Journal articles on the topic 'Damaged Forensic Specimens'
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Graham, Anna R., and Samuel H. Paplanus. "Fluorescence of damaged myocardium in endomyocardial biopsy specimens for the evaluation of cardiac transplantation." Human Pathology 16, no. 11 (November 1985): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80178-7.
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Cabral, Ana Elisa, Fernando Ricardo, Carla Patinha, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Miguel Correia, Jorge Palma, Miquel Planas, and Ricardo Calado. "Successful Use of Geochemical Tools to Trace the Geographic Origin of Long-Snouted Seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus Raised in Captivity." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061534.
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The global market of dried seahorses mainly supplies Traditional Chinese Medicine and still relies on blurry trade chains that often cover less sustainable practices targeting these pricey and endangered fish. As such, reliable tools that allow the enforcement of traceability, namely to confirm the geographic origin of traded seahorses, are urgently needed. The present study evaluated the use of elemental fingerprints (EF) in the bony structures of long-snouted seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus raised in captivity in two different locations (southern Portugal and Northern Spain) to discriminate their geographic origin. The EF of different body parts of H. guttulatus were also evaluated as potential proxies for the EF of the whole body, in order to allow the analysis of damaged specimens and avoid the use of whole specimens for analysis. The contrasting EF of H. guttulatus raised in the two locations allowed their reliable discrimination. Although no single body part exactly mimicked the EF of the whole body, seahorse trunks, as well as damaged specimens, could still be correctly allocated to their geographic origin. This promising forensic approach to discriminate the geographic origin of seahorses raised in captivity should now be validated for wild conspecifics originating from different locations, as well as for other species within genus Hippocampus.
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Loreille, Odile, Shashikala Ratnayake, Adam Bazinet, Timothy Stockwell, Daniel Sommer, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, et al. "Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens." Genes 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9030135.
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Park, Ji Hye, Sang Eon Shin, Kwang Soo Ko, and Seong Hwan Park. "Identification of Forensically Important Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae Species Collected in Korea Using SNaPshot Multiplex System Targeting the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I Gene." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2953892.
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Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is paramount in modern forensic investigation. After the disappearance of the early postmortem phenomena conventionally used to estimate PMI, entomologic evidence provides important indicators for PMI estimation. The age of the oldest fly larvae or pupae can be estimated to pinpoint the time of oviposition, which is considered the minimum PMI (PMImin). The development rate of insects is usually temperature dependent and species specific. Therefore, species identification is mandatory for PMImin estimation using entomological evidence. The classical morphological identification method cannot be applied when specimens are damaged or have not yet matured. To overcome this limitation, some investigators employ molecular identification using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) nucleotide sequences. The molecular identification method commonly uses Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing and molecular phylogeny, which are complex and time consuming and constitute another obstacle for forensic investigators. In this study, instead of using conventional Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COI gene region, which are unique between fly species, were selected and targeted for single-base extension (SBE) technology. These SNPs were genotyped using a SNaPshot® kit. Eleven Calliphoridae and seven Sarcophagidae species were covered. To validate this genotyping, fly DNA samples (103 adults, 84 larvae, and 4 pupae) previously confirmed by DNA barcoding were used. This method worked quickly with minimal DNA, providing a potential alternative to conventional DNA barcoding. Consisting of only a few simple electropherogram peaks, the results were more straightforward compared with those of the conventional DNA barcoding produced by Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing.
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Kurylko, Yuliia. "MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF CORD BLOOD BIOPREPARATION ON THE THYROID GLAND OF RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITITIS." Problems of Endocrine Pathology 79, no. 2 (June 9, 2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21856/j-pep.2022.2.11.
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Abstract Relevance. One of the modern medical trends of the 21st century is regenerative medicine – a clinical discipline that aims to use cell therapy to repair damaged organs and tissues. Experimental and clinical studies have proven the great restorative potential of fetoplacental complex (FPC) biological products which is due to a wide range of biologically active substances which determines the prospects and relevance of their study in many laboratories around the world in recent decades. Purpose of research. Determination of histomorphological changes in the thyroid gland which occur during the simulation of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and after correction of this pathology by a non-cellular preparation of cord blood serum in the early stages of its aftereffect study. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were performed on male Wistar rats with a simulated autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). Administration of the drug "Cryocell-Cryocord" was carried out intramuscularly at a rate of 10 injections every other day at the rate of 0.1 ml of diluted solution per 100 g of body weight. The comparison drug "Levothyroxine" (Berlin-Chemie, Germany) was administered to rat at a dose of 10 μg/kg of the body weight for 10 days. Histological specimens were analyzed using a Primo Star hardware and software complex, a Canon power shwet ATIO camera, a personal computer, and the Morpholog program. Results. Histomorphological analysis of the thyroid gland of rats, after 1 month. after the creation of the model, AIT confirms the stable development of its autoimmune lesions: significant foci of lymphocytic infiltration and connective tissue strands were observed. "Levothyroxine" and "Cryocell-Cryocord" had a positive effect on the histostructure of the rat thyroid gland. The more pronounced effect was observed after the introduction of the biological product "Cryocell-Cryocord". Under its influence, more significant foci were identified in the thyroid gland with signs of normalization of structural elements and restoration of its functional activity. Conclusions. On the basis of morphological and morphometric studies, a conclusion was made about the high efficiency of the use of the cell-free biological product "Cryocell-Cryocord" for the correction of autoimmune damage to the thyroid gland.
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Lippi, Giuseppe, Martina Montagnana, Gian Luca Salvagno, and Gian Cesare Guidi. "Interference of Blood Cell Lysis on Routine Coagulation Testing." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-181-iobclo.
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Abstract Context.—Preanalytical factors influencing the reliability of laboratory testing are commonplace. It is traditionally accepted that hemolytic samples are unsuitable for coagulation assays because of the release of hemoglobin, intracellular components, and thromboplastic substances from damaged blood cells. Objective.—To evaluate the influence of blood cell lysis on routine coagulation testing. Design.—Twelve aliquots prepared by serial dilutions of homologous lysated samples collected from 10 different subjects, and displaying a final percentage of lysis ranging from 0% to 9.1%, were tested for prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and dimerized plasmin fragment D. Lysis was achieved by subjecting citrated whole blood to a freeze-thaw cycle. Outcome Measures.—Interference from blood cell lysis on routine coagulation testing. Results.—Statistically significant increases in prothrombin time and dimerized plasmin fragment D were observed in samples containing final lysate concentrations of 0.5% and 2.7% respectively, whereas significant decreases were observed in activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen in samples containing a final lysate concentration of 0.9%. The current analytical quality specifications for desirable bias are ±2.0% for prothrombin time, ±2.3% for activated partial thromboplastin time, and ±4.8% for fibrinogen. Percent variations from the baseline values exceeding the current analytical quality specifications for desirable bias were achieved for lysate concentrations of 0.9% (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time) and 1.8% (fibrinogen), corresponding to average free plasma hemoglobin concentrations of 1.7 and 3.4 g/L, respectively. Conclusion.—Our results confirm that, although slightly hemolyzed specimens might still be analyzable, a moderate blood cell lysis, as low as 0.9%, influences the reliability of routine coagulation testing. Because the interference in coagulation assays has a wide interindividual bias, we do not recommend lysis correction and we suggest that the most appropriate corrective measure should be free hemoglobin quantification and sample recollection.
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Gemmellaro, M. Denise, George C. Hamilton, and Jessica L. Ware. "Review of Molecular Identification Techniques for Forensically Important Diptera." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 887–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz040.
