Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Damage class'

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-103).
Measuring and analysing the vibration of structures using sensors can help identify and detect damage, potentially prolonging the life of structures and preventing disasters. Wireless sensor systems promise to make this technology more affordable and more widely applicable. Data driven structural health monitoring methodologies take raw signals obtained from sensor networks, and process them to obtain damage sensitive features. New measurements are then compared with baselines to detect damage. Because damage-sensitive features also exhibit variation due to environmental and operational changes, these comparisons are not always straightforward and sophisticated statistical analysis is necessary in order to detect abnormal changes in the damage sensitive features. In this thesis, an automated methodology which uses the one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) for damage detection and localisation is proposed. The OCSVM is a nonparametric machine learning method which can accurately classify new data points based only on data from the baseline condition of the structure. This methodology combines feature extraction, by means of autoregressive modeling, and wavelet analysis, with statistical pattern recognition using the OCSVM. The potential for embedding this damage detection methodology at the sensor level is also discussed. Efficacy is demonstrated using real experimental data from a steel frame laboratory structure, for various damage locations and scenarios.
by James Long.
S.M.

"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009."
Advisor(s): Euske, K. J. ; Wagner, Brett. "June 2009." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2009. DTIC Identifiers: Arliegh Burke Class Destroyer, process improvement, shipboard analysis. Author(s) subject terms: Phased Replacement, Arliegh Burke Class Destroyer, Damage Control, Process Improvement, DDGRON, CNSF, COMNAVSURFOR, AFMP Includes bibliographical references (p. 59). Also available in print.

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
MBA Professional Report
The primary objective of this project was to provide recommendations for process changes in order to implement an effective phased-replacement program for damage control gear on Arliegh Burke Destroyer Class ships. The research for this report focused on that Damage Control equipment in Repair Locker Two. The authors analyzed the shipboard phased-replacement process to assess whether or not it was effective and adequately supporting the readiness of Repair Locker Two. The analysis was limited in scope to Fiscal Years (FYs) 2007 and 2008. A data analysis, oriented toward process improvement, was conducted based on STARS Federal Supply Group (FSG) data, shipboard interviews, Repair Locker inventories as well as ATG Subject Matter Expert (SME) opinion. The analysis was conducted on ten ships, five from the West Coast, and five from the East Coast. The analysis revealed that phased-replacement support from a standardized process in Repair Locker Two was lacking on multiple ships in the study. Based on the analysis conducted, the authors provided recommendations for a suggested phased-replacement support plan as well as recommendations for process improvement.

The intent of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the origin of fractures in rock. The man-made fracturing from engineering activities in crystalline rock as well as the fracturing induced by the natural process of meteorite impacts is studied by means of various characterization methods. In contrast to engineering induced rock fracturing, where the goal usually is to minimize rock damage, meteorite impacts cause abundant fracturing in the surrounding bedrock. In a rock mass the interactions of fractures on the microscopic scale (mm-cm scale) influence fractures on the mesoscopic scale (dm-m scale) as well as the interaction of the mesocopic fractures influencing fractures on the macroscopic scale (m-km scale). Thus, among several methods used on different scales, two characterization tools have been developed further. This investigation ranges from the investigation of micro-fracturing in ultra-brittle rock on laboratory scale to the remote sensing of fractures in large scale structures, such as meteorite impacts. On the microscopic scale, the role of fractures pre-existing to the laboratory testing is observed to affect the development of new fractures. On the mesoscopic scale, the evaluation of the geometric information from 3D-laser scanning has been further developed for the characterisation of fractures from tunnelling and to evaluate the efficiency of the tunnel blasting technique in crystalline rock. By combining information on: i) the overbreak and underbreak; ii) the orientation and visibility of blasting drillholes and; iii) the natural and blasting fractures in three dimensions; a analysis of the rock mass can be made. This analysis of the rock mass is much deeper than usually obtained in rock engineering for site characterization in relation to the blasting technique can be obtained based on the new data acquisition. Finally, the estimation of fracturing in and around two meteorite impact structures has been used to reach a deeper understanding of the relation between fracture, their water content and the electric properties of the rock mass. A correlation between electric resistivity and fracture frequency in highly fractured crystalline rock has been developed and applied to potential impact crater structures. The results presented in this thesis enables more accurate modelling of rock fractures, both supporting rock engineering design and interpretation of meteorite impact phenomena.
QC 20100709

The aim of this research is to investigate characteristics of accident denominators across age groups in mining and associated process industries in the Port Hedland region of Western Australia. Emphasis has been focussed on comparing young, inexperienced groups with older, more experienced groups. A literature review revealed some key contributors to accidents among younger workers, in particular, those who had only recently entered the workforce. The review also revealed contributors impacting accidents regarding other age groups over a wide range of industry types. From these findings an accident construct model and questionnaire were designed to identify contributing and mitigating denominators which input to accidents occurring across the defined age groups.

The aim of this research is to investigate characteristics of accident denominators across age groups in mining and associated process industries in the Port Hedland region of Western Australia. Emphasis has been focussed on comparing young, inexperienced groups with older, more experienced groups. A literature review revealed some key contributors to accidents among younger workers, in particular, those who had only recently entered the workforce. The review also revealed contributors impacting accidents regarding other age groups over a wide range of industry types. From these findings an accident construct model and questionnaire were designed to identify contributing and mitigating denominators which input to accidents occurring across the defined age groups.

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Na presente dissertação pretende-se discutir a questão da ação civil pública para a reparação de danos ambientais. Para tanto faz-se inicialmente no primeiro capitulo uma analise da responsabilidade civil ambiental enfrentando-se a questão da natureza objetiva e das teorias da natureza de risco. Aborda-se também a dificuldade no estabelecimento do nexo causal para ensejar o dever de reparação do dano ambiental e as características e os efeitos da responsabilidade civil ambiental identificando o estabelecimento de uma nova função para este instituto . O estudo da responsabilidade civil neste capitulo. Faz-se uma analise da jurisprudência tratando deste tema e das técnicas disponíveis no direito brasileiro para apurar a responsabilidade do infrator por um dano causado ao meio ambiente. Em seguida no segundo capitulo parte-se para a analise dos aspectos processuais da ação de reparação de danos ambientais no qual serão analisados os seguintes aspectos as tutelas de urgências a legitimação ativa e passiva a competência a denunciação da lide a litispendência conexão e continência a assistência e litisconsórcio a distribuição do ônus da prova a coisa julgada e por fim o termo de julgamento de conduta. Ao final no terceiro capitulo faz-se um estudo da problemática em torno da reparação dos danos ambientais iniciando-se pela conceituação e analise das características desse dano. Em seguida parte-se para a sua classificação e conseqüente estudo do dano individual reflexo e do dano extrapatrimonial ambiental. Analisa-se no trabalho as formas de reparação do dano ambiental e as dificuldades em torno de sua valoração com enfrentamento dos precedentes judiciais sobre o assunto. Ao final será realizado um breve estudo da aplicação do instituto da prescrição indenizatória do dano ambiental.
Salvador

