Journal articles: 'Damage class'

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Gaillard, Hélène, and Andrés Aguilera. "A Novel Class of mRNA-containing Cytoplasmic Granules Are Produced in Response to UV-Irradiation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 4980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0193.

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Nucleic acids are substrates for different types of damage, but little is known about the fate of damaged RNAs. We addressed the existence of an RNA-damage response in yeast. The decay kinetics of GAL1p-driven mRNAs revealed a dose-dependent mRNA stabilization upon UV-irradiation that was not observed after heat or saline shocks, or during nitrogen starvation. UV-induced mRNA stabilization did not depend on DNA repair, damage checkpoint or mRNA degradation machineries. Notably, fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that after UV-irradiation, polyadenylated mRNA accumulated in cytoplasmic foci that increased in size with time. In situ colocalization showed that these foci are not processing-bodies, eIF4E-, eIF4G-, and Pab1-containing bodies, stress granules, autophagy vesicles, or part of the secretory or endocytic pathways. These results point to the existence of a specific eukaryotic RNA-damage response, which leads to new polyadenylated mRNA-containing granules (UV-induced mRNA granules; UVGs). We propose that potentially damaged mRNAs, which may be deleterious to the cell, are temporarily stored in UVG granules to safeguard cell viability.

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Yazdani, S. "On a Class of Continuum Damage Mechanics Theories." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 2, no. 2 (April 1993): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678959300200204.

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Sims, Philip. "U.S. Navy World War II War Damage Reports." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.6.3.

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AbstractThe damaged and sunken ships of Pearl Harbor contained information on the response of ships and their damage control teams to modern weapons. As they were raised to be repaired, the physical evidence of damaged areas was carefully recorded. The Navy’s ship design organization, the Bureau of Ships (Buships), combined the physical evidence with crew action reports to determine what worked and what did not. Buships published the results in almost 70 War Damage Reports, which were illustrated with photographs and newly prepared extent-of-damage drawings. This paper is a high-level introduction to that massive body of work.The customers of the reports were the damage control schools, the operational fleet (needing to ruthlessly remove flammable materials), the naval repair yards (installing ship alterations to overcome deficiencies), and the designers of new construction warships. The report series was continued covering ships damaged or lost in the Pacific battles. Modern warship features that are now thought of as “good practice,” such as ring fire mains with one line high and the other low on the opposite side of the ship, are a result of “lessons learned” from the war damage surveys. The paper compares the 1938 design Iowa class battleships and the war design Des Moines class heavy cruisers, which incorporated the lessons learned. The differences in compartmentation and damage control fittings of the two classes are described.

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Rhoades, David A., and David J. Dowrick. "Variability of Damage Ratios for Property in Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 2 (May 1999): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586042.

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In studies of damage to classes of property in earthquakes, the damage ratio for a class as a whole, denoted D¯r, can differ appreciably from the mean damage ratio Drm of properties in the class. Two factors that influence the propensity of D¯r and Drm to differ are the skewness of the distribution of property values and any systematic relation that may exist between property value and damage ratio. The existence of such relations is demonstrated using data from two major New Zealand earthquakes, at Napier ( Mw7.8, 1931) and Edgecumbe ( Mw6.5, 1987). A common trend is that the probability of a property being damaged increases with increasing value. The damage ratio may tend to increase or decrease with property value, depending on the type of property. The observed relations can be partially explained on physical grounds, and have implications for earthquake resistant design and earthquake insurance.

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Halilović, Velid, Dalibor Ballian, Besim Balić, Mario Šarić, Jelena Knežević, and Jusuf Musić. "Istraživanje mehaničkih oštećenja stabala jele i drugih vrsta tijekom eksploatacije – Slučaj Šumarije „Glamoč“." Šumarski list 144, no. 3-4 (April 30, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.144.3-4.4.

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Mechanisation used in forest utilisation has an impact on the occurrence of damage in stand and on forest land. The research in this work had the objective of determining damage on fir trees and other tree species during felling and processing of trees and their skidding using the forest cable-skidder. The research wasconducted in mixed beech and fir forests in the area of FMA “Glamočko”, M.U. “Hrbinje-Kujača”. The following data were gathered on damaged trees: tree type, breast height diameter, economic importance of the tree, amount of damage, location of damage, cause of damage, types of damage. Damage was recorded on a total of 305 trees, 133 trees of silver fir (Abies alba), 130 trees of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), 33 trees of European spruce (Picea abies), 8 trees of rowan/mountain-ash (Sorbusaucuparia) and one tree of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). The overall damage intensity was 18.7%, but together with the old damages, the overall number of ‘wounds’ is 496. According to this, when the old damage isalso considered, then the intensity of damage amounts to 30.6%. The largest amount of damage is in the diameter sub-class ranging from 10 to 14.99 cm. According to the cause of damage, the largest amount of damage occurred during the wood extraction phase (217 trees), while during the felling phase, 88 trees or 29% were damaged. Since the wood extraction phase is divided into the winching and skidding phases, the total number of damaged trees during the winching phase amounted to 157 or 52%, while during the skidding phase, the number of damaged trees was 60 or 19%. To reduce damage to the trees during following operations in forest utilisation, it is necessary to perform more frequent training of all employees working on forest utilisation, to increase controls in execution of operations during forest utilisation, modernise machines used during forest exploitation, and in quality manner open compartments with forest road infrastructure.

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Liao, Zhi M., B. Raymond, J. Gaylord, R. Fallejo, J. Bude, and P. Wegner. "Damage modeling and statistical analysis of optics damage performance in MJ-class laser systems." Optics Express 22, no. 23 (November 11, 2014): 28845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.028845.

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Marceau, Nicolas, and Steeve Mongrain. "Damage averaging and the formation of class action suits." International Review of Law and Economics 23, no. 1 (March 2003): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8188(03)00014-0.

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Thompson, Ian. "Fatigue damage variation within a class of naval ships." Ocean Engineering 165 (October 2018): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.07.036.