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Abstract The medico-legal section of forensic entomology focuses on the analysis of insects associated with a corpse. Such insects are identified, and their life history characteristics are evaluated to provide information related to the corpse, such as postmortem interval and time of colonization. Forensically important insects are commonly identified using dichotomous keys, which rely on morphological characteristics. Morphological identifications can pose a challenge as local keys are not always available and can be difficult to use, especially when identifying juvenile stages. If a specimen is damaged, certain keys cannot be used for identification. In contrast, molecular identification can be a better instrument to identify forensically important insects, regardless of life stage or specimen completeness. Despite more than 20 yr since the first use of molecular data for the identification of forensic insects, there is little overlap in gene selection or phylogenetic methodology among studies, and this inconsistency reduces efficiency. Several methods such as genetic distance, reciprocal monophyly, or character-based methods have been implemented in forensic identification studies. It can be difficult to compare the results of studies that employ these different methods. Here we present a comprehensive review of the published results for the molecular identification of Diptera of forensic interest, with an emphasis on evaluating variation among studies in gene selection and phylogenetic methodology.
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Keys, Kamryn, and Ann H. Ross. "Identifying Blunt Force Traumatic Injury on Thermally Altered Remains: A Pilot Study Using Sus scrofa." Biology 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010087.
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In forensic scenarios involving homicide, human remains are often exposed to fire as a means of disposal and/or obscuring identity. Burning human remains can result in the concealment of traumatic injury, the creation of artifacts resembling injury, or the destruction of preexisting trauma. Since fire exposure can greatly influence trauma preservation, methods to differentiate trauma signatures from burning artifacts are necessary to conduct forensic analyses. Specifically, in the field of forensic anthropology, criteria to distinguish trauma from fire signatures on bone is inconsistent and sparse. This study aims to supplement current forensic anthropological literature by identifying criteria found to be the most diagnostic of fire damage or blunt force trauma. Using the skulls of 11 adult pigs (Sus scrofa), blunt force trauma was manually produced using a crowbar and flat-faced hammer. Three specimens received no impacts and were utilized as controls. All skulls were relocated to an outdoor, open-air fire where they were burned until a calcined state was achieved across all samples. Results from this experiment found that blunt force trauma signatures remained after burning and were identifiable in all samples where reassociation of fragments was possible. This study concludes that distinct patterns attributed to thermal fractures and blunt force fractures are identifiable, allowing for diagnostic criteria to be narrowed down for future analyses.
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Huang, Min, and Shuanzeng Wei. "Overview of Molecular Testing of Cytology Specimens." Acta Cytologica 64, no. 1-2 (March 27, 2019): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497187.
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Objective: Utilizing cytology specimens for molecular testing has attracted increasing attention in the era of personalized medicine. Cytology specimens are clinically easier to access. The samples can be quickly and completely fixed in a very short time of fixation before tissue degradation occurs, compared to hours or days of fixation in surgical pathology specimens. In addition, cytology specimens can be fixed without formalin, which can significantly damage DNA and RNA. All these factors contribute to the superb quality of DNA and RNA in cytology specimens for molecular tests. Study Design: We summarize the most pertinent information in the literature regarding molecular testing in the field of cytopathology. Results: The first part focuses on the types of cytological specimens that can be used for molecular testing, including the advantages and limitations. The second section describes the common molecular tests and their clinical application. Conclusion: Various types of cytology specimens are suitable for many molecular tests, which may require additional clinical laboratory validation.
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Attarwala, A. I., J. K. Tien, G. Y. Masada, and G. Dody. "Confirmation of Creep and Fatigue Damage in Pb/Sn Solder Joints." Journal of Electronic Packaging 114, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906405.
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Solder joints of leadless surface mounted components, which were thermally cycled, were studied to determine their failure mode and to compare the results with work done on bulk solder specimens. Previous studies done on the characterization of the mechanical properties of cyclically tested bulk Pb/Sn solder of different compositions show that their deformation behavior is a result of an interaction between creep and fatigue damage processes. Fractographic forensics of the failed solder joints also showed damage due to both creep and fatigue processes. Fatigue striations were observed side by side with creep voids and extensive intergranular cracking. The crack growth rate (da/dn) was calculated to be around 0.25 μm/cycle. It is also established that the failure is crack propagation controlled. It was found that the crack initiation site on at least one of the joints was a tin rich area. The size of the voids varied from 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm.
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Prasad, K. V., J. Wheeler, H. Robertson, W. H. MaWhinney, M. I. McHugh, and A. R. Morley. "In vitro bromodeoxyuridine labelling of renal biopsy specimens: correlation between labelling indices and tubular damage." Journal of Clinical Pathology 47, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.47.12.1085.
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Xu, Hongliang, Zhaoxia Wang, Lemin Zheng, Wei Zhang, He Lv, Suqin Jin, and Yun Yuan. "Lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy: neurogenic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA depletion." Journal of Clinical Pathology 67, no. 11 (September 4, 2014): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202069.
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AimsMyopathy or neuropathy has been associated with lamivudine/telbivudine therapy in hepatitis B patients. We aim to describe the pathological changes of lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited six patients who were diagnosed with nucleotide analogues-associated myopathy or neuropathy. Muscle and nerve biopsy were performed, and the specimens were prepared for the light microscopy and electron microscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen muscle specimens, and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content was quantified by real-time PCR.ResultsRecovery of the myopathy can be achieved after the discontinuation or changing the drugs to entecavir. Muscle and nerve biopsy revealed similar changes under either the light or electronic microscopy in all the subjects. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed decrease of mtDNA content in the affected muscle.ConclusionsMtDNA depletion results in mitochondrial dysfunction in the lamivudine/telbivudine-associated neuromyopathy. Myopathy was characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied with neurogenic damage due to axonal neuropathy. Ultrastructure changes of mitochondria included vacuolisation, simplification of the cristae and homogenised matrix.
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PARK, Y. C., B. C. PARK, S. ROMANKOV, K. J. PARK, J. H. YOO, Y. B. LEE, and J. M. YANG. "Use of permanent marker to deposit a protection layer against FIB damage in TEM specimen preparation." Journal of Microscopy 255, no. 3 (June 24, 2014): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12150.
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Kendall, T. J., B. Stedman, N. Hacking, M. Haw, J. J. Vettukattill, A. P. Salmon, R. Cope, et al. "Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in the Fontan circulation: a detailed morphological study." Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, no. 4 (October 26, 2007): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.052365.
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Aims:To describe the histological features of the liver in patients with a Fontan circulation.Methods:Specimens from liver biopsies carried out as part of preoperative assessment prior to extracardiac cavopulmonary conversion of an older style Fontan were examined and scored semi-quantitatively for pertinent histological features. To support the use of the scoring, biopsy specimens were also ranked by eye for severity to allow correlation with assigned scores.Results:Liver biopsy specimens from 18 patients with a Fontan circulation were assessed. All specimens showed sinusoidal fibrosis. In 17 cases there was at least fibrous spur formation, with 14 showing bridging fibrosis and 2 showing frank cirrhosis. In 17 cases at least some of the dense or sinusoidal fibrosis was orcein positive, although a larger proportion of the dense fibrous bands were orcein positive compared with the sinusoidal component. All specimens showed marked sinusoidal dilatation, and 14 showed bile ductular proliferation; 1 showed minimal iron deposition, and 1 showed mild lobular lymphocytic inflammation. There was no cholestasis or evidence of hepatocellular damage. Similar appearances were observed in 2 patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation.Discussion:The histological features of the liver in patients with a Fontan circulation are similar to those described in cardiac sclerosis. Sinusoidal dilatation and sinusoidal fibrosis are marked in the Fontan series. The presence of a significant amount of orcein negative sinusoidal fibrosis suggests there may be a remediable component, although the dense fibrous bands are predominantly orcein positive, suggesting chronicity and permanence. No inflammation or hepatocellular damage is evident, suggesting that fibrosis may be mediated by a non-inflammatory mechanism.