Introdução: As aulas de ballet parecem apresentar intensidades cardiorrespiratórias (CR) mais baixas do que os ensaios e espetáculos. Além disso, o ballet é caracterizado como um exercício intermitente, que envolve uma variedade de ações excêntricas, as quais podem estar relacionadas à lesão muscular (LM) e ao estresse oxidativo (EO). Objetivos: Descrever, comparar e correlacionar as respostas CR, de EO e LM em bailarinas após uma aula e um ensaio de ballet. Variáveis CR: consumo de oxigênio (VO2); frequência cardíaca (FC) e concentração sanguínea de lactato (La). Variáveis EO: estado redox (GSSH/GSH) e concentração sanguínea de lipoperóxidos (LPO). Variável de LM: concentração sanguínea de creatina quinase (CK). Métodos: Doze bailarinas voluntárias, de nível técnico avançado foram avaliadas. Teste de consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) e avaliação da composição corporal foram realizados. Em duas sessões separadas, as bailarinas realizaram uma aula e um ensaio de ballet, os quais foram previamente filmados na escola de dança e reproduzidos nas sessões de coleta de dados. VO2 e FC foram mensurados continuamente em todas as sessões. La foi verificado antes e depois do teste de VO2máx; e em repouso, aos 15 e 30 minutos da aula e do ensaio. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas em repouso, imediatamente após e 48h após a aula e o ensaio. As variáveis CR da aula (barra, centro e aula toda) e do ensaio (ensaio todo) foram também relacionadas aos dados do primeiro e segundo limiares ventilatorios (LV1 e LV2). La pós teste VO2max, pós aula e pós ensaio foram também comparados entre si. Dados expressos em média e desvio padrão. Estatística: ANOVA Two-way; ANOVA medidas repetidas; Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0,05). Resultados: VO2máx=37,3±4,7; LV1=24,92,7 e LV2=31,9±3,8 ml.kg-1.min-1. VO2 (aula=14,5±2,1 / ensaio=19,11,7 ml.kg-1.min-1); FC (aula=145,7±17,9 / ensaio=174,5±13,8 bpm) e La (aula=4,2±1,1 / ensaio=5,5 ± 2,7 mmol.l-1) foram significativamente diferentes entre si. Resultados Os resultados do VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1 ) comparando-se aula, ensaio, LV1 e LV2 foram: aula barra (14,4±2,0); aula toda (14,5±2,1); aula centro (16,7±2,5); ensaio todo (19,1±1,7); LV1 (24,9 ± 2,7) e LV2 (31,9 ± 3,8). Aula barra e aula toda foram iguais entre si e diferentes de aula centro e ensaio todo, os quais não foram diferentes entre si. LV1 e LV2 foram diferentes entre si e de todos os demais parâmetros. Para FC, o ensaio todo se localizou entre LV1 e LV2. La (mmol.l-1) da aula (4,2±1,1) foi significativamente menor do que o La máximo (8,1±2,3), sendo o ensaio (5,5±2,7) estatisticamente igual a ambos. CK foi significativamente mais elevada pós aula do que ensaio, sendo os valores pós e 48h iguais entre si e ambos diferentes do pré. A razão GSSG/GSH diminuiu significativamente 48h pós aula e ensaio, mas não foi diferente entre os dois tipos de exercício. Os valores de LPO foram maiores para a aula do que para o ensaio, não apresentando diferenças em relação ao efeito tempo. Conclusão: A aula apresenta intensidade mais baixa do que o ensaio em relação às variáveis CR, entretanto, a aula foi mais intensa no que se refere aos parâmetros de dano celular. Parece que as bailarinas avaliadas estão adaptadas em relação aos parâmetros de dano celular, mas necessitam de treinamento mais específico do ponto de vista CR.
Introduction: Ballet classes (BC) seem to have lower cardiorespiratory (CR) intensities than ballet reharshal (BR) and spectacles. Besides that, the ballet is characterized as an intermittent exercise that involves several eccentric avtions, which could be related to muscle damage (MD) and oxidative stress (OS). Aims: To describe, compare and correlate ballet dancers` CR, MD and OS responses after a BC and a BR. CR variables: oxygen consumption (VO2); heart rate (HR) and lactate blood concentration (La). OS variables: redox state (GSSH/GSH) and lipoperoxides blood concetration (LPO). MD variable: creatine kinase blood concentration (CK). Methods: Twelve female advanced ballet dancers volunteered this study. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) test and body composition assessment were performed. In two separated sessions, the dancers performed a BC and a BR, which were previously recorded in their dance school, and further transmited during the data colecttion sessions. VO2 and HR were continually measured during all sessions. La was verified before and after the VO2max test; and in rest, in 15 and 30 minutes of the BC and BR. Blood colections were performed in rest, immediately after and 48h after the BC and BR. CR responses during BC (barre, center floor and whole BC) and during BR (whole BR) were also compared to the CR responses in the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2). The La was also compered after VO2max test, after the BC and after BR. Data were expressed in average and standart deviation. Statistics: ANOVA Two-way; ANOVA repeated measures and Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0.05). Results: VO2max=37.3±4.7; VT1=24.92.7 and VT2=31.93.8 ml.kg-1.min-1. VO2 (BC=14.5±2.1 / BR=19.1±1.7 ml.kg-1.min-1); HR (BC=145.7±17.9 / BR=175±13.8 bpm) e La (BC=4.2±1.1 / BR=5.5 ± 2.7 mmol.l-1) were significantly different among themselves. VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) results comparing BC, BR, VT1 and VT2 were: barre (14.4±2.0); whole BC (14.5±2.1); center floor (16.7±2.5); whole BR (19.11.7); VT1 (24.9 ± 2.7) and VT2 (31.9 ± 3.8). For FC results, the whole BR was located between VT1 and VT2. La (mmol.l-1) in the BC (4.2±1.1) was significantly lower than La in the VO2max test (8.1±2.3), being the BR (5.5±2.7) statistically equal to both. CK was significantly higher after the BC than the BR, being the values post and 48h post equal between themselves and both significantly different from before BC and BR. The ratio GSSG/GSH was significantly lower in 48h after BC and BR, but it was not different in relation to the type of exercise (BC or BR). LPO values were higher in the BC than the BR, however they did not show any differences related to the time. Conclusion: BC showed lower CR responses than BR, nevertheless, BC was more intense concerning the cell damage parameters. It appears that the dancers evaluated are well adapeted in relation to cell damage parameters, but they need more specific training from the CR point of view.

