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Gavelis, Paulius. "Civilinė atsakomybė už gyvūnų padarytą žalą." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140625_205412-43450.
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Civilinė atsakomybė už gyvūnų padarytą žalą Santrauka Teismų praktika rodo, kad tinkamai įvertinti gyvūnų padarytos žalos aplinkybes, jų savininkų (valdytojų) atsakomybės laipsnį yra pakankamai sudėtinga. Darbo tikslas remiantis teisės norminiais aktais, teisės doktrina ir Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktika išanalizuoti civilinės atsakomybės už gyvūnų padarytą žalą taikymo sąlygas, jų ypatumus. Atskleisti Lietuvos teismų praktikoje išryškėjusias problemas sprendžiant nuostolių atlyginimo klausimus dėl laukinių gyvūnų padarytos žalos bei išnagrinėti civilinės atsakomybės ypatumus dėl naminių gyvūnų padarytos žalos asmens sveikatai bei turtui, taip pat pateikti savo nuomonę aktualiausiais temos klausimais. Siekiant šio tikslo apžvelgiama deliktinės atsakomybės samprata, funkcijos, taikymo sąlygos gyvūnų padarytos žalos kontekste; atskleidžiami civilinės atsakomybės ypatumai laukinių gyvūnų sukeltuose eismo įvykiuose, aptariama civilinė atsakomybė už naminių gyvūnų padarytą žalą asmens sveikatai bei turtui. Civilinė atsakomybė, už gyvūnų padarytą žalą, yra deliktinė atsakomybė. Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso 6.245 str. 4 d. apibrėžia deliktinę atsakomybę, kaip turtinę prievolę, atsirandančią dėl žalos, kuri nesusijusi su sutartinais santykiais, išskyrus atvejus, kai įstatymai nustato, kad deliktinė atsakomybė atsiranda ir dėl žalos, susijusiais su sutartiniais santykiais. Civilinę atsakomybę, už gyvūnų padarytą žalą, reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Animals Summary Court practice reveals that proper assessment of circumstances of damage caused by animals as well as evaluation of the level of liability of their owners is quite troublesome. The thesis is devoted to an analysis of legal doctrine, legal acts and jurisprudence on pre-conditions for application of civil liability for damage caused by animals in order to reveal problems that occur in practice. The thesis covers conceptual issues of tort liability, its functions and pre-conditions for its application in the context of damage caused by animals; peculiarities of tort liability for damage caused by wild animals in traffic accidents as well for damage to health and property of persons caused by domestic animals are revealed. Jurisprudence of the Lithuanian courts on damage caused by wild animals Liability for damage caused by animals is tort liability. Paragraph 4 of the article 6.245 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania defines tort liability as a pecuniary obligation which is not related with contractual relations, except in cases where it is established by laws that delictual liability shall also result from damage related with contractual relations. Civil liability for damage caused by animals is being regulated by Article 6.267 (Chapter XXII, third section) of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Wild Fauna, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Care, Keeping... [to full text]
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Lucas, Lynda T. "Detection of DNA damage caused by N-nitrosoindoles." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30755.
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To evaluate the genotoxicity of N-nitrosoindoles, three model compounds, 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile (NIAN), 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetamide and l-nitrosoindole-3-acetic acid methyl ester, were reacted with isolated purine nucleotides at physiological pH. The profile of reaction products was identical for each of the N-nitrosoindoles. The results indicated that N-nitrosoindoles can efficiently transfer the nitroso group to nucleophilic targets in isolated purine nucleotides, causing depurination, deamination coupled with depurination to afford hypoxanthine and xanthine, and formation of a novel deoxyguanosine monophosphate analogue, 2'-deoxyoxanosine monophosphate and its corresponding depurination product, oxanine. These pathways of modification were preserved at the macromolecular level in oligonucleotides and calf thymus DNA, with guanine residues appearing to be a primary site of reaction. The studies revealed an additional cross-linked product at CG residues in NIAN-treated duplex DNA. Pyrimidine residues were inactive toward nitroso transfer by NIAN. The ability of the nitroso group to exert damage at the nuclei was demonstrated in vivo in the glandular stomach of CD-I mice via detection of abasic site damage, and in single cells in vitro as shown by the Comet assay. NIAN was mutagenic in the Ames II assay. In contrast to many other genotoxic N-nitrosocompounds, which are known to alkylate DNA, the genotoxicity of N-nitrosoindoles arises via efficient transnitrosation to nucleophilic sites on the purine bases. All of the products resulting from transnitrosation by N-nitrosoindoles are potentially mutagenic if they occur in vivo.
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Bäckström, Ann. "Rock damage caused by underground excavation and meteorite impacts." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Teknisk geologi och geofysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4824.
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The intent of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the origin of fractures in rock. The man-made fracturing from engineering activities in crystalline rock as well as the fracturing induced by the natural process of meteorite impacts is studied by means of various characterization methods. In contrast to engineering induced rock fracturing, where the goal usually is to minimize rock damage, meteorite impacts cause abundant fracturing in the surrounding bedrock. In a rock mass the interactions of fractures on the microscopic scale (mm-cm scale) influence fractures on the mesoscopic scale (dm-m scale) as well as the interaction of the mesocopic fractures influencing fractures on the macroscopic scale (m-km scale). Thus, among several methods used on different scales, two characterization tools have been developed further. This investigation ranges from the investigation of micro-fracturing in ultra-brittle rock on laboratory scale to the remote sensing of fractures in large scale structures, such as meteorite impacts. On the microscopic scale, the role of fractures pre-existing to the laboratory testing is observed to affect the development of new fractures. On the mesoscopic scale, the evaluation of the geometric information from 3D-laser scanning has been further developed for the characterisation of fractures from tunnelling and to evaluate the efficiency of the tunnel blasting technique in crystalline rock. By combining information on: i) the overbreak and underbreak; ii) the orientation and visibility of blasting drillholes and; iii) the natural and blasting fractures in three dimensions; a analysis of the rock mass can be made. This analysis of the rock mass is much deeper than usually obtained in rock engineering for site characterization in relation to the blasting technique can be obtained based on the new data acquisition. Finally, the estimation of fracturing in and around two meteorite impact structures has been used to reach a deeper understanding of the relation between fracture, their water content and the electric properties of the rock mass. A correlation between electric resistivity and fracture frequency in highly fractured crystalline rock has been developed and applied to potential impact crater structures. The results presented in this thesis enables more accurate modelling of rock fractures, both supporting rock engineering design and interpretation of meteorite impact phenomena.QC 20100709
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Bäckström, Ann. "Rock damage caused by underground excavation and meteorite impacts /." Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Land and Water Resource Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4824.
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Fang, Min. "Assessing DNA damage caused by heterocyclic amines in cooked foods." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411673.
