Journal articles: 'Damaged bone'

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Bhat, Shruthi, Sheela G. Nayak, Vidyashambhava Pare, and Sagar Borker. "Use of beeswax for repair of damaged dry human bones in anatomy." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 02, no. 04 (October 2013): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401726.

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Abstract Background: Beehives are made up of wax, which are the natural glandular secretions of honeybees. One such huge beehive was incidentally noticed on the wall behind the Department of Anatomy, K.V.G. Medical College Sullia in 2012. The bees had already abandoned it and there were no bees even fluttering around. So we plucking it ensured that it was excised as a whole, instead of allowing it to get biodegraded. With assistance we got it to the Department. Objective: To study the architecture of this beehive and use of its wax to repair damaged dry human bones in the Department of Anatomy. Materials and Methods: Spirit lamp, spirit, Forceps, Cutting blades, quick fix, varnish, spatula and enamel paint were used for the study. Wax melted when heated at 62-65degree Celsius. Crude wax of the beehive was placed on the damaged bone by plucking a part of it. Then the bone was given a correct shape manually. Damaged bone part was repaired artistically using a hot spatula. Results: We could repair many damaged bones with this chunk of wax. Conclusion: This is a simple, cost effective, appropriate technique of bone repair in Anatomy. Regular maintenance of bones will prevent its damage. Thus bones can be used for a long period which can ensure percolation of right information to students of Anatomy.

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Ramtani, S., and M. Zidi. "Damaged-Bone Adaptation Under Steady Homogeneous Stress." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 3 (May 21, 2002): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1467918.

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In this work an extension of the adaptive-elasticity theory is proposed in order to include the contribution of bone microdamage as a stimulus. Some aspects of damaged-bone tissue adaptation, brought about by a change of the daily loading history, are investigated. In particular, under the assumption of a small strain approximation and isothermal conditions, the solution of the remodeling rate equation for steady homogeneous stress is discussed and the damage effect upon the remodeling time constant is shown. The result is both theoretical and numerical, based on a recent theory of internal damaged-bone remodeling (Ramtani, S., and Zidi, M., 1999, “Damaged-Bone Remodeling Theory: Thermodynamical Approach,” Mechanics Research Communications, Vol. 26, pp. 701–708. Ramtani, S., and Zidi, M., 2001, “A Theoretical Model of the Effect of Continum Damage on a Bone Adaption Model,” Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 34, pp. 471–479) and motivated by the works of Cowin, S. C., and Hegedus, D. M., 1976, “Bone Remodeling I: Theory and Adaptive Elasticity,” Journal of Elasticity, Vol. 6, pp. 471–479 and Hegedus, D. H., and Cowin, S. C., 1976, “Bone Remodeling II: Small Strain Adaptive Elasticity,” Journal of Elasticity, Vol. 6, pp. 337–352.

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Ramtani, S., and M. Zidi. "Damaged-bone remodeling theory: Thermodynamical approach." Mechanics Research Communications 26, no. 6 (November 1999): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-6413(99)00081-6.

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Keaveny, Tony M., Edward F. Wachtel, X. Edward Guo, and Wilson C. Hayes. "Mechanical behavior of damaged trabecular bone." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 11 (November 1994): 1309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90040-x.

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Omelyanenko, N. P., O. A. Malakhov, I. N. Karpov, G. T. Sukhikh, and O. V. Kozhevnikov. "Influence of fetal bone tissue on reparative bone regeneration (experimental study)." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto97093.

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The study was performed in 48 rabbits. After 1 cm resection of central part of radius diaphysis the defect was substituted with fragments of fetal tissue. Sixteen rabbits made up a control group. It was shown that fetal bone tissue stimulated reparative bone regeneration. Its fragments were not the centers of osteogenesis but bone development started within preserved periosteum and endosteum, i.e. in the location of cambial cells of osteodifferone. There were several stages of damaged bone full value structure restoration: 1) filling of the defect with fibrillar connective tissue surrounding the fragments of fetal bone tissue; 2) development of reticulo-fibrotic bone regenerate with fragments of fetal bone tissue; 3) remodeling and formation of laminar bone regenerate; 4) restoration of medullar canal with bone marrow. Restoration of damaged radius structure was accompanied by periosteal reaction and focal resorption of undamaged ulnar both at the defect level and outside the defect. In control group full value restoration of damaged bone was observed in no case

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Bek-Pedersen, Karen. "The Damaged Bone and the Lone Mushroom." Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift 74 (March 25, 2022): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/rt.v74i.132123.

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ABSTRACT: The article carries out a comparative exercise focusing on the Norse myth about Þórr slaughtering and then reviving his goats. It has sometimes been argued that the myth is a borrowing from a Christian legend about Saint Germanus. This is, however, problematic since similar traditions are found in Alpine, Caucasian, Sámi and even Native American contexts, in all cases with a non-Christian flavour. The article concentrates on those analogues that are closest to the Norse myth in terms of the central details and considers what might lie behind this seemingly odd distribution. The suggestion is that the central motif constitutes a shared tradition across the northern hemisphere that has its roots in the very deep layers of human history. RESUME: Artiklen præsenterer en komparativ øvelse med fokus på den norrøne myte om Thor, der slagter sine geder og derpå vækker dem til live igen. Den teori er flere gange blevet fremsat, at myten er lånt fra en kristen helgenlegende om Sankt Germanus. Dette er imidlertid problematisk, idet lignende traditioner findes i Alperne, Kaukasus, Sápmi og endda indfødte canadiske kulturer, i alle tilfælde uden kristen forklædning. Artiklen fokuserer på de parallelle fortællinger, som følger den norrøne myte tættest med hensyn til de centrale detaljer, og overvejer, hvad der kan ligge til grund for denne løjerlige spredning. Forslaget er, at det centrale motiv udgør en fælles tradition på tværs af den nordlige halvkugle med rødder i den meget dybe historie.

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McMahon, Brian K., Peter Mauer, Colin P. McCoy, T. Clive Lee, and Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson. "Luminescent Terbium Contrast Agent for Bone Microdamage Detection." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 5 (2011): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11021.

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The synthesis and photophysical evaluation of a new lanthanide luminescence imaging agent is presented. The agent, a terbium-based cyclen complex can, through the use of an iminodiacetate moiety, bind to damaged bone surface via chelation to exposed Ca(ii) sites, enabling the imaging of the damage using confocal fluorescence scanning microscopy.

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Okada, Kiyotaka, Naoyuki Kawao, Masato Yano, Yukinori Tamura, Shinzi Kurashimo, Katsumi Okumoto, Kotarou Kojima, and Hiroshi Kaji. "Stromal cell-derived factor-1 mediates changes of bone marrow stem cells during the bone repair process." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 310, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): E15—E23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2015.

