Academic literature on the topic 'Damage and Loss Assessment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Ding, Menglong, Chuan Zeng, and Wieslaw K. Binienda. "Assessment on aerodynamic degradation for wing-damaged transport aircraft." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 7 (May 29, 2020): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2019-0220.
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Purpose Wingtip loss is an existing type of transport aircraft hazard which is a real threat to flight safety caused by a missile strike, underwing engine explosion or impact with obstructions when performing near-ground operations. The primary effect of the wingtip loss is an asymmetric rolling moment, which may result in the fatal loss of control for the aircraft. This study aims to assess whether aerodynamic degradation will cause a wing-damaged transport aircraft to lose its balance under a certain level of wing damage and if a pilot can compensate for the loss of aerodynamic force and regain the balance of the aircraft. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, experimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a wingtip-lost transport aircraft in landing configuration. Various levels of wing damages including wingtip, slat and flap loss were considered. The numerical simulations were performed with ANSYS Fluent. The computational fluid dynamics calculation was validated by wind tunnel tests. Findings The aerodynamic performance of the aircraft with wing-damaged condition was presented. It was revealed that the wingtip loss leads to an asymmetric rolling moment and a reduction of the lift force, which affects the balance of the transport aircraft. The methods to compensate for the lift force and the asymmetric rolling moment were investigated for a safe landing. The lateral balance cannot be maintained in cases with serious damage on the wing (larger than 53% of the semi-span) or moderate damage on the wing with loss of slats and flaps. Originality/value The nonlinear results indicate the importance of aerodynamic assessment for the sake of training pilots to properly handle the hazard situation and explore the critical facts leading to the air crash.
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Bao, Rui, Tao Li, Xinyi Zhang, Xiao Fu, Yu Zhao, Mingfang Tang, and Hongbing Deng. "Study on forest ecosystem damage assessment system and management system." Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v5i2.1628.
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Ecological environment damage events will destroy or damage the balance between animal and plant habitats and ecosystems, and even pose a threat to China’s ecological security. However, at present, there are some problems in the identification and evaluation of forest ecosystem damage, such as imperfect evaluation system, insufficient quantitative evaluation methods, imperfect damage compensation management system, and lack of analysis of the overall damage of the interaction between human activities and forest ecosystem. Based on the damaged object, the system involves a total of four first-class indicators, including physical damage, mental damage, economic forest fruit loss, forest by-products loss, processing and manufacturing loss, forest tourism loss, scientific research literature and history loss, soil conservation loss, water conservation loss, wind prevention and sand fixation loss, carbon fixation and oxygen release loss, atmospheric purification loss. There are 14 secondary indicators of emergency treatment fee and investigation and evaluation fee, as well as 22 tertiary indicators, and the value quantification method of each indicator is clarified by using market value method, alternative cost method, shadow engineering method, recovery cost method and other methods. The article also discusses the management system of forest ecosystem damage from the two aspects of forestry technology department and judicial administration department. The purpose is to provide reference for the quantification and standardization of forest ecosystem damage assessment technology and the improvement of management system.
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Modebadze, Grigol. "Residential and Non-Residential Building Damage and Loss Assessment in Georgia." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p265.
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This paper responds to the necessity for the creation of a unified disaster damage and loss assessment method for residential and non-residential buildings in Georgia. The objective of this study is to elaborate on an improved standardized formula for damage assessment in the residential and non-residential sector. The formula provides additional clarity to the various worldwide methodologies and frameworks presently used in the damage assessment of buildings and structures. The paper itself provides four key findings: 1) that each assessment approach and the amount of damage and loss calculated for the residential sector are based on various subjective opinions (non-systematic/standardized damage assessment approaches), derived from the best knowledge from commissions created at the municipal level; 2) a review of global methodologies and frameworks revealed a clear gap in the provision of formulas for calculating economic losses in the residential and non-residential sector; 3) the need for a comprehensive explanation of the unit cost of construction in the UNISDR methodology was identified; and 4) the necessity to collect detailed and specific data for the damage and loss calculation, alongside a requirement for frequent renewals of the integrated database (associated with the need for additional resources) – without which it often leads many countries, including Georgia, to use ineffective methodologies (e.g., HAZUS). Therefore, the study offers a new and original approach for assessing damaged buildings and provides an alternative method to fill the gap in the damage assessment of particular types of buildings and structures. Moreover, the paper proposes a building damage assessment formula that does not require specific databases to be frequently updated or integrated within the GIS system.
