27 member states of the European Union. This form of air pollution inflicts considerable social and economic damage in addition to loss of life and well-being. This study creates and deploys a comprehensive data pipeline. The first step consists of conventional linear models and supervised machine learning alternatives. Those regression methods do more than predict health outcomes in the EU-27 and relate those predictions to independent variables. Linear regression and its machine learning equivalents also inform unsupervised machine learning methods such as clustering and manifold learning. Lower-dimension manifolds of this dataset’s feature space reveal the relationship among EU-27 countries and their success (or failure) in managing PM2.5 morbidity and mortality. Principal component analysis informs further interpretation of variables along economic and health-based lines. A nonlinear environmental Kuznets curve may describe the fuller relationship between economic activity and premature death from PM2.5 exposure. The European Union should bridge the historical, cultural, and economic gaps that impair these countries’ collective response to PM2.5 pollution.
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Bellini, Silvia, Alessandra Scaburri, Marco Tironi, and Stefania Calò. "Analysis of Risk Factors for African Swine Fever in Lombardy to Identify Pig Holdings and Areas Most at Risk of Introduction in Order to Plan Preventive Measures." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121077.
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In 2019, the area of the European Union (EU) affected by African swine fever (ASF) expanded progressively in a southwestern direction from Baltic and eastern countries. The disease can severely affect and disrupt regional and international trade of pigs and pork products with serious socioeconomic damages to the pig industry. Lombardy is one of the most important European pig producers and the introduction of ASF into the pig population could adversely affect the entire sector. A study was carried out to identify the farms and territories in the region most at risk of ASF introduction to plan preventive measures. The pig holdings were identified through a descriptive analysis of pig movements and Social Network Analysis (SNA), while, for the identification of the most exposed municipalities, an assessment of risk factors was carried out using the ranking of summed scores attributed to the Z-score. From the analysis, it was found that 109 municipalities and 297 pig holdings of the region were potentially more at risk, and these holdings were selected for target surveillance. This information was provided to veterinary authority to target surveillance in pig farms, in order to early detect a possible incursion of ASF and prevent its spread.
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Damoc, Adrian-Ioan, and Akad Al-Kasawnih. "Some ways to modernise and increase the efficiency of trade and investment flows between the European Union and South East Asian Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 1406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0128.
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Abstract Since the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, the European Union’s economic and sociopolitical strength has been subjected to a harsh test as all societal actors, in very specific ways, were obliged to keep the virus from spreading out of control, minimise the economic damage and ensure timely and urgent treatment for covid-19 patients while also managing social unrest and the rise of Eurosceptic rhetoric. As is characteristic for the modern trading landscape, supply chains have also been negatively affected by the pandemic, with figures plummeting sharply in 2020 with varying rates of recovery in 2021. Analysis of the current global geoeconomic context and the European Union’s external trade and investment partnerships suggests that it could benefit from focusing its attention on one of the world’s fastest growing economies, namely the South-East Asia region. In the present paper, we investigate the extent to which trade reliance on China and/or the United States, economic complexity, political uncertainty and number of dominant foreign trade partners have influenced the economic performance of the European Union and South-East Asia during the pandemic. The results and the implications thereof are discussed in the broader context of a possible paradigmatic change in the European Union’s foreign trade.
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Berdnik, I. V. "CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ATYPICAL FORMS OF OFFENCE AGAINST ENVIRONMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2021, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2021.02.007.
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The article is devoted to the issues of criminal responsibility for atypical forms of offence against environment under the legislation of foreign countries. The urgency of the topic of the publication is predetermined by the fact that today one of the priorities of the Ukrainian state is to ensure and guarantee environmentally friendly living conditions for citizens and society, as well as preserve and restore natural resources as important elements of the environment. It is determined that the atypical encroachment is to reflect in the legislation of a particular country certain, special and specific properties of an illegal act and the damage caused by it, resulting in disruption of public relations, damage to property and goods associated with the circulation, use, restoration of water resources only in some countries. The peculiarities of atypical forms of encroachment on the environment under the legislation of foreign countries are presented and the ways of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine on criminal responsibility are suggested. The results of studying the legal requirements of the European Union, which establish criminal responsibility for offences against environment, give grounds to conclude that they are somewhat similar, primarily due to the global processes of unification and harmonization of national criminal justice systems. To this end, it is necessary to ratify the Convention on the Protection of the Environment by means of criminal law dated 04.11.1998 and to bring the national legislation in line with its provisions. Based on the analysis of criminal legislation of Ukraine and foreign countries, it is concluded that in democratic societies with a perfect system of legislation and mechanisms of responsibility for criminal offenses against environment, a legislator is responsible for protecting natural resources as the elements of the environment. This approach makes it possible to protect the environment from illegal encroachments, as well as to prevent illegal actions of individuals. Key words: criminal responsibility, environment, atypical forms of encroachment, natural environment, natural resources, European Union.