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Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and macrophages that participate in the bone repair process are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the roles of these stem cells during the repair of injured bone tissue are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of bone defect on HSCs and MSCs in bone marrow and spleen in 75 mice and its mechanism. We analyzed the HSC and MSC populations in these tissues of a mouse with femoral bone damage by using flow cytometry. The number of HSCs in the bone marrow of mice with damaged femurs was significantly lower than the number of these cells in the bone marrow of the contralateral intact femurs on day 2 after injury. Meanwhile, the number of MSCs in the bone marrow of mice with damaged femurs was significantly higher than that of the contralateral femurs. Both intraperitoneal administration of AMD3100, a C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist, and local treatment with an anti-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) antibody blunted the observed decrease in HSC and increase in MSC populations within the bone marrow of injured femurs. In conclusion, the present study revealed that there is a concurrent decrease and increase in the numbers of HSCs and MSCs, respectively, in the bone marrow during repair of mouse femoral bone damage. Furthermore, the SDF-1/CXCR4 system was implicated as contributing to the changes in these stem cell populations upon bone injury.

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Liu, Xinhui, Guoping Zhang, Chuanyong Hou, Hua Wang, Yelin Yang, Guoping Guan, Wei Dong, Hongyang Gao, and Qingling Feng. "Vascularized Bone Tissue Formation Induced by Fiber-Reinforced Scaffolds Cultured with Osteoblasts and Endothelial Cells." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/854917.

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The repair of the damaged bone tissue caused by damage or bone disease was still a problem. Current strategies including the use of autografts and allografts have the disadvantages, namely, diseases transmission, tissue availability and donor morbidity. Bone tissue engineering has been developed and regarded as a new way of regenerating bone tissues to repair or substitute damaged or diseased ones. The main limitation in engineering in vitro tissues is the lack of a sufficient blood vessel system, the vascularization. In this paper, a new-typed hydroxyapatite/collagen composite scaffold which was reinforced by chitosan fibers and cultured with osteoblasts and endothelial cells was fabricated. General observation, histological observation, detection of the degree of vascularization, and X-ray examination had been done to learn the effect of vascularized bone repair materials on the regeneration of bone. The results show that new vessel and bone formed using implant cultured with osteoblasts and endothelial cells. Nanofiber-reinforced scaffold cultured with osteoblasts and endothelial cells can induce vascularized bone tissue formation.

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Omelianenko, N. P., N. N. Karpov, I. V. Matveychuk, and A. I. Dorokhin. "Use of Demineralized Bone Matrix to Repair Damaged Long Bones with Significant Defects." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto97070.

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Introduction of tubular perforated implants of demineralized bone matrix was shown to provide the formation of organ specific bone regenerate and restoration of full value anatomic structure of the injured bone. Shape, material, method of matrix implantation conditioned the development of longitudinally oriented compact bone between free cortical distal and proximal bone fragments as well as the restoration of bone marrow intergrity in the defect site and its intergra-tion with bone marrow of total bone. Implant structure having multilevel widely branched canal system is suggested to provide free microcirculation of tissue liquid and migration of bone cell precursors into osteogenesis area.

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Ladutko, D. Yu, V. N. Podhaisky, Yu N. Ladutko, A. V. Pekar, O. P. Kezlya, А. V. Selitsky, and A. V. Gubicheva. "Algorithm of surgical treatment of large bone defects of long tubular bones by vascularized bone grafting." Issues of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery 24, no. 3-4 (January 20, 2022): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/78/06.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a clinical classification of large defects of long tubular bones of the extremities and protocols for surgical treatment by vascularized bone grafting.Material and methods. The results of treatment of 51 patients with large defects of the long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities were analyzed. In 25 cases, along with bone defects, there were significant defects of the soft tissues of the limb with trophic and scar changes. In order to replace the bone defect vascularized grafts were used: bone-muscular fibular, bone-cutaneous fibular, bone-cutaneous iliac, bone-cutaneous radial, bone-cutaneous tibial, and combined bone-cutaneous fibular with an allograft from the tibia. The results of treatment of patients were evaluated according to the clinical criteria of R. Johner, O. Wruhs (1983), proposed for the lower limb. The DASH questionnaire was use to evaluate the results of treatment for upper limb defects.The results and discussion. The classification is based on 4 variable criteria: the size, anatomical localization of the bone defect, the size of the soft tissue defect and the shortening of the damaged limb segment. The size and anatomical location of the defect in the long tubular bone is important in choosing a bone flap. Based on the anatomical localization of the bone defect, soft tissue damage and limb shortening, the patients were classified into 4 types. The first 3 types were divided into 2 subtypes, depending on the size of bone damage and soft tissues defect of the limb. Based on the proposed classification, we have developed protocols for microsurgical reconstruction of large bone defects of the extremities for each subtype of bone defect.Conclusion. The application of the developed clinical classification of large bone defects of long tubular bones and protocols for their surgical treatment by vascularized bone grafting made it possible to restore limb function in 96% of cases.

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Kumar, Priyadarshi Biplab, and Dayal R. Parhi. "Vibrational characterization of a human femur bone and its significance in the designing of artificial implants." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-07-2016-0033.

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Purpose Being an interdisciplinary research area, biomechanics has gained interest among researchers. Biomechanics deals with integration of mechanical phenomenon with the structural and functional aspects of biological systems. Biological systems being very much complex provide a very intricate platform for their analysis. In case of damages created by accidents or sport malfunctions, artificial implants are used for the replacement of bones. These implants may cause incompatibility with the human body, depending on their design and characterization. So, this research aims to analyze the vibrational characteristics of a human femur bone and to predict the safe ranges of frequencies of operation. Design/methodology/approach The current research is aimed at vibrational characterization of a human femur bone. The model of the femur bone is prepared using SOLIDWORKS software. The material properties of the femur are collected from the available literature and provided with the CAD model. The model is imported to the ANSYS software. Loading patterns as applied on the human body are also applied to the prepared model. Suitable boundary conditions are chosen for normal sitting and standing positions. The natural frequencies of the femur bone and other vibrational parameters are found out. Findings The first data obtained from the ANSYS software are the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration. Other data include the stress distributions, strain distributions, deformation patterns and potential zones of damage. The frequencies and mode shapes enable the safe ranges of human operation and the frequency range to be followed in the designing of implants. The stress distributions enable to know the potential zones of damage so that those areas can be given focus during strength considerations. Research limitations/implications The current investigations take into account only normal sitting and walking conditions. This work can be included under static loadings. This can also be extended toward dynamic loading conditions. In the dynamic loading, walking and running conditions can be taken into account. This work focuses on the safe designing of the artificial implants and their compatibility with the human body. This can also be extended toward role of dynamic forces in the damaged bone formation and the role of implant’s characteristics for healing of bones. Practical implications Bone damage and ligament fracture are common nowadays due to increasing number of accidents, which may be vehicular or sports. In case of any damage to the skeletal parts, some artificial implant is used to support the damaged part and to help in the process of healing. The designing of the implants must be compatible with the human body. The natural frequencies and mode shapes give an idea that the vibrational parameters of the implant material must fall in the same range as the actual bone. The stress distribution and potential zone damage emphasize on strength considerations. Originality/value The current method is a novel approach toward implant designing. Here an analysis of vibrational parameters of the human femur bone is performed. Those parameters include natural frequencies, mode shapes, principal normal stress distributions, principal shear stress distributions, maximum shear elastic strains and total deformation. These parameters reflect an idea about behavior of the femur bone under actual loading conditions. This analysis enables an implant designer to focus on material properties and strength considerations of the implants which are to be used in case of bone damage.

