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Ding, Menglong, Chuan Zeng, and Wieslaw K. Binienda. "Assessment on aerodynamic degradation for wing-damaged transport aircraft." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 7 (May 29, 2020): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2019-0220.
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Purpose Wingtip loss is an existing type of transport aircraft hazard which is a real threat to flight safety caused by a missile strike, underwing engine explosion or impact with obstructions when performing near-ground operations. The primary effect of the wingtip loss is an asymmetric rolling moment, which may result in the fatal loss of control for the aircraft. This study aims to assess whether aerodynamic degradation will cause a wing-damaged transport aircraft to lose its balance under a certain level of wing damage and if a pilot can compensate for the loss of aerodynamic force and regain the balance of the aircraft. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, experimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a wingtip-lost transport aircraft in landing configuration. Various levels of wing damages including wingtip, slat and flap loss were considered. The numerical simulations were performed with ANSYS Fluent. The computational fluid dynamics calculation was validated by wind tunnel tests. Findings The aerodynamic performance of the aircraft with wing-damaged condition was presented. It was revealed that the wingtip loss leads to an asymmetric rolling moment and a reduction of the lift force, which affects the balance of the transport aircraft. The methods to compensate for the lift force and the asymmetric rolling moment were investigated for a safe landing. The lateral balance cannot be maintained in cases with serious damage on the wing (larger than 53% of the semi-span) or moderate damage on the wing with loss of slats and flaps. Originality/value The nonlinear results indicate the importance of aerodynamic assessment for the sake of training pilots to properly handle the hazard situation and explore the critical facts leading to the air crash.
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Bao, Rui, Tao Li, Xinyi Zhang, Xiao Fu, Yu Zhao, Mingfang Tang, and Hongbing Deng. "Study on forest ecosystem damage assessment system and management system." Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v5i2.1628.
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Ecological environment damage events will destroy or damage the balance between animal and plant habitats and ecosystems, and even pose a threat to China’s ecological security. However, at present, there are some problems in the identification and evaluation of forest ecosystem damage, such as imperfect evaluation system, insufficient quantitative evaluation methods, imperfect damage compensation management system, and lack of analysis of the overall damage of the interaction between human activities and forest ecosystem. Based on the damaged object, the system involves a total of four first-class indicators, including physical damage, mental damage, economic forest fruit loss, forest by-products loss, processing and manufacturing loss, forest tourism loss, scientific research literature and history loss, soil conservation loss, water conservation loss, wind prevention and sand fixation loss, carbon fixation and oxygen release loss, atmospheric purification loss. There are 14 secondary indicators of emergency treatment fee and investigation and evaluation fee, as well as 22 tertiary indicators, and the value quantification method of each indicator is clarified by using market value method, alternative cost method, shadow engineering method, recovery cost method and other methods. The article also discusses the management system of forest ecosystem damage from the two aspects of forestry technology department and judicial administration department. The purpose is to provide reference for the quantification and standardization of forest ecosystem damage assessment technology and the improvement of management system.
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Modebadze, Grigol. "Residential and Non-Residential Building Damage and Loss Assessment in Georgia." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p265.
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This paper responds to the necessity for the creation of a unified disaster damage and loss assessment method for residential and non-residential buildings in Georgia. The objective of this study is to elaborate on an improved standardized formula for damage assessment in the residential and non-residential sector. The formula provides additional clarity to the various worldwide methodologies and frameworks presently used in the damage assessment of buildings and structures. The paper itself provides four key findings: 1) that each assessment approach and the amount of damage and loss calculated for the residential sector are based on various subjective opinions (non-systematic/standardized damage assessment approaches), derived from the best knowledge from commissions created at the municipal level; 2) a review of global methodologies and frameworks revealed a clear gap in the provision of formulas for calculating economic losses in the residential and non-residential sector; 3) the need for a comprehensive explanation of the unit cost of construction in the UNISDR methodology was identified; and 4) the necessity to collect detailed and specific data for the damage and loss calculation, alongside a requirement for frequent renewals of the integrated database (associated with the need for additional resources) – without which it often leads many countries, including Georgia, to use ineffective methodologies (e.g., HAZUS). Therefore, the study offers a new and original approach for assessing damaged buildings and provides an alternative method to fill the gap in the damage assessment of particular types of buildings and structures. Moreover, the paper proposes a building damage assessment formula that does not require specific databases to be frequently updated or integrated within the GIS system.
Keywords: Disaster Assessment, Residential and Non-residential Sector, Disaster Resilience, Applied Approach, Damage and Loss, Georgia
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Scawthorn, Charles, Paul Flores, Neil Blais, Hope Seligson, Eric Tate, Stephanie Chang, Edward Mifflin, et al. "HAZUS-MH Flood Loss Estimation Methodology. II. Damage and Loss Assessment." Natural Hazards Review 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2006)7:2(72).
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Horoshkova, Lidiia, Dmytro Antoniuk, and Olena Vasyl’yeva. "Methodological principles of loss of profit assessment." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-181-191.