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Rubio, Juan Jose, Takahiro Kashiwa, Teera Laiteerapong, Wenlong Deng, Kohei Nagai, Sergio Escalera, Kotaro Nakayama, Yutaka Matsuo, and Helmut Prendinger. "Multi-class structural damage segmentation using fully convolutional networks." Computers in Industry 112 (November 2019): 103121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.08.002.

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Čermák, J. Glogar, and L. Jankovský. "Damage by deer barking and browsing and subsequent rots in Norway spruce stands of Forest Range MoP." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 1 (January 11, 2012): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4597-jfs.

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The paper deals with the determination of the rate of damage by deer barking and browsing, the subsequent rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum and the rate of its progress, elucidates causes of damage and quantifies volume and financial losses in the region of Forest Range Mořkov, Forest District Fren&scaron;tát pod Radho&scaron;těm. In the most damaged 2nd age class, decay by Stereum sanguinolentum was recorded in 59% of damaged trees. The progress of rot ranged from 1 to 70 cm/year. The high number of red deer is considered to be the main reason of extensive damage by bark stripping in the Forest Range Mořkov. The actual financial loss caused by depreciation of wood by the rot is greatest in the 5th age class amounting to CZK 64,320 per ha.

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Čermák, Petr, L. Jankovský, D. Lička, J. Beránek, and J. Glogar. "Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise “Masaryk Forest” (the Drahany Upland)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 2 (2004): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452020165.

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The paper deals with determination of the rate of damage by red deer barking, determination of the rate of damage by a subsequent rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum and the rate of its progress. The paper elucidates causes of the damage and quantifies depreciation of wood by rots in the Proklest Forest Range, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise “Masaryk Forest“. The deer barking caused damage to 85% of stands. In the most damaged 2nd and 4th age classes, rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum was noticed in 89% of damaged trees. The greatest proportion is made by damage from the 70s of the last century. After the 80s, the damage occurred only exceptionally. The average percentage loss of wood is highest in the 2nd age class, viz. 38%. The determined progress of the rot ranged from 1 to 36.4 cm.year-1.

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Crenna, Ana Cecilia, Claudio Marcelo Oddino, Santiago Ferrari, Jorge Antonio Giuggia, Diego Giovanini, and Francisco Damián Giordano. "Development and validation of diagrammatic scales to evaluate damage by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in peanut." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.024.

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Argentina is the second largest peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) exporter in the world. The main peanut pest in our country is the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836). To date, there is no validated method to quantify this pest. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a logarithmic diagrammatic scale to assess damage by the two-spotted spider mite in peanut. In 2015-16, 200 leaflets were collected from a plot infested with the pest. Damaged leaf area (DLA) was calculated using SisCob software. Six-, seven-, eight- and nine-class scales were proposed. Mean values for each class and scale were obtained with 2-LOG. Leaflets were analyzed by 13 raters who used the four proposed scales. Precision and accuracy were determined by simple linear regression between the DLA and estimated damaged leaf area. Reproducibility was determined by linear regression between estimates of raters combined in pairs. The seven-class scale was the best validated one for all the parameters. Most raters showed constant deviations and overestimated DLA, whereas only one rater presented systematic deviations. This seven-class scale is the first developed and validated one to evaluate two-spotted spider mite damage to peanut in Argentina. Highlights According to the validation results, the seven-class diagrammatic scale was the best one in terms of accuracy, precision and reproducibility with values above 0.80, 0.75 and 0.75 respectively. The scales are useful tools for pest assessment, fundamental parameters for integrated pest management. The seven-class scale is the first one developed and validated for evaluating damage by the two-spotted spider mite in peanut crop in Argentina. With this scale a loss function will be calculate which will allow the estimation of the EIL of this pest.

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Mason, Andrew C., and David L. Adams. "Black Bear Damage to Thinned Timber Stands in Northwest Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.1.10.

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Abstract Bear damage was at least five times higher in thinned blocks than in adjacent unthinned blocks of western larch (Larix occidentalis), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) on the Kootenai National Forest in northwest Montana. Western larch suffered the greatest damage (63% of all trees damaged and 92% of the trees killed). Damaged larch ranged from 4 to 13 in. dbh; the 4 to 8-in. dbh class accounted for 85% of the damage. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were not damaged. Stand projections showed up to a 17% reduction in board-foot yield from bear damage, after 50 years, compared with hypothetical undamaged stands. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):10-13, January 1989.

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de Paula Monteiro, Ronant, Amanda Lucatto Marra, Renato Vidoni, Claudio Garcia, and Franco Concli. "A Hybrid Finite Element Method–Analytical Model for Classifying the Effects of Cracks on Gear Train Systems Using Artificial Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 7814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157814.

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Rotating machinery is fundamental in industry, gearboxes especially. However, failures may occur in their transmission components due to regular usage over long periods of time, even when operations are not intense. To avoid such failures, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques for damage prediction and in-advance detection can be applied. In this regard, correlations between measured signal variations and damage can be inspected using Artificial Intelligence (AI), which demands large numbers of data for training. Since obtaining signal samples of damaged components experimentally is currently unviable for complex systems due to destructive test costs, model-based numerical approaches are to be explored to solve this problem. To address this issue, this work applied an innovative hybrid Finite Element Method (FEM)–analytical approach, reducing computational effort and increasing performance with respect to traditional FEM. With this methodology, a system can be simulated with accuracy and without geometrical simplifications for healthy and damaged cases. Indeed, considering different positions and dimensions of damages (e.g., cracks) on the tooth roots of gears can offer new ways of damage investigation. As a reference to validate healthy systems and damage cases in terms of eigenfrequencies, a back-to-back test rig was used. Numerical simulations were performed for different cases, resulting in vibrational spectra for systems with no damage, with damage, and with damage of different intensities. The vibration spectra were used as data to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the machine state by Condition Monitoring (CM) and Fault Diagnosis (FD). For predicting the health and the intensity of damage to a system, classification and multi-class classification methods were implemented, respectively. Both sets of classification results presented good prediction agreement.