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BOWLING, A. J., and K. C. VAUGHN. "A simple technique to minimize heat damage to specimens during thermal polymerization of LR White in plastic and gelatin capsules." Journal of Microscopy 231, no. 1 (July 2008): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02029.x.
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Anandhi, P. G., and V. N. Alagavenkatesan. "Anatomical variations in the extra hepatic biliary system: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181294.
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Background: The anatomy of the biliary system has been the subject of extended research for many years. Largely because of their surgical importance in cholecystectomies and the ease with which they may be studied. Though, interest has been focused on the extrahepatic bile ducts very few studies have been carried out in the Indian subcontinent. Objectives was to study the anatomical variations in extrahepatic biliary system in sample of Indian cadaveric specimens.Methods: The study material consisted of 20 adult dissection room cadavers and 30 enbloc post-mortem specimens. Cadaver specimens were studied from dissection room. Post-mortem enbloc specimens were collected from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Madurai Medical College, Madurai. They were studied by conventional dissection method.Results: The key abnormalities found in all bladder were Hartman's pouch shape and neck in 2 (4%) subjects each. Gallstones were present in 2 (4%) subject. The length of the common Bile duct was ranging from as short as 6.5 cm in 24% of the subjects to 9cm in 4% of the subjects. High level of the cystic duct union with the common hepatic duct was noted in16% of specimens and in remaining 2% it was low union. Abnormal arrangement of structures in hepatoduodenal duct was normal in 98% but was abnormal in 2% of subjects. A total of 14% of the specimens had accessory ducts. Double and accessory cystic artery was found in 2% of the subjects each. In 8% of the subjects, cystic artery had abnormal course and division. The right hepatic artery was had shown abnormal course and division in 4% of the subjects. Abnormal boundaries of Calot’s triangle was found in 2% of the subjects. Abnormal contents of Calot’s triangle include Accessory hepatic ducts in 10% of subjects.Conclusions: Anatomical variations of the extrahepatic biliary system are very common and a through an understanding of them is essential for surgeons to avoid damage to vital structures during surgical procedures and better surgical outcomes.
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Gupta, Richa, Vikas Kumar, Kamna Singh, and Sunil Kumar Tripathi. "Histopathological changes in the Liverof fatal burn victimsin relation to different survival period." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2022.012.
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: Annually about 2 million people suffer from various modes of burn injuries worldwide of whom more than a lakh die. In India about 60,000 people suffer from burns annually, more than 50,000 are treated in hospitals and about 10,000 succumb to thermal injury. : The primary importance of present study is to have a better understanding of changes occurring in this vital organ in relation to survival period of burn victims, to emphasis that hepatic dysfunction is also an important determinant to survival of burn victims. : Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department of a tertiary care hospital. A descriptive study was performed on 37 burn deceased of both the sexes of different age groups brought into the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine during the period of July 2009 to December 2010. Liver specimens were collected and the H& E stained slides studied separately by two independent observers. Fatty infiltrations in the liver were present at various stages i.e. microvesicular steatosis to macrovesicular steatosis, followed by fatty cyst in victims with survival periods ranging from 2 days to 30 days. Thus as the survival period increased, the proportion of involvement of the hepatic lobule increased with focal / confluent centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis in 54.5% victims of 8-15 days survival and ultimately ended into massive hepatocyte necrosis leading to complete loss of lobular architecture in victims who survived for 16- 30 days. : The present study indicates that liver damage in the form of hepatic steatosis leading to hepatocyte necrosis and latter complete loss of liver architecture and consecutively hepatic dysfunction occurs with increasing survival period of burn victims therefore, maintenance of Liver integrity and function are crucial for post burn survival.
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Frater, John L., Richard A. Prayson, Harold H. Morris, and William E. Bingaman. "Surgical Pathologic Findings of Extratemporal-Based Intractable Epilepsy." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0545-spfoeb.
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Abstract Background.—Surgical management of intractable epilepsy continues to be important in select cases to achieve seizure control. Design.—This study retrospectively reviews the pathologic findings in 133 consecutive cases of extratemporal lobe epilepsy experienced during a 17-year period. Results.—The study group consists of 133 patients (78 males) who underwent extratemporal lobe resection for epilepsy at a mean age of 21.1 years (range, 3 months to 57 years). In 50 patients (37.6%), cortical dysplasia (neuronal migration abnormalities) was identified. The most common patterns of dysplasia observed included diffuse architectural disorganization in 46 cases, neuronal cytomegaly in 30 cases, increased numbers of molecular layer neurons in 30 cases, and balloon cells in 18 cases. Tumors were identified in 37 cases (27.8%) and included 13 astrocytomas, 7 gangliogliomas, 6 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, 6 glioneuronal hamartomas, 4 oligodendrogliomas, and 1 oligoastrocytoma (mixed glioma). Twenty-four resections (18%) showed evidence of remote ischemic damage or infarct. Neuronal heterotopia was identified in 59 resection specimens (44.4%). Other less common findings included vascular malformations in 4 patients (3.0%), Sturge-Weber malformations in 3 patients (2.3%), and Rasmussen encephalitis in 2 patients (1.5%). Two patients were known to have tuberous sclerosis. In 23 resection specimens (17.3%), no significant pathologic finding was identified. Coexistent cortical dysplasia and tumor were seen in 10 cases and coexistent dysplasia and infarct or remote ischemic damage in 11 cases. Conclusion.—This series demonstrates that most patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy have significant histopathologic findings, which most frequently include cortical dysplasia, tumor, or evidence of remote ischemic damage or infarct. Coexistent pathologic findings were present in a significant minority of cases (16.5%).
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Gascho, Dominic, Niklaus Zoelch, Eva Deininger-Czermak, Carlo Tappero, Henning Richter, Michael J. Thali, and Sarah Schaerli. "In situ identification of Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets from special police ammunitions by computed tomography." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420911555.
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Introduction Special deformation bullets were developed for police forces to achieve a defined penetration depth (avoiding over-penetration) and a controlled energy transfer (avoiding collateral damage). This article focuses on Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets. These 9 mm bullets were specially designed for controlled deformation. The characteristic slight mushrooming with a front cross-section of approximately 11.5 mm after entering a ballistic simulant was verified in ballistic tests. To achieve such slight mushrooming, the projectile’s core is hollowed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of visualising the hollowed cores of Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets using a standard clinical computed tomography (CT) scanner for non-invasive identification of these special bullets from police ammunitions. Methods First, undeformed specimens were scanned to reveal the shape of the hollowed core of each type of special bullet. Second, Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets were fired towards animal cadaver models to visualise their hollow core after deformation inside biological tissue. Third, two reviewers were tasked with identifying special bullets from police ammunition (Action 4 bullets: n = 3) among 10 CT examinations of humans with lodged projectiles who were selected by the supervisor of the study. Results The CT scans of the undeformed specimens revealed the special design of the bullets’ metal core. All special bullets from police ammunitions that were fired towards an animal cadaver model demonstrated the characteristic slight mushrooming. In accordance with the CT scans of the undeformed bullets, visualisation of the individual internal cavities of the special bullets allowed the Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets to be clearly distinguished. With regard to the real forensic cases, both reviewers clearly identified each of the three Action 4 bullets among all other lodged projectiles. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets from special police ammunitions by CT. The individual shapes of the cavity inside the bullets were clearly visible on CT. In situ identification of these bullets can aid in the assessment of injuries, and since these bullets are fabricated from non-ferromagnetic metals, their clear identification allows for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without the risk of bullet movement inside the body due to the magnetic pull of the MRI unit. Furthermore, this approach could be of great interest to forensic investigators if patients who received gunshot wounds underwent non-operative treatments and the projectile remains in the body. Since the use of CT is also increasing for medico-legal post-mortem examinations, the identification of lodged projectiles is of interest for a virtual autopsy or ‘Virtopsy’.