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Relevance of the research. Russian military aggression against Ukraine has caused significant material losses to the Ukrainian economy: the infrastructure destruction, as well as destruction and damage of businesses property of all forms of ownership. Losses are particularly significant for small and medium-sized businesses, which have a high degree of risk and revenue instability due to significant dependence on external factors. Small and medium-sized businesses are naturally focused on the available resources, which, in the first place, may be lost or damaged. Small business development performing some specific socio-economic functions acts as a driving force of many economies around the world. That is it will be extremely important for the reconstruction of Ukraine's economy in the postwar period. Problem statement. To restore Ukraine, there is a need to assess losses of economic entities, which include value of damaged property and loss of profit. Therefore, today there is a need to quickly develop an algorithm / methodology to assess loss of profit from hostilities. Analysis of recent studies and publications. The nature of losses and benefits in a number of regulatory sources, namely the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Commercial Code of Ukraine, the National Regulation (Standard) of Accounting and "General Requirements for Financial Reporting" has been analyzed. Unsolved parts of the general problem. Amid Russia's armed aggression in Ukraine, the property of legal entities and individuals is being damaged and destroyed. Recently the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has been adopted Resolution № 326 dated March 20, 2022. It concerns the compensation of the value of destroyed (damaged) property as a result of the war to legal entities. Regarding the assessment (examination) of loss of profit, there is no appropriate methodology of loss of profit calculation and determining its size in Ukraine. Moreover, the legislator does not link the plaintiff's right to compensate for damages with the methodology (method) of their assessment. Task and objective. The above circumstances determine the feasibility of developing methodology for calculating loss of profit and its size to create the mechanism for its compensation, taking into account sectoral characteristics of small and medium-sized businesses. Study methodology. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and grouping analysis) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used in the research. The main material (study results). The methodology for estimating the loss of profit of business entities as a result of hostilities (aggression) has been developed. The following criteria should be used to determine the loss of profit: typical circumstances, reasonable costs, and compensation. There is a term to determine the loss of profit. That is to confirm its reality and materiality, and a reasonable amount of estimated revenue or profit. The methodology involves determining eight key indicators (groups of indicators) of an entity based on the analysis of its financial, accounting and tax reporting. It is also an opportunity to take into account when determining the loss of profit the nature and type of business activity. If it is a stable company during a long period, the basis for determining the amount of compensation may be based on its financial statements for 3-5 years. If there is no information about long-term activities, it is advisable to use scenario analysis. Expert assessment can also be performed by building a mathematical model on the principles of information sufficiency, using accounting and financial documents. The loss of profit assessment can be done using direct, evaluation or hybrid approaches, depending on the business specifics. When determining the loss of profit, it is advisable to take into account peculiarities of doing business in different fields of national economy. The loss of qualified personnel and additional training costs play an important role in the industrial sector; the service sector may incur losses in the form of loss of profit without damage or loss of property; the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable sector in terms of loss of profit due to the war, as well as the most difficult object to calculate the amount of loss of profit having too many factors, which must be taken into account. In our opinion, the loss of profit as a result of armed aggression can take place without direct material damage and as a result of reduction or termination of business performance during the war, which contradicts the Resolution № 326, and requires further regulation. Conclusions. The methodology for assessing the loss of profit of a business entity as a result of hostilities (aggression) has been developed. The methodology involves determining eight key indicators (groups of indicators) of an entity based on the analysis of its financial, accounting and tax reporting. It has been proved that it is advisable to take into account the peculiarities of doing business in different sectors of national economy. The loss of qualified personnel and additional training costs play an important role in the industrial sector; the service sector may have losses in the form of loss of profit without damage or loss of property; the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable sector in terms of loss of profit due to the war, as well as the most difficult object to calculate the amount of loss of profit having too many factors, which must be taken into account. It has been proved that the loss of profit as a result of armed aggression can take place without direct material damage and as a result of reduction or termination of business performance during war.
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Rahman, Md Shahinoor, and Liping Di. "A Systematic Review on Case Studies of Remote-Sensing-Based Flood Crop Loss Assessment." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040131.
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This article reviews case studies which have used remote sensing data for different aspects of flood crop loss assessment. The review systematically finds a total of 62 empirical case studies from the past three decades. The number of case studies has recently been increased because of increased availability of remote sensing data. In the past, flood crop loss assessment was very generalized and time-intensive because of the dependency on the survey-based data collection. Remote sensing data availability makes rapid flood loss assessment possible. This study groups flood crop loss assessment approaches into three broad categories: flood-intensity-based approach, crop-condition-based approach, and a hybrid approach of the two. Flood crop damage assessment is more precise when both flood information and crop condition are incorporated in damage assessment models. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different loss assessment approaches. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat are the dominant sources of optical remote sensing data for flood crop loss assessment. Remote-sensing-based vegetation indices (VIs) have significantly been utilized for crop damage assessments in recent years. Many case studies also relied on microwave remote sensing data, because of the inability of optical remote sensing to see through clouds. Recent free-of-charge availability of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1 will advance flood crop damage assessment. Data for the validation of loss assessment models are scarce. Recent advancements of data archiving and distribution through web technologies will be helpful for loss assessment and validation.
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Shrestha, Buddhi Raj. "An Assessment of Disaster Loss and Damage in Nepal." Geographic Base 6 (October 27, 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v6i0.26166.
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A disaster is a natural or manmade hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or drastic change to the environment. Due to diverse geographical coverage, Nepal is prone to various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards. This paper tries to show the types of disaster, losses and damages induced by disaster and analyze the trend and geographical distribution of disaster in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data sources. Disaste r events data were collected from NSET and other government research papers, library etc. 26,665 events were reported during a 45 year and 43,868 people were died, 2,828 people were missing by disaster. Fire, flood landslide, accident and thunderstorms are major disasters in terms of occurrences and Earthquake, flood, and landslide are the major disasters in terms of damages and losses. The trend of disaster events is gradually increasing from the 1971 to 2000 but after 2000 the trend of disaster is drastically increasing to 2016. Annually 593 disaster events have occurred in Nepal. The data of impacts caused by the disasters also reveal that the estimated annual economic loss is increasing with the increasing frequency of disasters. The number of natural disasters as well as the number of corresponding casualties, injured and affected people, and economic loss is steadily on the rise. Tarai and Hilly districts are highly vulnerable than Mountain districts and Hill and Tarai region are most affected than Mountain region due different disaster in Nepal. The Tarai and some central hill districts are most vulnerable in terms of disasters occurrences. Among the seven provinces, province no 3 recorded the highest number of human deaths and disasters occurrences.
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Yamaguchi, Kazuko, Ryota Ii, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Ecosystem damage assessment of land transformation using species loss." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23, no. 12 (March 30, 2016): 2327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1072-2.
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Liu, Changxin, Hailing Zhang, and Zheng Wang. "Study on the Functional Improvement of Economic Damage Assessment for the Integrated Assessment Model." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051280.
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The economic damage function of the integrated assessment model (IAM) is used to quantify the economic loss caused by climate change, and it is quite important for coupling the economic system and natural system in a model. However, there are many shortcomings of the damage function in the current IAM. The most important shortcoming is that the only climatic factor in the damage function is the global annual mean temperature rise, which would result in the estimation deviating from reality. We improved the damage function by introducing extreme climate change events. Additionally, the improved damage function is applicable to the regional characteristics by using regional climate change data. The extreme climate event information is extracted with the categories of the disasters. The damage function is set up by using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method based on the climate data and economic loss data. The results show that the improved IAM damage function can better reflect the actual climate change economic loss in China, making it more reasonable. This paper provides an important method and technical solution for the realization of an effective connection between the disaster damage function of the integrated assessment model and the climate elements of the Earth system model.
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Gold, C. S., P. E. Ragama, R. Coe, and N. D. T. M. Rukazambuga. "Selection of assessment methods for evaluating banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage on highland cooking banana (Musa spp., genome group AAA-EA)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 2 (April 2005): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004341.
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AbstractCosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is an important pest on bananas and plantains. Population build-up is slow and damage becomes increasingly important in successive crop cycles (ratoons). Yield loss results from plant loss, mat disappearance and reduced bunch size. Damage assessment requires destructive sampling and is most often done on corms of recently harvested plants. A wide range of damage assessment methods exist and there are no agreed protocols. It is critical to know what types of damage best reflect C. sordidus pest status through their relationships with yield loss. Multiple damage assessment parameters (i.e. for the corm periphery, cortex and central cylinder) were employed in two yield loss trials and a cultivar-screening trial in Uganda. Damage to the central cylinder had a greater effect on plant size and yield loss than damage to the cortex or corm periphery. In some cases, a combined assessment of damage to the central cylinder and cortex showed a better relationship with yield loss than an assessment of the central cylinder alone. Correlation, logistic and linear regression analyses showed weak to modest correlations between damage to the corm periphery and damage to the central cylinder. Thus, damage to the corm periphery is not a strong predictor of the more important damage to the central cylinder. Therefore, C. sordidus damage assessment should target the central cylinder and cortex.