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Alagappan, P., K. R. Rajagopal, and K. Kannan. "A damage initiation criterion for a class of viscoelastic solids." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2214 (June 2018): 20180064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0064.

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We extend the methodology introduced for the initiation of damage within the context of a class of elastic solids to a class of viscoelastic solids (Alagappan et al. 2016 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 472 , 20160231. ( doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0231 )). In a departure from studies on damage that consider the body to be homogeneous, with initiation of damage being decided by parameters that are based on a quantity such as the strain, that requires information concerning a special reference configuration, or the use of ad hoc parameters that have no physically meaningful origins, in this study we use a physically relevant parameter that is completely determined in the current deformed state of the body to predict the initiation of damage. Damage is initiated due to the inhomogeneity of the body wherein certain regions in the body are unable to withstand the stresses, strains, etc. The specific inhomogeneity that is considered is the variation of the density in the body. We consider damage within the context of the deformation of two representative viscoelastic solids, a generalization of a model proposed by Gent (1996 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69 , 59–61. ( doi:10.5254/1.3538357 )) for polymeric solids and a generalization of the Kelvin–Voigt model. We find that the criterion leads to results that are in keeping with the experiments of Gent & Lindley (1959 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 249 , 195–205. ( doi:10.1098/rspa.1959.0016 )).

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Naito, Shohei, Hiromitsu Tomozawa, Yuji Mori, Hiromitsu Nakamura, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara. "Damage Detection Method for Buildings with Machine-Learning Techniques Utilizing Images of Automobile Running Surveys Aftermath of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 928–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0928.

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In order to understand the damage situation immediately after the occurrence of a disaster and to support disaster response, we developed a method to classify the degree of building damage in three stages with machine-learning using road-running survey images obtained immediately after the Kumamoto earthquake. Machine-learning involves a learning phase and a discrimination phase. As training data, we used images from a camera installed in the travel direction of an automobile, in which the degree of damage was visually categorized. In the learning phase, class separation is carried out by support vector machine (SVM) on a basis of a feature calculated from training patch images for each extracted damage category. In the discrimination phase, input images are provided with raster scan so that the class separation is carried out in units of the patch image. In this manner, learning, discrimination, and parameter tuning are repeated. By doing so, we developed a damage-discrimination model for each patch image and validated the discrimination accuracy using a cross-validation method. Furthermore, we developed a method using an optical flow for preventing double counting of damaged areas in cases where an identical building is captured in multiple photos.

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Alexandrov, Sergei. "An Unexpected Feature of a Class of Damage Evolution Models." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.195.

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The main objective of the present paper is to demonstrate, by means of a boundary value problem permitting a closed-form solution, that no solution exists under certain conditions in the case of a rigid/plastic material model including a damage evolution equation. The source of this feature of the solution is the sticking friction condition, which is often adopted in the metal forming literature.

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Atanasiu, Gabriela Maria. "Damage Identification Based Simulations for a Class of Nonlinear Structures." Key Engineering Materials 243-244 (July 2003): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.243-244.411.

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Jon, Wonyol. "Issues on Certification Requirements and Monetary Damage in Class Action." Justice 184 (June 30, 2021): 147–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29305/tj.2021.06.184.147.

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Park, Chanseok, and W. J. Padgett. "A general class of cumulative damage models for materials failure." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 136, no. 11 (November 2006): 3783–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspi.2005.03.009.

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Long, James, and Oral Büyüköztürk. "Decentralised one-class kernel classification-based damage detection and localisation." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 24, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): e1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.1930.

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Cicák, A., and I. Mihál. "Relationship of necrotic disease of beech trunks to the sociological position of trees in the stand." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 5 (May 17, 2019): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11879-jfs.

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The authors analyse the results of investigations into the degree of necrotic damage of beech bark carried out in the whole territory of the Slovak Republic. The aim of these analyses is to answer a question about the relationship between the degree of necrotic damage of beech trunks and sociological position of trees in the stands studied. In the years 1995–2001, the degree of necrotic damage by tracheomycotic type to 6,579 beech trunks was evaluated in 54 selected localities in 33 orographic units. The lowest frequency (4.3%) of trees showing the 3rd and 4th degree of necrotic damage was found in the 1st tree age class. The frequency of damaged trees increased proportionally with the worsening sociological position of trees. The values of the index of trunk necrotisation (INK) increased from 0.71 in the 1st tree age class to 2.14 in the 5th tree age class. It also corresponded with dynamics of disease frequency in the tree age classes. The authors found that the extent of necrotic disease of beech trunks expressed by INK was signifi cantly infl uenced by the sociological position of individual trees in the stand. They conclude that strongly infected trees of the 4th and 5th tree age class left in the stands is problematic from the phytopathological point of view. Such trees left in the stands may cause a serious epiphytotic because these trees are one of the infection sources ot the necrotic disease.

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Petrucci, O., and A. A. Pasqua. "A methodological approach to characterise Landslide Periods based on historical series of rainfall and landslide damage." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2009): 1655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1655-2009.

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Abstract. Landslide Periods (LPs) are defined as periods, shorter than a hydrological year, during which one or more landslide damage events occur in one or more sectors of a study area. In this work, we present a methodological approach, based on the comparative analysis of historical series of landslide damage and daily rainfall data, aiming to characterise the main types of LPs affecting selected areas. Cumulative rainfall preceding landslide activation is assessed for short (1, 2, 3, and 5 days), medium (7, 10, and 30 days) and long (60, 90, and 180 days) durations, and their Return Periods (RPs) are assessed and ranked into three classes (Class 1: RP=5-10 years; Class 2: RP=11-15; Class 3: RP>15 years). To assess landslide damage, the Simplified Damage Index (SDI) is introduced. This represents classified landslide losses and is obtained by multiplying the value of the damaged element and the percentage of damage affecting it. The comparison of the RP of rainfall and the SDI allows us to indentify the different types of LPs that affected the study area in the past and that could affect it again in the future. The results of this activity can be used for practical purposes to define scenarios and strategies for risk management, to suggest priorities in policy towards disaster mitigation and preparedness and to predispose defensive measures and civil protection plans ranked according to the types of LPs that must be managed. We present an application, performed for a 39-year series of rainfall/landslide damage data and concerning a study area located in NE Calabria (Italy); in this case study, we identify four main types of LPs, which are ranked according to damage severity.