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Iscan, Abdullah Gurkan G. "Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Formation Damage Caused By Drilling Fluids." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607592/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, permeability impairment caused by drilling fluids and subsequent cleaning and permeability enhancement by back-flow were investigated by means of experimental and simulation studies. Permeability damage caused by three different drilling fluids was measured experimentally by core tests as a function of the filtration pressure and analyzed using a simulator describing the fines migration and retention in porous media. The pore throat plugging criteria for the three drilling fluids were determined. The particle concentration and the fraction of depositing particles were obtained simultaneously as a function of time and distance along the core length by numerical solution. Simulations were run both with experimental data in forward and backward directions along the core samples. Permeability damage ratio was correlated with respect to drilling filtration pressure specially for each type of the drilling fluids and type curves were constructed. Simulation results accurately match the experimental data, indicating that this simulator can be used for the estimation of permeability reduction, and the permeability and porosity variation along the core samples at various filtration pressures. X-Ray digital image subtraction was applied to different sections of the core plugs before and after the circulation to visualize the fines migration into porous media. The maximum damage ratio was obtained with the CMC added drilling fluid with 81 %. In the absence of CMC and Polymer-XT, the damage ratio was found as 72.8%. It was also determined that a polymer-added drilling fluid characterized with 63.8% permeability damage ratio is the optimum drilling fluid, causing less formation damage than the water-based bentonite mud.
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Westrhenen, Rozemarijn van. "Understanding and preventing the peritoneal damage caused by conventional dialysis solutions." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/79957.
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Zhang, Shenjun. "Study of silicon damage caused by ultra-low energy boron implantation." Thesis, University of Salford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271250.
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Ye, Wenjie Ball Louise M. "Oxidative damage to guanine in DNA caused by reactive oxygen species." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2457.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 3, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,Gillings School of Global Public Health." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.
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Chippendale, Richard. "Modelling of the thermal chemical damage caused to carbon fibre composites." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/361708/.
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Previous investigations relating to lightning strike damage of Carbon Fibre Composites (CFC), have assumed that the energy input from a lightning strike is caused by the resistive (Joule) heating due to the current injection and the thermal heat ux from the plasma channel. Inherent within this statement, is the assumption that CFCs can be regarded as a perfect resistor. The validity of such an assumption has been experimentally investigated within this thesis. This experimental study has concluded that a typical quasi-isotropic CFC panel can be treated as a perfect resistor up to a frequency of at least 10kHz. By considering the frequency components within a lightning strike current impulse, it is evident that the current impulse leads predominately to Joule heating. This thesis has experimentally investigated the damage caused to samples of CFC, due to the different current impulse components, which make up a lightning strike. The results from this experiment have shown that the observed damage on the surface is different for each of the different types of current impulse. Furthermore, the damage caused to each sample indicates that, despite masking only the area of interest, the wandering arc on the surface stills plays an important role in distributing the energy input into the CFC and hence the observed damage. Regardless of the different surface damage caused by the different current impulses, the resultant damage from each component current impulse shows polymer degradation with fracturing and lifting up of the carbon fibres. This thesis has then attempted to numerically investigate the physical processes which lead to this lightning strike damage. Within the current state of the art knowledge there is no proposed method to numerically represent the lightning strike arc attachment and the subsequent arc wandering. Therefore, as arc wandering plays an important role in causing the observed damage, it is not possible to numerically model the lightning strike damage. An analogous damage mechanism is therefore needed so the lighting strike damage processes can be numerically investigated. This thesis has demonstrated that damage caused by laser ablation, represents a similar set of physical processes, to those which cause the lightning strike current impulse damage, albeit without any additional electrical processes. Within the numerical model, the CFC is numerically represented through a homogenisation approach and so the relevance and accuracy of a series of analytical methods for predicting the bulk thermal and electrical conductivity for use with CFCs have been investigated. This study has shown that the electrical conductivity is dominated by the percolation effects due to the fibre to fibre contacts. Due to the more comparable thermal conductivity between the polymer and the fibres, the bulk thermal conductivity is accurately predicted by an extension of the Eshelby Method. This extension allows the bulk conductivity of a composite system with more than two composite components to be calculated. Having developed a bespoke thermo-chemical degradation model, a series of validation studies have been conducted. First, the homogenisation approach is validated by numerically investigating the electrical conduction through a two layer panel of CFC. These numerical predictions showed initially unexpected current ow patterns. These predictions have been validated through an experimental study, which in turn validates the application of the homogenisation approach. The novelty within the proposed model is the inclusion of the transport of produced gasses through the decomposing material. The thermo-chemical degradation model predicts that the internal gas pressure inside the decomposing material can reach 3 orders of magnitude greater than that of atmospheric pressure. This explains the de-laminations and fibre cracking observed within the laser ablated damage samples. The numerical predictions show that the inclusion of thermal gas transport has minimal impact on the predicted thermal chemical damage. The numerical predictions have further been validated against the previously obtained laser ablation results. The predicted polymer degradation shows reasonable agreement with the experimentally observed ablation damage. This along with the previous discussions has validated the physical processes implemented within the thermo-chemical degradation model to investigate the thermal chemical lightning strike damage.
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Morrow, Sean Gerard. "The effects of DNA damage caused by sperm cryopreservation in Xenopus." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effects-of-dna-damage-caused-by-sperm-cryopreservation-in-xenopus(e3bc184d-2eef-4dfd-a587-69c9641771aa).html.
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Until recent years sperm fitness has been measured using traditional parameters such as motility and morphology. Given the importance of the sperm genome in the subsequent development of the organism, more focus has now been placed on measuring DNA quality of spermatozoa. This study investigated genomic aspects of cryoinjury in the spermatozoa of the model organism Xenopus. The membrane integrity and DNA stability of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis spermatozoa were evaluated in response to cryopreservation with or without activation. A dye exclusion assay revealed that plasma membrane integrity in both species decreased after freezing, more so in X. laevis spermatozoa than X. tropicalis. The sperm chromatin dispersion test showed that for both X. tropicalis and X. laevis activated, frozen spermatozoa produced the highest levels DNA fragmentation compared to all fresh samples and frozen, non-activated samples. Immediately after thawing, the most relevant for fertilisation use, there was a significant increase in DNA fragmentation in frozen, activated X. laevis samples. DNA damage in frozen, activated X. tropicalis samples was not detected until after four hours of incubation at room temperature. However, the DNA fragmentation dynamics over twenty-four hours suggested reduced DNA stability and cryptic DNA damage. 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a potent DNA repair inhibitor, was used to treat embryos and thus reveal the effect of damaged sperm DNA on development. Comparisons were made between control embryos derived from fresh spermatozoa and frozen spermatozoa. Results showed a decrease in the survival percentage of treated embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm compared to controls. Furthermore, there was an increased occurrence of posterior and gastrula defects in these embryos. Further analysis of these embryos revealed altered expression of gastrula markers, in particular Fgf8. These may be candidates for genes that undergo DNA damage in cryopreserved spermatozoa. Transcriptome analysis comparing 3-ABtreated embryos derived from frozen and fresh spermatozoa revealed that there were subsets of genes whose expression was consistently altered by cryopreservation; some of these genes are important at the mid-blastula transition and gastrula stage of X. tropicalis development. Physical mapping of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) onto the X. tropicalis chromosomes revealed particular regions contained more DEGs compared to others, showing non-random distribution of genes affected by sperm cryopreservation. These data will guide future studies of amphibian sperm preservation enhancing conservation and lab animal resource biobanking.
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Hayes, Anna. "A study of the damage of articular cartilage caused by crystals." Thesis, University of Bath, 1992. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303393.
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Delacruz, Gian P. "Using Generative Adversarial Networks to Classify Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2158.