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Kim, Haeryung, Sunggyu Lee, Eunah Jung, and Heeyeun Yoon. "Establishment of Damage Assessment Inventory and Damage Analysis Methods for Estimating Economic Loss." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 18, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2018.18.3.125.
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Xue, Xiao Guang, Yan Xiong, and Xu Chao Song. "Earthquake Loss Assessment Based on Industry Association." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.747.
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current research on earthquake damage assessment summarizes In this paper，the composition of the input-output tables and internal relations were introduced, given the earthquake loss assessment methods which base on industry association.
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SUPPASRI, ANAWAT, SHUNICHI KOSHIMURA, FUMIHIKO IMAMURA, ANAT RUANGRASSAMEE, and PIYAWAT FOYTONG. "A REVIEW OF TSUNAMI DAMAGE ASSESSMENT METHODS AND BUILDING PERFORMANCE IN THAILAND." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, no. 05 (December 2013): 1350036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111350036x.
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Although the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami occurred several years ago and all the building repair and infrastructure reconstruction needed in Thailand to repair the damage caused by the tsunami are complete, there is still a need for damage assessment methods that can be used in future tsunami damage assessments in Thailand and that can possibly be applied to other countries. This study summarizes three methods for assessing tsunami damage, "tsunami damage criteria," "tsunami damage ratios" and "tsunami fragility curves," based on damage data from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand, and these methods are compared using other tsunami events. Using the data from a field survey of damaged buildings, tsunami damage criteria were summarized for each degree of damage as a function of inundation depth for different building types. Tsunami damage ratios were summarized using building damage data obtained from surveys in the field and reconstruction cost estimates provided by the Thai government. The fragility curves developed were validated based on building performance data obtained from full-scale experiments on buildings and columns. Despite differences in the tsunami characteristics (inundation depth, current velocity and hydrodynamic force), the damage probabilities were nearly the same. The summarized methods might be useful for future tsunami damage assessments and loss estimation in Thailand and serve as guidelines for tsunami damage assessment in other countries.
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Petrucci, O., and G. Gullà. "A Support Analysis Framework for mass movement damage assessment: applications to case studies in Calabria (Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 2 (March 11, 2009): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-315-2009.
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Abstract. The analysis of data describing damage caused by mass movements in Calabria (Italy) allowed the organisation of the Support Analysis Framework (SAF), a spreadsheet that converts damage descriptions into numerical indices expressing direct, indirect, and intangible damage. The SAF assesses damage indices of past mass movements and the potential outcomes of dormant phenomena re-activations. It is based on the effects on damaged elements and is independent of both physical and geometric phenomenon characteristics. SAF sections that assess direct damage encompass several lines, each describing an element characterised by a value fixed on a relative arbitrary scale. The levels of loss are classified as: L4: complete; L3: high; L2: medium; or L1: low. For a generic line l, the SAF multiplies the value of a damaged element by its level of loss, obtaining dl, the contribution of the line to the damage. Indirect damage is appraised by two sections accounting for: (a) actions aiming to overcome emergency situations and (b) actions aiming to restore pre-movement conditions. The level of loss depends on the number of people involved (a) or the cost of actions (b). For intangible damage, the level of loss depends on the number of people involved. We examined three phenomena, assessing damage using the SAF and SAFL, customised versions of SAF based on the elements actually present in the analysed municipalities that consider the values of elements in the community framework. We show that in less populated, inland, and affluent municipalities, the impact of mass movements is greater than in coastal areas. The SAF can be useful to sort groups of phenomena according to their probable future damage, supplying results significant either for insurance companies or for local authorities involved in both disaster management and planning of defensive measures.
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Di Ludovico, Marco, Giuseppina De Martino, Andrea Prota, Gaetano Manfredi, and Mauro Dolce. "Relationships between empirical damage and direct/indirect costs for the assessment of seismic loss scenarios." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01235-5.
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AbstractThe definition of relationships between damage and losses is a crucial aspect for the prediction of seismic effects and the development of reliable models to define risk maps, loss scenarios and mitigation strategies. The paper focuses on the analysis of post-earthquake empirical data to define relationships between buildings’ damage expressed as usability rating or as global damage state and the associated costs for repair (i.e. direct costs) or for population assistance (i.e. a part of total indirect costs). The analysis refers to the data collected on residential buildings damaged by 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. For different usability rating or damage states, the paper presents the costs expressed in terms of percentage with respect to the reference unit cost of a new building (%Cr and %Ca for repair and population assistance costs, respectively). In particular, the costs analysis refers to undamaged, lightly or severely damaged buildings classified according to usability rating (i.e. A, B-C or E according to Italian classification) or to five different global Damage States (DSs). DSs comply with European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and derive from literature available matrices properly defined to convert empirical damage to structural and non-structural components into building global damage. The %Cr probability density functions and relevant statistics derive from the analysis of actual data of post-earthquake reconstruction process, while, to determine those related to %Ca, a deep analysis of population assistance types, person/month assistance cost for each assistance form, and a methodology to associate such costs to each building are herein presented and discussed. Finally, the paper presents a relationship calibrated on empirical data to directly correlate repair costs on a building with assistance costs to their occupants. The relationships between empirical damage and direct and indirect costs herein presented are of paramount importance because they allow reliable loss scenarios to be defined by simply using literature fragility curves (defined according to empirical or mechanical approaches) aimed at evaluating the probability of exceeding different usability rating or damage states of existing buildings.
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Aimaiti, Yusupujiang, Christina Sanon, Magaly Koch, Laurie G. Baise, and Babak Moaveni. "War Related Building Damage Assessment in Kyiv, Ukraine, Using Sentinel-1 Radar and Sentinel-2 Optical Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 6239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246239.
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Natural and anthropogenic disasters can cause significant damage to urban infrastructure, landscape, and loss of human life. Satellite based remote sensing plays a key role in rapid damage assessment, post-disaster reconnaissance and recovery. In this study, we aim to assess the performance of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for building damage assessment in Kyiv, the capital city of Ukraine, due to the ongoing war with Russia. For damage assessment, we employ a simple and robust SAR log ratio of intensity for the Sentinel-1, and a texture analysis for the Sentinel-2. To suppress changes from other features and landcover types not related to urban areas, we construct a mask of the built-up area using the OpenStreetMap building footprints and World Settlement Footprint (WSF), respectively. As it is difficult to get ground truth data in the ongoing war zone, a qualitative accuracy assessment with the very high-resolution optical images and a quantitative assessment with the United Nations Satellite Center (UNOSAT) damage assessment map was conducted. The results indicated that the damaged buildings are mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of the study area, wherein Irpin, and the neighboring towns of Bucha and Hostomel are located. The detected building damages show a good match with the reference WorldView images. Compared with the damage assessment map by UNOSAT, 58% of the damaged buildings were correctly classified. The results of this study highlight the potential offered by publicly available medium resolution satellite imagery for rapid mapping damage to provide initial reference data immediately after a disaster.