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Park, Young Nyun, Peter Boros, David Y. Zhang, Patricia Sheiner, Leona Kim-Schluger, and Swan N. Thung. "Serum Hepatitis C Virus RNA Levels and Histologic Findings in Liver Allografts With Early Recurrent Hepatitis C." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-1623-shcvrl.
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Abstract Background.—Histopathologic features of early recurrent hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) may be modified by immunosuppressive therapy or complicated by other conditions. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA level usually increases after OLTx, but its correlation to histologic findings is not clear. Objective.—To evaluate the histologic findings of early recurrent hepatitis C in liver allografts and its correlation to serum HCV RNA level. Methods.—We studied 14 patients who underwent OLTx for chronic HCV infection. Thirty liver biopsy specimens and HCV RNA levels of 22 corresponding plasma samples obtained during the first 6 months following OLTx were analyzed. The control group (9 patients, 25 biopsy specimens) was chosen at random from patients with chronic liver disease other than HCV who were undergoing OLTx, and all tested negative for HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction after OLTx. Results.—Statistically significant pathological features of early recurrent HCV infection were the number of acidophilic bodies, piecemeal necrosis, lymphocyte predominance in the portal tracts, and fibrous septum. These findings and histologic activity index scores increased with time after OLTx. The HCV RNA levels determined by branched DNA assay showed no significant correlation with histologic features. However, patients with higher histologic activity index scores tended to have higher RNA levels. Conclusions.—Liver biopsy specimens are helpful for the diagnosis or confirmation of early recurrent hepatitis C in liver allografts, but serial biopsy specimens are sometimes required for definite diagnosis. The HCV RNA levels are usually higher in patients who display signs of more severe liver damage.
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Arista-Nasr, Julián, Roberto Herrera-Goepfert, Minerva Lazos-Ochoa, and Raúl Pichardo. "Histologic Changes of the Gastric Mucosa Associated With Primary Gastric Lymphoma in Endoscopic Biopsy Specimens." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-1628-hcotgm.
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Abstract Context.—Recently, we have observed intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and dysplasia in the mucosa adjacent to primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) in gastrectomy specimens. Objective.—To determine the frequency and type of epithelial disorders at the histopathologic level in the mucosa adjacent to PGL in endoscopic specimens. Design.—We studied 54 endoscopic biopsies from patients harboring PGL. We searched for the following morphologic changes in the gastric mucosa: intestinal metaplasia; atrophy; dysplasia; epithelial erosion; and atypical regeneration of the glandular epithelium. Other nonepithelial findings such as lymphoid follicles, Helicobacter pylori, and lymphoma grade, were also recorded. For comparative purposes, 50 endoscopic biopsies with gastric adenocarcinoma and 50 biopsies with chronic gastritis associated with H pylori infection were also studied. Results.—The 54 biopsies included 28 (52%) low-grade and 26 (48%) high-grade PGLs. We found intestinal metaplasia in 32 biopsies (59%), atrophy in 20 biopsies (37%), dysplasia in 2 biopsies (4%), erosion of the epithelium in 33 biopsies (61%), and atypical regenerative changes of the glandular epithelium in 10 biopsies (19%). Lymphoid follicles were found in 21 biopsies (39%), and H pylori was demonstrated in 31 biopsies (57%). When groups were compared, the frequency of epithelial changes in biopsies from patients with PGL and adenocarcinoma was similar. Intestinal metaplasia or atrophy were present in only 10% of biopsies from patients with gastritis, and dysplastic glands were not identified. Conclusions.—Biopsies from patients with PGL showed chronic damage of the gastric mucosa at diagnosis, including precancerous conditions. Intestinal metaplasia and atrophy were among the most frequent disorders, but dysplasia was also occasionally present. Endoscopists and pathologists must be acquainted with such changes and look for them in the initial biopsy, as well in subsequent samples. This practice is particularly important when reviewing biopsies from patients with low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-lymphomas who are eligible for eradication treatment for H pylori.
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Khalilian, Alireza, Pezhman Karami, Somayeh Bakhtyari, Razieh Ezati, Sara Khosravi, Razieh Amini, Seyed Saman Talebi, et al. "Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 33088. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v12i2.33088.
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Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has various strains associated with human infections. H. pylori, H. heilmannii, and H. felis are the most common strains in humans. H. pylori is associated with several human diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, mucous membrane lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of H. felis and H. heilmannii and the effect of co-infection with H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens of patients. Methods: Totally, 80 gastric biopsy specimens were taken by a physician from the patients referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. PCR test was used to confirm the presence of H. pylori in samples that had positive rapid urease tests. Moreover, the ureB gene and ureA and ureB genes were used for H. heilmannii and H. felis, respectively. Results: Of the study patients, 61.5% were females, and 38.5% were males with a mean age of 37.8 years. Of 80 biopsies, 50% were H. pylori-positive, 53.8% were H. heilmannii-positive, but no H. felis was identified in any sample. Results indicate that smoking, having a history of gastrointestinal diseases, and taking certain medications can be risk factors for H. pylori. Conclusion: Any agent contributing to gastric mucosal damage can enhance the susceptibility to bacterial contamination. Overall, the results indicate a low probability of interactions between H. pylori, H. heilmannii, and H. felis.
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Khalilian, Alireza, Pezhman Karami, Somayeh Bakhtyari, Razieh Ezati, Sara Khosravi, Razieh Amini, Seyed Saman Talebi, et al. "Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 33088. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.vi.33088.
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Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has various strains associated with human infections. H. pylori, H. heilmannii, and H. felis are the most common strains in humans. H. pylori is associated with several human diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, mucous membrane lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of H. felis and H. heilmannii and the effect of co-infection with H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens of patients. Methods: Totally, 80 gastric biopsy specimens were taken by a physician from the patients referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. PCR test was used to confirm the presence of H. pylori in samples that had positive rapid urease tests. Moreover, the ureB gene and ureA and ureB genes were used for H. heilmannii and H. felis, respectively. Results: Of the study patients, 61.5% were females, and 38.5% were males with a mean age of 37.8 years. Of 80 biopsies, 50% were H. pylori-positive, 53.8% were H. heilmannii-positive, but no H. felis was identified in any sample. Results indicate that smoking, having a history of gastrointestinal diseases, and taking certain medications can be risk factors for H. pylori. Conclusion: Any agent contributing to gastric mucosal damage can enhance the susceptibility to bacterial contamination. Overall, the results indicate a low probability of interactions between H. pylori, H. heilmannii, and H. felis.
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Wu, Sandy S., Jean-Pierre de Chadarevian, Laron McPhaul, Nora E. Riley, Fred W. van Leeuwen, and Samuel W. French. "Coexpression and Accumulation of Ubiquitin +1 and ZZ Proteins in Livers of Children with α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 5, no. 3 (May 2002): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-001-0202-3.