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Zajak, Sabrina, Giulia Gortanutti, Johanna Lauber, and Ana-Maria Nikolas. "Talking about the same but different? Understanding social movement and trade union cooperation through social movement and industrial relations theories." Industrielle Beziehungen. Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management 25, no. 2-2018 (August 22, 2018): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/indbez.v25i2.03.
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In the context of continuing political, social, and economic crises, trade unions in most European countries are seen as weakened, protest as having little influence, and the solidarity between European populations as damaged. Under these circumstances, scientists and practitioners have placed hope in the cooperation of social movements and trade unions in order to revitalise trade unions and achieve common goals. However, the conditions for forming alliances between trade unions and social movement organisations have, thus far, been primarily researched, and partially theorised, from the point of view of different disciplines. In doing so, approaches that emphasise the strategic alignment with resources and context diverge from approaches that highlight the relevance and necessity of shared ideologies or identities. This contribution aims to bring existing approaches from movement and industrial relations research into dialogue with each other and calls for a further integration of both perspectives. It contributes to a more holistic understanding of joint movement and trade union action current concepts such as social movement unionism cannot provide. It uses two examples to show that instrumental, strategy-driven modes and identity-based, culturally-driven modes of cooperation are not contradictory. There are situations in which strategic decisions on resources and political influence are more decisive than ideological proximity and vice versa. These findings are of social and scientific relevance for understanding mechanisms of solidarity construction and processes of bridging differences even in increasingly fragmented and unequal societies.
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Unterschütz, Joanna. "Strike and Remedies for Unlawful Strikes in the Legal Systems of Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 30, Issue 3 (September 1, 2014): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2014018.
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Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia, like many other Central and Eastern European states, underwent profound economic and legal reform in 1989 and early 1990s with the harmonization of their legal system with the EU acquis along with democratic reform of the political system. In this period international conventions, especially ILO standards, were the main source of inspiration. In all three countries strikes are regarded as a last resort, and certain procedures must be implemented to call a lawful strike. The first formal requirement in Polish and Slovak law concerns the reason for a collective dispute: work and employment conditions as well as trade union freedoms and rights or conclusion of a collective agreement. The next requirement concerns the parties to the dispute: workers must be represented by trade unions (except in Hungary). They cannot initiate a collective dispute individually (even if the outcome would subsequently concern all the employees) or through another representative body such as works councils or employee representatives. The proportionality principle must be respected with regard to the demands of strikers and those organizing the strike may be liable for damages. Workers taking part in unlawful strikes may be subject to the sanctions laid down in labour law, such as disciplinary sanctions, dismissal or pecuniary sanctions if damage is caused. Provision for criminal liability is made only in the Polish legal system. They are construed so that many acts of employers or trade unionists representing workers in the course of collective disputes can be subject to sanctions. As far as illegal strikes are concerned, those leading an illegal strike or other protest action can be criminally liable.
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Biondi, Vito, Salvatore Monti, Alessandra Landi, Michela Pugliese, Elena Zema, and Annamaria Passantino. "Has the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Been Impacted by COVID-19 Pandemic?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095360.
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African Swine Fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, listed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). It causes substantial economic losses to pig farming in the affected countries, with consequent enormous damage to livestock production due to mortality of the animals, and to the restrictions on national and international trade in pigs and derivative products that the presence of the infection implies. To prevent or reduce the risk of ASF introduction, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the OIE recommend preventive and control measures, such as the ban of live swine and their products traded from ASF-affected to ASF-free countries or zones. The current spread of ASF into Europe poses a serious risk to the industrialized and small-scale pig sector, as demonstrated by observed cases in different EU areas. In this paper the authors discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ASF, and the indirect effects including the impact on animal health and disease management. They suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected animal disease surveillance control. ASF requires rapid responses and continuous monitoring to identify outbreaks and prevent their spread, and both aspects may have been greatly reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Betlem, Gerrit. "Standing for Ecosystems—Going Dutch." Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 1 (March 1995): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083197.