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Azad, Md Abul Kalam, Md Juel Mia, and A. K. M. Nazrul Islam. "Disaster Economic Loss and Income." International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management 3, no. 2 (July 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdrem.2020070101.
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Disaster assessment is quite complicated considering the nature of the disaster and methodological ambiguity generated due to different guidelines of different institutions. This study analyzed various available techniques and, after that, proposed a model to estimate both direct and indirect losses with a single equation. The study used multidisciplinary tools and techniques to assess the 2017 flood in a micro-level area in Bangladesh. The analysis found that the flood inundating around 78.37% of the area, damaged crops, and various infrastructures. The cost of damages accounts for 2.44% of the income of the people, whereas they experience a 21.49% reduction in their yearly income. The study explains how a flood creates obstacles in accessing land, labor, and capital in such a way that people experience significant losses in their income, beyond the damage. Hence, if these access factors can be kept operating during any disaster, a huge amount of loss can be avoided. The study at the end proposed a solution to overcome such losses.
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Howarth, J. "What's the damage? Availability and assessment of damages for loss of opportunity to license." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 6, no. 8 (May 23, 2011): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpr073.
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Schweier, Christine, and Michael Markus. "Classification of Collapsed Buildings for Fast Damage and Loss Assessment." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4, no. 2 (April 4, 2006): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9005-2.
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Krawinkler, H., and Anil K. Chopra. "Call for Papers: ‘Seismic Damage and Loss Assessment in Buildings’." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 40, no. 1 (December 2, 2010): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1083.
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Hirai, Shota, and Tomohiro Yasuda. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATE LOSS BY STORM SURGE INUNDATION IN ISE AND MIKAWA BAY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.35.
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In the event of disaster, the risk of disaster are intertwined, and there is an occurrence possibility of simultaneous damage in multiple areas. Nationwide companies have more risks of simultaneous damage in multiple areas by one disaster. For example, factories in Osaka and in Nagoya, can be damaged by one typhoon. In this case, company will need more money when damage happened and better to make special insurance contract, e.g. Catastrophe bond. On the other hand, insurance company has to assess amount of insurance payout because to pay it for contracted companies quickly. Insurance company may have difficulty to estimate total amount since there are few researches assessing aggregate loss caused by coastal disasters. This research proposes a procedure of assessment of aggregate loss by storm surges in Ise and Mikawa Bay located in Aichi prefecture, Japan.
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Zardasti, Libriati, Norhamimi Mohd Hanafiah, Norhazilan Md Noor, Yahaya Nordin, and Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid. "The Consequence Assessment of Gas Pipeline Failure due to Corrosion." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.225.
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In this paper, a qualitative consequence assessment method for damaged urban natural gas pipelines is proposed. It focuses on identifying reputation loss factors according to stakeholders’ (investors, customers, employees, and communities) perceptions. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is applied to prioritize these factors. Results show that the loss of customer confidence ranks as the highest contributor to an operator’s reputation loss due to a pipeline accident. Thus, better risk assessment of pipeline damage due to corrosion will be achieved with the inclusion of reputation loss in the consequence assessment. Hence, decision making in pipeline repair, inspection, and maintenance can be improved as well as a company’s annual profit margin.
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Puig, Jordi, Ana Villarroya, and María Casas. "No Net Loss: A Cultural Reading of Environmental Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010337.
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Global environmental quality decline builds up through innumerable decisions at many scales that cause damage to ecological and social values. Environmental assessment (EA) is a relevant decision-making framework in this sense. Besides its technical role, EA has a cultural side we should consider in the pursuit of sustainable societies. Despite its limited reach, EA exemplifies and confronts some cultural implicit stances that may unwittingly favor the overall decline of environmental quality, and limit the advancement and efficiency of EA. Many of these cultural traits are well known and easier to point to than to reverse, namely: (1) too tolerant-to-damage standards of environmental protection and equality; (2) inadequate criteria to assess environmental performance; (3) tolerance of the net loss of environmental quality; (4) confrontation between ecological and social values in decision-making; and (5) neglect of full, in-kind compensation of environmental impacts. EA may have not only a technical or procedural, but also a cultural role to play in confronting these sources of unsustainability. A lack of attention to the cultural causes of environmental impacts neglects the deepest roots of environmental damage. This commentary addresses the topics above and brings attention to their disregard for environmental values, which should guide EA towards increased levels of sustainability.
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Demir, N., Y. E. Eryilmaz, and S. Oy. "POST-HURRICANE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT ON GREENHOUSE FIELDS WITH USE OF SAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-191-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Hurricanes occur without any control of human-being, and it causes large scale loss of life and properties. They happen in the very short timeline and cannot be stopped by the people after it starts to occur. Therefore, the damage has to be assessed just after the disaster for an effective management. Radar images have advantages since the radar sensor can operate in all weather conditions, not be affected by the clouds, therefore use of SAR imagery is useful to identify the damage and loss of properties. In our study, Antalya-Kumluca region has been selected, because a hurricane has occurred on 13th November 2017 and caused large damages especially in agricultural fields where there are lots of greenhouses. Two Sentinel 1A (S1A) images have been used, one from the pre-disaster period and the other is from the post-disaster period. Backscatter values are analyzed in both images. It is expected that the difference between dB values are expected to be larger than the dB value of the pre-disaster period, in case a large-scale damage happened. The fields which were affected by the disaster were found and compared with the Sentinel 2A (S2A) multispectral images to validate the occurred loss. The results show a high match between the detected damages in SAR image and the identical effected fields on multispectral image from the post-disaster period.</p>
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Faure, Michael, and Louis Visscher. "The Role of Experts in Assessing Damages – A Law and Economics Account." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 3 (September 2011): 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001392.
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In this contribution we focus on the role of experts in the assessment of tort damages from an economic point of view. We distinguish two different aspects.First, we examine the role which economists might play in assessing damages in tort cases. This approach focuses on the insights that Law and Economics provides regarding the correct assessment of damages. We pay specific attention to two problematic forms of losses where economic insights may play an important role: pure economic loss and personal injury damage (both loss of income and compensation for immaterial losses due to fatal and non-fatal accidents).Second, we investigate from a Law and Economics point of view the role of experts in general (not only economists) in the assessment of damages. We discuss i.a. the question why experts may be involved in the assessment of damages, the potential problems (and the possible solutions) when using experts, and differences between party appointed experts and court appointed experts.It turns out that the economic analysis can provide a different, insightful viewpoint in some respects, such as the fact that market based mechanisms may help to provide incentives to party appointed experts to provide an accurate and objective damage assessment.