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The ZZ variant of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is well known to cause liver damage and cirrhosis in some affected children. Ubiquitin abnormality was recently shown to be significant in AATD in childhood cirrhosis. Molecular misreading (MM), defined as faulty transcription of genomic information from DNA into mRNA, as well as its translation into mutant proteins, has been documented in many pathologic processes where aggregation of abnormal proteins occurs. The misread protein, ubiquitin-B+1 (UBB+1), was recently identified in the hallmarks of various neurological disorders. The objective of this study was to determine whether MM of ubiquitin occurs in AATD. Twelve explanted liver specimens from AATD-affected children with cirrhosis were retrieved from archival sources, along with 10 control liver specimens obtained from autopsies of age-matched children with no clinical, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of liver disease. Double immunofluorescence studies using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against UBB+1 and AAT were performed on consecutively sectioned tissue. UBB+1 immunoreactivity was colocalized with AAT in all cirrhotic AATD livers. The control livers were consistently negative. Ubiquitin MM is prominent in AATD-affected cirrhotic livers. This indicates that for children with AATD and cirrhosis, ubiquitin MM is a necessary cofactor to the aggregation of mutant ZZ isoform of AATD.
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Chedid, Antonio, Charles L. Mendenhall, and Thomas E. Moritz. "The Antigenic Heterogeneity of the Bile DuctEpithelium in Alcoholic Liver Disease." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0411-tahotb.
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Abstract The chronic alcoholic patient is usually immunosuppressed, but the significance of this phenomenon in terms of bile duct injury is unclear. The immunoreactivity of the bile duct cells was examined in a series of 69 frozen liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with alcoholic liver disease, comprising 29 cases of cirrhosis, 26 of alcoholic hepatitis, 10 cases of alcoholic fatty liver, and 4 specimens from normal livers. Liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis and human hepatic allograft rejection, known to have an autoimmune basis, share the characteristic feature of damage to the bile duct epithelial cells. In both instances the damage seems to be immune mediated, but the nature of the antigens involved is not established. We used the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method to test in alcoholic liver disease for the expression of a battery of surface antigen markers that have been incriminated in tissue injury and are usually present in lymphoid cells but also expressed by epithelium. In this study we investigated the expression of the following molecules: HLA class I (ABC) and class II (HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ), CD29, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD56, interleukin 1 (IL-I), IL-2, IL-4, interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor β, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The bile duct epithelial cells strongly expressed HLA-ABC in all cases, CD56 in 47 of 55, IL-4 in 15 of 41, TGF-β1 in 14 of 25, and CD29 in 4 of 25 cases. The other markers including IFN-γ, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ were not expressed by bile duct cells. The expression of HLA class I agrees with previous observations while the absence of class II expression does not. The expression by the bile duct epithelium of CD56 confirms our own previous report. A new observation is the finding of molecules such as IL-4, TGF-β1, and CD29 strongly expressed in the bile ducts cells. The presence of these molecules, taken together with the lack of IFN-γ expression, contradicts previous speculations that attributed to IFN-γ a role in the induction of major histocompatibility antigens and adhesion molecules in immune-mediated alcoholic liver disease.
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Kamijo, Yoshito, Kazui Soma, Mikio Kokuto, Makoto Ohbu, Chiaki Fuke, and Takashi Ohwada. "Hepatocellular Injury With Hyperaminotransferasemia After Cresol Ingestion." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-0364-hiwhac.
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Abstract A 42-year-old man attempted suicide by ingesting about 150 mL of a saponated cresol solution containing about 50% cresol. His serum aminotransferase concentrations were elevated, and a coagulopathy was present at the time of admission, 15 hours after ingestion. The hyperaminotransferasemia and coagulopathy worsened on the second day, but resolved thereafter with supportive therapy. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen obtained on the 14th day demonstrated focal dropout of hepatocytes (which were replaced by reticulin and collagen fibers), ballooning or hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, and rapid regeneration with small hepatocytes in the periportal zones as well as in the centrilobular zones. A rapid onset of illness with periportal hepatocellular injury is inconsistent with damage due to a hepatotoxic metabolite of p-cresol produced by cytochrome P450, which has been suggested by studies in vitro. A direct transient noxious effect mediated via the portal or arterial circulation may be involved in hepatic injury after cresol ingestion.
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Lewis, Danielle N., Abraham Nyska, Kennita Johnson, David E. Malarkey, Sandy Ward, Michael Streicker, Shay Shabat, Shyamal Peddada, and Meir Nyska. "2-Butoxyethanol Female-Rat Model of Hemolysis and Disseminated Thrombosis: X-Ray Characterization of Osteonecrosis and Growth-Plate Suppression." Toxicologic Pathology 33, no. 2 (February 2005): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019262390908362.
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We recently proposed a chemically induced rat model for human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis. The objective of the present investigation was to apply a noninvasive, high-magnification X-ray analysis, the Faxitron radiography system, to characterize the protracted bone damage associated with this 2-butoxyethanol model and to validate it by histopathology. Groups of female Fischer 344 rats were given 0, 250, or 300 mg of 2-butoxyethanol/kg body weight daily for 4 consecutive days. Groups were then sacrificed 2 hours or 26 days after the final treatment. The treated animals displayed a darkened purple-red discoloration on the distal tail. Histopathological evaluation, including phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining of animals sacrificed 2 hours after the final treatment, revealed disseminated thrombosis and infarction in multiple organs, including bones. The Faxitron MX-20 specimen radiography system was used to image selected bones of rats sacrificed 26 days posttreatment. Premature thinning of the growth plate occurred in the calcaneus, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae, femur, and ilium of the treated animals. Areas of decreased radiographic densities were seen in the diaphysis of the femur of all treated animals. The bones were then examined histologically and showed a range of changes, including loss or damage to growth plates and necrosis of cortical bone. No thrombi were seen in the animals sacrificed at 30 days, but bone and growth plate changes consistent with prior ischemia were noted. The Faxitron proved to be an excellent noninvasive tool that can be used in future studies with this animal model to examine treatment modalities for the chronic effects of human thrombotic disorders.
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Chepur, S. V., M. A. Tyunin, V. A. Myasnikov, I. I. Alekseeva, O. V. Vladimirova, N. S. Ilinskiy, A. S. Nikishin, V. A. Shevchenko, and A. V. Smirnova. "Organ and tissue damage related to SARS-CoV-2: the biological model for experimental (preclinical) trials on golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus." CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY 10, no. 4 (2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31088/cem2021.10.4.25-34.
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Introduction. Amid the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, experimental models for screening both newly developed vaccines and drugs, and the already registered active pharmaceutical in-gredients tested for new indications are in high demand. The registration of changes in biometric and mor-phological parameters that are significant for the investigative pathology can be an optimal screening tool for antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat COVID-19. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to describe the changes over time of organ and tissue changes using a biological model of a SARS-CoV-2-associated infection in the golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus. Materials and methods. We performed the study in golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus weighing 80–100 g. The animals were infected through intranasal administration of a culture of SARS-CoV-2 virus containing 4 × 104 TCID50/mL. We recorded the animals’ weight before the infection and during the next 14 days and measured the specific gravity of the internal organs and the degree of their moisture saturation on days 3, 7, and 14 after the infection. Additionally, tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin; the preparation of histological specimens was performed according to the standard procedure. Statistical data processing was carried out using non-parametric tests. Results. In the model of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mesocricetus auratus, we observed the manifestation of the infectious disease after 3 days. The most pronounced pathological changes in the overall health status of the animals and in the histology of internal organs were seen 7 days after the infection. We determined the weight loss and significant deviations in gravimetric coefficients of lungs, heart, spleen, and kidneys to be the indicators revealing the infectious disease course changes over time. Histologic evaluation showed typical changes in the SARS-CoV-2-associated visceral damage: the formation of polymorphonuclear cell infiltrates in the lung interalveolar septa and patchy dystrophic changes in the neurocytes of the brain screen-type centers with the demyelination of the commissural nerve guides. The detected pathological manifestations corresponded in time to an increase in the virus replicative activity in the lungs. Conclusion. The experimental model of the SARS-CoV-2-associated infection in golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus can be recommended for screening experimental (preclinical) studies of the promising drugs’ efficacy for pathogenetic and etiotropic therapy of COVID-19. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, golden hamsters, morphometry, organ and tissue structural damage
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Riley, Julia H. "Clinical Pathology: Preanalytical Variation in Preclinical Safety Assessment Studies-Effect on Predictive Value of Analyte Tests." Toxicologic Pathology 20, no. 3-2 (May 1992): 490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623392020003206.