Includes bibliographical references.
Cartel conduct constitutes one of the most serious threats to the maintenance of competition in markets. Due to the secretive nature of cartels, and their conduct, they are extremely difficult for the Competition Commission1 (‘the Commission’) to detect, investigate and prosecute.2 Cartels therefore pose a grave threat to the maintenance of competition in markets. Section 4(1)(b) of the Act imposes a per se prohibition on such conduct. Consequently, cartel conduct is treated as one of the most serious breaches of the Act.

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos com a finalidade de mostrar como se comportam em juízo, como se adaptam aos instrumentos processuais existentes e quando a sua defesa judicial é possível, conveniente e necessária. O estudo começa da pesquisa sobre as características dos próprios interesses, passa pela crítica dos atributos da sua tutela coletiva e procura aplicar os resultados dessa investigação aos problemas antigos e atuais que mais têm dificultado a sua proteção jurisdicional. O trabalho foi delimitado pela perspectiva da coletividade, titular dos interesses individuais homogêneos, colocada no polo ativo do processo coletivo, no procedimento comum. A metodologia de trabalho utilizada constituiu-se de leitura, análise, resumo, interpretação, sistematização e compilação de textos, livros e revistas periódicas dedicados ao tema, além de relatórios e documentos pertinentes aos assuntos tratados, incluindo os disponíveis na rede mundial de computadores (Internet). Os interesses individuais homogêneos, sem perder sua essência individual, possuem uma dimensão coletiva que lhes aproxima dos demais interesses coletivos, que não se adaptam com facilidade aos instrumentos processuais criados para a jurisdição singular. A sua tutela coletiva é possível quando existir um núcleo homogêneo, sua principal característica; útil quando a lesão causada a esses interesses puder ser demonstrada sem questionar a própria existência desse núcleo; conveniente quando a sua relevância social e as dificuldades de acesso à justiça assim exigirem. Alguns dos principais problemas enfrentados pela tutela coletiva de interesses individuais homogêneos não têm solução com base na legislação vigente, nem são contemplados nas propostas de alteração atualmente em discussão. A legitimação do Ministério Público para a propositura de ação coletiva para defesa de interesses individuais homogêneos decorre de expressa previsão legal dessa legitimidade, da indisponibilidade do interesse ou da sua relevância social, não se estendendo à execução em favor de particulares. É possível o controle de constitucionalidade em ação coletiva, desde que com efeitos concretos e sujeito a recurso extraordinário.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the class action for damages in order to show how they behave in court, as they adapt to existing procedural tools and when their legal defense is possible, desirable and necessary. It departs from research on the characteristics of the interests, is critical of the attributes of its class treatment and seeks to apply the results of that research to ancient and current problems that have hampered its most court protection. The work was limited by the plaintiff class action and by the common procedure. The methodology used was the work of reading, analysis, summary, interpretation, and systematic compilation of texts, books, periodicals and magazines devoted to the subject, in addition to reports and documents relevant to the matters discussed, including those available on the World Wide Web (Internet). Individual interests commons to a class, without losing its essence individual, have a collective dimension to them approaching other collective interests, which do not adapt easily to the procedural tools created for the individual jurisdiction. Their collective protection by class action is possible when there is a homogenous core, its main feature; is useful when the damage caused to those interests can be demonstrated without question the very existence of that core; and is convenient when its social relevance and the difficulties of access to justice thus require. Some of the main problems faced by the class action for damages do not have solution based on current brazilian legislation, or are contemplated in the draft amendment under discussion. The legitimacy of the public attorney for the commencement of class action for damages follows express provision of legal authorization to this effect, the unavailability of interest or of its social relevance, and it is not extending the implementation in favor of individuals. It is possible the judicial review in class action, provided with practical effects and subject to special appeal.

O presente estudo, a partir da constatação de que ainda existe grande indefinição acerca do que consiste a figura do dano social, tem como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de se extrair critérios da jurisprudência que permitam a construção de um conceito uniforme que possa ser indistintamente aplicado a todas as situações fáticas, e que seja capaz de assegurar, no plano prático, maior previsibilidade e uniformidade das decisões judiciais. Para tanto, faz-se uma breve análise das modernas tendências da responsabilidade civil, especialmente da expansão dos danos indenizáveis, com o intuito de demonstrar que o reconhecimento do dano social (ou qualquer outra denominação que se atribua ao mesmo fenômeno) é decorrência do atual estágio evolutivo de uma sociedade em que o aumento do potencial lesivo e o abandono do paradigma liberal individual-patrimonialista conduziu à coletivização dos direitos, cuja violação passou a ser objeto de reparação. Além disso, busca-se compreender como os temas do dano social e do dano moral coletivo, que muitas vezes são tratados como sinônimos pela jurisprudência, têm sido tratados pela doutrina, sem deixar de analisar, ainda, os principais aspectos dos instrumentos coletivos de reparação civil, com destaque para os princípios e para as modernas tendências apontadas no âmbito das ações coletivas. Sob o ponto de vista processual, parte-se da premissa de que a motivação se constitui instrumento para a efetividade de direito, pois assegura o controle da racionalidade e da legitimação das decisões judiciais. Desse modo, considerando que é na fundamentação que o julgador, a partir do substrato fático, realizará o enquadramento jurídico da questão, passa-se à análise da motivação das decisões judiciais dos Tribunais de Justiça e Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho selecionados, chegando-se à conclusão de que, não obstante, ontologicamente, o dano social e o dano moral coletivo perante a jurisprudência possuam os mesmos elementos caracterizadores, a fragilidade dos argumentos, aliada à ausência de aprofundamento teórico nas decisões judiciais, que se utilizam, na maior parte das vezes, dos mesmos referenciais teóricos e de termos abertos e indeterminados para designar o instituto, ao qual se sugere a denominação de \"dano extrapatrimonial coletivo\", inviabilizam a extração de critérios objetivos para a seleção dos danos merecedores de tutela, exigindo um aprimoramento teórico das fundamentações neste particular.
The present study, based on the observation that there is still a great amount of uncertainty of what constitutes the social damage, aims to investigate the possibility of extracting criteria from jurisprudence that allow the construction of a uniform concept that can be applied indistinctly to all factual situations, and to ensure, on a practical level, greater predictability and uniformity of judicial decisions. In order to do so, a brief analysis of the modern tendencies of civil liability, especially of the expansion of the indemnifiable damages, with the intention of demonstrating that the recognition of the social damage (or any denomination that is attributed to the same phenomenon) is due to the stage evolution of a society in which the increase of the harmful potential and the abandonment of the liberal individual-patrimonialist paradigm led to the collectivization of rights, whose violation became subject to redress. In addition, it seeks to understand how the themes of social damage and collective moral damage, which are often treated as synonyms by jurisprudence, have been treated by the doctrine, while still analyzing the main aspects of collective reparation instruments, highlighting the principles and the modern trends pointed out in the scope of collective actions. From the procedural point of view, it is based on the premise that motivation constitutes an instrument for the effectiveness of law, since it ensures the control of the rationality and legitimacy of judicial decisions. Thus, considering that it is in the grounds that the judge, based on the factual substrate, will carry out the legal framework of the issue, we proceed to analyze the motivation of the judicial decisions of the Courts of Justice and Selected Regional Labor Courts, coming to however, ontologically the social damage and collective moral damage to the jurisprudence have the same characterizing elements, the fragility of the arguments, allied to the lack of theoretical deepening in the judicial decisions, that are used, in most cases, the same theoretical references and open and indeterminate terms to designate the institute, for which is suggested the denomination of \"collective off-balance damage\", make it impossible to extract objective criteria for the selection of damages worthy of guardianship, requiring a theoretical improvement of the grounds in this particular.