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Hancilar, U., C. Tuzun, C. Yenidogan, and M. Erdik. "ELER software – a new tool for urban earthquake loss assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 22, 2010): 2677–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2677-2010.
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Abstract. Rapid loss estimation after potentially damaging earthquakes is critical for effective emergency response and public information. A methodology and software package, ELER-Earthquake Loss Estimation Routine, for rapid estimation of earthquake shaking and losses throughout the Euro-Mediterranean region was developed under the Joint Research Activity-3 (JRA3) of the EC FP6 Project entitled "Network of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology-NERIES". Recently, a new version (v2.0) of ELER software has been released. The multi-level methodology developed is capable of incorporating regional variability and uncertainty originating from ground motion predictions, fault finiteness, site modifications, inventory of physical and social elements subjected to earthquake hazard and the associated vulnerability relationships. Although primarily intended for quasi real-time estimation of earthquake shaking and losses, the routine is also equally capable of incorporating scenario-based earthquake loss assessments. This paper introduces the urban earthquake loss assessment module (Level 2) of the ELER software which makes use of the most detailed inventory databases of physical and social elements at risk in combination with the analytical vulnerability relationships and building damage-related casualty vulnerability models for the estimation of building damage and casualty distributions, respectively. Spectral capacity-based loss assessment methodology and its vital components are presented. The analysis methods of the Level 2 module, i.e. Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40, 1996), Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum Method (FEMA 440, 2005), Reduction Factor Method (Fajfar, 2000) and Coefficient Method (ASCE 41-06, 2006), are applied to the selected building types for validation and verification purposes. The damage estimates are compared to the results obtained from the other studies available in the literature, i.e. SELENA v4.0 (Molina et al., 2008) and ATC-55 (Yang, 2005). An urban loss assessment exercise for a scenario earthquake for the city of Istanbul is conducted and physical and social losses are presented. Damage to the urban environment is compared to the results obtained from similar software, i.e. KOERILoss (KOERI, 2002) and DBELA (Crowley et al., 2004). The European rapid loss estimation tool is expected to help enable effective emergency response, on both local and global level, as well as public information.
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Veklych, Oksana. "METHODOLOGICAL BASICS FOR ASSESSING ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM LOSS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN CONSEQUENCE OF MILITARY AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIA." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 12(31) (2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689.2022.12(31).5.
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The initial methodological bases for estimating economic damages from the loss of ecosystem services as a result of military aggression are represented for the first time in the domestic specialized literature. An idea was put forward to develop a special "Methodology for assessing the loss of ecosystem services from military actions", which would make it possible to achieve the amount of monetary compensation more adequate to the aggressor's costs of waging war and the actual damage caused to the environment by determining the cost of the loss of ecosystem services and restoration costs the environment. For the first time, the basic formula for the final value assessment of economic damage from the deterioration of ecosystem services as a result of armed aggression is presented and disclosed as an aggregated indicator with the definition of its main total components, in particular: economic damage from the deterioration of ecosystem services; reimbursement of the cost of lost resources and services during the recovery period; lost profits incurred due to the lack of a resource or service during the recovery period; compensations for non-renewable losses of biodiversity, unique ecosystem objects; the cost of carrying out scientific and organizational measures/works on assessing damage from the deterioration of ecosystem services as a result of armed aggression. Attention is focused on the fact that the proposed basic formula for the cost assessment of this damage can be a supporting basis for carrying out its specific assessment at any territorial level and within the selected ecosystems that have been damaged. An idea was put forward regarding the need to take into account the direct and indirect effects of military actions and their consequences that harm the environment, when developing the "Methodology for assessing losses of ecosystem services from military actions". The content of the effects of military actions and their consequences, which harm the natural environment of Ukraine, is revealed. The importance of conducting an assessment of the damage caused by military operations to the environment and ecosystem goods in particular has been established. Such an assessment can be the basis for, firstly, bringing the aggressor to justice; second, to quantify reparations that would more broadly and more accurately reflect the effects of war; thirdly, to receive monetary compensation for the deterioration of ecosystems and their services by the affected socio-territorial communities as their owners.
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Dhakal, Rajesh P., and John B. Mander. "Financial risk assessment methodology for natural hazards." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.2.91-105.
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Engineered facilities are deemed safe if they have little or no probability of incurring damage when subjected to regular actions or natural hazards. Any probability of the performance of any designed system (i.e. capacity) not being able to meet the performance required of it (i.e. demand) results in risk, which might be expressed either as a likelihood of damage or potential financial loss. Engineers are used to dealing with the former (i.e. damage), which gives a fair indication of repair/strengthening work needed to bring the system back to full functionality. Nevertheless, other non-technical stakeholders (such as owners, insurers, decision-makers) of the designed facilities cannot read too much from damage. Hence, risk, if interpreted in terms of damage only, will not be comprehended by all stakeholders. On the other hand, financial risk expressed in terms of probable dollar loss in easily understood by all. Therefore, there is an impetus on developing methodologies which correlate the system capacity and demand to financial risk. This paper builds on the existing probabilistic risk assessment methodology and extends it to estimate expected annual financial loss. The general methodology formulated in this paper is applicable to any engineered facilities and any natural hazard. To clarify the process, the proposed methodology is applied to assess overall financial risk of a highway bridge pier due to seismic hazard.
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Urlainis, Alon, David Ornai, Robert Levy, Oren Vilnay, and Igal M. Shohet. "Loss and damage assessment in critical infrastructures due to extreme events." Safety Science 147 (March 2022): 105587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105587.
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Mayer, Benoit. "Migration in the UNFCCC Workstream on Loss and Damage: An Assessment of Alternative Framings and Conceivable Responses." Transnational Environmental Law 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000078.
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AbstractDiscourses on ‘climate migration’ have played an instrumental role in initiating negotiations on loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Yet, to date, the framing of climate migration has not been clear: it has been considered as a tool for reducing loss and damage (hence essentially a form of adaptation) or, alternatively, as a source of loss and damage for the migrants or for other concerned communities. Moreover, proposed approaches to address climate migration as a form of loss and damage have extended beyond compensation, and remain controversial among developed nations. In the highly politicized field of migration governance, however, this article submits that policy support and guidance in addressing loss and damage could prompt dangerous forms of political interference, such as the imposition of a Western objective of containing migrants to the Global South. It is thus suggested that top-down migration policies may not help vulnerable nations who face loss and damage in the context of climate migration.
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Plante, Kenneth J., Ernest L. Barnett, Debra J. Preble, and Lanette M. Price. "FLORIDA'S POLLUTANT DISCHARGE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT COMPENSATION SCHEDULE—A RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE RECOVERY OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-717.
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ABSTRACT Quantifying natural resource damages resulting from pollutant discharges has historically been difficult. The Florida legislature recognized this and developed a simplified compensation schedule using liquidated damage principles. The application of such an approach to natural resource damage assessment greatly simplifies the determination of monetary damages to natural resources resulting from pollutant discharges. The foundations for developing the multipliers for the factors used in the compensation schedule are restoration cost and loss of use. After a number of natural resource damage recoveries have taken place, the compensation schedule should be reevaluated to determine if the liquidated damages test of reasonableness remains adequate.