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Okada, Kiyotaka, Naoyuki Kawao, Daisho Nakai, Rei Wakabayashi, Yoshitaka Horiuchi, Katsumi Okumoto, Shinji Kurashimo, Yoshimasa Takafuji, Osamu Matsuo, and Hiroshi Kaji. "Role of Macrophages and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Delayed Bone Repair Induced by Glucocorticoids in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010478.

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Glucocorticoids delay fracture healing and induce osteoporosis. However, the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids delay bone repair have yet to be clarified. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the principal inhibitor of plasminogen activators and an adipocytokine that regulates metabolism. We herein investigated the roles of macrophages in glucocorticoid-induced delays in bone repair after femoral bone injury using PAI-1-deficient female mice intraperitoneally administered with dexamethasone (Dex). Dex significantly decreased the number of F4/80-positive macrophages at the damaged site two days after femoral bone injury. It also attenuated bone injury-induced decreases in the number of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow in wild-type and PAI-1-deficient mice. PAI-1 deficiency significantly weakened Dex-induced decreases in macrophage number and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) mRNA levels at the damaged site two days after bone injury. It also significantly ameliorated the Dex-induced inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis at the damaged site. In conclusion, we herein demonstrated that Dex decreased the number of macrophages at the damaged site during early bone repair after femoral bone injury partly through PAI-1 and M-CSF in mice.

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Lyu, Zhong-Shi, Wei-Li Yao, Qi Wen, Hong-Yan Zhao, Fei-Fei Tang, Yu Wang, Lan-Ping Xu, et al. "Glycolysis Restoration Attenuates Damaged Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-122794.

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Background: Bone marrow(BM) endothelial cells(ECs), a key component of BM microenvironment, is essential for the physiology and regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The damage of ECs is recognized by us and other researchers as a mainstay in the pathophysiology of a serious of life-threatening complications after chemoradiotherapy and myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation(HSCT), including poor graft function (PGF) (2013BBMT, 2015BMT, 2016Blood, 2019Blood Advances). Despite numerous researches focused on the BM ECs contributing to HSC regeneration following myelotoxicity, the mechanisms underlying the injured BM ECs itself remain to be elucidated. Under physiological conditions, energy metabolism plays an instrumental role in maintaining EC function, and markedly perturbed of EC metabolism is linked to many pathologies, like cancer and diabetes. However, little is known about the metabolism state and its role in impaired BM ECs. Aims: The current study was performed to investigate the metabolism status in BM ECs after chemotherapy-induced injury. Moreover, we evaluated the metabolic state and its role in BM ECs of PGF patients post-allotransplant. Finally, we evaluated the therapeutical potential of anti-metabolic drugs to the dysfunctional BM ECs derived from PGF patients. Methods: Two EC injury models in vitro were established with the cultivated human BM ECs treated by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and hydrogen peroxide. The findings from the above models were further validated by a prospective case-control study enrolled 15 patients with PGF, 30 matched patients with good graft function (GGF) and 15 healthy donors (HD). To determine the metabolic status of BM ECs, the expression of metabolism regulating genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR (mRNA level) and flow cytometry (protein level). Glucose metabolism levels were measured by glucose consumption and lactate production assays. To evaluate the functions of BM ECs, apoptosis, migration and tube formation assays were performed. To investigate the effect of anti-metabolic drugs to injured BM ECs, the glycolysis inhibitor 3PO and PPARd agonist GW501516 were administrated to the cultivated BM ECs treated by 5-FU , hydrogen peroxide or derived from PGF. Results: We demonstrated that the glycolysis in BM ECs could be induced by the treatment with either 5-FU or hydrogen peroxide in vitro, consistent with the dysfunction(impaired migration, angiogenesis, and higher level of apoptosis) of BM ECs, which could be attenuated by glycolysis restoration. Mechanistically, we revealed that the aberrant glycolysis and dysfunction of BM ECs could be triggered by PPARd knockdown in vitro, while the PPARd were down-regulated by either 5-FU or hydrogen peroxide treatment in vitro, Furthermore, PPARd agonist GW501516 treatment attenuated the perturbed function and number of injured BM ECs treated by either 5-FU or hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the prospective case-control study demonstrated elevated expressions of the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 and decreased PPARd were observed in BM ECs of PGF patients, when compared with those of GGF patients and HD, indicating that BM ECs of PGF patients have a hyper-glycolytic metabolism. Moreover, either glycolysis (PFKFB3) inhibitor 3PO or PPARd agonist GW501516 treatment reduced the aberrant glycolysis and improved the number and function of BM ECs derived from patients with PGF in vitro, revealing the critical role of defective glycolysis in the impaired BM ECs of PGF. Summary / Conclusions: These findings reveal that hyper-glycolysis mediated by PPARd inhibition is involved in the dysfunction of BM ECs after injury. Defective glycolysis may contribute to the pathobiology of BM ECs of PGF patients, which could be attenuated by glycolysis inhibitor 3PO or PPARd agonist GW501516 in vitro. Our findings might merit further consideration of targeting BM ECs glycolysis or PPARd as a promising therapeutic approach for PGF patients post-allotransplant in the future. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Rubinacci, A., A. De Ponti, A. Shipley, M. Samaja, E. Karplus, and L. F. Jaffe. "Bicarbonate dependence of ion current in damaged bone." Calcified Tissue International 58, no. 6 (June 1996): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509442.

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Rubinacci, A., A. De Ponti, A. Shipley, M. Samaja, E. Karplus, and L. F. Jaffe. "Bicarbonate Dependence of Ion Current in Damaged Bone." Calcified Tissue International 58, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900070.