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Silas, Yardena, Esti Singer, Koyeli Das, Norbert Lehming, and Ophry Pines. "A combination of Class-I fumarases and metabolites (α-ketoglutarate and fumarate) signal the DNA damage response in Escherichia coli." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 3, 2021): e2026595118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026595118.

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Class-II fumarases (fumarate hydratase, FH) are dual-targeted enzymes occurring in the mitochondria and cytosol of all eukaryotes. They are essential components in the DNA damage response (DDR) and, more specifically, protect cells from DNA double-strand breaks. Similarly, the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis class-II fumarase, in addition to its role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, participates in the DDR. Escherichia coli harbors three fumarase genes: class-I fumA and fumB and class-II fumC. Notably, class-I fumarases show no sequence similarity to class-II fumarases and are of different evolutionary origin. Strikingly, here we show that E. coli fumarase functions are distributed between class-I fumarases, which participate in the DDR, and the class-II fumarase, which participates in respiration. In E. coli, we discover that the signaling molecule, alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), has a function, complementing DNA damage sensitivity of fum-null mutants. Excitingly, we identify the E. coli α-KG–dependent DNA repair enzyme AlkB as the target of this interplay of metabolite signaling. In addition to α-KG, fumarate (fumaric acid) is shown to affect DNA damage repair on two different levels, first by directly inhibiting the DNA damage repair enzyme AlkB demethylase activity, both in vitro and in vivo (countering α-KG). The second is a more global effect on transcription, because fum-null mutants exhibit a decrease in transcription of key DNA damage repair genes. Together, these results show evolutionary adaptable metabolic signaling of the DDR, in which fumarases and different metabolites are recruited regardless of the evolutionary enzyme class performing the function.

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Pham, Kim, and Jean-Jacques Marigo. "From the onset of damage to rupture: construction of responses with damage localization for a general class of gradient damage models." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 25, no. 2-4 (December 22, 2011): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-011-0228-3.

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Djazuli Sa’id, Solichin. "ANALISA KERETAKAN PADA KONSTRUKSI GELADAK UTAMA KM. ADRI XLIV." Gema Teknologi 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2012): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v16i4.4783.

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Solichin Djazuli Sa’id, in this paper explain that ship KM. XLIV Adri is the kind of cargo ship (General Cargo). The ship has been designed in accordance with the rules and regulations of the class (Bureau of Classification Indonesia). From the results of the survey method of research vessel, discovered the damage to construction on the main deck, the cracks on the fulcrum side deck fit the front room and deck beams are broken the back of the main deck. Thus causing the curvature of the floor deck and it needs to be a replacement / repair of components damaged by construction ensuring shipping safety. From the calculation results and field studies, construction damage caused by welding is not good, cutting the material that is not true and the use of payload on the main deck in excess of the permitted capacity. Key words: Cargo Ship , Construction Damages, Main Deck

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Huang, Xiaosong, and Selina Zhao. "Damage tolerance characterization of carbon fiber composites at a component level: A thermoset carbon fiber composite." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317702435.

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This work focuses on the impact damage evaluation of a carbon fiber-reinforced thermoset composite at a component level (beams) as an effort to develop the service strategies for this class of materials. The beams were impact damaged at a variety of energy levels, and the pulse thermography nondestructive evaluation approach was used to characterize the damaged areas. The damaged beams were subjected to compression tests to evaluate their residual properties. As expected, both the beam maximum load and residual stiffness decreased with the increase in damage size. The damage growth rates under different load levels were investigated in fully reversed torsional fatigue tests. The fatigued beams were also characterized for their residual compression properties, which were then compared with those of the unfatigued beams. The results will be used to develop computer-aided engineering models to predict the residual strength and fatigue life of damaged composite components.

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Zolina, Tatyana, and Pavel Sadchikov. "Optimization of Design Parameters for Materials Consumption for Reinforcing Metal Framework of Industrial Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 875 (January 2018): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.875.122.

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This study investigated optimum design methods for frame buildings with focus on minimization of economic costs. The methods discussed are intended to provide sufficient reserves for reliability of load-bearing steel structures. The analyzed mathematical models enable to assess seismic resistance of a structure and implement optimum design methods according to the selected key criterion. The available mathematical models assessing economic efficiency of metalwork reinforcement need further development. The model based on the principle of balanced risk is considered as the most appropriate for the study of structural reliability for industrial buildings. This model allows to assess the expected damage as compared with the initial spending on seismic protection. The focus is on setting and implementation of the task whose limiting condition provides equality between expenditures for reinforcement of damaged steel structures and those for damage prevention activities. Minimum of economic costs for construction or reconstruction of a structure is taken as the optimality criterion. This takes into account accumulation of damages within the standard life cycle and changes in stiffness of materials. Assessment of damage risk is based on the life cycle of a structure, its seismic resistance class and spending on damage repair. The study suggests a number of structural solutions that enable to reduce deformation of steel parts of the frame.

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Petráš, R. "Reduction of timber value from damaged spruce stands after their dieback." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 2 (May 17, 2019): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11858-jfs.

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The paper presents a method for the derivation of total timber production and of increments in value units, particularly in net financial yield for spruce stands damaged by crown defoliation after their dieback. The value production was derived by means of value growth models of undamaged stands and models for the adjustment of volume and qualitative production of damaged and died stands. Changes in timber quality after tree drying and changes in the production of damaged stands compared with undamaged ones are illustrated in tables and graphs. The changes are expressed by means of the indexes of total mean increment and total current increment. They depend mainly on the degree of stand damage expressed by crown defoliation, age and yield class of stand, the age of stand when the damage started and duration of damage. The value of damaged stands after their dieback is lover minimally by 50% than before their dieback. It is caused mainly by deteriorated quality of timber from dead trees in stand.