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Hong, Zhonghua, Hongzheng Zhong, Haiyan Pan, Jun Liu, Ruyan Zhou, Yun Zhang, Yanling Han, Jing Wang, Shuhu Yang, and Changyue Zhong. "Classification of Building Damage Using a Novel Convolutional Neural Network Based on Post-Disaster Aerial Images." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155920.
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The accurate and timely identification of the degree of building damage is critical for disaster emergency response and loss assessment. Although many methods have been proposed, most of them divide damaged buildings into two categories—intact and damaged—which is insufficient to meet practical needs. To address this issue, we present a novel convolutional neural network—namely, the earthquake building damage classification net (EBDC-Net)—for assessment of building damage based on post-disaster aerial images. The proposed network comprises two components: a feature extraction encoder module, and a damage classification module. The feature extraction encoder module is employed to extract semantic information on building damage and enhance the ability to distinguish between different damage levels, while the classification module improves accuracy by combining global and contextual features. The performance of EBDC-Net was evaluated using a public dataset, and a large-scale damage assessment was performed using a dataset of post-earthquake unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The results of the experiments indicate that this approach can accurately classify buildings with different damage levels. The overall classification accuracy was 94.44%, 85.53%, and 77.49% when the damage to the buildings was divided into two, three, and four categories, respectively.
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Gao, Lin, En Dong Guo, and Zhi Liu. "Assessment Model Research of Seismic Damage for Clear Water Tanks in Water Supply System." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1512.
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In order to study the damage characteristics and seismic performances of clear water tanks in water supply system, common damage types and main influence factors are summarized based on the collected damage data, and seismic vulnerability matrix is obtained. Seismic damage loss ratio is suggested by combination damage and construction cost. On the strength of the above results, assessment models of seismic loss for clear water tanks are built, including group assessment model and monomer assessment model. The accuracy and applicability of the models can meet engineering requirements. Finally, anti-seismic suggestions and countermeasures of pools are given based on the above research results.
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Schreuder, Martin, Per Hogström, Jonas W. Ringsberg, Erland Johnson, and Carl Erik Janson. "A Method for Assessment of the Survival Time of a Ship Damaged by Collision." Journal of Ship Research 55, no. 02 (June 1, 2011): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2011.55.2.86.
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Following an interdisciplinary calculation procedure, the chain of events of ship collision, flooding, and loss of stability within given time have been investigated. The method established in the current work concerns the interaction between structural and damage stability computations and has been used to study the influence of various parameters, for example, significant wave height and size of damage opening on a RoPax ferry damaged in a collision with a ship of similar size.
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Capozucca, Roberto, and Erica Magagnini. "Assessment of RC elements strengthened with NSM FRP rods by experimental tests." MATEC Web of Conferences 323 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032301008.
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Near surface mounted (NSM) technique of strengthening with FRP rods inserted in grooves on the concrete cover of damaged RC beams has been improved in recent years. The aim of this paper is the examination of the static and dynamic behaviour of undamaged and damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams with free-free ends. RC beams strengthened with NSM Glass and Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (G-CFRP) rods have been experimentally analysed. The damage of the RC beam model was obtained by the cracking of concrete under bending tests. The detection of damage and monitoring of RC beams with and without strengthening were carried out by vibration tests assuming free-free ends at different degree of damage. Envelope diagrams of Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) obtained by the dynamic experimental tests are shown and the changes of natural frequency values are correlated to the damage degree of beam elements. Experimental results are discussed with particular emphasis on the aspect of the loss of bond.
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Hain, Alexandra, Arash E. Zaghi, Armin Kamali, Robert P. Zaffetti, Bradley Overturf, and Flavia E. Pereira. "Applicability of 3-D Scanning Technology for Section Loss Assessment in Corroded Steel Beams." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119832887.
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Corrosion at beam ends is one of the most widespread causes of damage in steel bridges. Accurate determination of the level of section loss caused by corrosion damage is critical for estimating the bearing capacity and load rating of a bridge. Current evaluation methods are labor intensive and dependent on subjective assessments by inspectors. Unique features of structured-light 3-D scanning technology offer significant potential for application in bridge inspections and corrosion damage assessment. 3-D scanners are able to provide accurate information on the pattern and amount of section loss at beam ends. However, the promise and applicability of this technology has not been investigated. In this study, a structured-light scanner was used in a trial application to evaluate its ability to create accurate, high-resolution 3-D representations of locally corroded steel beams. Scanning was performed in both a laboratory setting and on two bridges in Connecticut. The 3-D models were used to extract information such as the maximum reduction in thickness and the pattern of corrosion. This paper discusses results, observations, and recommendations for the adoption of structured-light scanning for corrosion damage assessment in bridges. The scanning data provides an enhanced form of inspection documentation including accurate representations of spatial details and colors. It is expected that the material presented in this paper facilitates the adoption of this promising technology for bridge inspection.
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Lee, Renee, and Anne S. Kiremidjian. "Uncertainty and Correlation for Loss Assessment of Spatially Distributed Systems." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 4 (November 2007): 753–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2791001.
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Seismic risk assessment for a spatially distributed system, such as a lifeline network, involves characterization of ground shaking and structural damage for multiple structures in a region. The expected value of monetary loss, a common measure of the risk, has been previously formulated but with little attention to the uncertainty around this monetary loss. Furthermore, prior research on risk assessment for lifeline systems, in particular transportation networks, assumes no spatial ground motion correlation and no structure-to-structure damage correlation between sites in the network. In this paper, a framework for treating these correlations in the network risk analysis is presented. A demonstration of this methodology is carried out for two transportation networks located in the San Francisco Bay region. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a non–distance dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 0.6 and 1.5 for the sample networks presented here. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a distance-dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 1.0 and 1.4 for the same networks. It is demonstrated through these applications that assuming no correlation in ground motion and in damage may potentially underestimate uncertainty in the overall loss estimation.
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Carisi, Francesca, Kai Schröter, Alessio Domeneghetti, Heidi Kreibich, and Attilio Castellarin. "Development and assessment of uni- and multivariable flood loss models for Emilia-Romagna (Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 7 (July 27, 2018): 2057–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2057-2018.