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Crha, Michal, Alois Nečas, Robert Srnec, Jan Janovec, Ladislav Stehlík, Petr Raušer, Lucie Urbanová, Ladislav Plánka, Josef Jančář, and Evžen Amler. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Application to Bone Healing." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 4 (2009): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978040635.

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This synoptic study gives a concise overview of current knowledge of bone healing, the role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue regeneration and contemporary possibilities of supporting regeneration of damaged bone. Attention of research concerning the healing of fractures with extensive loss of bone tissue following trauma, the treatment of belatedly healing or non-healing fractures or the healing of segmental bone defects following tumour resection, is focused on development of three-dimensional scaffolds planted with mesenchymal stem cells that might be used for reconstruction of such large bone lesions. Presented are possibilities of transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells combined with biomaterials into bone defects, including the results of our own experimental studies dealing with the use of stem cells in the treatment of damaged tissues of the musculoskeletal system in animal models.

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Krishna, K. Ananda, and K. R. S. Sambasiva Rao. "Bone Marrow Transplantation." Open Biotechnology Journal 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2009): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700903010024.

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Stem cells are the centre for regenerative medicine. Given a right signal these undifferentiated cells have a remarkable potential to develop into specialized cell types (blood cells, heart cells etc.) in the human body. Stem cells, therefore, can be used in cell-based therapies to replace/repair damaged tissues and/or organs. Ongoing research in the area of stem cells focuses on their potential application (both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells) to create specialized cells and replace the damaged ones. Hence, this cutting-edge technology might lead to new ways of detecting and treating diseases. Stem cell transplantation can be considered as an option for the treatment of certain type of cancers. This medical procedure can also be used to treat neurological diseases, autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, liver diseases, metabolic disorders, spinal cord injury etc. The present review, therefore, focuses on the growing use of stem cell transplantation in regenerative medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This review also provides the current status of the field with a particular emphasis on bone marrow transplantation.

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Moore, T. L. Arthur, and L. J. Gibson. "Modeling Modulus Reduction in Bovine Trabecular Bone Damaged in Compression." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123, no. 6 (June 7, 2001): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1407828.

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Loading bone beyond its yield point creates microdamage, leading to reduction in stiffness. Previously, we related microdamage accumulation to changes in mechanical properties. Here, we develop a model that predicts stiffness loss based on the presence of microdamage. Modeling is done at three levels: (1) a single trabecula, (2) a cellular solid consisting of intact, damaged, and fractured trabeculae, and (3) a specimen with a localized damage band. Predictions of a reduced modulus agree well with experimental measured modulus reductions of post-yield compression of bovine trabecular bone. The predicted reduced modulus is relatively insensitive to changes in the input parameters.

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Moore, T. L. Arthur, and L. J. Gibson. "Microdamage Accumulation in Bovine Trabecular Bone in Uniaxial Compression." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 1 (October 2, 2001): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1428745.

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In this study we investigated how microdamage accumulated with increasing compressive strain in bovine trabecular bone. We found that little damage is created in the linear elastic region, up to −0.4 percent strain. At an average strain of −0.76percent±0.25 percent, the stress-strain curve became nonlinear, and peaked at −1.91 percent±0.55 percent strain. Microdamage increases rapidly during the peak of the stress-strain curve, and a localized band of damage formed. At strains beyond the ultimate strain, the damaged band widened and the density of damage within the band increased. Microdamage occurred as groupings of cracks; the majority of damage occurred as regions of cross-hatching. All microdamage parameters increased with increasing maximum compressive strain. We also observed exponential relationships between crack numerical density and damage 1∘−∘Esec/E0 and between crack length density and damage.

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He, Xiumei, Xiong Zhou, and Yueyue Feng. "miR-339 Promotes the Recovery of the Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)-Induced Corneal Epithelium Damage." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2022.2941.

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This study intends to identify the expression profiles of micoRNAs during the recovery of damaged corneal epithelium induced by BMSCs. Differential expressions of miRNA after damage of corneal epithelium stimulated by BMSCs were analyzed based on micro-array and validated by qRT-PCR. The miRNA’s effect on cell proliferative and apoptotic activity was evaluated through transfection of plasmid with over presentation of miRNA and inhibitor of miRNA. miR-339 was significantly down-regulated in the process of recovery of the damaged corneal epithelium induced by BMSCs. Importin 13 and EGF expression was reduced after transfection of plasmid with over presentation of miR-339, which were reversed by transfection of the inhibitor of miR-339. Importin 13 was a target of miR-339. The cell proliferation and apoptosis could be restrained by miR-339 through regulation of the expression of Importin 13. In conclusion, the damaged corneal epithelium induced by BMSCs could be recovered by miR-339 through restraining Importin 13 expression, indicating that it might be a novel target for amelioration of corneal epithelium damage.

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Rivera Vegas, María, Miguel Estefanía Díez, Pablo Martínez Núnez, and Rebeca Astorga Veganzones. "Use of Intramedullary Cannulated Headless Screws in the Treatment of Hand Fractures - An Anatomical Study on Long Fingers." Revista Iberoamericana de Cirugía de la Mano 45, no. 02 (November 2017): 094–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608789.

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Objective To quantify the cartilaginous and tendinous lesions produced upon percutaneous introduction of intramedullary cannulated screws as osteosynthesis material in metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. Materials and Methods Seven anatomical models and one non-replanted hand were used. The measurements of 30 metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges were taken. Cannulated screws with complete and partial threads were placed percutaneously through the metacarpal head and the proximal and middle phalanges, reproducing the actions performed in the clinic. The following measurements were performed: A) Percentage of the damaged cartilaginous area and its location. B) Damage to the extensor apparatus and its distance to the bone insertion point. C) Bone marrow size. Results (A) The percentages of the damaged areas in the metacarpals, proximal and middle phalanges were 5.7%, 13.35% and 9.62%, respectively. (B) The damage to the extensor apparatus was less than 3 mm with a 4-mm distance to the bone insertion point and (C) We have obtained the measurements of the intramedullary bone and from them, we calculated the width of the most appropriate screw. Conclusion In conclusion, the use of retrograde and percutaneous cannulated screws is a reliable technique with regard to the associated morbidity, and we present an approximation regarding the most appropriate screw for each location.

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Rodrigues, Maria Carolina O., Antonio Antunes Rodrigues, Loren E. Glover, Julio Voltarelli, and Cesario V. Borlongan. "Peripheral Nerve Repair with Cultured Schwann Cells: Getting Closer to the Clinics." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/413091.