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The amount of structural damage image data produced in the aftermath of an earthquake can be staggering. It is challenging for a few human volunteers to efficiently filter and tag these images with meaningful damage information. There are several solution to automate post-earthquake reconnaissance image tagging using Machine Learning (ML) solutions to classify each occurrence of damage per building material and structural member type. ML algorithms are data driven; improving with increased training data. Thanks to the vast amount of data available and advances in computer architectures, ML and in particular Deep Learning (DL) has become one of the most popular image classification algorithms producing results comparable to and in some cases superior to human experts. These kind of algorithms need the input images used for the training to be labeled, and even if there is a large amount of images most of them are not labeled and it takes structural engineers a large amount of time to do it. The current data earthquakes image data bases do not contain the label information or is incomplete slowing significantly the advance of a solution and are incredible difficult to search. To be able to train a ML algorithm to classify one of the structural damages it took the architecture school an entire year to gather 200 images of the specific damage. That number is clearly not enough to avoid overfitting so for this thesis we decided to generate synthetic images for the specific structural damage. In particular we attempt to use Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) to generate the synthetic images and enable the fast classification of rail and road damage caused by earthquakes. Fast classification of rail and road damage can allow for the safety of people and to better prepare the reconnaissance teams that manage recovery tasks. GANs combine classification neural networks with generative neural networks. For this thesis we will be combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a generative neural network. By taking a classifier trained in a GAN and modifying it to classify other images the classifier can take advantage of the GAN training without having to find more training data. The classifier trained in this way was able to achieve an 88\% accuracy score when classifying images of structural damage caused by earthquakes.
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Montague, Thomas L. "The management of browsing damage caused by wallabies in Australian plantations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670283.
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Sánchez, Peña Enric. "Estudi DMAGE: Diabetes Mellitus and damage caused by Advanced Glycation End-products." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663150.
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Els productes avançats de glicació avançada (AGEs) constitueixen un grup complex de compostos formats per la lenta glicació no enzimàtica de proteïnes, lípids i àcids nucleics, dels quals s'han dilucidat aproximadament 20 fins el present. No existeix evidència de si la magnitud de la deposició d'AGEs en el teixit subcutani està relacionada amb la malaltia ateromatosa, les primeres etapes de la malaltia renal crònica, la funció pulmonar i l'obesitat. Aquests són els primers estudis en què l'autofluorescència cutània (SAF) s'ha avaluat en una cohort asimptomàtica de mitjana edat sense esdeveniments cardiovasculars coneguts que mostren una estreta relació entre la SAF i la càrrega de plaques ateromatoses així com amb la disfunció renal i pulmonar. També hi ha una SAF augmentada en pacients amb obesitat mòrbida i síndrome metabòlica principalment a expenses de la presència de diabetis mellitus tipus 2. Durant els primers 5 anys després de la cirurgia bariàtrica, no es va observar una disminució de la SAF.Los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGEs) constituyen un grupo complejo de compuestos formados por la lenta glicación no enzimática de proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos, de los que se han dilucidado aproximadamente 20 hasta el presente. No existe evidencia de si la magnitud de la deposición de AGEs en el tejido subcutáneo está relacionada con la enfermedad ateromatosa, las primeras etapas de la enfermedad renal crónica, la función pulmonar y la obesidad. Estos son los primeros estudios en que la autofluorescencia cutánea (SAF) se ha evaluado en una cohorte asintomática de mediana edad sin eventos cardiovasculares conocidos que muestran una estrecha relación entre la SAF y la carga de placas ateromatosas así como con la disfunción renal y pulmonar. También hay una SAF aumentada en pacientes con obesidad mórbida y síndrome metabólico principalmente a expensas de la presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Durante los primeros 5 años después de la cirugía bariátrica, no se observó una disminución de la SAF.
The advanced glycation end-productsAGEs constitute a complex group of compounds formed by the slow non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, of which about 20 have been elucidated to date. No evidence exists whether the magnitude of the AGEs deposition in subcutaneous tissue are related with the atheromatous disease, the first stages of chronic kidney disease, the pulmonary function as well as obesity. These are the first studies in which skin autofluorescence (SAF) has been evaluated in a middle-aged asymptomatic cohort without known cardiovascular events displaying a close relationship between SAF and atheromatous plaque burden as well as kidney and pulmonary dysfuncion. There is also an increased SAF in patients with morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome mainly at the expense with the presence of type 2 diabetes. During the first 5 years after bariatric surgery, are not associated with a decrease in SAF.
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Tsampardoukas, Georgios. "Semi-active control algorithms to reduce road damage caused by heavy articulated vehicles." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443124.
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Tsai, Chia-Jui. "Comparing DNA damage caused by formaldehyde, glutaraldehye [sic], Carnoy's and Methacarn in cancer tissue fixations." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1161611055.
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Filleul, Maria Louise. "An examination of the damage caused by the reactive ion etching of gallium arsenide." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296102.
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Tsai, Chia-Jui. "Comparing DNA Damage Caused by Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehye, Carnoy’s and Methacarn in Cancer Tissue Fixations." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1161611055.
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Wang, Hui-Shan Amy. "Arsenic in drinking water caused ultra-structural damage in urinary bladder but did not affect expression of DNA damage repair genes or repair of DNA damage in transitional cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28773.
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Arsenic is a human carcinogen associated with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma and other cancers. Arsenic is also a strong comutagen and cocarcinogen. One possible mode of action for arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis is inhibition of DNA damage repair. In laboratory animals, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma has only been observed in dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)]-exposed F344 rats.
The goal of the present studies was to investigate inhibition of DNA repair as a mode of action for arsenic carcinogenesis/ cocarcinogenesis in the urinary bladder. Methods were first developed to harvest only transitional cells, the target cell type of arsenic carcinogenesis, suitable for RNA extraction or for DNA damage detection by Comet assay. Morphological studies established that DMA(V) in drinking water at 40 ppm was cytotoxic to the urothelium of Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats, and mitochondria were targeted by DAM(V).
To investigate whether DMA(V) decreases the expression of DNA repair genes, mRNA levels of DNA repair genes in transitional cells were next measured in F344 rats exposed to up to 100 ppm DMA(V) in drinking water for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels of Ataxia Telangectasia mutant (ATM), X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), excision repair cross-complementing group 3/Xeroderma Pigmentosum B (ERCC3/XPB), and DNA polymerase beta genes were not altered, as measured by real time RT PCR. These results suggested either that DMA(V) affects DNA repair without affecting the baseline expression of DNA repair genes or that DMA(V) does not affect DNA repair in the bladder.
Arsenic effects on DNA repair were further investigated in F344 rats given 100 ppm DMA(V) or arsenate in drinking water for 1 week. DNA damage levels in transitional cells and micronuclei frequency (MN) in bone marrow were measured. Dimethylarsinic acid did not affect in vivo cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage, and neither DMA(V) nor arsenate inhibited in vitro repair of hydrogen peroxide- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, as measured by Comet assay. Neither DMA(V) nor arsenate increased MN or elevated in vivo cyclophosphamide-increased MN. These results suggest inhibition of DNA repair by arsenic, in the transitional epithelium, may not be a major mechanism responsible for carcinogensis/cocarcinogenesis in the bladder.Ph. D.
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Crosby, Charles L. "Energy Dissipation Caused by Asphalt Roadway Gouges for Use in Accident Reconstruction." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1983.