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Abstract. Flood loss models are one important source of uncertainty in flood risk assessments. Many countries experience sparseness or absence of comprehensive high-quality flood loss data, which is often rooted in a lack of protocols and reference procedures for compiling loss datasets after flood events. Such data are an important reference for developing and validating flood loss models. We consider the Secchia River flood event of January 2014, when a sudden levee breach caused the inundation of nearly 52 km2 in northern Italy. After this event local authorities collected a comprehensive flood loss dataset of affected private households including building footprints and structures and damages to buildings and contents. The dataset was enriched with further information compiled by us, including economic building values, maximum water depths, velocities and flood durations for each building. By analyzing this dataset we tackle the problem of flood damage estimation in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) by identifying empirical uni- and multivariable loss models for residential buildings and contents. The accuracy of the proposed models is compared with that of several flood damage models reported in the literature, providing additional insights into the transferability of the models among different contexts. Our results show that (1) even simple univariable damage models based on local data are significantly more accurate than literature models derived for different contexts; (2) multivariable models that consider several explanatory variables outperform univariable models, which use only water depth. However, multivariable models can only be effectively developed and applied if sufficient and detailed information is available.
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Islam, Zahirul. "Influence of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on deepwater rice." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050501.
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AbstractThe influence of the lepidopteran stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), the most important pest of deepwater rice (Oryza sativa) in south-east Asia, on plant and grain yield was investigated in Bangladesh during 1982–85. Four mechanisms of crop loss were identified: (i) deadhearts at the vegetative stage, (ii) loss of damaged but apparently healthy stems in flood water, (iii) white-heads at the reproductive stage and (iv) the effect of late season stem damage on panicles. A great proportion of damaged stems was not visible and damage symptoms were found to be an unreliable indicator for the assessment of borer activities in the field, and did not represent the actual yield loss. Stem damage had a negative influence on the stem density, with reduced panicle density and grain yield. Stem borer damage also seemed to reduce the elongation ability of the rice stem causing them to rot. Late season stem damage reduced the number of filled grains, mean grain weight and panicle weight and increased grain sterility. These effects were related to severity and position of damage. The average estimated yield loss due to S. incertulas was about 17% which took place during the last 11 weeks (from flood peak to crop maturity) of the deepwater rice season (32 weeks).
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Kobayashi, Kenichiro, Kaoru Takara, Mitsugu Funada, and Yukiko Takeuchi. "Development of a Framework for the Flood Economic Risk Assessment Using Vector GIS Data." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0657.
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This paper proposes a flood economic risk assessment framework using vector GIS data, expressing individual house and paddyfield, prepared by a municipal Japanese government. Flood inundation is first simulated with a structured grid, then the simulated flood inundation depth, expressed in grid cells, is assigned to vector data house and paddyfield polygons as attributes. Flood-damage ratios of houses and paddyfields are then calculated using relationships of the flood depth, duration, and damage ratio opened by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourisms (MLIT). Economic loss involving building and paddyfield damages due to flooding is then calculated by multiplying the damage ratio, evaluation price per area, and the asset area. The advantage of using such vector data is that it yields the area of each house and paddyfield precisely, which also realizes, on average, the precise economic loss estimation. As the results, the spatial distribution of economic loss on an individual house/paddyfield scale is also identified. Since vector data shows area characteristics, the framework proposed here is useful in communitybased flood management. A workshop presenting the framework showed that the system potentially induces workshop participants to consider community-based flood hazard management.
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Zin, Win Win, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Georg Hörmann, Ralph Allen Acierto, Zin Mar Lar Tin San, and Aye Myat Thu. "Multivariate Flood Loss Estimation of the 2018 Bago Flood in Myanmar." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0300.
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Flood loss models are essential tools for assessing flood risk. Flood damage assessment provides decision makers with critical information to manage flood hazards. This paper presents a multivariable flood damage assessment based on data from residential building and content damage from the Bago flood event of July 2018. This study aims to identify the influences on building and content losses. We developed a regression-based flood loss estimation model, which incorporates factors such as water depth, flood duration, building material, building age, building condition, number of stories, and floor level. Regression approaches, such as stepwise and best subset regression, were used to create the flood damage model. The selection was based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). We found that water depth, flood duration, and building material were the most significant factors determining flood damage in the residential sector.
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Si, Yunrui, Junli Li, and Youbin Si. "Urban Flood Loss Estimation and Evacuation Design Based on a 500-Year Extreme Flood Event in Syracuse City." Water 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010003.
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To understand the potential risk of flooding in Syracuse City, New York State, USA, this research attempted to accomplish the flood hazard assessment for a simulated 500-year flood event in the downstream floodplain of Onondaga Creek within Syracuse. Based on the commonly used category of flood damages, the flood damage of Syracuse was divided into loss of buildings and loss of population. The results showed that the city’s center would have the highest damage rate for buildings and a total of 1139 buildings would be inundated, of which 326 buildings would be severely damaged by more than 80%. Furthermore, about 7390 people would be directly affected by the flood event, among which approximately 900 people might lose their lives. Communities near Onondaga Creek were assigned designated evacuation shelters based on the accessibility and distance to the shelters. The shortest available evacuation routes were calculated. More shelters should be provided in the central downtown area, with its large population, and distributed along the western bank of Onondaga Creek. This research offered a first approximate flood loss estimation that might lead to more attention and studies concerning a potential flood hazard in the future. It also provided science-based guidelines for city authorities to refer to in practical flood hazard mitigation.
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Shrestha, Badri Bhakta, Hisaya Sawano, Miho Ohara, and Naoko Nagumo. "Improvement in Flood Disaster Damage Assessment Using Highly Accurate IfSAR DEM." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1137.
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Flood damage to agriculture (rice crops) was assessed in the Pampanga River basin of the Philippines. Flood damage to agriculture was defined as a function of hazard characteristics, such as flood depth and flood duration, exposure, and growth stage of rice crops, and estimated in terms of yield loss using a depth-duration-damage function. The assessment of flood damage to agriculture in the Pampanga River basin was conducted using Digital Elevation Model data of the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR-DEM) and Digital Elevation Model data of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM-DEM). The results were further improved using highly accurate IfSAR-DEM. To assess flood disaster damage, a hazard assessment was conducted using the Rainfall Runoff Inundation model. Estimated values from the agricultural damage assessment during the flood event from September 26 to October 4, 2011 were compared with reported values. The accuracy of flood hazard assessment and flood disaster risk assessment highly depends on the quality of topographical data, and better results can be obtained by using highly precise topographical data. Flood disaster risk assessment in the agricultural sector was also conducted for a recent flood in October 2015 and flood events with different return periods of 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The assessment results based on the different return periods of flood events were then used to estimate the probability of agricultural damage for most frequently damaged and rarely damaged areas. The results of flood damage assessment in the Pampanga River basin provide a basis to identify areas at risk, and these results can be useful for planners, developers, policy makers, and decision makers in establishing policies required to reduce flood damage.
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Taguchi, Ryo, Masahiro Tanoue, Dai Yamazaki, and Yukiko Hirabayashi. "Global-Scale Assessment of Economic Losses Caused by Flood-Related Business Interruption." Water 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060967.