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Peripheral nerve injuries are a frequent and disabling condition, which affects 13 to 23 per 100.000 persons each year. Severe cases, with structural disruption of the nerve, are associated with poor functional recovery. The experimental treatment using nerve grafts to replace damaged or shortened axons is limited by technical difficulties, invasiveness, and mediocre results. Other therapeutic choices include the adjunctive application of cultured Schwann cells and nerve conduits to guide axonal growth. The bone marrow is a rich source of mesenchymal cells, which can be differentiatedin vitrointo Schwann cells and subsequently engrafted into the damaged nerve. Alternatively, undifferentiated bone marrow mesenchymal cells can be associated with nerve conduits and afterward transplanted. Experimental studies provide evidence of functional, histological, and electromyographical improvement following transplantation of bone-marrow-derived cells in animal models of peripheral nerve injury. This paper focuses on this new therapeutic approach highlighting its direct translational and clinical utility in promoting regeneration of not only acute but perhaps also chronic cases of peripheral nerve damage.

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Hsu, Julia Chu-Ning, Hao-Kai Chang, Chia-Lin Ho, Kuan-Sheng Chen, Hung-Yi Wu, Tien-Huan Hsu, and Cheng-Chung Lin. "COMMINUTED FRACTURE OF RIGHT TARSAL BONES WITH OLD CALLUS FORMATION IN A SLAUGHTERED PIG." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 42, no. 03 (September 2016): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648515720105.

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An enlarged and hard right hind limb of a condemned lame pig from a local slaughterhouse was submitted to National Chung Hsing University for pathological examination on 29 May 2015. Gross examination revealed brush burn and skin abscess. The radiography of the affected foot showed enlarged hock joint, collapsed tarsal joint with bony proliferation, and a soft tissue mass extending from the lateral to the tarsal bones. After the sample was split between the third and fourth metatarsal bone longitudinally, the calcaneus, talus, and the fourth tarsal bone were shown to be broken and damaged. Histopathological findings were as follows. First, the fractured bones showed the formation of callus and multiple small bone fragments were found. Second, osteoclasts and osteogenesis with bone remodeling were discovered at the edge of the bone fragments. Third, the skin abscess showed well-encapsulated clumps of bacteria and cellular debris. Trueperella pyogenes was identified from skin abscess and bone marrow. We speculate that the neglected fractures might have been related to crush injury inflicted by a sow or possible damage caused by the floor of the crate. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high standard of animal welfare and once a lesion has occurred in food-producing animals, medication or elimination should be considered to avoid the long-term suffering of the animals.

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Brunski, John B. "In Vivo Bone Response to Biomechanical Loading at the Bone/Dental-Implant Interface." Advances in Dental Research 13, no. 1 (June 1999): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374990130012301.

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Since dental implants must withstand relatively large forces and moments in function, a better understanding of in vivo bone response to loading would aid implant design. The following topics are essential in this problem. (1) Theoretical models and experimental data are available for understanding implant loading as an aid to case planning. (2) At least for several months after surgery, bone healing in gaps between implant and bone as well as in pre-existing damaged bone will determine interface structure and properties. The ongoing healing creates a complicated environment. (3) Recent studies reveal that an interfacial cement line exists between the implant surface and bone for titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA). Since cement lines in normal bone have been identified as weak interfaces, a cement line at a bone-biomaterial interface may also be a weak point. Indeed, data on interfacial shear and tensile "bond" strengths are consistent with this idea. (4) Excessive interfacial micromotion early after implantation interferes with local bone healing and predisposes to a fibrous tissue interface instead of osseointegration. (5) Large strains can damage bone. For implants that have healed in situ for several months before being loaded, data support the hypothesis that interfacial overload occurs if the strains are excessive in interfacial bone. While bone "adaptation" to loading is a long-standing concept in bone physiology, researchers may sometimes be too willing to accept this paradigm as an exclusive explanation of in vivo tissue responses during experiments, while overlooking confounding variables, alternative (non-mechanical) explanations, and the possibility that different types of bone ( e.g., woven bone, Haversian bone, plexiform bone) may have different sensitivities to loading under healing vs. quiescent conditions.

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Petrovic, Nenad, Zorica Ajdukovic, and Dragana Kenic-Marinkovic. "Regeneration of damaged osteoporotic bone tissue with synthetic biomaterials." Tehnika 69, no. 6 (2014): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1406907p.

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Rizza, Robert, and Kevin Meade. "No-slip crack model for damaged bone/cement interface." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 70, no. 6 (April 2003): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(02)00085-1.

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Ottoni, Claudio, Hannah E. C. Koon, Matthew J. Collins, Kirsty E. H. Penkman, Olga Rickards, and Oliver E. Craig. "Preservation of ancient DNA in thermally damaged archaeological bone." Naturwissenschaften 96, no. 2 (November 29, 2008): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0478-5.

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Moore, Tara L. A., and Lorna J. Gibson. "Fatigue Microdamage in Bovine Trabecular Bone." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1631584.

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Microdamage, in the form of small cracks, may accumulate in trabecular bone loaded in fatigue. Specimens of bovine trabecular bone were loaded in compressive fatigue at one of four normalized stresses and loading was stopped after the specimens reached one of six maximum strains. Microdamage was identified using a fluorochrome staining technique, and microdamage parameters, including the number of damaged trabeculae and the damaged area fraction, were measured. No microdamage was observed during loading to strains below the yield strain; at higher strains, all microdamage parameters increased with increasing maximum compressive strain. Few significant differences were observed in the type or amount of microdamage accumulation between specimens loaded to the same maximum strain at different normalized stresses; however, more trabecular fractures were observed at high numbers of cycles, which corresponded to low normalized stresses.

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Lukin, Anton V., Galina I. Lukina, Alexey V. Volkov, Alexander E. Baranchikov, Vladimir K. Ivanov, and Alexey A. Prokopov. "Morphometry Results of Formed Osteodefects When Using Nanocrystalline CeO2 in the Early Stages of Regeneration." International Journal of Dentistry 2019 (December 26, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9416381.

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This paper studies of the use of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide with artificially formed bone tissue defects. The results of morphometry confirmed the antialterative effect in the early stages of the reparative process of damaged bone tissue. When using calcium hydroxide with nanodispersed cerium dioxide, the nature of osteogenesis should be characterized as activated. In case of damage to the dentin of the roots of the teeth, dentinogenesis in presence of CeO2 occurs with the formation of a combined dentin and bone regenerates. Little or no studies of dentinogenesis in presence of CeO2 were performed by other researchers.

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Chen, Lian, and Zhengwen Ruan. "Overexpression of miR-145 in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Myocardial Injury in Rats." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2021.2695.