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Cao, Yonghui, Benzhi Zhou, Xiaoming Wang, and Lianhong Gu. "Resprouting Responses Dynamics of Schima superba Following a Severe Ice Storm in Early 2008 in Southern China: A Six-Year Study." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020184.

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In 2008, an unexpected and severe ice storm affected the forest of southern China. This storm caused damage in regeneration of an important dominant tree, Schima superba (Gugertree). To study this damage, we set up permanent monitoring plots in an ice-storm-damaged subtropical evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest dominated by S.superba in Jianglang Mountains, China. We surveyed the damage to all trees with a minimum basal diameter of 4 cm and monitored their growth for 6 consecutive years. We analyzed the degrees and types of damage for S.superba and their relationships with resprouting characteristics. The results revealed that the main damage types of S.superba were decapitation (45.45%) and uprooting (28.41%). The distribution percentage for both decapitated and uprooted trees were commonly highest in the range of 10–16 cm basal diameter (BD) size class. A great number of individuals sprouted vigorously after the storm. The mean total sprout number and sprout biomass per tree for S.superba varied by tree BD size class. During the first three years after the ice storm, decapitated trees of larger BD classes produced more sprouts per tree than trees of smaller BD classes. However, the opposite trend was seen in uprooted and leaning trees. There was a trade-off between the total number and length of the sprouts. The difference of mean sprouts number and biomass per tree with size class was mainly related to the damage types. As the recovery progressed since the ice storm, the number of sprouts and sprout biomass in uprooted trees was found mainly on the middle trunk sections of uprooted trees, but in the upper sections of decapitated trees. After six years, the mean number of sprouts per tree, on different parts of the tree and for the three types of damaged trees all declined; however, sprout biomass per tree all increased. The mean number of sprout and sprout biomass per tree on different sections for decapitated trees was always highest over time since the storm. Our study will help to provide data on resprouting ability to develop a predictive model for resprouting.

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Chegeni, Ehsan, Antonio España-Tost, Rui Figueiredo, Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón, and Josep Arnabat-Domínguez. "Effect of an Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on the Surface of Implants: A Descriptive Comparative Study of 3 Different Tips and Pulse Energies." Dentistry Journal 8, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj8040109.

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Peri-implant diseases are one of the main complications of dental implants. There are no well-established guidelines regarding laser parameters for implant decontamination. The aim was to compare two different settings of irradiation of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser on dental implants regarding surface alterations and determine the best settings for less damage on the surface. An in vitro study was performed and 30 areas of dental implants were irradiated with two different regimes of energy per pulse 50 and 84 mJ (1.5 W/30 Hz and 2.5 W/30 Hz). A total of 30 sites of implants were irradiated with three different tips (10 surfaces per tip): conical (RTF3-17 mm), side firing (SFT8-18 mm) and cylindrical (MGG6-6 mm). The following descriptive classification on surface damage was employed: no damage (class A), minimal effects (class B), metal fall with melting (class C), and destruction with carbonization (class D). The assessment was made through a descriptive scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Side firing and conical tips at 50 mJ were classified as class A. Side firing at 84 mJ and cylindrical tips 50 mJ and 84 mJ were classified as class B. Finally, class C defects were found in the areas where the conical tip was used at 84 mJ. Side firing and conical tips at 50 mJ do not seem to damage the implant surface.

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Birtcher, R. C., M. A. Kirk, K. Furuya, G. R. Lumpkin, and M.-O. Ruault. "In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of Radiation Effects." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1654–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0242.

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In situ observation is of great value in the study of radiation damage utilizing electron or ion irradiation. We summarize the facilities and give examples of work found around the world. In situ observations of irradiation behavior have fallen into two broad classes. One class consists of long-term irradiation, with observations of microstructural evolution as a function of the radiation dose in which the advantage of in situ observation has been the maintenance of specimen position, orientation, and temperature. A second class has involved the recording of individual damage events in situations in which subsequent evolution would render the correct interpretation of ex situ observations impossible. In this review, examples of the first class of observation include ion-beam amorphization, damage accumulation, plastic flow, implant precipitation, precipitate evolution under irradiation, and damage recovery by thermal annealing. Examples of the second class of observation include single isolated ion impacts that produce defects in the form of dislocation loops, amorphous zones, or surface craters, and single ion impact-sputtering events. Experiments in both classes of observations attempt to reveal the kinetics underlying damage production, accumulation, and evolution.

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Tavankar, F., B. Majnounian, and A. E. Bonyad. "Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 5 (May 30, 2013): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2012-jfs.

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The felling and skidding damage to residual trees was investigated in a selectively cutting operation in the Caspian forest of Iran. The logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. Prelogging, after felling and skidding operations residual tree injuries (species, DBH and damage) were inventoried by systematic plot sampling. Two types of tree damage were observed: destroyed and injured. In this study felling operations mainly injured trees whereas skidding was the main cause of destruction. The percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by felling operations was 1.4% and 3.4%, whereas the percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by skidding operations was 5.2% and 11.1%. About 87% of destroyed trees were found in the DBH class smaller than 22.5 cm. Maple and Alder were the most damaged trees among the other trees species. Damage to the lower bole and wood damaged intensity were the most common type of injury. To reduce the stand damage, skid trails should be planned before felling and felling directions should be predetermined. In the selection cutting management, limiting logging damage to residual trees must therefore remain a major objective.    

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Bragg, Don C., and Michael G. Shelton. "Recovery of Planted Loblolly Pine 5 Years after Severe Ice Storms in Arkansas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.1.13.