Les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) représentent une famille de polluants atmosphériques issus de la combustion incomplète de la matière organique. Ils sont ainsi présents dans l'atmosphère polluée des villes, la fumée de cigarette et certaines industries. Une exposition aux HAP peut être à l'origine de cancers du poumon, de la peau et de la vessie. A ce titre, certains HAP sont suspectés ou reconnus cancérigènes pour l'Homme, comme le Benzo[a]pyrène (B[a]P), par leur capacité à induire des dommages à l'ADN après métabolisation. Malgré une émission systématique des HAPs en mélanges, la majorité des études s'est intéressée à l'effet génotoxique des HAP purs et principalement au B[a]P. Afin de fournir des données mécanistiques sur la génotoxicité et le mode d'action des mélanges de HAP, nous avons réalisé une étude in vitro dans des lignées cellulaires de poumons (A549), de vessie (T24) et de foie (HepG2). Les dommages à l'ADN ont été suivis par la mesure des adduits par HPLC-MS/MS et des dommages oxydatifs par la méthode des comètes, ainsi que le métabolisme par l'induction des gènes par RT-qPCR et les activités enzymatiques des CYP540 de phase I (EROD) et de phase II (GST). Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation du B[a]P, comme composé modèle a montré une absence quasi-totale de métabolisation et de génotoxicité pour T24. Par contre, la formation d'adduits et l'induction de la métabolisation a été mise en évidence pour A549, avec des effets notamment de dose-réponse « en cloche » similaires à ceux observés dans d'autres modèles de poumons. Nous avons ensuite étendu cette démarche à 12 HAP prioritaires et étudié leur métabolisation et la formation d'éventuels adduits en se focalisant sur la lignée pulmonaire A549. La combinaison de ces HAP au B[a]P dans des mélanges binaires ou dans des mélanges plus complexes mimant des mélanges environnementaux entraine une forte inhibition de la formation des adduits issus du B[a]P sans apparition d'adduits d'autres HAP. Par ailleurs, nous avons observé dans le cas des mélanges complexes une bonne corrélation entre l'activité EROD et la formation des adduits à l'ADN, alors que les gènes de phase sont eux surexprimés par l'exposition au mélange par rapport au B[a]P pur. Les mécanismes par lesquels s'exerce cette inhibition des adduits restent encore à élucider mais la métabolisation des HAPs constitue une étape clé dans la génotoxicité des mélanges à travers des phénomènes d'inhibition ou de compétition au niveau des CYP entrainant une inhibition de l'activité EROD. Il est donc clair que l'étude des HAP de façon individuelle n'est pas suffisante pour appréhender la génotoxicité des mélanges complexes. L'approche FET, couramment utilisée pour évaluer le risque lié à l'exposition aux mélanges de HAP, repose sur l'additivité des effets toxiques et néglige les interactions métaboliques entre les différents HAP. L'amélioration de cet outil de prédiction est nécessaire et passe obligatoirement par l'étude des mécanismes sous-jacents qui relient la composition des mélanges, leur métabolisation et leur génotoxicité
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) represent a family of ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants produced upon incomplete combustion and thus present in polluted atmosphere of the cities, in cigarette smoke and in certain industries. Exposure to HAP can cause lung, skin and bladder cancers. For this reason, some PAHs are suspected or recognized carcinogenic to humans, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), through their ability at inducing the formation of DNA damage after metabolization. In spite of the systematic emission of PAHs in mixtures, the majority of the studies was interested in the genotoxic effect of pure PAH and mainly B[a]P. In order to provide mechanistic data on the genotoxicity and the mode of action of PAH mixtures, we designed an in vitro study using cell lines representative of lungs (A549), bladder (T24) and liver (HepG2). DNA damage was investigated through the quantification of adducts by HPLC-MS/MS and of oxidative damage by the Comet assay. In addition, the metabolism was studied by analyzing genes induction by RT-qPCR and enzymatic activities of phase I CYP540 (EROD) and phase II (GST). First, the use of B[a] P, as a reference compound showed a quasi-total absence of metabolization and genotoxicity for T24. In contrast, the formation of DNA adducts formation and the induction of metabolization was highlighted for A549, with a bell-shaped dose-response curve similar to those observed in other lungs models. Then we extended this approach to 12 priority PAH and analyzed their metabolization and the possible formation of adducts focusing on the pulmonary cell line A549. The combination of these HAP to B[a]P in binary mixtures or in complex mixtures representative to environmental exposures led to a strong inhibition in adducts formation induced by B[a]P without outbreak of adducts from other PAH. In addition, we observed, in the case of complex mixtures, a good correlation between the EROD activity and the formation of adducts in DNA, while phase I genes were always overexpressed after exposure to mixtures when compared to pure B[a]P. The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of DNA adducts remain to be elucidated but PAHs metabolization represents a key step in the mixtures genotoxicity through inhibition or competition of CYP resulting in an inhibition of EROD activity. It is thus clear that the study of the HAP in an individual way is not sufficient to understand the genotoxicity of complex mixtures. The TEF Approach, usually used to asses the risk related to PAH mixtures exposure, relies on toxic effects additivity and ignores metabolic interactions between the various PAH. The improvement of this prediction tool is essential and involves necessarily the study of the underlying mechanisms which connect mixtures composition, their metabolization and their genotoxicity