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Traditionally, common lawyers are used to examining other jurisdictions of their legal family as a source of inspiration for law reform or even as persuasive authority for the development of case law. Developments in continental civil law jurisdictions are less noted. However, particularly in the field of public law, English law is now being influenced by civil law concepts through the mediation of Community law.1 Product liability provides an example in private law of rules shared by the civil and common law jurisdictions of the European Union due to harmonisation by the Product Liability Directive. An important new area of non-contractual liability is environmental liability. Firmly established in the United States, liability for damage to the environment is increasingly being introduced in many countries around the world.3 In the European Union, the first step towards Community-wide legislation was taken in March 1993 with the publication of a Green Paper by the Commission.4 One of the many controversial aspects of a possible environmental liability regime is the issue of standing to sue.
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Jones, Erik. "Did the EU’s Crisis Response Meet the Moment?" Current History 120, no. 824 (March 1, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.93.
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In contrast with their halting response to the global financial crisis a decade ago, European policymakers acted quickly to mitigate the economic damage from the COVID-19 pandemic. They eased the way for governments to run deficits and increase their debt loads. In a breakthrough, the European Union agreed to a plan for common borrowing for a pandemic recovery fund. Although controversial in some countries, common debt would make it easier to address inequities among member states. But the plan was nearly derailed by objections from Poland and Hungary to a provision that would withhold funds from member states that violate the rule of law and other democratic norms, raising doubts about how transformative the borrowing precedent would prove to be.
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Tomilov, Mikhail. "The Impact Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Foreign Trade Between Russia and the Asia-Pacific Countries." Regionalistica 8, no. 5 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.5.5.
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The article represents the assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on foreign trade in goods in the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, it is concluded that the developed countries of the region with a strong dependence on global production chains suffered the greatest damage. At the same time, the least developed ones showed positive dynamics due to the later arrival of the pandemic. The European Union share in the Russian trade turnover has significantly decreased, while the Asia-Pacific countries share, on the contrary, has increased. However, a detailed analysis of the Russian exports commodity structure showed that these positive results were achieved due to an increase in the supply of traditional goods, but not exports diversification by products and directions
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Hlawiczka, Roman, and Boris Kollar. "Globalization and its impact on Slovak economy during corona crisis." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201014.
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Research background: The presented article analysis major impacts of corona crisis on global and subsequently Slovak economy. It divides major impacts into several basic categories. These categories are presented in the methods part of the article. First of all, we analyze and discuss economic impacts, subsequently shocks in supply and demand and at last impacts of policies. These categories contain wide literature research in order to offer complex overview of the topic. The results and discussion part offers comparison of three important economic indicators. Namely gross domestic product, inflation rate and unemployment rate in periods before, during and shortly after the corona crisis. Some of the selected countries play major role in global economy – China, United States and European union. Other selected economies have the most direct impact on Slovak economy like Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Austria. For complex overview, we also included results of Euro area and Italy as a country with the worst course of pandemic. Purpose of the article: Major purpose of presented article is description of major impacts of corona crisis on Global and Slovak economy. The need to shut down individual parts of economies and in some cases total lock down results in important damages. The article underlines these damages. Methods: Among the methods used in this article, the most important one have descriptively analytical character. We also used other methods of formal logic like analysis, graphic method, comparison and synthesis. Findings & Value added: Overview of the major corona crisis impacts on Slovak and global economy during corona crisis.
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Jeretina, Urša. "Administrative Aspects of Alternative Consumer Dispute Resolution in the European Union (EU), Slovenia and Croatia." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2016-0009.