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Abstract Following a severe ice storm, one of a landowner's first considerations regarding the future of their damaged stands should be on the recovery potential of injured crop trees. The ice storms that struck Arkansas in December 2000 provided an opportunity to monitor 410 injured loblolly pines (Pinus taedaL.), representing a wide range of damage in 18–20-year-old plantations. Five-year mortality rates were <3% for trees with low to moderate injury, 16% for major damage, and 55% for critical damage. Of the most seriously affected pines, root-sprung trees had the highest periodic mortality rate (85%). Annualized diameter growth was significantly affected by the tree's dbh class (positively) and intensity of damage (negatively). This research suggests that pines with low to moderate levels of damage can prove to be acceptable growing stock, whereas critically injured individual trees are not. Trees with major damage could be either retained or salvaged, depending on residual stand stocking, the operability of the salvage, and existing market conditions. Finally, recommendations from this study should enable landowners to better respond to their loblolly pine plantations damaged by ice storms.

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Volkova, Irina, Kseniia Pitulko, Anzhelika Sergeeva, and Saida Pshidatok. "Development of Forest Shelterbelts Considering Statistical Forecasts Modelling of Local Weather." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210002.

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This work aims to study the effect of high temperatures and phytopathogenic bacteria on different types of trees in the forest shelterbelts. Therefore, in 2018, 17 tree species were studied from 50 sample sites in the Moscow oblast (Russia). Leaf scorching, diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria, and heat damage to the crowns were examined in 5224 tree species. Based on the degree of crown damage, the studied tree species were divided into four classes. It was found that the heat damage to tree crowns was identical between the three sampling aspects (correlation coefficient 0.99). The plant species composition must be considered when developing forest shelterbelts. A long-term forecast on structural changes of planted areas is possible, considering the species composition and climatic characteristics of the region. Class 5 includes only chestnut; class 4 includes three species; class 3 is represented by seven species. Class 2, includes six species, and is the most suitable in developing forest plantations. No tree species in class 1 were found (trees with no damage). There is a connection between pathologies and heat injuries in trees from classes 4 to 5 (correlation 0.89).

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Kusumawardhani, Sekar Ayu, Nuzul Barkah Prihutomo, and Danang Eko Saputro. "Analysis of the Effect of Pavement Conditions on Vehicle Speed." Applied Research on Civil Engineering and Environment (ARCEE) 3, no. 02 (May 14, 2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/arcee.v3i02.4148.

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The Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR) Toll Road is a logistics route that acts as an essential transportation artery to facilitate logistics distribution. This toll road connects strategic locations to support logistics distribution. It can lead to the repetition of traffic loads, causing a decrease in the pavement quality marked by road damage. Road damage that occurs can reduce the level of safety and comfort of road users. To minimize accidents due to road damage, road users will drive their vehicles at lower speeds in locations/segments that have damage. In the study, the level of road damage was analyzed using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. Vehicle speed using the time mean speed method and then statistically analyzed using linear regression using SPSS v.26 software to determine how much influence road pavement conditions have on vehicle speed. Based on the results of the analysis on the Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR) KM 35+000 – 45+000 toll road, the pavement conditions of the toll road are in the good category with various vehicle speeds for each group with a range of 44.80 km/hour to 79,98 km/hour and the effect of pavement conditions on vehicle speed is 51.6% for class 1 vehicle, 58,1% for class 2 vehicle, 42,2% for class 3 vehicle, 42,9% for class 4 vehicle, 44,8% for class 5 vehicle.

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Medeiros, V. A. F., and R. P. Seddon. "Iatrogenic damage to approximal surfaces in contact with Class II restorations." Journal of Dentistry 28, no. 2 (February 2000): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-5712(99)00061-5.

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Mosler, J., and I. Scheider. "A thermodynamically and variationally consistent class of damage-type cohesive models." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 59, no. 8 (August 2011): 1647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2011.04.012.

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Khatam, Hamed, Ali Akbar Golafshani, S. B. Beheshti-Aval, and Mohammad Noori. "Harmonic Class Loading for Damage Identification in Beams Using Wavelet Analysis." Structural Health Monitoring: An International Journal 6, no. 1 (March 2007): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921707072064.

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Shrestha, Manish Man, Bibek Ropakheti, Uddhav Bhattarai, and Amit Shakya. "Development and Implementation of Portable Ultrasonic Sensor Circuit with USB Interface and Signal Processing to Detect Damages in the Mild Steel Structure." Advances in Engineering and Technology: An International Journal 2, no. 01 (December 31, 2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aet.v2i01.50462.

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Mild steel is one of the widely used structures for commercial use. In this paper, we present a PZT-based portable ultrasonic wave interfacing circuit with a USB interface to detect the damages in the mild steel structure. The designed circuit amplifies and shifts the level of the ultrasonic waves. The wave is then digitized by the microcontroller with a sampling rate of 2 MHz. The digitized wave is then transferred to the PC via USB communication. The CDC class was used in USB communication to generate a virtual com port and capture the data in real-time. The wave was then filtered and processed in the PC to detect damage to the structure. The dimension and weight of the used mild steel are 570mm x 205mm x 10mm and 10 kg respectively. To detect the damage to the structure, the 200 kHz tone-burst signal was induced in it through the PZT actuator. The ultrasonic wave was then captured in both intact and damaged conditions of the structure. The induced damage was of dimension 1mm x 10mm x 5mm. The RMS value of the captured wave in intact condition and the undamaged condition was calculated. This run-in of the RMS values in the intact and damaged condition of the structure solidifies the capability of the device to gather the ultrasonic wave correctly.

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Dowrick, D. J., D. A. Rhoades, and P. N. Davenport. "Damage ratios for domestic property in the magnitude 7.2 1968 Inangahua, New Zealand, earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.3.191-213.