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Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) causes myocardial damage. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exert protection on damaged hearts. We studied the effect of BMSCs with highly expressed miR-145 on repairing damaged heart caused by IRI in rats. SD rats were selected to isolate BMSCs which were assigned into negative control group, BMSCs group or miR-145-BMSCs (transfected with a lentivirus carrying pLVX-miR-145) followed by analysis of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and level of miR-145, Bcl2, Bax and VEGF by qRT-PCR. BMSCs overexpressing miR-145 showed elevated proliferation and decreased apoptotic activity. The cardiac function of miR-145-BMSCs and BMSCs rats was improved significantly, Bcl-2 and VEGF expression was enhanced, and Bax was decreased with more significant improvement in miR-145-BMSCs group. miR-145 overexpression has a regulatory effect on the biological behavior of BMSCs, and upregulates Bcl-2, VEGF and other key factors to repair the heart damage caused by IRI and restore heart function.

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Zhao, L., J. Li, and S. Gong. "Comparison of the application of artificial ossicles and autologous ossicles in the reconstruction of a damaged ossicular chain." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 10 (October 2018): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118001627.

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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic effect that the titanium partial ossicular reconstruction prosthesis and autologous ossicles have on hearing loss after reconstruction of a damaged ossicular chain.MethodsForty-two medical records of treatments carried out from 2013 to 2015 for ossicular chain damage with facial nerve paralysis due to temporal bone fractures were reviewed. The study assessed: causes of damage, pre-operative pure tone audiometry findings, types of intra-operative ossicular chain damage, intra-operative ossicular chain repair methods (titanium partial ossicular reconstruction prosthesis or autologous ossicles) and post-operative pure tone audiometry results.ResultsThe titanium partial ossicular reconstruction prosthesis was used in 26 cases; the average air–bone gap was 32.3 ± 5.3 dB pre-operatively and 12.8 ± 5.3 dB post-operatively. Autologous ossicles were used in 16 cases; the average air–bone gap was 33.4 ± 4.5 dB pre-operatively and 17.8 ± 7.8 dB post-operatively.ConclusionOssicular chain reconstruction is an effective way of improving hearing in patients with ossicular chain damage. The results suggest that repair with either the titanium partial ossicular reconstruction prosthesis or autologous ossicles can improve hearing following ossicular chain injury with facial nerve paralysis caused by a temporal bone fracture.

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Rubinacci, Alessandro, Fiorenza Dondi Benelli, Enrico Borgo, and Isabella Villa. "Bone as an ion exchange system: evidence for a pump-leak mechanism devoted to the maintenance of high bone K+." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): E15—E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e15.

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To provide evidence of active accumulation of K+ in bone extracellular fluid (BECF), electric currents driven by damaged living metatarsal bones of weanling mice, immersed in physiological media at different [K+], in the presence of blockers of the K+ channels or of the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, were measured by means of a voltage-sensitive two-dimensional vibrating probe. At 4 mM extracellular K+concentration ([K+]o), an inward steady current density (7.85–38.53 μA/cm2) was recorded at the damage site, which was significantly dependent on [K+]o. At [K+]o equal to that of BECF (25 mM), current density was reduced by 76%. At [K+]o of 0 mM, the current density showed an increase, which was hindered by tetraethylammonium (TEA). Basal current density was reduced significantly after exposure to TEA or BaCl2 and was unchanged after long- term exposure to ouabain. By changing control medium with a chloride-free medium, current density was reversed. The results support the view that K+ excess in bone is maintained by a biologically active cellular system. Because the osteocyte-bone lining cell syncytium was at the origin of the current in bone, it is likely that this system controls the ionic composition of BECF.

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Yu.M, Iryanov, and Kiryanov N.A. "Chondroplasty Efficacy of Bone Matrix." International Journal of Human Anatomy 2, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-19-3110.

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Aim To study the chondroplasty efficacy of the bone matrix obtained using an original technology in restoring cartilage defect of the knee joint. Material and Methods Marginal defects were modeled on the surface of the distal end of the femur in 40 adult male Wistar rats. The bone matrix obtained using an original technology was implanted in the damaged area in animals of the experimental group. Material was investigated by means of light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Results It was found that the bone matrix implanted did not cause an immune rejection reaction, activated reparative chondrogenesis for a prolonged period. In the area of articular cartilage lesion, the regenerate acquiring cellular and histochemical characteristics of the hyaline cartilage tissue was formed. The chondroinductive properties for the bone matrix were ensured by localized growth factors and morphogenetic proteins released during osteoclastic resorption. Conclusion The application of the bone matrix as a stimulator of chondrogenesis is theoretically reasonable and has a good perspective in treatment of damages and diseases of the articular cartilage.

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Hao, Zhichao, Zhenhua Song, Jun Huang, Keqing Huang, Amanda Panetta, Zhipeng Gu, and Jun Wu. "The scaffold microenvironment for stem cell based bone tissue engineering." Biomaterials Science 5, no. 8 (2017): 1382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7bm00146k.

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Bone tissue engineering uses the principles and methods of engineering and life sciences to study bone structure, function and growth mechanism for the purposes of repairing, maintaining and improving damaged bone tissue.

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Zeng, Zhipeng, Xuchang Zhou, Yan Wang, Hong Cao, Jianmin Guo, Ping Wang, Yajing Yang, and Yan Wang. "Mitophagy—A New Target of Bone Disease." Biomolecules 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12101420.

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Bone diseases are usually caused by abnormal metabolism and death of cells in bones, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as an important cause of abnormal cell metabolism, is widely involved in the occurrence and progression of multiple bone diseases, including osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, osteoporosis, and osteosarcoma. As selective mitochondrial autophagy for damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, mitophagy is closely related to mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitophagy plays an important regulatory role in bone disease, indicating that regulating the level of mitophagy may be a new strategy for bone-related diseases. Therefore, by reviewing the relevant literature in recent years, this paper reviews the potential mechanism of mitophagy in bone-related diseases, including osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, osteoporosis, and osteosarcoma, to provide a theoretical basis for the related research of mitophagy in bone diseases.

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Klawitter, Jerome J., Jason Patton, Robert More, Noel Peter, Evgeny Podnos, and Mark Ross. "In vitro comparison of wear characteristics of PyroCarbon and metal on bone: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty." Shoulder & Elbow 12, no. 1_suppl (September 11, 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573218796837.