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In reconstruction of on-roadway vehicle accidents, roadway surface gouges and the forces and energy attributed to the related vehicle components become important keys to resolving an accurate accident reconstruction. These roadway gouge forces vary depending upon such factors as surface temperature and the velocity and geometry of the gouging mechanism. Accounting for the forces applied to vehicle components and the energy dissipated from such forces can be helpful in accident reconstruction where supporting data exists. This research documents the force necessary to create a given roadway gouge geometry. Controlled pavement gouging tests were performed using roadway surface temperature and gouging velocity as main factors. The results of this testing and analysis are useful in quantifying gouge forces and energies for use in accident reconstruction. The findings show that the temperature of the roadway surface that is being damaged significantly affects the amount of force required to cause the damage. A summary of experiments and techniques as applied to accident reconstruction are presented.
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Berdugo, Claudia. "Cell Damage Mechanisms and Stress Response in Animal Cell Culture." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269467441.
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Acar, Fikri. "Low Cycle Fatigue Effects In The Damage Caused By The Marmara Earthquake Of August 17, 1999." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605534/index.pdf.
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This study mainly addresses the problem of estimating the prior earthquake damage on the response of reinforced concrete structures to future earthquakes. The motivation has arisen from the heavy damages or collapses that occurred in many reinforced concrete structures following two major earthquakes that recently occurred in the Marmara Region, Turkey.
The analysis tool employed for this purpose is the package named IDARC2D. Deterioration parameters of IDARC's hysteretic model have been calibrated using a search method. In the calibration process experimental data of a total of twenty-two beam and column specimens, tested under constant and variable amplitude displacement histories, has been used. Fine-tuning of deterioration parameters is essential for more realistic predictions about inelastic behavior and structural damage. In order to provide more realistic damage prediction, three ranges of parameters are proposed. Some damage controlling structural parameters have been assessed via a large number of two-dimensional section analyses, inelastic time history and damage analyses of SDOF systems and seismic vulnerability analyses of reinforced concrete buildings. Inelastic time history and damage analyses of numerous SDOF systems have been carried out to determine whether the loading history has an effect on damage and dissipated hysteretic energy. Then this emphasis is directed to the analyses of MDOF systems. In the analyses of the SDOF systems, various forms of constant and variable amplitude inelastic displacement reversals and synthetic ground motions composed of one of the four earthquake records preceded or followed by its modified records acted as a prior or successive earthquake, have been used. The analyses of two five-story R/C buildings have been caried out using synthetic accelerograms comprised of base input provided by the two recorded ground motions. It is shown that both damage progression and cumulative hysteretic energy dissipated along a path seem to depend on the number and amplitude of cycles constituting the path. However, final damage and accumulated hysteretic energy dissipated along a loading path are independent of the ordering of the same number and amplitude cycles along the path. There is a nonlinear relationship between the earthquake excitation intensity and final damage attained in the end. Increase in the acceleration amplitude leads to exponential increase in damage. As the prior earthquake intensity increases the damage from the succeding main earthquake decreases. A definite ground motion acting as prior and successive earthquake causes substantially different amount of damage. Prior earthquake damage does not substantially affect the maximum drift response in future larger earthquakes. A MDOF frame type structure with aprior damage suffers less overall damage in an earthquake in comparison with the one without a prior damage.
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Ballard, Tracey Jane. "An experimental study of some mechanisms of formation damage caused by oil-based drilling fluid filtrate." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47762.
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Hulme, Karen Lesley. "An assessment of the protection of the environment from harm caused as a result of armed conflict." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369371.
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Tröger, Sven, and Matthias Kröger. "Damage of bearings caused by electrical discharge currents at large drives derived from latest field research results." TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 2019. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38455.
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Bearing currents are not all the same. Under certain circumstances and special use cases classic bearing insulations are not sufficient anymore to prevent bearing currents due to the operation of frequency converters. Additional corrective measures have to be implemented to reduce the source of bearing currents the common mode current. The usage of nanocrystalline tape wound
cores shows high effectiveness. As part of a big field study with more than 50 large drive trains in the primary industry, the damaging mechanics of bearing currents are examined under real conditions. Of exceptional high interest is the influence of disturbances which can hardly be simulated in the laboratory. Additional to the shielded motor cable parallel installed functional potential equalization cables applied multiple times have almost no effect in regard to reducing the bearing current. With an optimal installed functional potential equalization system more than 95 percent of the common mode current can flow back through the motor cable shield to the converter. The disturbance impact in the field can influence the voltage over the bearing that breakthroughs are favored but also reduced.
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Malhowski, Anne M. "Examining kinetic and thermodynamic DNA destabilization caused by the cis-syn thymine dimer lesion using small molecule probes /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/108.pdf.
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Brinkoetter, Mary T. "Antecedent events underlying axon damage in an animal model of multiple sclerosis." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/639.
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Mardikar, Sudhanshu H. "Shear damage to animal cells due to disengagement of spherical cap bubbles." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242331.
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Zirkle, Ross Eric. "The use of alkaline gel electrphoresis to analyze hydrogen peroxide-caused DNA damage and repair in Escherichia coli." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063020/.
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Khandaker, MD Shahjahan Ali. "Economic analysis of diseases caused by VTEC (verotoxin producing e.coli) in Australia /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17335.pdf.