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Estimating river flood risk helps us to develop strategies for reducing the economic losses and making a resilient society. Flood-related economic losses can be categorized as direct asset damage, opportunity losses because of business interruption (BI loss), and high-order propagation effects on global trade networks. Biases in meteorological data obtained from climate models hinder the estimation of BI loss because of inaccurate input data including inundation extent and period. In this study, we estimated BI loss and asset damage using a global river and inundation model driven by a recently developed bias-corrected meteorological forcing scheme. The results from the bias-corrected forcing scheme showed an estimated global BI loss and asset damage of USD 26.9 and 130.9 billion (2005 purchase power party, PPP) (1960–2013 average), respectively. Although some regional differences were detected, the estimated BI loss was similar in magnitude to reported historical flood losses. BI loss tended to be greater in river basins with mild slopes such as the Amazon, which has a long inundation period. Future flood risk projection using the same framework under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 3 (SSP3) scenarios showed increases in BI loss and asset damage per GDP by 0.32% and 1.78% (2061–2090 average) compared with a past period (1971–2000 average), respectively.
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LI, H., and L. Z. JIA. "ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE AND LOSS OF SEISMICALLY EXCITED STRUCTURES BASED ON CONVEX ANALYSIS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 02 (June 2011): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431111000954.
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Probabilistic results drawn upon inadequate information are suspicious. The convex set theory, which requires much less information, is employed to model the uncertainties of the spectral displacement and damage state medians. Furthermore, a convex model of fragility function is established based on the envelope bound convex models of the spectral displacement and damage state medians. A bound loss estimation method is derived by integrating HAZUS-AEBM module with the convex set theory. The loss bounds of a hotel in southern China are obtained and compared to the loss calculated by HAZUS-AEBM method, which locates in the lower half interval of convex analysis results. The uncertainty propagation is analyzed and damage state medians are found to be the most critical factor to the loss. Finally, the PEER's probabilistic loss estimation methodology is also applied to this example to deduce the probability of loss exceeding the bound values of convex analysis results.
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Malcolm, Chris. "Damage and Repair in Environmental Assessment." Yearbook of Comparative Literature 64 (July 1, 2022): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ycl-64-050.
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Contemporary scholarship regards the acknowledgment of harm as an ethically necessary precondition for work on the environment. In this article, I show that the admission and subsequent management of harm have long been central to racial and colonial projects. To do so, I trace a logic of what counts as tolerable damage and what is thought to be able to be repaired in environmental assessment reports produced for the Alberta tar sands. What I find in these documents is that anxiety over complicity with historical damage leads to fantasies of reparability. In analyses of the political culture of the tar sands, I argue that conceding damage is better understood as an attempt to manage the appearance of violence and reinterpret its history. In the different examples on which I focus, responsibility for harm is performed. By making impacts legible and detailing plans to address them through mitigation, compensation, or replacement, resource extraction companies engage in fantasies of repair and admissions of destruction. This article works to theorize what function such gestures serve and how they contribute to perceiving the environment as something that must be managed. I show that its function is to describe the nature of loss along with a theorization of its reality.
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Chiroiu, Lucian. "Damage Assessment of the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake Using Ikonos Imagery." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1_suppl (December 2005): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2119227.
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Photo-interpretation analysis could be a reliable technique for earthquake damage assessment, depending on the objectives and the image resolution. The very high-resolution data, such as 1 m imagery supplied by the Ikonos satellite, enable interpretation of the damage and could offer a first estimation of the event consequences. In this research, damaged zones in Bam, Iran, were detected and mapped using visual analysis of multispectral 1 m Ikonos imagery. In a second step, a simple procedure to obtain a preliminary estimation of casualties based on GIS mapping and casualty ratio, was applied to the image. The loss estimation was next compared with the official statistics.
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Dottori, Francesco, Rui Figueiredo, Mario L. V. Martina, Daniela Molinari, and Anna Rita Scorzini. "INSYDE: a synthetic, probabilistic flood damage model based on explicit cost analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2016): 2577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2577-2016.
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Abstract. Methodologies to estimate economic flood damages are increasingly important for flood risk assessment and management. In this work, we present a new synthetic flood damage model based on a component-by-component analysis of physical damage to buildings. The damage functions are designed using an expert-based approach with the support of existing scientific and technical literature, loss adjustment studies, and damage surveys carried out for past flood events in Italy. The model structure is designed to be transparent and flexible, and therefore it can be applied in different geographical contexts and adapted to the actual knowledge of hazard and vulnerability variables. The model has been tested in a recent flood event in northern Italy. Validation results provided good estimates of post-event damages, with similar or superior performances when compared with other damage models available in the literature. In addition, a local sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the hazard variables that have more influence on damage assessment results.
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Yang, Jian Li, Wan Qing Wu, Xiao Na Jiang, and Xing Feng. "Damage Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Service Function Loss Caused by Oil Spill." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.319.
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For the quantitative calculation of the marine ecosystem service value loss caused by the oil spill, the damage assessment standards of marine ecosystem were established here based on the related knowledge of environmentology, ecology, chemistry, ecotoxicology and so on. First, the types of marine ecosystem and their service functions were classified, then the health assessment on the marine ecosystem was conducted by using Index System Method, and the marine ecosystem service function loss rate was calculated by using the sensitivity analysis method. Finally, the marine ecosystem service value loss of polluted sea area was assessed according to the average public value of different marine ecosystems, and the loss caused by the “Tasman Sea” case was calculated by applying the methods above.
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İNCEKARA, Çetin Önder. "ASSESSMENT OF TCIP COMPULSORY EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE EVALUATIONS BY LOSS ADJUSTERS UNDER FUZZY LOGIC." Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 9, no. 21 (May 25, 2022): 14–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.952.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the geological, topographic and climatic characteristics of Turkey, natural disasters are frequently experienced. 96% of Turkey is in an earthquake zone with different degrees of danger zones. This situation clearly reveals the importance of having TCIP (Turkish Natural Catastrophe Insurance Pool) earthquake insurance in Turkey. Earthquake insurance certificate is an assurance that financial losses are compensated immediately after an earthquake. In the study, 53 number of experts (DM) working in the insurance sector and experts in TCIP insurance, earthquake & buildings’ structural mechanics, who are managers, engineers, insurance experts and instructors in public and private sectors, were interviewed. Criteria and sub-criteria of the study are formed as a result of the interviews and the established criteria and related sub-criteria (21 main criteria/75 sub-criteria) are evaluated. In the study, fuzzy multi-objective mathematical model (FMOM: by using Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy VIKOR methods) are used to evaluate/calculate the damages within the scope of TCIP insurance after the earthquake by insurance experts. "Post-earthquake damage assessment form" is formed by using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method which is Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy VIKOR methods. In the study, the criteria were weighted by using Fuzzy AHP method and among the criteria, “Building’s Structural System Type” which has the highest importance weight value, therefore it was the most important criterion. The second criterion is “Status of Column Damages/Fractures”, the third criterion is “The Intensity of the Earthquake”. By using Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy VIKOR methods, 5 number of insurance experts who evaluate/make TCIP insurance are evaluated and the most suitable/experienced insurance expert is selected.