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An analysis of damage costs to domestic property in the Mw 7.2 Inangahua, New Zealand, earthquake of 23 May 1968 (U.T.) has allowed the evaluation of the vulnerability of domestic property for six intensity zones, from MM5 - MM10 inclusive. For no other earthquake worldwide has the vulnerability of any class of property been examined in so many intensity zones, and the effect of brittle chimneys on damage levels has been fully evaluated for the first time. The relative vulnerability of one and two storey houses has also been evaluated. The costs of damage were derived from about 8,000 insurance claims to the Earthquake and War Damage Commission. Damage ratios were evaluated for houses and their contents as functions of Modified Mercalli intensity. The indicators of vulnerability that were determined were the statistical distributions and mean values of damage ratios and the percentage of property items damaged for the six intensity zones. Comparisons have also been made with results from studies of other earthquakes.

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Grzeszkowski, Mateusz, Sebastian Nowoisky, Philipp Scholzen, Gregor Kappmeyer, Clemens Gühmann, Jens Brimmers, and Christian Brecher. "Classification of gear pitting damage using vibration measurements." tm - Technisches Messen 88, no. 5 (April 17, 2021): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0010.

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Abstract In future aero engines, a planetary gearbox is to be integrated between fan and turbine to increase the efficiency and bypass ratio. This gearbox has to be monitored during operation to detect possible gearbox faults such as gear wear or gear pitting at an early stage. This paper presents a method consisting of vibration measurement, sensor-dependent feature extraction and support-vector machine (SVM)-based classification of pitting for gear condition monitoring. Several gears were loaded with a constant torque on a standardized back-to-back test rig to provoke pitting, and the pitting amount was captured during the tests with a camera. Features are extracted from accelerometers and an acoustic emission sensor, and based on the results of the visually recorded pitting surface, SVM classification is applied to identify the pitting defect. In this contribution, two different SVM classification approaches are investigated. One approach uses a Two-Class SVM, where tests from one gearset are used for SVM training and another approach utilizes a One-Class SVM based on outlier detection. Both methods show that single tooth pitting defects with a relative pitting area of less than 1 % can be effectively identified, whereas the One-Class SVM method showed a higher pitting detection accuracy.

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Doan, Quoc Hoan, Duc-Kien Thai, and Ngoc Long Tran. "A hybrid model for predicting missile impact damages based on k-nearest neighbors and Bayesian optimization." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 14, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2020-14(3)-01.

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Due to the increase of missile performance, the safety design requirements of military and industrial reinforced concrete (RC) structures (i.e., bunkers, nuclear power plants, etc.) also increase. Estimating damage levels in the design stage becomes a crucial task and requires more accuracy. Thus, this study proposed a hybrid machine learning model which is based on k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and Bayesian optimization (BO), named as BO-KNN, for predicting the local damages of reinforced concrete (RC) panels under missile impact loading. In the proposed BO-KNN, the hyperparameters of the KNN were optimized by using the BO which is a well-established optimization algorithm. Accordingly, the KNN was trained on an experimental dataset that consists of 254 impact tests to predict four levels (or classes) of damages including perforation, scabbing, penetration, and no damage. Due to the unbalance of the number of tests in each damage class, an over-sampling technique called BorderlineSMOTE was employed as a balancing solution. The predictability of the proposed model was investigated by comparing with the benchmark models including non-optimized KNN, multilayer perceptron (MLP), and decision tree (DT). Accuracy, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were utilized to evaluate the performance of these models. The implementation results showed that the proposed BO-KNN model outperformed the other benchmark models with the average class accuracy of 68.05%, F1-score = 0.641, and AUC = 85.8%. Thus, the proposed model can be introduced as a foundation for developing a tool for predicting the local damage of RC panels under the missile impact in the future. Keywords: impact damage; k-nearest neighbors; Bayesian optimization; oversampling; imbalanced data; RC panel.

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Russell, Jennifer Q., Gregory J. Morrissette, Mark Weidner, Chirag Vyas, Deborah Aleman-Hoey, and Ralph C. Budd. "Liver Damage Preferentially Results from CD8+ T Cells Triggered by High Affinity Peptide Antigens." Journal of Experimental Medicine 188, no. 6 (September 21, 1998): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.6.1147.

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Little is understood of the anatomical fate of activated T lymphocytes and the consequences they have on the tissues into which they migrate. Previous work has suggested that damaged lymphocytes migrate to the liver. This study compares class I versus class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–restricted ovalbumin-specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgenic mice to demonstrate that after in vivo activation with antigen the emergence of CD4−CD8−B220+ T cells occurs more frequently from a CD8+ precursor than from CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, this change in phenotype is conferred only by the high affinity native peptide antigen and not by lower affinity peptide variants. After activation of CD8+ cells with only the high affinity peptide, there is also a dramatically increased number of liver lymphocytes with accompanying extensive hepatocyte damage and elevation of serum aspartate transaminase. This was not observed in mice bearing a class II MHC–restricted TCR. The findings show that CD4−CD8−B220+ T cells preferentially derive from a CD8+ precursor after a high intensity TCR signal. After activation, T cells can migrate to the liver and induce hepatocyte damage, and thereby serve as a model of autoimmune hepatitis.

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Behjou, Farshad Keivan, and Alireza Ghomi Motazeh. "Residual Trees Response to Selective Cutting Operations in Caspian Forests." Nova mehanizacija šumarstva 41 (December 10, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/nms.2020.4.

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Damages to residual trees caused by felling operation were assessed in the stands of a Caspian hardwood forest. Following the felling operation, a field survey was done to collect data of all residual trees (species, DBH, height) and of tree wounds (size class, location, intensity of damage). Different harvesting intensities were studied, and treatments were replicated three times. The results showed that the treatment with the medium and high harvest intensity was found to cause the highest percentage of damage and the largest stem wounds. It is concluded that harvesting intensity should be limited to 3 trees/ha during each harvesting operation to reduce the extent of tree damage and thus future financial loss.

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Isanov, Ulugbek Kholmurodovich. "Calculation Of Material And Moral Damage Caused To The Author Of The Composition." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 06 (June 12, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue06-20.