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Van, de Vyver Mari. "The contribution of inflammatory mediators to delayed secondary muscle damage." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79787.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Understanding the contribution of divergent individual response patterns remains a key objective in identifying mechanisms of inflammation and potential factors limiting the resolution of inflammation. The purpose of this research project was to investigate downstream effects of inflammation following exercise-induced muscle damage in human subjects. Methods: For three different studies, a total of 53 untrained healthy male participants were recruited and divided into a non-exercising control (n=13) and exercise-induced muscle damage groups (n=40). The study design for the three studies was the same (with few exceptions): Downhill running (DHR) (12 x 5min bouts, 10% decline, 15 km.h-1) with blood samples taken pre, post, after 2 and 4 hours post-exercise (2h, 4h) and on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 (d1-d7). Serum was analysed for creatine kinase activity (CK), myoglobin (Mb), cortisol, cytokine (TNFα, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sIL-6R), chemokine (G-CSF, MIP-1β) and adhesion factor (sICAM-1, sP-selectin) concentrations. Tissue degradation was assessed by serum matrix metalloprotease (MMP-9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) content. White blood cell differential count was determined and the surface expression of various cluster of differentiation factors (CD11b, CD163, CD68, CD88, CD34) as well as intracellular MPO were assessed in whole bood using flow cytometry. Nuclear localization of the inflammatory mediator NFĸB in isolated perhipheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined using immunofluorescence microscopy. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) taken at baseline, 4h, d1 and d2 were analysed for fibre type, inflammatory and stress-induced pathways (STAT3, IĸBα, p38MAPK), myogenic factors (MyoD, myogenin), neutrophil activity (MPO) and satellite cell number (Pax7). Results: Participants in the DHR group were subdivided into those with a normal recovery (DHR1) and those who developed secondary damage (DHR2). CK peaked on d1 in both subgroups (DHR1: 1512 ± 413 u.L-1, DHR2: 1434 ± 202 u.L-1) and again on d4 only in the DHR2 group (1110 ± 184 u.L-1). A similar IL-6 and IL-10 response was evident immediately post DHR in all individuals. Additional IL-6 was released in the DHR2 subgroup peaking at 4h (10.3 ± 4.2 pg.mL-1) whereas IL-10 had returned to baseline. IL-1ra (23.6 ± 8.8 pg.mL-1), CD68+ (5%) and CD163+ (3%) monocytes were significantly higher in the DHR2 subgroup. Neutrophil count at 2h (DHR1: 8.6 ± 0.8 x109 cells.L-1, DHR2: 11.4 ± 1.8 x109 cells.L-1) was significantly (p<0.02) correlated to CK activity on d4. PBMC NFĸB p65 nuclear localization was slightly less at 2h in the DHR2 compared to the DHR1 and control groups. Intramuscular STAT3 signalling and MPO were significantly higher in the DHR2 compared to the DHR1 subgroup at 4h and d2 respectively. The progenitor cell response was similar for all DHR individuals with an increase in Pax7+ SC observed at 4h (0.06 ± 0.01 Pax+ SCs/fibre) and d1 (0.07 ± 0.02 Pax+ SCs/fibre). Conclusion: Healthy young men can be divided into those with a adequate and those with a less efficient capacity to control the post damage inflammatory response. The early cytokine response, especially IL-6, seems to be a key role player in the cascade of events leading to late secondary skeletal muscle damage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die begrip van uiteenlopende individuele reaksie patrone, is belangrik in die identifisering van faktore asook meganismes betrokke in die ontwikkeling en resolusie van inflammasie. Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek was om die gevolge van oefening-geïnduseerde spierskade en inflammasie te ondersoek in menslike proefpersone. Metodiek: ‘n Totaal van 53 gesonde mans is tydens drie verskillende studies, gegroepeer in ’n kontrole (geen oefening) (n=13) en oefening geinduseerde spier skade (DHR) groep (n=40). Die uitleg van de studies was eenders (met min uitsonderings): Afdraende hardloop (12 x 5min hardloop sessies, 10% afdraende, 15km.h-1) met bloed monsters geneem voor, na, 2 ure, 4 ure (pre, post, 2h, 4h) en op dag 1, 2, 3, 4 en 7 (d1-7). Serum is ontleed vir die volgende: kreatien kinase aktiwiteit (CK), kortisol, sitokiene (TNFα, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sIL-6R), chemokien (G-CSF, MIP-1β) en adhesie molekuul (sICAM-1, sP-selectin) konsentrasies. Weefsel degradasie is vasgestel deur die teenwoordigheid van matriks metalo-protease-9 (MMP-9) en miëloperoksidase (MPO) in serum te meet. Differensiële witbloed sel (WBC) telling asook die teenwoordigheid van sekere differensiasie faktore (CD11b, CD163, CD68, CD88, CD34) op die sel oppervlak asook intrasellulêre MPO vlakke is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van vloeisitometrie. Die lokalisering van NFĸB in die selkerne van geïsoleerde bloed mononukleêre selle (PBMC) is bepaal deur fluoriserende mikroskopie. Spierbiopsies (vastus lateralis) geneem tydens rus (basislyn), na 4h, en op d1 en d2 is ontleed vir veseltipe, inflammatoriese en stresverwante faktore (STAT3, IĸBα, p38 MAPK), miogeniese faktore (myoD, myogenin), neutrofiel aktiwiteit (MPO) en aantal satelliet selle (Pax7). Resultate: Deelnemers in die DHR-groep is onderverdeel in twee groepe. Persone wat normaalweg herstel het is saam gegroepeer (DHR1) en diegene wat sekondêre skade ontwikkel het is saam gegroepeer (DHR2). CK aktiwiteit in serum het hoogtepunte bereik op d1 in beide subgroepe (DHR1: 1512 ± 413 u.L-1, DHR2: 1434 ± 202 u.L-1) en weer op d4 in die DHR2 groep (1110 ± 184 u.L-1). 'n Soortgelyke IL-6 en IL-10 reaksie is onmiddellik na oefening (in al die proefpersone) waargeneem. Addisionele IL-6 is vrygestel in die DHR2 subgroep en het ’n hoogtepunt bereik na 4h (10.3 ± 4.2 pg.mL-1), terwyl IL-10 reeds teruggekeer het na rustende waardes. IL-1ra (23.6 ± 8.8 pg.mL-1), CD68+ (5%) en CD163+ (3%) monosiete was aansienlik hoër in die DHR2 subgroep. Neutrofieltelling na 2h (DHR1: 8.6 ± 0.8 x109cells.L-1, DHR2: 11.4 ± 1.8 x109cells.L-1) het verband (p <0,02) gehou met CK-aktiwiteit op d4. In vergelyking met die DHR1 en kontrole groep was die lokalisering van NFĸB p65 in PBMC selkerne na 2h effens minder in die DHR2 subgroep. STAT3- en MPO-vlakke in die spiere was aansienlik hoër in die DHR2 subgroep as in die DHR1 subgroep na 4h en op d2 onderskeidelik. Die spierherstel proses was eenders vir alle individue wat aan die oefening deelgeneem het; 'n toename in Pax7+ Satelietselle (SC) is waargeneem na 4h (0.06 ± 0.01 Pax+ SC/spiervesel) en op d1 (0.07 ± 0.02 Pax+ SC/spiervesel). Gevolgtrekking: Gesonde jong mans kan verdeel word in diegene met 'n bevoegde en diegene met 'n minder doeltreffende vermoë om oefenings-geïnduseerde spierskade en die inflammatoriese reaksie te beheer. Die sitokien-reaksie, veral IL-6, blyk om 'n belangrike rolspeler in die ontwikkeling van sekondêre skeletspierskade te wees.
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Van, der Merwe Nicolene. "DNA damage and repair in nail technicians caused by occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds / N. van der Merwe." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4928.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine if exposure to volatile organic compounds can lead to DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacity. Nail cosmetics is a fast growing industry around the world where employees and clients are subjected to various chemical substances which may be harmful to their health: such as formaldehyde, toluene, acetone, xylene, ethylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate and n–buthyl acetate. These chemicals have the potential to be harmful to their health and exposure to these chemicals should be actively controlled. Formaldehyde is classified as a human carcinogen by the IARC, whereas, toluene and xylene are group three carcinogens, classified in 1999 (not classified as carcinogenic to humans), and various studies have linked DNA damage and impaired DNA repair to the above mentioned substances. Methods: Fifteen nail technicians were monitored by means of personal air sampling, measuring formaldehyde, toluene, xylene, acetone and ethylmethacrylate exposure. Fifteen unexposed subjects were chosen and matched for age and smoking habits with the exposed group. Heparinised blood samples were obtained from each test subject with which the Comet Assay was performed on lymphocytes to determine DNA damage and repair ability. Results: Exposure to ethylmethacrylates and methylmethacrylates leads to DNA damage. Methylmethacrylate causes DNA damage by specifically targeting pyrimidine (fpg) bases. N–buthyl acetate, xylene and acetone exposure impaired DNA repair capacity. The exposed group showed signs of Class III and Class IV DNA damage, whereas the control group had little Class III damage and no indication of Class IV damage. The overall DNA repair ability of the nail technicians was slightly impaired when compared to that of the control group, which is in concurrence with previous studies. Smoking habits and age did not show significant influences on the level of DNA damage and repair when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Exposure to volatile organic compounds such as ethylmethacryale and methylmethacrylate may lead to DNA damage and altered DNA repair in some individuals, although further studies are recommended.Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Emmanouil, Christina. "Oxidative stress and macromolecular damage caused by pollutants and repair of oxidised DNA in the gill of Mytilus edulis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8322/.