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Significant differences in concentrations of analytes in samples may be introduced before samples enter analyzers. These differences are known as preanalytical variation and are part of the overall variation in analytical data. Preanalytical variation is caused by factors that operate during animal preparation prior to sampling, sample collection, sample processing, and sample storage prior to measurement. Preanalytical variation is important because it detracts from the predictive value of analyte measurements. Preanalytical variation may permanently damage data. Because its effects are difficult to quantitate it should be minimized in safety assessment studies. Sources of preanalytical variation are actions performed on animals prior to sample collection and actions performed on the specimen prior to analysis. Preanalytical variation produces a range of artefacts in experimental data. Consequences of preanalytical variation are loss of confidence in the data, obfuscation of real test article effects, false effects, and possibly the expense of repeating a study. To limit preanalytical variation, its sources must be identified, the effects documented, and measures devised to eliminate its sources. Predictive value (likelihood of actual disease) of appropriate clinical pathology tests in toxicology is inversely dependent on preanalytical variation: uncontrolled variation produces data with low predictive values, and controlled variation produces data with high predictive values.
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Beasley, Mary Beth, Teri J. Franks, Jeffrey R. Galvin, Bernadette Gochuico, and William D. Travis. "Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-1064-afaop.
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Abstract Context.—The histologic patterns of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), and eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) are well-recognized histologic patterns of lung injury associated with an acute or subacute clinical presentation. We have recognized acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) as a histologic pattern, which also occurs in this clinical setting but does not meet the classic histologic criteria for DAD, BOOP, or EP and may represent an underreported variant. Objectives.—To investigate the clinical significance of the AFOP histologic pattern and to explore its possible relationship to other disorders, including DAD and BOOP. Design.—Open lung biopsy specimens and autopsy specimens were selected from the consultation files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, which showed a dominant histologic pattern of intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia. Varying amounts of organizing pneumonia, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, edema, acute and chronic inflammation, and interstitial widening were seen. Cases with histologic patterns of classic DAD, BOOP, abscess formation, or eosinophilic pneumonia were excluded. To determine the clinical behavior of patients with this histologic finding, clinical and radiographic information and follow-up information were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and χ2 analysis. Results.—Seventeen patients (10 men, 7 women) with a mean age of 62 years (range, 33–78 years) had acute-onset symptoms of dyspnea (11), fever (6), cough (3), and hemoptysis (2). Associations believed to be clinically related to the lung disease included definitive or probable collagen vascular disease (3), amiodarone (1), sputum culture positive for Haemophilus influenza (1), lung culture positive for Acinetobacter sp. (1), lymphoma (1), hairspray (1), construction work (1), coal mining (1), and zoological work (1). Six patients had no identifiable origin or association. Follow-up revealed 2 clinical patterns of disease progression: a fulminate illness with rapid progression to death (n = 9; mean survival, 0.1 year) and a more subacute illness, with recovery (n = 8). Histologic analysis and initial symptoms did not correlate with eventual outcome, but 5 of the 5 patients who required mechanical ventilation died (P = .007). Conclusions.—Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia is a histologic pattern associated with a clinical picture of acute lung injury that differs from the classic histologic patterns of DAD, BOOP, or EP. Similar to these patterns of acute lung injury, the AFOP pattern can occur in an idiopathic setting or with a spectrum of clinical associations. The overall mortality rate is similar to DAD and therefore may represent a histologic variant; however, AFOP appears to have 2 distinct patterns of disease progression and outcome. The need for mechanical ventilation was the only parameter that correlated with prognosis. None of the patients with a subacute clinical course required mechanical ventilation.
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Elghetany, M. Tarek, and Blanche P. Alter. "p53 Protein Overexpression in Bone Marrow Biopsies of Patients With Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Has a Prevalence Similar to That of Patients With Refractory Anemia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0452-ppoibm.
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Abstract Context.—Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by pancreatic insufficiency, neutropenia, and in some patients, metaphyseal dysostosis. Patients with SDS are at a high risk for development of bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute leukemia. The p53 gene plays a major role in cell-cycle regulation, particularly in the presence of a genetic alteration in DNA, a critical step for the initiation of leukemogenesis. p53 gene up-regulation and p53 protein overexpression may occur as a cellular reaction to significant DNA damage. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and refractory anemia patients have close similarities in the prevalence of acute leukemia and in cell-cycle changes in bone marrow cells. This similarity was further investigated for p53 protein overexpression using archived tissue from patients with hematologic diseases having various leukemic propensities, including SDS and refractory anemia. Methods.—Immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein overexpression was performed on bone marrow biopsies from 9 patients with SDS. These specimens were compared with biopsies from 71 patients with acquired hematologic disorders with variable risk levels for leukemia, including acquired aplastic anemia (n = 14), refractory anemia (n = 46), and various acquired cytopenias (n = 11), as well as 37 control subjects. Results.—p53 protein overexpression was identified only in patients with SDS and in patients with refractory anemia; these groups exhibited comparable prevalences of 78% and 72%, respectively. None of the patients with acquired aplastic anemia, acquired cytopenias, or in the control group showed overexpression of p53 protein. Conclusion.—The prevalence of p53 protein overexpression in SDS is significantly different from that in acquired aplastic anemia and acquired cytopenias, but it is similar to the prevalence in refractory anemia. We speculate that p53 protein overexpression in this bone marrow failure syndrome may represent an early indicator of significant DNA genetic alteration, which is a crucial step in the process of leukemogenesis.
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Ntasi, Georgia, Ismael Rodriguez Palomo, Gennaro Marino, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Francesco Sirano, Enrico Cappellini, Leila Birolo, and Pierpaolo Petrone. "Molecular signatures written in bone proteins of 79 AD victims from Herculaneum and Pompeii." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (May 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12042-6.
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AbstractAn extensive proteomic analysis was performed on a set of 12 bones of human victims of the eruption that in AD 79 rapidly buried Pompeii and Herculaneum, allowing the detection of molecular signatures imprinted in the surviving protein components. Bone collagen survived the heat of the eruption, bearing a piece of individual biological history encoded in chemical modifications. Here we show that the human bone proteomes from Pompeii are more degraded than those from the inhabitants of Herculaneum, despite the latter were exposed to temperatures much higher than those experienced in Pompeii. The analysis of the specimens from Pompeii shows lower content of non-collagenous proteins, higher deamidation level and higher extent of collagen modification. In Pompeii, the slow decomposition of victims’ soft tissues in the natural dry–wet hydrogeological soil cycles damaged their bone proteome more than what was experienced at Herculaneum by the rapid vanishing of body tissues from intense heat, under the environmental condition of a permanent waterlogged burial context. Results herein presented are the first proteomic analyses of bones exposed to eruptive conditions, but also delivered encouraging results for potential biomarkers that might also impact future development of forensic bone proteomics.
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Lowdermilk, Kiersten Marie, and Kristy Henson. "Using Dermestid Beetles to Enhance Forensic Science Curriculum." Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science 92, no. 1 (April 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v92i1.612.