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It is known that the protection of intellectual property rights and rights to it is an important factor in the development of this sector, increasing its investment attractiveness. After all, the formation of a class of intellectual property owners and the development of the necessary legal framework pose new challenges to the legal science as a topical issue today.

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Luley, Christopher, and Jerry Bond. "Evaluation of the Fate of Ice Storm-Damaged Urban Maple (Acer) Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.027.

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Annually, ice storms cause millions of dollars of damage to urban trees and infrastructure in the United States and Canada. However, there is limited information to guide judgments on whether to remove ice-damaged trees. This study followed the response of three maple species that were damaged in the 1998 ice storm in northern New York State. Norway (Acer platanoides), silver (A. saccharinum), and sugar maples (A. saccharum) were placed in one of three diameter classes and canopy loss categories and were reevaluated 6 years after the initial damage. Over the 5-year study period, 26.8% of trees were removed, and there was no statistical difference among species, crown loss, or diameter class for these removals. Analysis of a variety of tree health and crown parameters showed that tree species was the most important factor in response, whereas diameter class and crown loss were less important. These results suggest that urban tree managers should consider tree species as an important factor in making removal decisions after an ice storm.

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Hulio, Zahid Hussain, and Wei Jiang. "An assessment of effects of non-stationary operational conditions on wind turbine under different wind scenario." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 102–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-12-2018-0222.

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Purpose The non-stationary operational wind loads vary in time and site and has remarkable effect on wind turbine drive train. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of wind class 3 and 7 on the life of wind turbine drive train. The two-wind class 3 and 7 are described by average wind speed and weight factor and effects of two variables on wind energy generation and wind turbine drive train studied. Design/methodology/approach The load distribution method is used to calculate stress range cycles for wind class 3 and 7. To determine the rise of force on wind turbine drive train, the load cycle method is proposed. The fatigue damage model is studied with respect to influence of different wind speeds and wind shear factor and then results analysed accordingly. Also sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the percentage of drop of energy generation and rise of tangential force for wind class 3 and 7. Linear fit method is used to determine the inclination of wind variation and wind shear of wind class 3 and 7. In this regard, two practical wind sites fall under the wind class 3 and 7 and 1.5 MW wind turbine have been taken in to account. Findings The results showed that the average rise of force on wind turbine drive train is 37.5% which can influence the drop in energy 34.7% for wind class 3. Similarly, the results of wind class 7 are showing that the average rise in force and drop in energy found to be 49.05% and 51.16%, respectively. The wind class 7 have higher tendency of wind fluctuations and weight factor that can cause a damage to wind turbine drive train components. The results showed that when wind speed increases to rated power 11.5 m/s the damages occurred and remain steady. Similarly, when weight factor increased from 0.18 to onwards the damage occurred. The increased wind loads increased the tangential loads on the wind turbine decreased life of the gearbox. Originality/value The results of study suggest that wind turbine should be design according to site specific wind environment for maximum energy generation and lowers the wind loads on the drive train component.

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Pan, Feng, Jing Tian, Ishanka P. Munugoda, Stephen Graves, Michelle Lorimer, Flavia Cicuttini, and Graeme Jones. "Do Knee Pain Phenotypes Have Different Risks of Total Knee Replacement?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030632.

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Pain is the main impetus for osteoarthritis (OA) patients to seek healthcare including joint replacement. The pain experience in OA is heterogeneous and affected by factors across multiple domains—peripheral, psychological, and neurological. This indicates the existence of homogenous subgroups/phenotypes within OA patients with pain. We recently identified three pain phenotypes using a wide spectrum of pain-related factors, including structural damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), emotional problems, number of painful sites, sex, body mass index, education level and comorbidities (i.e., Class 1: high prevalence of emotional problems and low prevalence of structural damage (25%); Class 2: low prevalence of emotional problems and high prevalence of structural damage (20%); Class 3: low prevalence of emotional problems and low prevalence of structural damage (55%)). This study was to examine whether the total knee replacement (TKR) risk over 12 years was different among these three pain phenotypes. Data on 963 participants (mean age 62.8 ± 7.4 years) from a population-based cohort study were utilised. Data on socio-demographic, psychological and comorbidities were collected. MRI of the right knee structural pathology was performed. TKR history was ascertained by linking to the Australian Orthopedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. Latent class analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model were applied for the analysis. During the follow-up period, 41 right and 44 left TKRs in 67 participants were identified. In multivariable analyses, participants in Class 1 and 2 had a higher risk of having a TKR (Class 1 vs. Class 3, HR (hazard ratio) 4.81, 95%CI (confidence interval) 2.33–9.93; Class 2 vs. Class 3, HR 9.23, 95%CI 4.66–18.30). These associations were stronger in the imaged right knee but were also significant in the left knee. Participants within distinct pain phenotypes have different risks of TKR, suggesting that the identified phenotypes reflect distinct clinical subgroups with different prognoses. The risk for TKR was higher in Class 1 than that in Class 3, suggesting that pain/emotional status is a stronger driver for TKR than structural damage, and that selecting patients for TKR needs to be optimized in clinical practice.

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Helland, D. E., P. W. Doetsch, and W. A. Haseltine. "Substrate specificity of a mammalian DNA repair endonuclease that recognizes oxidative base damage." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1986): 1983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.6.1983-1990.1986.

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The substrate specificity of a calf thymus endonuclease on DNA damaged by UV ligh, ionizing radiation, and oxidizing agents was investigated. End-labeled DNA fragments of defined sequence were used as substrates, and the enzyme-generated scission products were analyzed by using DNA sequencing methodologies. The enzyme was shown to incise damaged DNA at pyrimidine sites. The enzyme incised DNA damaged with UV light, ionizing radiation, osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide at cytosine and thymine sites. The substrate specificity of the calf thymus endonuclease was compared to that of Escherichia coli endonuclease III. Similar pyrimidine base damage specificities were found for both enzymes. These results define a highly conserved class of enzymes present in both procaryotes and eucaryotes that may mediate an important role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Damage class'

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