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Mussels (Mytilus edulis) are able to bioaccumulatc many chemicals including potential genotoxicants in their soft tissues. Certain genotoxicants damage DNA and other macromolecules via production of reactive oxygen species. Genotoxicants can also interfere with DNA repair processes in the cell. This project examined the potential of such agents to produce oxidative damage in gill of mussels both under laboratory and field exposures. Indigenous mussels from a polluted (New Brighton) and a reference (Llandudno) estuary were collected in 2005-2006 and were examined for DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion and effects on repair of DNA damage (8-oxo-deoxyguanosine). From the parameters tested, 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels (assessed using the formamidopyrimidine glycosyJasemodified comet assay) were higher in mussels from the polluted site only during summer whereas repair (cutting) of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in DNA was lower in the polluted site at most collection times. Lipid peroxidation varied according to season. Subsequent maintenance of mussels under clean laboratory conditions for one month abolished the differences between sites in most cases for all the parameters. In vivo exposure of mussels to the metals hexavalent chromium and cadmium also verified DNA damage via reactive oxygen species and the suppression of DNA repair mechanisms (towards either 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine or ethenoadenosine) was shown to be a potential contributor to genotoxicity. Overall, mussels were shown to be sensitive to the genotoxic potential of different aquatic pollutants. The study emphasises the need to measure specific oxidative DNA lesions rather than a simple measurement of frank DNA strand breaks and supports the strategy of "recovery" experiments to determine recoverable, field-induced damage to DNA and other macromolecules.
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Gibb, Robbin Lynn, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Experimental stimulation as a treatment for early brain damage." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/116.
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The current work explores the therapeutic potential of experiential treatments for enhancing functional recovery and anatomical change after early brain damage. Normal rats and rats with perinatal cortical lesions (P2 or P7) were exposed to one of the following treatments: complex housing as juveniles, complex housing as adults, prenatal tactile stimulation, postnatal tactile stimulation, or postnatal handling (removal from the nest with no additional stimulaion). Behavior was assessed in adulthood the Morris water task and the Whishaw reaching task. There were sex differences in the details of the effect of experience on both behavioral recovery and brain morphology. For both sexes treatments initiated prior to or immediately after brain injury were most effective in improving functional outcome. This was correlated with changes in dendritic arborization and Acetylcholinesterase staining. The results suggest that behavioral treatments can be used to stimulate functional recovery after early brain injury.v, [14], 208 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Ragsdale, John. "The role of substance p in bovine pneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4634.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Derek A. Mosier
The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a major concern for cattle producers in the United States and worldwide. One of the most costly and deadly components of BRDC is bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (BPP) caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. The initial pulmonary inflammation associated with BPP is a characteristic serofibrinous exudation into the lung, which is believed to be induced by M. haemolytica virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and leukotoxin (LKT) and host cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor – α, interleukin – 1β, and interleukin – 8. However, these pulmonary changes often occur before virulence factors or cytokines are substantial components of the pulmonary microenvironment. Other proinflammatory molecules such as substance P (SP) may be involved in the pathogenesis of the peracute serofibrinous exudation of BPP. SP is an 11 amino acid long neuropeptide that is a neurotransmitter of pain that can be released from sensory nerves into tissues to cause neurogenic inflammation. Neurogenic inflammation is characterized by serofibrinous exudation and leukocyte activation. SP-like immunoreactivity was present in the airways, alveolar septa, macrophages, endothelium, and peribronchial nerves in both pneumonic and normal bovine lung; however, SP-like immunoreactivity was increased in pneumonic compared to normal bovine lung due to increased immunoreactivity in macrophages. SP and the combination of SP with histamine and LPS increased the permeability of a calf pulmonary arterial endothelial cell line to Evans blue dye labeled albumin by 12.34%, 13.57%, and 22.03%, respectively compared to a cell control. Similarly, SP and the combination of SP and histamine increased the monolayer permeability of a bovine adrenal gland capillary endothelium by 8.27% and 16.69% compared to a cell control. The increase in permeability was due to endothelial cell shape change and the formation of intercellular gaps rather than cell death. However, SP does not increase the surface expression of the β2 integrin CD18 (the M. haemolytica LKT receptor) on bovine neutrophils nor does it increase LKT-induced leukocytotoxicity of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes. These findings indicate that SP may be a contributor to BPP in association with other cytokines.
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Dempsey, Brian. "SMALL MAMMAL MORTALITY CAUSED BY ROADSIDE CONTAINERS ON A HEAVILY TRAFFICED FOREST SERVICE ROADIN THE CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/207.
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Discarded containers along roadways trap and kill small mammals. Significant numbers of small-mammal remains were found inside containers along Cherokee National Forest roads in remotes areas in a previous study. In this study, we investigated the effects of containers along a 5.5 km stretch of a more heavily used 2-lane forest service road in the Cherokee National Forest. 308 containers were collected from five different pull-off sites and within those were 13 small-mammal skulls representing 5 species of mammals including Sorex longirostris (Southeastern Shrew) and Synaptomys cooperi (Southern Bog Lemming), which are deemed species of greatest conservation need and in need of management by the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency. Like the previous study, it was found that glass bottles disproportionately trapped more small mammals than plastic or aluminum. Additionally, we also discovered the orientation and can openings for all available containers and found that containers oriented upslope (>15°) were significantly more likely to have a mortality impact than any other container orientation.
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Bhabra, Gev. "DNA damage caused by cobalt chromium and ceramic orthopaedic wear debris across a model placental barrier : an in vitro study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633449.
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Metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic hip replacements generate low volumes of wear debris and have been used increasingly in younger, more physically demanding patients. Metal-on-metal implants generate micron-sized and nano-sized particles of cobalt chromium alloy (CoCr) and ions of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr). Ceramic-on-ceramic implants generate nanoparticles of alumina ceramic. There are concerns that the unique properties of metal nanoparticles may allow them access across cellular barriers to cause toxicity to privileged sites in the body. In 2010 the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency published a report highlighting a specific concern regarding the potential toxicity of CoCr wear debris across a placenta to an unborn child in utero. Addressing this concern would not be possible using epidemiological studies, and differences in placental morphology prohibit simple extrapolation from animal models. We have therefore used an in vitro, dual chamber model to determine whether CoCr and ceramic wear debris can cause DNA damage to human fibroblasts separated from the debris by an intact cellular barrier. We have used a multilayered BeWo cell barrier that has similarities to the human placenta in vivo, and used the comet and y-H2AX assays to measure DNA damage. Co and Cr ions, CoCr micron-sized and nano-sized particles, and ceramic nanoparticles all caused DNA damage to human fibroblasts across the BeWo cell barrier. None of the exposures adversely affected the barrier permeability or integrity, and the metal was not transported across the barrier. Instead, these indirect effects were dependant on a mechanism involving intercellular and paracellular signalling through connexin 43 gap junctions and hemichannels. The threshold concentration at which Cr ions caused DNA damage was 5 parts per billion; a concentration equivalent to that found in the peripheral blood of some patients with well-functioning metal-on-metal hip replacements. The dose of CoCr and ceramic particles necessary to cause DNA damage across the barrier was high, and unlikely to be relevant in most patients with well-functioning implants.