Les ectéinascidines (la trabectédine, la lurbinectédine) sont de nouveaux dérivés de produits naturels marins qui se lient de façon covalente à l'ADN, actifs contre les cancers chimio-résistants. L'objectif de ma thèse est 1) d'identifier les principales voies de transduction activées en réponse à l'apparition des lésions de l'ADN induites par les ETs 2) d'établir si l'abrogation pharmacologique de la réponse cellulaire induite par l'endommagement de l'ADN (ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2) peut moduler l'activité thérapeutique des ETs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la voie ATR/Chk1 activée principalement en réponse à l'apparition d'un stress réplicatif et la voie ATM/Chk2 qui initie la réponse cellulaire suite à la formation de lésions double-brins, sont activées en réponse aux adduits créés par les ETs. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que les combinaisons des ETs avec les inhibiteurs Chk1/Chk2 ou les inhibiteurs ATR ou ATM seuls s'accompagnent d'une modeste potentialisation. Inversement, la combinaison simultanée des ETs avec les inhibiteurs ATR et ATM entraine une forte synergie dans les modèles du cancer de l'utérus et de l'ovaire sensibles ou résistants au cisplatine. Enfin, nous avons montré que cette potentialisation passe par l'inhibition du recrutement des protéines impliquées dans l'initiation et la réalisation des mécanismes de réparation par recombinaison homologue. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'en inhibant simultanément les vois initiés par ATR et ATM, l'activité thérapeutique des ETs pourrait être potentialisée en clinique
Ecteinascidins (Trabectedin, Lurbinectedin) are novel marine derived natural products, DNA minor groove binders and active against chemo-resistant cancers. The purpose of my thesis was to 1) characterize the DNA damage response (DDR) to both trabectedin and lurbinectedin 2) to establish whether the pharmacological abrogation of cell response induced by DNA damage (ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2) can modulate the therapeutic activity of ETs. Our results show that both compounds activate the ATM/Chk2 (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2) and ATR/Chk1 (ATM and RAD3-related/checkpoint kinase 1) pathways. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of either Chk1/2, ATR or ATM kinases is not accompanied by a significant improvement of either trabectedin or lurbinectedin cytotoxic activity. However, the simultaneous inhibition of both ATM and ATR strongly potentiates the activity of both ETs. Importantly, these results are not restricted to HeLa cells but can also be extended to cisplatin-sensitive or -resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Finally, we showed that the concomitant inhibition of both ATR and ATM is an absolute requirement to efficiently block the initiation and realization of homologous recombination repair mechanisms. Together, our data identify ATR and ATM as central coordinators of the DDR to trabectedin and lurbinectedin and provide a mechanistic rational for combinations of these compounds with both ATR and ATM inhibitors

O presente trabalho destina-se a examinar as perspectivas ao uso de meios extrajudiciais de resolução de conflitos para a composição de conflitos coletivos no Brasil. Para tanto, serão analisadas as principais características da negociação, mediação, conciliação e arbitragem, identificados os requisitos de admissibilidade para o uso de tais técnicas e explicitados os elementos a serem considerados no exame de adequação do uso de meios extrajudiciais. Além disso, serão examinadas as principais características dos direitos difusos, coletivos stricto sensu e individuais homogêneos, assim como as regras processuais pertinentes à legitimação e coisa julgada no processo coletivo. Mais adiante, o presente trabalho tentará sistematizar hipóteses sobre o cabimento e sobre a adequação das técnicas extrajudiciais para a resolução de conflitos que envolvem direitos coletivos. Ao final, será possível concluir que tais direitos podem e devem ser resolvidos por meio de técnicas extrajudiciais, em especial por meio da negociação, da conciliação e da arbitragem.
The following work aims at examining prospects in the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques in Brazilian class actions. To this end, it will, at first, analyze negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration main characteristics. Also, admission criteria for each of these dispute resolution techniques will be identified and the elements that should be considered for the adequacy exam will be outlined. Further on, the three kinds of Brazilian class action and the main characteristics of each class procedures will be examined, with special concern to procedure laws pertaining legitimacy and res judicata. Moreover, the paper will systematically study the hypothesis in which extrajudicial conflict resolution techniques may be applied and the adequacy of their use in cases encompassing collective rights. Finally, in its conclusion, it will be demonstrated that extrajudicial techniques can be used to solve conflicts involving collective rights, mainly through negotiation, conciliation and arbitration.

This Master of Fine Arts thesis is divided into four main sections:FAITH and DISBELIEF: In which I reckon with the implications of faith versus rationality as a secular nontheistic artist. IDEAS: The central locus of my work is a place of indeterminacy between what is known/familiar and what is just one step outside of that. This has nothing to do with mysticism, science fiction, or anything else unmoored from established fact. Section also touches on the particular vantage of a female artist with working class roots.THE WORK: Selection of work made during graduate school, and the the guiding thoughts behind each.EMPTINESS, STILLNESS, ABSENCE, GHOSTS, DOUBT: A discussion of influential artists and ideas.

Le Livre Vert et le Livre Blanc de la Commission Européenne sur les actions en dommages-intérêts en cas d'infraction au droit communautaire de la concurrence ont constaté « le sous-développement total » de l'action en réparation des infractions au droit de la concurrence et proposé certaines réformes afin de remédier aux obstacles identifiés. L'étude empirique remet toutefois partiellement en cause ce constat, car il convient de distinguer réparation des concurrents (contentieux horizontal) et réparation des consommateurs (contentieux collectif). Les actions en réparation du préjudice d'éviction engagées entre concurrents apparaissent raisonnablement efficaces. Elles donnent lieu assez fréquemment à des décisions favorables et le montant des dommages-intérêts alloués est parfois significatif. Ainsi, les réformes proposées en matière probatoire pour l'accès aux documents n'apporteraient aucun progrès sensible, pas plus que l'adoption d'un instrument non-contraignant sur la quantification du préjudice. En revanche, les actions en réparation du préjudice de surcoût engagées par les acheteurs directs ou indirects paraissent vouées à l'échec dans le cadre actuel de la responsabilité civile, en l'absence de mécanisme de recours collectif et de distribution efficaces. La réflexion engagée au niveau national et européen ne paraît guère pouvoir contourner l’obstacle de la distribution massive de dommages-intérêts diffus, et les options envisagées ne semblent guère convaincantes. Il est donc proposé alternativement au bénéfice des consommateurs, un mécanisme public de recours collectif, confié aux autorités de concurrence nationales et à la Commission européenne. Cette réforme peut être engagée à droit constant dans le cadre des pouvoirs existants de la Commission européenne et de l'Autorité de la concurrence. Il conviendrait à cet effet de réviser la politique d’amende afin de sanctionner le défaut d’indemnisation des consommateurs, et d’affecter une partie du produit des amendes à des mesures de réparation directes ou indirectes, pécuniaires ou en nature, des consommateurs affectés par l’infraction
The Green Paper and the White Paper on damages actions for breach of EU competition law found private antitrust enforcement in a state of “total underdevelopment” and proposed reforms to adress the identified obstacles. Empirical study of french case law does not support entirely these findings, because it’s important to distinguish between actions brought against competitors, and actions brought by consumers. Exclusionary practices litigated between competitors show reasonable success compared to similar cases. The reforms proposed by the European Commission concerning access to documents and quantification of damages would not bring any significant improvement to french law. However, damages actions in compensation of overcharges brought by direct and indirect purchasers seem doomed to failure, in the absence of a collective action and distribution mechanism. Debate is storming at EU and national level, but the considered options appear unconvincing. It is proposed a public mechanism for collective redress. Within their existing powers, competition authorities should review the fine policy to achieve collective compensation as private penalty. Substantial amount of fines should be inflicted when infringers cannot show they have taken active steps to provide compensation to consumers. In that case, a partial amount of the total fine should be dedicated to compensate consumer, directly or indirectly, in pecuniary or non-pecuniary form. Competition authorities should have the power to order infringers to create trust funds for that purpose