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Background There are concerns regarding glenoid erosion with metal shoulder hemiarthroplasty. PyroCarbon may offer an alternative because of favorable wear characteristics and preservation of the glenoid. The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro bone wear characteristics of PyroCarbon relative to cobalt chromium alloy hemiarthroplasty in a shoulder wear simulator. Methods Wear of PyroCarbon and cobalt chromium prostheses articulating with bone were characterized by means of bone wear penetration rate, changes to surface roughness, and wear particle analysis. Results PyroCarbon prostheses produced significantly less damage to bone and were less damaged by the bone than cobalt chromium prostheses. Cobalt chromium testing was halted at approximately 320,000 cycles because the bone was consumed. Wear testing of PyroCarbon specimens continued through five million cycles. Linearized bone penetration rate, bone volume loss rate, and surface roughness for cobalt chromium test specimens were 30 times greater than for PyroCarbon. Conclusions Results demonstrate significantly less damage to bone in simulated shoulder function testing for PyroCarbon hemiarthroplasty implants relative to conventional cobalt chromium implants. Our study supports use of PyroCarbon in humeral head hemiarthroplasty as a viable alternative to conventional metal hemiarthroplasty. Further investigation of PyroCarbon performance in clinical settings is warranted.

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do Prado-Lima, Pedro Antônio Schmidt, Guilherme Ary Onsten, Gutierre Neves de Oliveira, Guilherme Camargo Brito, Isadora Machado Ghilardi, Eduardo Vieira de Souza, Paula Gabrielli dos Santos, et al. "The antidepressant effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in chronic stress." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 5 (April 25, 2019): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119841562.

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Background: Inflammation could be a risk factor for the development of depression and change the outcome of this common chronic-recurrent mental disorder. Aims: This study aimed to investigate if bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation is effective in restoring sucrose preference in rats subjected to chronic stress (CS), if it has an anti-inflammatory effect and is able to restore damaged DNA. Methods: The effect of BMMC transplantation was studied in a controlled protocol (compared with a control group and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram group) involving sucrose preference in CS in rats. Measurements were taken of the amygdala, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and other brain areas, the spleen and blood pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Finally, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (a DNA damage marker) was determined. Results: BMMC transplantation was as effective as escitalopram in restoring sucrose preference. It also had an anti-inflammatory effect and slightly improved damaged DNA after one week. Conclusions: These findings suggest administration of BMMC in rats subjected to CS restores sucrose preference, resolves inflammation in both the peripheral and central nervous system, as well as diminishes DNA damage. This effect was similar to that of escitalopram, which is effective in the treatment of depressive patients.

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Dianov, S. V., and K. M. Halagummaev. "CRIO-INFLUENCE IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BENIGN TUMOURS OF FOOT BONES." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 16, no. 3 (November 19, 2010): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2010-0-3-74-78.

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The material of investigation was the results of treatment of 131 patients with foot bones tumours. The largest number of patients referred, to age interval from 11 to 30 years (69,6%). More than half of cases were osteochondromas (54%), then solitary bone cyst (14,5%) and chondromas (13%). Other nosologic forms were met significantly seldom. Two groups of patients were examined: the main group (with crio-influence) - 44 patients and group of comparison (without crio-influence) - 87 patients. The plot of operation was in flat, border-line, intrafocusal or segmental resection of damaged section, crio-instillation or contact curio-processing of bone and auto- or allopathic of respected defect. The results of treatment were estimated in a year after operation. After usage of curio-surgical method there were observed positive results in 41 patients, satisfactory - in 2 and unsatisfactory - in 1. The results of treatment with traditional method were positive in 79 cases, satisfactory - in 2, unsatisfactory - in 6. The worked-out method of curio-surgical treatment of foot bone tumours includes resection of pathological focus, itraoperative crio-influence on bone tissue and bone plastic transplantation of resected, defect. The analysis of criosurgical operations of foot gave the foundation to consider such interventions significant and perspective in treatment of patients with tumours and tumour similar damages of foot bone.

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Nodar Sulashvili, Nodar Sulashvili, and Tamar Okropiridze Tamar Okropiridze. "MORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH USAGE OF BIOPLAST - DENT IN EXPERIMENT." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE MEDICINE & HEALTHCARE 01, no. 01 (April 1, 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55858/ijimh01012022-30.

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The work represents experimental and morphological studies of regeneration of damaged areas of maxillo-facial bones. Time course of healing of induced defects in the low jaw bone filled with bioplast - dent and was studied in experimental rabbits. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 four rabbits from each group were killed and the defect investigated by X-ray and histological methods. We stained the micropreparations ith hematoxilineeosine. Bioplast - dent granulate exerted the best effect on bone repair. In experiments with bioplast - dent, bone regenerate replaced up to one half of the area of defect by day 28. Keywords: Osteogenesis stimulation, reparative regeneration, morphological, X-ray.

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Reva, Ivan, Tatsuo Yamamoto, Kirill Stegniy, Ellada Slabenko, Viktoriya Semiglasova, Igor Sementsov, Olga Lebed'ko, et al. "Red bone marrow damage in COVID-19 pathogenesis caused by SARS-CоV-2." Archiv Euromedica 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2199-885x/2022/12/2.7.

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With the emerging of new strains of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (such as B.1.1.529 for example), despite numerous studies to create effective vaccines, it becomes obvious that the relevance of studying the pathomorphology of tissue structures with damaged cellular targets has increased manifold. Most knowledge on genes of pathogenicity loses its importance for the development of antiviral agents since the reservoir for the virus is the cells, in which SARS-CoV-2 then persists. These data are more important for the development of vaccines, and the treatment strategy should be based on damaged cellular targets. The mechanisms of hypoxia in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 with COVID-19 do not have an exhaustive explanation based only on the acute alveolar damage. Our investigation deals with the data on pathologic red bone marrow in patients with a fatal COVID-19 outcome against the background of various indicators of erythrocytes in clinical blood tests. We found in the structure of the red bone marrow that there is damage to the stroma and parenchyma as well as pathomorphological signs of damage to erythropoiesis in the patients of both groups. The data obtained on the cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 can serve as a fundamental platform for the development of targeted conservative therapy in the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and should also be taken into account in severe COVID-19 cases with the risk of unfavorable prognosis.

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Stegen, Steve, Nick van Gastel, and Geert Carmeliet. "Bringing new life to damaged bone: The importance of angiogenesis in bone repair and regeneration." Bone 70 (January 2015): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.017.

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Khan, Azhar M., Tahleel A. Shera, Naseer A. Choh, Gh Mohammad Wani, and Zubair Ahmad. "Radiation Protection in Pediatric Radiology." JMS SKIMS 19, no. 1 (June 16, 2016): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v19i1.285.