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Joubert, Deon Ernst. "The business judgment rule and the liability of directors for the environmental damage caused by the South African mining industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62540.
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The South African mining industry is viewed as the locomotive of the economic
development in South Africa and has been a leading contributor to the economy for
more than a century. However, the price paid for economic growth has left South
Africa with a "mining legacy" and mining companies now face an upsurge of politically
and regulatory induced challenges. Directors of mining companies have to act with a
certain level of duty of care, skill and diligence in order for them to navigate through
these various challenges. The heightened awareness of environmental degradation
caused by mining has seen a rise in stricter mining liability legislation in South Africa,
with a specific focus on company and director liability. The result is that directors are
now faced with the possibility of personal liability when performing their executive
function. According to the business judgment rule, directors will be shielded from
liability if they acted with the necessary duty of care.
The objective of this dissertation is to examine to what extent the business judgment
rule will offer protection to a director of a mining company where the director caused
environmental damage. The analysis of this study will be conducted in the context of
the environmental damage caused by a mining company due to the decision making
and 'governance' of the mining company's director or directors.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Moodley, Alecia Genise. "Analysing the international civil liability regime for oil pollution damage caused by ships and aligning with it the South African civil liability regime for oil pollution damage cause by ships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29257.
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Oil-fouled beaches, dying seabirds and severe economic loss from the closure of fishing grounds and holiday resorts is the picture painted by oil spills, and these consequences often arouse public outrage. Oil spills cause extensive damage to the marine environment and to human society. Indeed, the economic consequences are often extensive, and it is for this reason that the internationalisation of a civil liability regime for oil pollution damage was initially proposed. The first move towards an international civil liability regime came when states which were affected by an unprecedented oil spill made it clear that individual states could not cope alone with these negative effects. The tanker held responsible for the oil spill which has been described as ‘the greatest peace-time menace ever to have confronted Britain’s shores’ was Liberian-registered tanker, the Torrey Canyon About 6 000 nautical miles south of Pollard rock, which was struck by the Torrey Canyon in 1967, lays the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (SA). The route that runs through the Cape of Good Hope is one of the busiest oil tanker routes in the world and this contributes to the large volume of oil traffic in this route. The Cape of Good Hope is also known as the ‘Cape of Storms’ and many vessels have faltered off this hazardous coastline of SA. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) to address pollution prevention, the 1969 Intervention Convention to deal with emergency response, the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund convention) were enacted after the Torrey Canyon disaster, once it was clear that the international regime was not sufficient to deal with such an immense oil spill. 8 In addition, and of paramount importance, is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which is known as the “framework” or ”umbrella” convention in the international law of the sea. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and compare the International and the South African civil liability regimes on oil pollution damage caused by ships. This comparative analogy will be done with the view of ascertaining whether the legal regime of South Africa (SA) is in line with the international civil liability regime and to ascertain what improvements can be made to SA’s civil liability regime. During this analysis, any inadequacies identified in these regimes will be addressed briefly. South Africa gave effect to the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund convention by enacting the Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6 of 1981 (MPA)(own emphasis). SA, however, only acceded to the 1992 protocols of amendment on 1 October 2005 (own emphasis) and, subsequently, did not implement these amendments domestically. Eight years later, the government finally updated the domestic law by providing for the domestic enactment of the provisions as contained in the 1992 protocols. In December 2013 (own emphasis), the Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Act 25 of 2013 (“MSCLC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 24 of 2013 (“the IOPC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Administrations Act 35 of 2013 (“Administrations act”), and the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Contributions Act 36 of 2013 (“Contributions act”) was enacted by Parliament. This dissertation serves to explore these laws of SA against the backdrop of the relevant international conventions including the UNCLos which provides a general framework. Prior to these amendment laws, SA’s regime was outdated and provided insufficient compensation for a major oil spill. The primary research question of this dissertation is: Is SA’s civil liability regime consistent with, aligned with and adequate in light of, the international civil liability regime? In order to answer the abovementioned research question, this dissertation adopts the following structure: It is divided into five chapters which will follow one another as the civil liability regime is being unpacked and analysed. Chapter 1 contains an introduction, background, and sets out the scope and limits of this topic; It furthermore provides a brief literature review on civil liability to aid in understanding the main topic of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 it will be beneficial to look at the brief history behind the international regulation of marine oil pollution in order to grasp the reasoning behind the existing international regime. Therefore, the international history will first be addressed, and thereafter a comprehensive analysis of the various conventions that make up the international regime will be done. There will also be an indication of certain inadequacies which may be contained therein, before concluding and moving the focus to SA in the next chapter. It will then be of importance to address SA’s liability regime critically. In Chapter 3 the new marine pollution acts are dissected whilst keeping in mind the broad themes that originate in the international conventions. This third chapter also addresses whether the MSCLC act has strengthened the South African regime and whether SA will have access to the compensation funds after the enactment of the IOPC Fund Act. Chapter 4 will accordingly look at the laws of general application in SA with a view of ascertaining how these laws complement the civil liability regime and how reliance on them could improve the South African regime. Furthermore, recommendations will be made with regards to improving SA’s regime. Finally, this dissertation will come to a conclusion in Chapter 5 which will also briefly summarise the findings of the previous chapters.
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Aljohani, Abdullah Saleh M. "Early and late responses to timed alkylation damage in alkyladenine DNA glycosylase animal models." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842387/.
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Vision loss impacts >30 million people worldwide. Mutations in over 50 genes can predispose to the retinal-degenerative disease retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Despite this clear genetic component, disease progression in RP is potentially linked to environmental factors such as light, which can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage and inducing photoreceptor cell death. Alkylating agents are used to produce animal models of RP as DNA alkylating agents induce photoreceptor cell death. This cytotoxicity is mediated via the DNA repair protein alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag). Hence, we hypothesise that Aag-mediated processing of DNA base damage in photoreceptors affects their function and the light responses in the animal. In-vivo, light/dark cycle entrained wild-type and Aag null mice were treated with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), under constant light or dark conditions, and harvested 6, 48, and 72-hours post-treatment for histopathological and gene expression analysis. In-vitro, wild-type and Aag null primary embryonic fibroblast cells (pMEFs) were treated with MMS at different circadian phases, and assessed for their circadian phase-response to MMS. Marginal light exacerbation of Aag-mediated retinal-degeneration upon alkylation-exposure is observed in wild-type retinas. Photoreceptor cell function is apparently affected basally and upon alkylation-exposure in wild-type and Aag null mice. Mice melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells are resistant to alkylation-damage with no reduction in melanopsin expression. Early gene expression analysis of wild-type and Aag null mice tissues in response to MMS-treatment showed a link between Aag status and upregulation of key cellular stress response mechanisms. MMS seemed to reset the circadian clock in pMEFs in a circadian-time dependent-manner without involving Aag. Aag-deficience can rescue alkylation sensitivity in specific cell types via reducing BER-intermediates accumulation, but Aag is required to play a role in the transcriptional activation of several key genes associated with cell survival, death and function upon alkylation-exposure.
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李雅茜. "違約精神損害賠償研究 : Study on compensation for mental damage caused by breach of contract." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880541.
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Wang, Bin. "Enhanced cadmium-induced testicular necrosis and renal proximal tubular damage caused by gene-dose increase in a Slc39a8-Transgenic mouse line." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1172086886.