Le débat maintenant ancien que mènent les juristes français autour de l'action de groupe est marqué par une contradiction importante : alors que les class actions américaines, systématiquement évoquées, semblent exercer une influence déterminante sur leurs réflexions, elles restent largement méconnues. Suscitant l'espoir autant que la crainte, l'exemple des class actions peut expliquer à la fois l'arrivée de l'action de groupe dans l'ordre juridique français, les hésitations législatives et doctrinales qui l'ont précédée et les défauts qui affectent tant les textes entrés en vigueur que ceux encore en projet. D'un côté, l'intérêt porté en France aux class actions est l'expression d"une insatisfaction à l'égard du droit français, particulièrement du droit de la responsabilité civile. Les class actions sont alors envisagées comme une solution possible à un problème donné, à savoir l'absence en droit français d'un outil efficace pour appréhender les situations dans lesquelles un grand nombre de personnes subit des dommages individuels rattachables à un fait unique (ou une série de faits identiques). De l'autre, le mécanisme sur lequel les class actions s'appuient suscite fréquemment la perplexité, voire l'hostilité. Reposant sur une présomption de consentement de la part des membres du groupe représentés (« opt-out »), elles seraient contraires aux règles traditionnelles de la procédure civile française, réputée éminemment individualiste. Le rôle central confié aux avocats américains encouragerait en outre les actions illégitimes sans bénéfice réel pour les personnes représentées. Dans cette perspective, un examen approfondi des conditions historiques dans lesquelles les class actions sont apparues aux États-Unis et des règles qui les encadrent, confronté à l'étude de l'ensemble des actions pour autrui existant en droit français, est le moyen de vérifier la légitimité des espoirs et des craintes qui structurent le débat français. Ses enseignements, nombreux, permettent de proposer une vue d'ensemble des principes cardinaux d'organisation des actions de groupe dans l'optique de la construction d'un régime efficace, quelle que soit la tradition juridique concernée. La pertinence de cette approche reste entière au regard des limites sérieuses qui caractérisent l'action de groupe introduite en France en 2014. En premier lieu, la comparaison des droits français et américain révèle la très grande diversité des schémas procéduraux envisageables, en fonction des demandes formulées dans le cadre de ces actions et des buts assignés à la procédure envisagée, qui dérivent eux-mêmes souvent des fonctions réparatrices, compensatoires ou punitives attribuées au droit de la responsabilité civile. En second lieu, il relativise le caractère exceptionnel de la présomption de consentement tout en confirmant que l'efficacité des actions de groupe dépend pour une large part des conditions dans lesquelles est défini le groupe de personnes qui subit les effets de la décision de fond rendue à l'issue de la procédure. En troisième lieu, il fait apparaître l'importance de la dimension économique de ces actions. Dans la mesure où elles permettent la défense des intérêts individuels d'autrui, elles exigent une prise en compte de la réalité des incitations et des moyens propres à chaque acteur de la procédure, notamment celui qui l'initie
The French debate on collective actions is characterised by a central contradiction: while US class actions almost systematically serve as the starting point of discussions among French lawyers, they remain widely unknown to them. Being a reason for hope, admiration as well as fear, the American model of class actions can explain why the introduction of collective actions in French law was decided, why it was delayed for so long, and the many flaws of the resulting legislation

La régulation de la concurrence est dualiste en France et au Canada. D’un côté, des autorités publiques de régulation encadrent le marché et sanctionnent le cas échéant les pratiques contraires aux dispositions législatives en vigueur, et, d’un autre côté, les victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles, c'est-à-dire les consommateurs et les entreprises, peuvent intenter des poursuites privées sur le fondement d’une action en responsabilité civile afin d’obtenir la réparation du préjudice concurrentiel subi. Il s’agit respectivement de l’action publique et de l’action privée en matière de concurrence, qualifiées aussi de public enforcement et de private enforcement du droit de la concurrence. Cependant, dans l’Union européenne, et en France particulièrement, le préjudice concurrentiel reste sans réparation effective. En effet, en France, les consommateurs n’avaient pas, jusqu’à l’adoption de l’action de groupe, de moyen procédural d’accéder au juge de la réparation. De plus, le droit civil français se montre trop rigide pour permettre l’indemnisation d’un préjudice économique aussi complexe que le préjudice concurrentiel. Pour alimenter sa réflexion à ce sujet, le législateur français s’est souvent tourné vers les modèles canadien et québécois pour réformer son droit civil bicentenaire. En effet, le droit civil québécois se montre particulièrement souple dans les litiges liés au droit de la concurrence. De plus, la Loi sur la concurrence canadienne offre un droit à réparation adapté aux contraintes des victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles. L’auteur a ainsi cherché à comprendre comment fonctionne le mécanisme canadien de private enforcement pour évaluer si ce modèle, par le truchement du droit civil québécois, pourrait inspirer une réforme du modèle civiliste français adopté par le législateur notamment lors de l’introduction de l’action de groupe. L’analyse se situe principalement en droit civil pour permettre une lecture de l’action privée qui s’éloigne des stéréotypes classiques tirés de l’expérience américaine dans ce domaine. L’objectif ultime de cette comparaison est de rendre effectif le recours privé des entreprises et des consommateurs en droits français et canadien à la suite d’un préjudice découlant d’une violation du droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles
Regulation of competition is dualistic in France and Canada. On one side, public authority frame the market and impose sanction, if appropriate, to the practices contrary to existing legislation, and, on other side, the victims injured by antitrust practices, that is consumers and company, may bring a private procecussion based on the liability to obtain a compensation for the antitrust injury. They are respectively of public action and private action, also referred to as public enforcement and private enforcement of competition law. However, in the European Union, and particularly in France, the antitrust harm has no effective remedy. Indeed, in France, consumers had not, until the adoption of the collective redress, procedural means to access the judge of compensation. In addition, the French civil law proves too rigid to allow compensation for something as complex as the competitive harm. For its thinking about it, the French legislator has often turned to the Canadian and Quebec models to reform its bicentenary civil law. Indeed, the Quebec civil law is particularly flexible in disputes related to competition law. In addition, the Canadian Competition Act provides a right to compensation adapted to the constraints of the victims of anticompetitive practices. The author has sought to understand how the Canadian private enforcement mechanism works to assess whether this model, through the Quebec civil law, could inspire a reform of French civil law model adopted by the legislature in particular during the introduction of collective redress. The analysis is primarily civil law to allow a reading of private action that departs from conventional stereotypes of the American experience in this field. The ultimate goal of this comparison is to make effective use of the private businesses and consumers in French and Canadian rights following an injury resulting from a violation of anti-competitive practices

L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire
Pas de résumé en anglais