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The radiation risk is higher for children than for adults, as children's tissues have a higher cell division rate, and cells can be damaged during this process. Children's bodies also have a higher water content and therefore absorb more radiation, which can cause damage to their genes. There are radiation, which can cause damage to their genes. There are also differences in the location of particularly at-risk tissues such as hematopoietic bone marrow. In adults, 74% (spine ribs, pelvis) is located in the skeleton or the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the skeleton of the trunk and 35% in the extremities.In adults, 8% is located in the cranial bones; in infants, 27%. This means that infants have large proportions of hematopoietic bone marrow in all parts of the body, including the extremities and any radiograph irradiates a substantial proportion of the hematopoietic marrow. As radiation induced malignant lesions remain latent for years, children and adolescents are prone to experience them. JMS 2016; 19(1):39-40

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KURATA, Kosaku, Takanobu FUKUNAGA, Junpei MATSUDA, and Hidehiko HIGAKI. "516 Initiation Mechanism of Bone Remodeling by Mechanically Damaged Osteocytes." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2005.58 (2005): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2005.58.195.

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Tomita, S., R. K. Li, R. D. Weisel, D. A. G. Mickle, E. J. Kim, T. Sakai, and Z. Q. Jia. "Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Cells Improves Damaged Heart Function." Circulation 100, Supplement 2 (November 9, 1999): II—247—II—256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.suppl_2.ii-247.

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Dall'Ara, E., R. Schmidt, and P. Zysset. "Microindentation can discriminate between damaged and intact human bone tissue." Bone 50, no. 4 (April 2012): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.01.002.

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Verhoef, Cornelis, Jan Gratama, Stefan Sleijfer, and Michiel Strijbos. "On the origin of (CD105+) circulating endothelial cells." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 102, no. 08 (2009): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th08-11-0762.

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SummaryCells designated by the CellSearch™ assay as circulating endothelial cells (CEC) (CD146+/CD105+/CD45− nuclear cells) are thought to derive from damaged vasculature.As CD105 has been suggested to be expressed by endothelial cells from malignant vasculature particularly, it is currently unknown whether this assay is suitable to determine CECs in non-malignant diseases.Also,more insight is needed whether CECs as detected by this assay predominantly measures CECs or also endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which originate from the bone marrow and reflect angiogenesis rather than vascular damage. CEC counts were determined in nine patients treated with isolated limb perfusion with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) a and melphalan, and in 10 healthy donors. Given the severe vascular damage caused by venesection and cannulation of the main vessels, we expected a significant increase in CEC counts in case CEC were of vascular rather than of bone marrow origin.Additionally, this finding, as well as the presence of CD105+ CEC in the blood of healthy controls, would confirm that healthy endothelial cells express CD105. Numbers of CD146+/CD105+/CD45− nuclear CEC increased significantly after venesection and cannulation. After administration of TNF, a large fraction of non-intact, possibly apoptotic CEC appeared. This study shows that the Cell-Search™ assay detects CECs originating from damaged vasculature. Furthermore, CD105 expression is found on CEC from damaged normal vasculature rendering further exploration of the value of CEC determined by this assay worthwhile not only in malignant diseases but also in non malignant disorders characterised by vascular damage.

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SLAMET, Samuel Susanto, Yoshiyuki TANABE, Naoki TAKANO, and Tomohisa NAGASAO. "F402 Biomechanics Analysis of Pressure Ulcers using Damaged Interface Model between Bone and Muscle in the Human Buttocks." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2011.24 (2011): _F—47_—_F—48_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2011.24._f-47_.

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Pidlisetskyi, A. T. "Damages of Neuromuscular System After Mechanical-Induced Limb Ischemia (Experimental Study)." Visnyk Ortopedii Travmatologii Protezuvannia, no. 2(109) (October 12, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37647/0132-2486-2021-109-2-58-62.

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Relevance. Traumatic and ischemic injury of the limbs is accompanied by damage of the skeletal muscles and peripheral nerves of the limbs. The dynamics and consequences of ischemic lesions remain poorly understood and need to be corrected. Objective: using quantitative morphological and sonographic methods, to study the dynamics of skeletal muscle damage of the limb after traumatically induced ischemia with and without the injection of platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate, and adipose tissue fraction. Materials and Methods. In 3 experiments, rabbits were modeled with 6-hour limb ischemia by applying an elastic tourniquet. After compartment syndrome detection, based on the assessment of subfascial pressure, cell suspensions were injected into the leg muscles. Sonographic and histological examination of the muscles was performed on days 5, 15, and 30. The results of sonography and morphometry were evaluated by statistical methods. Results. The developed model of ischemia consists of 6-hour immobilization of the limb, on тwhich medical elastic tourniquets were imposing. The action of the tourniquets causes high subfascial pressure and necrosis of the superficial muscle groups of the lower third of the thigh and lower leg. According to sonography, the δ-entropy of damaged tissues on day 5 is reduced relative to the intact limb, as in the case of administration of bone marrow aspirate cells. On days 15 and 30, sonography showed no difference between the comparison groups. The dynamics of morphological features of limb tissue damage consist of necrosis of superficial muscle groups, atrophy in the middle layers, and almost intact deep muscle groups. Necrosis was replaced by scar tissue, the density of which increases 11-14 times, and does not differ in the period 5-30 days. The administration of platelet plasma, bone marrow aspirate, and adipose tissue fraction did not change the dynamics of fibrotic changes in ischemic damaged muscles. Muscle atrophy is accompanied by activation of endogenous repair of single muscle fibers, which tended to intensify after injection of bone marrow aspirate. The sciatic nerve of the injured limb was not structurally damaged according to the deep topography, while the nerves of the tibia develop degenerative changes from the 15th day.

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Adventa, Yosefin, and Nanik Zubaidah. "The Role Of Hydroxyapatite Materials On Collagen Synthesis In Alveolar Bone Defects Healing." Conservative Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v11i1.2021.24-27.

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Background: There are several cases in dentistry that cause alveolar bone defects, including periodontal disease, major trauma after tooth extraction, post-cyst enucleation, and post-surgery. Healing of alveolar bone defects can be treated in the form of bone grafting to restore the function and structure of damaged bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite has been proven to have some good properties such as biocompatible, bioactive, and osteoconductive. Osteoconductive materials serve as scaffold for osteoblasts to attach, grow, and differentiate to form new bone. Osteoblasts will synthesize collagen type 1 which functions to mineralize the bone matrix. Objective: To explain the role of hydroxyapatite on collagen synthesis in alveolar bone defects healing. Reviews: In this review article discusses the healing process of alveolar bone defects, the characteristics of the hydroxyapatite material, collagen synthesis and also 4 kinds of natural substances that can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite material for supporting the bone healing process. These natural materials include bovine bones, egg shells, crab shells, and calcite rocks. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite material has a role in collagen synthesis in the healing process of alveolar bone defects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Damaged bone'

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