Keywords: Disaster Assessment, Residential and Non-residential Sector, Disaster Resilience, Applied Approach, Damage and Loss, Georgia
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Scawthorn, Charles, Paul Flores, Neil Blais, Hope Seligson, Eric Tate, Stephanie Chang, Edward Mifflin, et al. "HAZUS-MH Flood Loss Estimation Methodology. II. Damage and Loss Assessment." Natural Hazards Review 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2006)7:2(72).
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Horoshkova, Lidiia, Dmytro Antoniuk, and Olena Vasyl’yeva. "Methodological principles of loss of profit assessment." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-181-191.
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Relevance of the research. Russian military aggression against Ukraine has caused significant material losses to the Ukrainian economy: the infrastructure destruction, as well as destruction and damage of businesses property of all forms of ownership. Losses are particularly significant for small and medium-sized businesses, which have a high degree of risk and revenue instability due to significant dependence on external factors. Small and medium-sized businesses are naturally focused on the available resources, which, in the first place, may be lost or damaged. Small business development performing some specific socio-economic functions acts as a driving force of many economies around the world. That is it will be extremely important for the reconstruction of Ukraine's economy in the postwar period. Problem statement. To restore Ukraine, there is a need to assess losses of economic entities, which include value of damaged property and loss of profit. Therefore, today there is a need to quickly develop an algorithm / methodology to assess loss of profit from hostilities. Analysis of recent studies and publications. The nature of losses and benefits in a number of regulatory sources, namely the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Commercial Code of Ukraine, the National Regulation (Standard) of Accounting and "General Requirements for Financial Reporting" has been analyzed. Unsolved parts of the general problem. Amid Russia's armed aggression in Ukraine, the property of legal entities and individuals is being damaged and destroyed. Recently the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has been adopted Resolution № 326 dated March 20, 2022. It concerns the compensation of the value of destroyed (damaged) property as a result of the war to legal entities. Regarding the assessment (examination) of loss of profit, there is no appropriate methodology of loss of profit calculation and determining its size in Ukraine. Moreover, the legislator does not link the plaintiff's right to compensate for damages with the methodology (method) of their assessment. Task and objective. The above circumstances determine the feasibility of developing methodology for calculating loss of profit and its size to create the mechanism for its compensation, taking into account sectoral characteristics of small and medium-sized businesses. Study methodology. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and grouping analysis) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used in the research. The main material (study results). The methodology for estimating the loss of profit of business entities as a result of hostilities (aggression) has been developed. The following criteria should be used to determine the loss of profit: typical circumstances, reasonable costs, and compensation. There is a term to determine the loss of profit. That is to confirm its reality and materiality, and a reasonable amount of estimated revenue or profit. The methodology involves determining eight key indicators (groups of indicators) of an entity based on the analysis of its financial, accounting and tax reporting. It is also an opportunity to take into account when determining the loss of profit the nature and type of business activity. If it is a stable company during a long period, the basis for determining the amount of compensation may be based on its financial statements for 3-5 years. If there is no information about long-term activities, it is advisable to use scenario analysis. Expert assessment can also be performed by building a mathematical model on the principles of information sufficiency, using accounting and financial documents. The loss of profit assessment can be done using direct, evaluation or hybrid approaches, depending on the business specifics. When determining the loss of profit, it is advisable to take into account peculiarities of doing business in different fields of national economy. The loss of qualified personnel and additional training costs play an important role in the industrial sector; the service sector may incur losses in the form of loss of profit without damage or loss of property; the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable sector in terms of loss of profit due to the war, as well as the most difficult object to calculate the amount of loss of profit having too many factors, which must be taken into account. In our opinion, the loss of profit as a result of armed aggression can take place without direct material damage and as a result of reduction or termination of business performance during the war, which contradicts the Resolution № 326, and requires further regulation. Conclusions. The methodology for assessing the loss of profit of a business entity as a result of hostilities (aggression) has been developed. The methodology involves determining eight key indicators (groups of indicators) of an entity based on the analysis of its financial, accounting and tax reporting. It has been proved that it is advisable to take into account the peculiarities of doing business in different sectors of national economy. The loss of qualified personnel and additional training costs play an important role in the industrial sector; the service sector may have losses in the form of loss of profit without damage or loss of property; the agricultural sector is the most vulnerable sector in terms of loss of profit due to the war, as well as the most difficult object to calculate the amount of loss of profit having too many factors, which must be taken into account. It has been proved that the loss of profit as a result of armed aggression can take place without direct material damage and as a result of reduction or termination of business performance during war.