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KIERSTEN LOWDERMILK Dept of Natural Sciences, Forensic Science Program, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554 and KRISTY HENSON Dept of Natural Sciences, Forensic Science Program, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554 Using dermestid beetles to enhance a forensic science curriculum In order to conduct accurate, expedient skeletal analysis, scientists rely upon dermestid beetles (Dermestidae). These flesh-eating beetles speed up the decomposition processing leaving behind only skeletal remains and ligamental connections. Dermestid beetles are common in museums and scientific research. These beetles perfectly clean the bones minimizing biohazard waste and damage caused by flensing or carrion-eating animals. For this project, I assisted in the colony creation, maintenance, and the incorporation of a dermestid beetle colony in the Fairmont State Forensic Science Program. Courses that regularly utilize dermestid beetle work include forensic anthropology, forensic biology, and forensic taphonomy. Beetles also aid students and faculty in conducting taphonomic research. To prepare specimens for use in forensic science courses I thaw, flense, and place the specimen in the beetle tank. When bones are finished removed from the specimen from the tank and degreased in a warm water and ammonia bath. After degreasing, I prepare the skeletons for the needs of the specific forensic science course. Skeletal prep has included inflicting trauma, whitening and articulating skeletons for morphological comparisons, cleaning up taphonomic projects, and prepping skeletal material for various undergraduate research projects. Dermestid beetles have advanced laboratory and individual research activities in the forensic science program.
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Armelli, Kerianne, Erica Christensen, Carolyn Isaac, and Jered Cornelison. "Steam Kettle Skeletal Preparation." Forensic Anthropology, January 18, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0016.
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This paper presents methods for the disarticulation and steam kettle maceration of embalmed and non-embalmed decedents for forensic casework and curation in anatomical collections. As steam kettles are becoming more commonly used, details on infrastructure and necessary tools for steam kettle maceration are included. This technique was developed over the course of four years of steam kettle use for forensic anthropological casework and full body anatomical donation macerations for Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine’s (WMed) Body Donation Program. Steam kettle maceration efficiently processes decedents and results in high quality skeletal specimens with little to no damage. Furthermore, this method has the advantage of requiring minimal disarticulation, no chemical agents, and minimal intervention or attention by the processor.
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Wang, Xin-xin, Chen Shao, Xiao-jie Huang, Lin Sun, Ling-jia Meng, Hui Liu, Shi-jie Zhang, Hong-jun Li, and Fu-dong Lv. "Histopathological features of multiorgan percutaneous tissue core biopsy in patients with COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Pathology, August 26, 2020, jclinpath—2020–206623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206623.
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AimsThe global outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in an increased mortality. However, whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can affect multiple organs is still unclear. In this study, postmortem percutaneous biopsies of multiple organs from deceased patients were performed to understand the histopathological changes caused by COVID-19.MethodsBiopsy specimens of pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic and lymphoid tissues were obtained from three patients, who died due to COVID-19 pneumonia. H&E stain, Masson trichrome stain, immunohistochemistry stain and in-situ hybridisation were used.ResultsPulmonary damages caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection was diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). In the early phase, the histological findings were mainly those of exudative features of DAD. The later phase was characterised by organisation of DAD combined with bacterial pneumonia. No serious damage was found in the bronchiolar epithelium and submucosal glands. The hepatic tissue revealed features of ischaemic necrosis, but findings suggestive of mild lobular hepatitis were also observed. The lymphoid tissue revealed features of non-specific acute lymphadenitis. The cardiac tissue revealed changes of underlying disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNAs were not detected in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and lymphocytes of lymph nodes.ConclusionsCOVID-19 predominantly involves the pulmonary tissue, causes DAD and aggravates the cardiovascular disease. However, other extrapulmonary tissues did not reveal any virus-specific findings, but were affected by multiple factors. The findings in this report caution the pathologists that they should not mistakenly attribute all the histological features to CoV infection. Moreover, the clinicians should pay attention to the potentially injurious and correctable causes.
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Roden, Anja C., Jennifer M. Boland, Tucker F. Johnson, Marie Christine Aubry, Ying-Chun Lo, Yasmeen M. Butt, Joseph J. Maleszewski, et al. "Late Complications of COVID-19: A Morphologic, Imaging, and Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Study of Lung Tissue." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, March 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2021-0519-sa.
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ABSTRACT Context: Studies of lungs in patients with COVID-19 have focused on early findings. Objective: To systematically study histopathologic, imaging features and presence of SARSCoV-2 RNA in lung tissue from patients in later stages of COVID-19. Design: Autopsies, explants, surgical lung biopsies; and transbronchial, cryo, and needle biopsies were studied from patients with COVID-19, whose onset of symptoms/confirmed diagnosis was more than 28 days before the procedure. Available images were reviewed. Reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was performed on lung tissue. Results: Forty-four specimens (43 patients, median age 59.3 years, 26 [60.5%] male) showed features of acute lung injury (ALI) in 39 (88.6%), predominantly organizing pneumonia (OP) and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), up to 298 days after onset of COVID-19. Fibrotic changes were found in 33 specimens (75%), most commonly fibrotic DAD (N=22) and cicatricial OP (N=12). Time between acquiring COVID-19 and specimen was shorter in patients with diffuse ALI (median 61.5 days) compared to patients with focal (140 days) or no ALI (130 days) (P=.009). Sixteen (of 20, 80%) SARS-CoV-2 RT-ddPCR tests were positive, up to 174 days after COVID-19 onset. Time between COVID-19 onset and most recent CT in patients with consolidation on imaging was shorter (median 43.0 days) versus patients without consolidation (87.5 days; P=.02). Reticulations were associated with longer time after COVID-19 onset to CT (median 82 days vs 23.5 days, P=.006). Conclusions: ALI and SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in patients with COVID-19 for many months. ALI may evolve into fibrotic interstitial lung disease.
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Platonov, P., V. V. Vasilyev, G. Startseva, V. E. Karev, M. G. Rybakova, and E. S. Romanova. "Myocardial involvement in COVID-19: data from 102 unselected autopsies during the first wave of pandemic." European Heart Journal 42, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1753.
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Abstract Background Myocardial involvement in COVID-19 has been described as either coronary artery related ischemic lesions, lymphocyte myocarditis or microangiopathy. Assessment of the link between COVID-19 and the cause of death has been hampered by the limited number of autopsies performed during the pandemics and risk factors associated with the type and extent of myocardial damage remain poorly described. In Russia, the mandatory autopsy approach has been advocated for the cases of suspected COVID-19 related deaths. Purpose To describe the prevalence, extent and risk factors associated with myocardial damage in an unselected cohort of patients deceased with COVID-19. Methods Consecutive patients with PCR-confirmed or suspected COVID-19 who died either in-hospital (clinical autopsy) or out-of-hospital (forensic autopsy) during COVID-19 pandemic underwent post-mortem PCR on pulmonary parenchymal tissue. Tissue PCR-positive cases were referred for histology study of pulmonary and extrapulmonary organ specimens through a central laboratory. Based on the extent of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), COVID-19 was categorized as either being related to death or a concomitant condition not associated with death. Myocardial involvement was categorized as either (1) coronary artery related myocardial infarction, (2) microangiopathy with interstitial edema and erythrocyte aggregates occluding the capillaries with or without lymphomononuclear infiltration and (3) lymphocyte myocarditis. The presence of myocardial involvement was assessed with regard to age, gender and autopsy-verified significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes (information available only for the clinical autopsy cohort). Results 102 autopsies were included, of whom 42 were clinical and 60 forensic (age 73±15 years, 50% men; 58% had CAD). Ten patients from the clinical autopsy cohort had diabetes (24%). Deaths were COVID-19 related in 80 patients (78%). Myocardial infarction was noted in 3 (2.9%) patients. Microangiopathy was seen in 45 (44%) and lymphocyte myocarditis in 2 (1.9%) patients, of whom it was the primary cause of death in one. The prevalence of microangiopathy did not differ between patients with and without significant DAD (46% vs 45%, p=0.848). Patients with diabetes were more likely to have microangiopathy with lymphomononuclear infiltration in the myocardium than patients without diabetes (40% vs 3.1%, p=0.008; OR=22, 95% CI 1.63–305, p=0.020 after adjustment for age, gender and CAD) Conclusion Systematically performed autopsies revealed causative association between SARS-CoV2 and death in the vast majority. Myocardial involvement was observed in nearly half of the patients and was not related to the extent of DAD. Myocarditis appears to be a rare finding, though it can be the primary cause of death. Microangiopathy with capillary occlusion and lymphomononuclear infiltration in the myocardium was associated with the history of diabetes. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
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Kuraishi, Yasuhiro, Takeshi Uehara, Takashi Muraki, Mai Iwaya, Yasuhiro Kinugawa, Tomoyuki Nakajima, Takayuki Watanabe, Yusuke Miyagawa, and Takeji Umemura. "Impact of DNA double-strand breaks on pancreaticobiliary maljunction carcinogenesis." Diagnostic Pathology 16, no. 1 (August 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13000-021-01132-0.