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Abstract The consumer field is widespread and often encompasses different legal fields on a single market, especially when it comes to the field of consumer protection. In fact, the consumer mostly remains a weaker party in resolving consumer disputes, especially in administrative proceedings. Traditional court proceedings do not always offer the most cost-appropriate way of resolving consumer disputes, because the damage with legal costs is disproportionate, especially in Small Claims (20 EUR). In theory, Alternative Dispute Resolution (hereinafter: ADR) is considered more flexible, faster and cheaper for disputes between consumers and businesses. Insofar, Consumer ADR (hereinafter: CADR) is seen as a useful tool that helps consumers realize their right of access to justice. It is argued that CADR systems provide valuable information on the needs of disputants, while preserving confidentiality, increasing consumer satisfaction, equality and grater trust. While CADR is praised in theory as an added value, in practice it still remains unrecognizable and therefore is seen as an ineffective formalism in some EU countries. It seems that consumers and businesses lack awareness of the CADR schemes and their benefits, which have effects on the efficient use of CADR in different public and private institutions. The focus of this paper is on the field of Public Administrative Law, which, through different approaches of scientific analysis, combines the main administrative aspects of CADR systems in the EU. Special attention is given to different administrative barriers in the development of various CADR schemes, which cause the formation of administrative dilemmas in some Member states. The new EU legal regulation on Consumer ADR, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) and EU Administrative law have set flexible rules and principles that would assure the quality of dispute resolution between EU entities with private or public interests. Similarities in proposed principles would lead us closer towards a common European Administrative Space. However, so far such EU initiatives have left many questions unanswered regarding the supervision and financing of CADR schemes, as well as the administrative issues about the purely internal harmonization of “administrative” CADR practices in Member States. An example of the substantial administrative dilemmas in CADR practices, mostly in the field of universal services, can be recognized in existing CADR systems in selected EU countries, e.g. Slovenia and Croatia. POINTS FOR PRACTICIONERS: Special attention is paid to the interplay between the CADR and public administration in the EU, which introduces us to various definitions of the concept of CADR in administrative proceedings. The theoretical view shows that the parties in consumer dispute resolution produce various legal relationships (C2B/G or G/B2C, B2B or G2B) of different legal natures (public or private interests), whether under administrative or civil law. Through comparative analysis of the concept of CADR in administrative proceedings among selected EU countries, divergences are shown in the legal framework of CADR procedures, existing CADR schemes and measuring efficiency tools for CADR procedures, which causes key administrative dilemmas in the main sectors of universal services. Despite divergences, some similarities appear between new principles of proposed new EU regulation, which could lead us closer to a common European Administration law. Unfortunately, the statistical analysis of existing CADR cases in selected Member states indicates an inefficient use of these pledged mechanisms. The given guidelines and improvements with one coherent CADR model contribute to the achievement and pursuit of the set goals towards an efficient European Administrative space.
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Yurgaytis, Alexey, Dmitry Topchy, and Aleksandra Popova. "Ensuring the reliability and safety of renovation facilities when introducing modern methods of building control." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600102.
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The purpose of this paper is to compare building control procedures in the countries of the European Union (EU) and Russia. Considered issues are related to regulatory regulation in countries, a fundamental approach to control, participants, performance results, as well as a vector for the development of construction control activities. The solution of these problems was carried out with the help of studying the foreign experience of research on this subject, as well as studying the regulatory framework for this area in the Russian Federation and the countries of the European Union. As a result of the science-metric analysis, a systematized database of official sources for regulating construction control was created. In addition, the concept of automated control was developed. The result obtained allows us to develop a comprehensive system of building control, to ensure an increase in the safety of construction and installation works. Using the data obtained, it is possible to take into account the experience of both structures and create automated software to track the construction process as a whole or as individual parts, to timely eliminate the identified defects. The possible options for improving software technologies for building control that differ from the others is by the possibility of choice of independent and dependent control parameters, by model of processing results of the construction process control in order to localize the defective situations and minimize the size of the secondary damage from the effects of the commissioning of buildings. Based on the obtained data the further development of models and algorithms for construction control of buildings and structures providing the required level of reliability and safety of their construction and operation, taking into account technical and economic efficiency criteria.
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Faucitano, L. "Causes of skin damage to pig carcasses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-031.