Le préjudice de l'actionnaire est un sujet encore peu étudié en France alors qu'il soulève de nombreuses interrogations. A l'inverse de nombre de solutions reçues dans les droits étrangers, le droit français n'admet que peu sa réparation tant il reste lié à la distinction jurisprudentielle fondamentale entre préjudice purement personnel (réparable) et préjudice simple corollaire du préjudice social (non réparable). Pourtant, cette distinction n'est pas des plus satisfaisantes ni sur le plan théorique, ni sur le plan pratique. Elle est en outre remise partiellement en cause dès lors que le préjudice trouve sa source dans une infraction pénale, telle que la communication d'informations mensongères. Par ailleurs, l'internationalisation des mouvements de capitaux soulève de plus en plus fréquemment la question de la loi applicable ou du juge compétent (judiciaire ou arbitral également) relativement aux actions en justice des actionnaires. Cette étude se propose dès lors de fournir une appréciation critique du droit positif afin de tenter l'élaboration d'un droit prospectif. Les solutions existantes peuvent-elles et doivent-elles changer ? Pour adopter quel type de solutions ?
The subject of shareholder damages has seldom been studied in France. Nonetheless, it is a topic of much discussion and debate in legal circles. Unlike under some foreign laws, French law rarely permits the direct compensation of shareholder damages because of the summa divisio between the personal damage (recoverable) and the damage of the company (not recoverable). However, this distinction is not relevant both in terms of theory and practice. More doubt is cast on this distinction where the potential damage arises from an infringement of the penal law, such as the use of false or misleading information to induce shareholder reliance or action. Furthermore, the internationalisation of capital introduces conflicts of law and jurisdictional questions, asking the courts to first determine whether they are the proper authority to hear a shareholder’s case, and which nation’s laws to apply.This study presents a critical analysis of the positive law and proposes avenues of reforming French laws concerning shareholder damages. Should the existing remedies be changed ? Which remedies should be adopted to reverse the strict trends in French law against adequately compensating shareholders’ losses ?

En droits français et italien des sociétés il est difficile d'affirmer l'existence "d'un" droit à réparation en particulier lorsqu'il s'agit du préjudice social, sa réparation étant freinée par le manque d'effectivité de l'action sociale, et du préjudice individuel de l'associé, sa reconnaissance au fond étant limitée. Il est également difficile pour les victimes d'affirmer l'existence "du" droit à réparation, en raison d' obstacles de nature procédurale et financière rencontrés dans la mise en oeuvre de leur droit jusqu'à l'éventuelle condamnation. Les difficultés rencontrées par les victimes révèlent le manque d'effectivité de la réparation des dommages causés par le dirigeant et, par là même, le manque d'effectivité de la responsabilité personnelle de ce dernier. L'étude de certaines dispositions nouvelles des deux pays, en particulier du droit italien, nous invite cependant à réfléchir sur les perspectives d'évolutions

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A presente dissertação de mestrado trata acerca do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários, no contexto luso-brasileiro. Visa-se com este estudo analisar o procedimento adotado pelo Direito Processual Civil, para reparar os danos causados aos investidores não profissionais, lesados por intermediários financeiros, ao realizarem investimentos financeiros.Tal procedimento encontra diversas lacunas processuais, no que tange a fase de liquidação da sentença coletiva. Se fala em sentença coletiva, tendo em vista que se os investidores lesados pleitearem a reparação de seus danos de forma individual, o processo torna-se muito oneroso para estes, desde o exercer do ónus probatório até os altos custos envolvidos. A solução para isto é a reparação coletiva do dano, por meio da ação popular, no caso português, e da ação civil pública, no caso brasileiro.No entanto, ao ser proposta uma ação coletiva no âmbito do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários, as dificuldades também se fazem presentes, posto que a legislação luso-brasileira não prevê formas de quantificar e individualizar o dano de cada investidor integrante da classe.A liquidação de sentença coletiva em Portugal possui o mesmo “abstracionismo” observado no Brasil. Com conceitos generalistas, somente imputa ao exequente a obrigação de fazer prova da extensão do seu dano, conferindo, portanto, certeza ao pedido de liquidação.Não há alternativas legislativas, seja no Código de Valores Mobiliários, seja no Código de Processo Civil Português, caso o exequente, ora investidor, tiver dificuldades em comprovar a extensão do dano, do mesmo modo como ocorre no Brasil, que apenas prevê a criação de um fundo comum para depósito da indemnização.Recorremos então as class actions americanas para tentar encontrar possíveis soluções para esse limbo jurídico existente na legislação luso-brasileira quanto a quantificação e reparação dos danos aos investidores.A solução trazida pelo ordenamento jurídico americano, para liquidar os danos individuais decorrentes de ações coletivas, é denominada de fluid class recovery.Trata-se de conceder um benefício geral, que abranja toda a classe, sem foco em compensar de forma individual os indivíduos que a formam, sendo um modelo bastante controverso nos Estados Unidos, o qual também não concordamos que seja a melhor solução.Tendo como suporte o caso Petrobras Securities Class Action, que o Tribunal aprovou juntamente com o acordo firmado entre a classe e os réus, um plano de alocação para distribuir de forma equitativa o valor depositado no fundo de liquidação, no qual restaram estipuladas as diretrizes de como a liquidação individual deverá ocorrer, entendemos que essa é a solução pertinente.Cremos que a elaboração de um plano de alocação para o pagamento das indemnizações, mostra-se como uma solução para o problema de gestão e rateio das indemnizações coletivas.Deste modo, as Ações Populares/Ações Civis Públicas poderiam ser mais eficientes, enquanto meios de proteção dos investidores, se a lei brasileira 7.913/1989 e o Código de Valores Mobiliários previssem formas de individualizar os prejuízos dos investidores, após o processo coletivo, a fim de tornar o processo de liquidação e execução mais célere e eficaz.Consideramos que o Poder Legislativo deveria promover a alteração das legislações luso-brasileiras, a fim de implementar o plano de alocação, com suas diretrizes bem definidas e estabelecendo todos os procedimentos a serem adotados na fase de liquidação de sentença, visando, portanto, a quantificação e pagamento das indemnizações individualizadas, de forma justa e equitativa, de acordo com medidas sugeridas ao longo deste trabalho.
This master's thesis deals with the Securities Market, in the luso-brazilian context. This study aims to analyze the procedure adopted by Civil Procedural Law, to repair the damage caused to non-professional investors, injured by financial intermediaries, when making financial investments.This procedure finds several procedural gaps, regarding the settlement phase of the collective judgment. We speak of a collective sentence, considering that if the injured investors plead for the reparation of their damages individually, the process becomes very onerous for them, from exercising the burden of proof to the high costs involved. The solution to this is the collective reparation of the damage, through popular action, in the portuguese case, and public civil action, in the brazilian case.However, when collective action is proposed within the scope of the Securities Market, the difficulties are also present, since the luso-brazilian legislation does not provide ways to quantify and individualize the damage of each investor in the class.The settlement of a collective sentence in Portugal has the same “abstractionism” observed in Brazil. With generalist concepts, it only imputes to the applicant the obligation to prove the extent of his damage, thus giving certainty to the liquidation request.There are no legislative alternatives, either in the Securities Code or in the Portuguese Civil Procedure Code, if the applicant, now an investor, has difficulties in proving the extent of the damage, just as it does in Brazil, which only provides for the creation of a common fund to deposit the compensation.We then resorted to American class actions to try to find possible solutions to this legal limbo in luso-brazilian legislation regarding the quantification and repair of damage to investors.The solution brought by the American legal system, to settle individual damages resulting from collective actions, is called fluid class recovery.It is a question of granting a general benefit, which covers the entire class, with no focus on individually compensating the individuals who form it, being a very controversial model in the United States, which we also do not agree is the best solution.Based on the Petrobras Securities Class Action case, which the Court approved, together with the agreement between the class and the defendants, an allocation plan to equitably distribute the amount deposited in the settlement fund, in which the guidelines for as individual settlement should occur, we understand that this is the relevant solution.We believe that the elaboration of an allocation plan for the payment of damages is shown to be a solution to the problem of management and apportionment of collective damages.In this way, Popular Actions / Public Civil Actions could be more efficient, as a means of protecting investors, if Brazilian law 7.913 / 1989 and the Securities Code provided for ways to individualize investors' losses, after the collective process, in order to make the settlement and execution process faster and more efficient.We believe that the Legislative Power should promote the alteration of luso-brazilian laws, in order to implement the allocation plan, with its well-defined guidelines and establishing all the procedures to be adopted in the sentence settlement phase, aiming, therefore, at quantification and payment of individualized compensation, in a fair and equitable manner, according to measures suggested throughout this work.