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Reisinger, Florian [Verfasser], Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Heikenwälder, and Iris [Akademischer Betreuer] Antes. "Inflammation induced liver damage caused by viral infection or abberant metabolism / Florian Reisinger. Gutachter: Iris Antes ; Mathias Heikenwälder. Betreuer: Mathias Heikenwälder." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076124917/34.
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Rieter, Douglas K. "A Survey of the General Public Assessing Public Attitudes Toward Animal Damage Control Management Policy." DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4021.
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A mail survey of randomly selected stratified U.S. households assessed general attitudes toward wildlife and specific concerns about wildlife damage management and the federal Animal Damage Control program. Respondents strongly supported federal government's role in ensuring public safety , engaging in public education, and continuing research into nonlethal control methods. Weaker support was found for lethal control of predators and crop depredators, and financial compensation for losses due to wildlife activities was generally opposed. Lethal methods of control were generally considered to be inhumane and nonlethal methods humane. When asked to rank the importance of factors to be considered when selecting management methods, II human safety ranked highest followed by animal suffering, effectiveness, environmental impacts, severity of problem, and ability to target the specific problem animal. The lowest ranked factor was public opinion. Considered as a whole, results suggest that U.S. citizens want a role in wildlife damage policy formation but respect wildlife professionals ' judgment in specific management situations.
This study also assessed attitudes and beliefs about wildlife damage management (WDM) activities and federal government agencies ' roles in carrying out those activities. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine if variables such as environmental attitude, wildlife experience, and sociodemographic characteristics explained levels of support for WDM activities and the importance of the federal government's role . Respondents generally support WDM operations. Differences in respondents' general environmental attitudes and enjoyment of hunting accounted for most of the variation in their attitudes toward WDM practices. Independent variables that most influenced perceived importance of federal involvement in WDM were sex , age, education, and general environmental attitudes.
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Schroeder, Susan A. "A Survey of Employees of the United States Department of Agriculture's Animal Damage Control Program." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6475.
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This study examined the attitudes of employees of the United States Department of Agriculture's Animal Damage Control (ADC) Program. This research examined ADC employees' attitudes about wildlife, the ADC program and ADC employment, wildlife damage management methods, euthanasia and the killing process, and the role of various public and private groups on ADC policy. This study also applied the theory of organizational capture to the ADC program to test its utility in explaining the attitudes and behaviors of employees. Results were based on a survey of ADC employees conducted in January 1995.
Survey responses were analyzed to explore associations between employee attitudes and job type or time of service at ADC. Job type was found to be a better indicator of employee attitudes than time of service. Field and management employees tended to have more positive views of ADC and ADC employment compared with research employees. Respondents with different job types perceived different levels of effectiveness and humaneness for wildlife control methods. In general, field employees viewed lethal techniques as more effective and humane than research employees. Similarly, research employees reported nonlethal techniques to be more effective and humane than field employees. Finally, research employees felt that outside interest groups should have more influence on ADC practices than field and management employees felt they should.
ADC employees were found to have some characteristics indicative of organizational capture. They had a homogeneous client base, and were resistant to reaching out to nontraditional clients in the face of opposition from traditional clients. However, they were not deflected from the ADC mission. Because respondents indicated conformity to the ADC mission, ADC was found to be at most variably captured by its traditional farming and ranching clientele.
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Ji, Min [Verfasser], Manfred F. [Gutachter] Buchroithner, Elmar [Gutachter] Csaplovics, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Sulzer. "Mapping Building Damage Caused by Earthquakes Using Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning / Min Ji ; Gutachter: Manfred F. Buchroithner, Elmar Csaplovics, Wolfgang Sulzer." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1227832761/34.
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Childers, Martin K. "Contraction-induced muscle damage in dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy." free to MU campus, others may purchase free online, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/preview?3074385.
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Hurst, Brett L. "Development of Mouse Models for Respiratory and Neurological Disease Caused by Enterovirus D68 and Evaluation of Antiviral Therapies." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7421.
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Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a virus that normally causes disease in children. While this virus typically causes a respiratory infection, in 2014, a large outbreak of the virus was associated with patients that had paralysis of the arms or legs. Even though the virus was discovered in 1962, little was known about the life cycle of the virus or its ability to cause disease. An animal model of disease was needed to understand how the virus causes disease and to develop antiviral compounds to target the virus life cycle.
We adapted the virus by serial-passage in lung tissues from mice deficient in interferon receptors. Using the adapted virus, we established a model of respiratory disease where the virus was able to replicate and cause moderate damage to the lung tissue. We created a separate model of disease where the virus caused paralysis and mortality in infected mice, similar to symptoms seen in infected children. Lastly, we evaluated several antiviral compounds to determine if they were able to protect the mice from virus replication and mortality. Guanidine was able to reduce the amount of virus in each tissue as well as protect mice from paralysis and mortality. In addition, human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG), a mixture of pooled antibodies from human donors, did not reduce the amount of virus in the lungs, but did protect mice from paralysis and mortality.
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McDonnell, Bronagh. "Characterisation of radiation-induced bladder damage : functional, structural and molecular changes in animal and human models." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707835.
Full textAbstract:
Up to 80% of patients who receive pelvic radiotherapy e.g. for prostate, cervical or bladder cancer, develop bladder dysfunction during treatment; characterised by urgency, increased frequency and impaired voiding ability which have a negative impact on patient quality of life. Irradiated animal models share a similar pathophysiology. Urodynamic analysis reveals a reduced bladder capacity and/or increased urination frequency within 1 week of pelvic irradiation. Functional abnormalities are attributed, at least in part to a damaged mucosal layer, evident within 24 hours of radiation exposure. However, mechanisms leading to disturbed bladder contractility have not been elucidated. Recently the mucosal layer has been shown to have a profound influence on detrusor contractility involving local and central signalling mechanisms. The impact of the mucosa on detrusor contractility in the irradiated bladder has never been assessed. The present study describes an early radiation-induced effect on detrusor contraction in guinea-pig bladder strips, specifically mediated by the mucosal layer. Nerve-evoked contractions were significantly reduced in intact but not mucosa-free bladder strips. Importantly K+ contractions were unaffected by irradiation indicating maintenance of Ca2+-sensitive contractile mechanisms in smooth muscle cells. These results demonstrate an early radiation-induced negative signalling effect on bladder function mediated by the mucosal layer. One week following in vivo irradiation in the mouse bladder, a mucosa-mediated negative signalling which again impaired nerve-evoked contractions, as well as ATP, CCh, and K+-evoked contractions was observed. Interestingly, nerve-evoked contraction in mucosa-free strips was similar to control implying the potential for normal strength voiding contraction; however, the relative contribution of cholinergic, purinergic and residual components was altered suggesting remodelling of underlying excitation-contraction coupling pathways. In addition, disturbed IC networks in the irradiated bladder were investigated with immunohistochemistry and TEM, demonstrating their sensitivity to radiation. In keeping with mucosa-mediated damage, we also report for the first time, elevated urinary NGF in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy associated with IPSS peak symptom severity and reduced bladder capacity. In summary, the findings of the present study demonstrate for the first time that irradiation negatively impacts bladder contractility predominantly via the mucosal layer. Functional damage may involve structural and/or functional damage to bladder interstitial cells and remodelling involving NGF.