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Abstract Background Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation due to refluxed pancreatic juice into the biliary tract that is associated with an elevated risk of biliary tract cancer. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered the most serious form of DNA damage. DSBs are provoked by inflammatory cell damage and are recognized as an important oncogenic event in several cancers. This study used γ-H2AX, an established marker of DSB formation, to evaluate the impact of DNA damage on carcinogenesis in PBM. Methods We investigated γ-H2AX expression immunohistochemically in gallbladder epithelium samples obtained from 71 PBM cases and 19 control cases. Results Fourteen PBM cases with gallbladder adenocarcinoma were evaluated at non-neoplastic regions. A wide range of nuclear γ-H2AX staining was detected in all PBM and control specimens. γ-H2AX expression was significantly higher in PBM cases versus controls (median γ-H2AX-positive proportion: 14.4 % vs. 4.4 %, p = 0.001). Among the PBM cases, γ-H2AX expression was significantly higher in patients with carcinoma than in those without (median γ-H2AX-positive proportion: 21.4 % vs. 11.0 %, p = 0.031). Conclusions DSBs occurred significantly more abundantly in the PBM gallbladder mucosa, especially in the context of cancer, indicating an involvement in PBM-related carcinogenesis.
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Liang, Li, Yijie Chai, Fei Chai, Haijing Liu, Ningning Ma, Hong Zhang, Shuang Zhang, Lin Nong, Ting Li, and Bo Zhang. "Expression of SASP, DNA Damage Response, and Cell Proliferation Factors in Early Gastric Neoplastic Lesions: Correlations and Clinical Significance." Pathology and Oncology Research 28 (August 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/pore.2022.1610401.
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The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) pathway has recently been identified in the suppression and promotion of cancers. However, its practical role in carcinogenesis remains to be comprehensively elucidated. Here, we describe an investigation analysing SASP activity and its correlations with DNA damage response (DDR), genomic mutations, and cell proliferation in gastric carcinogenesis among 30 cases with available endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) specimens of early neoplastic lesions (including low-grade dysplasia [LGD], high-grade dysplasia [HGD], and intramucosal carcinoma). The positive cells of senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining and cGAS, STING, interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) expression levels using immunostaining were elevated in HGD and in cancers. Similarly, increased expression of the Fanconi anemia group D2 (FANCD2) protein, tumour suppressor p53 binding protein 1 (TP53BP1), and replication protein A (RPA2) (i.e., primary DDR factors) was detected in HGD and in cancers; these increased expression levels were closely correlated with high expression of Ki67 and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) proteins. Moreover, genomic mutations in TP53 gene were detected in 56.67% of the evaluated cases (17/30) using next-generation sequencing, and positive staining was verified in HGD and in cancers. Statistical analysis revealed that cell proliferation closely correlated with the expression of DDR factors, of which TP53BP1 was positively associated with SASP factors and IRF3 was positively correlated with cell proliferation. In addition, an analysis evaluating clinical features demonstrated that STAT6-positive cases showed a longer progression-free survival time than STAT6-negative cases. Our evaluation, conducted using a limited number of specimens, suggests SASP may be prevalent in early gastric neoplastic lesions and could be activated by accelerated cell proliferation-induced DDR. The clinical significance of SASP still needs to be determined.
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Fuller, Maren Y., Daniel G. Leino, Miguel Reyes-Múgica, Alexandra E. Kovach, José E. Velázquez Vega, Shelley Caltharp, Tricia Bhatti, and Raul S. Gonzalez. "Ingested Foreign Bodies Can Cause Appendicitis and Perforation: A Multi-Institutional Case Series." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology, April 11, 2022, 109352662210831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10935266221083188.
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Introduction Appendicular foreign bodies are a rare, under-described cause of appendicitis. We performed this study to determine the varied causes and consequences of foreign-body appendicitis. Methods On retrospective review of the pathology archives of seven institutions, we identified 56 appendix specimens containing a foreign body (defined as ingested, non-digestible material). We recorded the type of foreign body, patient age and sex, and other findings, as available. Results Mean patient age was 7.7 years (range: 1 day–18 years). The foreign bodies included hair, plant material, magnets, other metallic material, BB pellets, foreign material not otherwise specified, and other miscellaneous objects. Of 48 cases with available clinical information, 31 patients presented with abdominal pain, and 22 were preoperatively diagnosed as having appendicitis/appendicular inflammation. Seven patients had appendiceal perforation (13%). The foreign body was grossly identified in 34/47 cases with available gross descriptions. Twenty-seven cases had an identifiable foreign body microscopically; 10 were associated with giant cell reaction. Discussion Hair and plant materials were the most common foreign objects found in the appendix; they often cause mucosal damage and giant cell reaction. Metallic objects were less common. Although appendicular foreign bodies in children are rare and sometimes asymptomatic, they may lead to perforation.
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Rahimi, Razuin, Nur Shafaradila Shamsul Anuar, Noor Kaslina Mohd Kornain, and Norizal Mohd Noor. "Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated with infective endocarditis: an autopsy case report." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 12, no. 1 (August 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41935-022-00294-2.
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Abstract Background Infective endocarditis (IE) is a bacterial infection of the heart valves or endocardium, with complications such as valve perforation, ring abscess, fistula, or damage to the subaortic structures. This case report aims to illustrate an atypical complication of IE which is a pseudoaneurysm depicting a periannular hemorrhage. Case presentation We describe a case of a 19-year-old male youth who presented with fever and cough a few days prior to his demise. There was no known risk factor for IE. The autopsy revealed a bulging anterior surface, upper part of the left ventricle which was soft and slightly fluctuant. Cut section of the heart revealed large vegetations affecting the right and left coronary cusps of the aortic valve. The vegetations at the left coronary cusp were mobile, with necrotic and hollow area underneath, appearing like a cavity and containing blood clots. The course of the cavity was determined to be at the periannular region and contained within the myocardium. These findings were consistent with left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Culture of the vegetations specimen yielded growth of Granulicatella adiacens sp. anti-streptolysin O titre (ASOT) was 400 IU/mL and reported as positive. Conclusions IE secondary to Granulicatella sp is rare and may result in catastrophic complications. Therefore, this case report is intended to highlight the autopsy findings of the disease as well as to create awareness of its subtle clinical symptoms.