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil
Hoje em dia, a gestão de um vasto acervo de estruturas complexas e infraestruturas, que se encontram próximo ou para lá do seu fim de vida útil, constitui um importante desafio para os países desenvolvidos. Neste contexto, a manutenção e a prevenção têm vindo a representar custos muito significativos, sendo necessário adotar estratégias de gestão com relação custo-benefício otimizada, mas que ainda se encontram em desenvolvimento. Com a Monitorização da Integridade de Estruturas (em inglês, Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) pretende-se garantir a identificação imediata de danos, de forma a permitir uma avaliação automatizada da integridade dos sistemas estruturais. O desenvolvimento desta área de investigação visa a obtenção de métodos adequados e fiáveis para detetar os danos o mais cedo possível, e para que estes sejam encarados de forma imediata, focada e económica. A deteção de danos pode ser formulada como um problema de classificação com uma única classe e pode ser tratada de forma eficaz por meio de ferramentas numéricas bioinspiradas, como o Algoritmo de Seleção Negativa (NSA). A presente tese tem como objetivo desenvolver e testar uma metodologia de deteção de danos baseada numa versão inovadora do NSA com geração determinística. A metodologia é composta por vários recursos numéricos, para ultrapassar as deficiências identificadas na revisão da literatura. A metodologia proposta é validada em análises numéricas e estudos de caso, considerando cenários de danos múltiplos e incrementais, e condições ambientais e operacionais variáveis. Todas as conclusões são baseadas na análise experimental e estatística da aplicação dos algoritmos desenvolvidos, procurando-se desenvolver uma comparação justa com técnicas alternativas. A metodologia proposta revela-se apropriada para a deteção de danos em estado inicial de desenvolvimento. Pode ser adaptada a diferentes tipos de estruturas e propriedades estruturais sensíveis à ocorrência de dano. É robusta em relação a fontes de incerteza como o ruído nos sinais adquiridos, ao erro induzido pela extração das propriedades ou à flutuação devida às condições ambientais variáveis. O seu desempenho é fortemente afetado pela configuração dos parâmetros do algoritmo. Deste modo, são apresentadas diferentes abordagens de configuração, bem como se recomendam valores ou intervalos para parametrização da metodologia. Em conclusão, a estratégia de deteção de danos baseada em NSA, que é validada no contexto da presente tese, é considerada eficaz e os resultados promissores recomendam mais pesquisas e novas aplicações.
Nowadays, developed countries are challenged by the management of a wide estate inventory of complex existing structures and infrastructures, which are either close or beyond the end of their service life. Maintenance and prevention have become a significant item of expenditure, while cost-effective strategies are required but still under development. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) aims at the prompt identification of damage in order to allow an automated health condition assessment of structural systems. The development of such a field of investigation shall provide suitable and reliable methods for detecting the damage outbreak at the earliest possible stage, thus for facing it in a quick, focused and economic way. To this end, damage detection can be formulated as a one-class classification problem and effectively addressed through bio-inspired numerical tools, as the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA). This thesis aims at developing and testing a damage detection methodology based on an innovative version of NSA with deterministic generation. The methodology is composed of several numerical features to tackle the relevant shortcomings that emerged during the literature review and the pilot tests. The individual features and the global methodology are validated on numerical instances and field-testing case studies, considering multiple and increasing damage scenarios and varying environmental and operational conditions. All the conclusions drawn in the present work are based on experimental analyses of the algorithms, performed based on a proper statistical design. Additional attention is paid to provide a fair comparison with alternative existing techniques. The proposed methodology results suitable for early-stage damage detection. It can be adapted to different types of structures and damage-sensitive features. It might be suitable for sensor embedment, by performing the detection on the acquisition of a single sensor. It is independent of the type of monitoring tools or excitation. It is robust against sources of uncertainties as the noise in the signals, the error induced by feature extraction and the fluctuation in the monitored features due to varying environmental conditions. Its performance is, instead, largely affected by the algorithm parameter setting. Therefore, different suitable setting designs are presented together with recommended values or ranges. In conclusion, the damage detection strategy based on NSA, that is validated in the context of the present thesis, is deemed effective and the promising results foster more research and further applications.
This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, under grant agreement SFRH/BD/115188/2016. Moreover, it is partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020.

This dissertation is principally concerned with two myths about the experience and character of Australia's Great War soldiers central to the Anzac legend. The first is the myth of egalitarianism; the second is the myth of the resourcefulness and initiative of Australian soldiers. It argues that neither of these is as pervasive as the legend suggests and uses the experiences of a single Australian combat unit, the 1st Battalion, to support the thesis. The relevance of each of these myths to previous and current debates about national identity is outlined in the introduction. The prevalence of these two myths in the historiography of Australia's Great War experience through the establishment of a 'digger' stereotype is discussed in chapter one. This chapter provides the general context for the gap that exists in our understanding of these assumptions. It argues that despite increased academic attention to the study of Australia and the Great War, writers continue to invoke stereotypical (and misplaced) notions about Australian soldiers and, as a consequence, perpetuate a distorted, albeit generally positive, historical view of Australian soldiers.