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Damage to the surface of the carcass after dehairing is a serious commercial problem, since it decreases the grade and subsequently the value of the carcass. In many countries, the incidence of skin damage on the carcass has not been considered to be a problem with high priority, as it seems to be easily solved by just trimming off the skin. However, the presence of an haematoma in the underlying tissue and its negative influence on meat quality must be taken into account. Some European Union (EU) countries are aiming at reducing the incidence of blemished carcasses in order to safeguard the image of the national pork sector for both domestic and exporting markets. Major factors responsible for the incidence of skin damage on the carcass are fighting among mixed groups of pigs and poor handling during the preslaughter stages. Recognition of the economical impact of these two factors on the slaughter pigs may lead to more welfare-friendly handling systems and to reduction in the practice of preslaughter mixing of animals. Key words: Handling, skin damage, animal welfare, carcass and meat quality, pigs
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Mazepa, Svitlana, and Fryderyk Zoll. "ELI Principles for the COVID-19 crisis." Pravovedenie 64, no. 3 (2020): 400–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.305.
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In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions were introduced in many countries based on the priority of public interests over personal freedom, national relations over international relations. The article draws attention to the difficulties that states have begun to experience in connection with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the significant damage to the economy, the process of centralization of power and the suppression of the rule of law has increased. Isolation has had a significant impact on the functioning of European and national institutions. The European Law Institute has developed a special instrument that could become a kind of instruction or guide to action for states in a crisis in order to preserve democracy, the rule of law, as well as justice in human relations. This document is based on the demonstration of the need to comply with the fundamental principles required by the rule of law. The authors of the article are members of the European Law Institute, an international organization of legal practitioners and scholars. The main goal of the organization is to provide a common platform for all European countries to develop a legal culture. The article provides an analysis of all 15 principles of the European Law Institute, which are intended not only for member states of the European Union, but also for other democratic rule-of-law states. Human rights have become the main targets of the pandemic. According to the authors, this article should arouse the interest of scholars to discuss the principles of the European Law Institute, which are designed to remind people about the observance of the rule of law in a crisis.
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Ryazantsev, S. V., V. G. Semenova, A. E. Ivanova, T. P. Sabgayda, and G. N. Evdokushkina. "Demographic implications of social deviations of Russian youth." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 3 (March 24, 2019): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873893221-231.
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The article provides an assessment of the demographic losses among Russian youth due to social deviations – suicides, murders, alcohol and drug poisoning compared with the countries of the “old” (before May 2004) and the “new” (after May 2004) European Union. It has been shown that in Russia and in Europe over the past 30 years, the contribution of losses due to deviant behavior to the total mortality of young people has increased, but in Russia this undoubtedly preventable factor has been of special significance. Currently, this factor causes more than a third of the total mortality of young men in our country and almost a quarter of their contemporaries. The evolution of the structure of losses caused by social deviations testifies to multidirectional processes in Russia and Europe. If both in the "old" and in the "new" European Union the importance of suicides increases, in Russia there is damage with uncertain intentions. In essence, due to this vague diagnosis, underreporting of deaths from alcohol and drug poisoning, suicides and murders is masked – in general, from one third to 100% of cases. This means that the death rate from social deviations in Russia compared to the EU is even more than official statistics show.
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Kvasničková Stanislavská, Lucie, K. Margarisová, and K. Šťastná. "Corporate Social Responsibility in banking sector." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020157.
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After popularity increase of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility over last century in the USA, with the 21st century the concept comes into the European Union as well, actually into Czech Republic. For the European Union, the concept of social responsibility becomes one of the tool for achieving the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy (Lisbon Strategy, 2000). With the start of the financial and economic crisis, the European Commission sees in the Corporate Social Responsibility a way how to cope with the crisis. Also scientific studies (Ghoul, 2011; Gruz, 2009) indicate the positive influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on financial performance of the company. In the Czech Republic, the implementation of the concept is especially for multinational corporations. For example, Corporate Social Responsibility is very popular in financial sector, which the financial crisis did not damage so perceptible as in other countries of developed economies (Singer, 2009). This article defines on a theoretical level the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, its development, its present form and the influence on financial performance of the company. Another part of the article focuses on three czech banking subjects (Česká spořitelna, Komerční banka a Československá obchodní banka), which regularly take the leading positions of the official corporate donors chart „TOP Filantrop“. The article explores the evolution of corporate donations and finds the connection between corporate donations and corporate profit and financial and economic crisis.