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Rahman, Md Shahinoor, and Liping Di. "A Systematic Review on Case Studies of Remote-Sensing-Based Flood Crop Loss Assessment." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040131.
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This article reviews case studies which have used remote sensing data for different aspects of flood crop loss assessment. The review systematically finds a total of 62 empirical case studies from the past three decades. The number of case studies has recently been increased because of increased availability of remote sensing data. In the past, flood crop loss assessment was very generalized and time-intensive because of the dependency on the survey-based data collection. Remote sensing data availability makes rapid flood loss assessment possible. This study groups flood crop loss assessment approaches into three broad categories: flood-intensity-based approach, crop-condition-based approach, and a hybrid approach of the two. Flood crop damage assessment is more precise when both flood information and crop condition are incorporated in damage assessment models. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different loss assessment approaches. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat are the dominant sources of optical remote sensing data for flood crop loss assessment. Remote-sensing-based vegetation indices (VIs) have significantly been utilized for crop damage assessments in recent years. Many case studies also relied on microwave remote sensing data, because of the inability of optical remote sensing to see through clouds. Recent free-of-charge availability of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1 will advance flood crop damage assessment. Data for the validation of loss assessment models are scarce. Recent advancements of data archiving and distribution through web technologies will be helpful for loss assessment and validation.
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Shrestha, Buddhi Raj. "An Assessment of Disaster Loss and Damage in Nepal." Geographic Base 6 (October 27, 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v6i0.26166.
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A disaster is a natural or manmade hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or drastic change to the environment. Due to diverse geographical coverage, Nepal is prone to various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards. This paper tries to show the types of disaster, losses and damages induced by disaster and analyze the trend and geographical distribution of disaster in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data sources. Disaste r events data were collected from NSET and other government research papers, library etc. 26,665 events were reported during a 45 year and 43,868 people were died, 2,828 people were missing by disaster. Fire, flood landslide, accident and thunderstorms are major disasters in terms of occurrences and Earthquake, flood, and landslide are the major disasters in terms of damages and losses. The trend of disaster events is gradually increasing from the 1971 to 2000 but after 2000 the trend of disaster is drastically increasing to 2016. Annually 593 disaster events have occurred in Nepal. The data of impacts caused by the disasters also reveal that the estimated annual economic loss is increasing with the increasing frequency of disasters. The number of natural disasters as well as the number of corresponding casualties, injured and affected people, and economic loss is steadily on the rise. Tarai and Hilly districts are highly vulnerable than Mountain districts and Hill and Tarai region are most affected than Mountain region due different disaster in Nepal. The Tarai and some central hill districts are most vulnerable in terms of disasters occurrences. Among the seven provinces, province no 3 recorded the highest number of human deaths and disasters occurrences.
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Yamaguchi, Kazuko, Ryota Ii, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Ecosystem damage assessment of land transformation using species loss." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23, no. 12 (March 30, 2016): 2327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1072-2.
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Liu, Changxin, Hailing Zhang, and Zheng Wang. "Study on the Functional Improvement of Economic Damage Assessment for the Integrated Assessment Model." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051280.
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The economic damage function of the integrated assessment model (IAM) is used to quantify the economic loss caused by climate change, and it is quite important for coupling the economic system and natural system in a model. However, there are many shortcomings of the damage function in the current IAM. The most important shortcoming is that the only climatic factor in the damage function is the global annual mean temperature rise, which would result in the estimation deviating from reality. We improved the damage function by introducing extreme climate change events. Additionally, the improved damage function is applicable to the regional characteristics by using regional climate change data. The extreme climate event information is extracted with the categories of the disasters. The damage function is set up by using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method based on the climate data and economic loss data. The results show that the improved IAM damage function can better reflect the actual climate change economic loss in China, making it more reasonable. This paper provides an important method and technical solution for the realization of an effective connection between the disaster damage function of the integrated assessment model and the climate elements of the Earth system model.
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Gold, C. S., P. E. Ragama, R. Coe, and N. D. T. M. Rukazambuga. "Selection of assessment methods for evaluating banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage on highland cooking banana (Musa spp., genome group AAA-EA)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 2 (April 2005): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004341.
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AbstractCosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is an important pest on bananas and plantains. Population build-up is slow and damage becomes increasingly important in successive crop cycles (ratoons). Yield loss results from plant loss, mat disappearance and reduced bunch size. Damage assessment requires destructive sampling and is most often done on corms of recently harvested plants. A wide range of damage assessment methods exist and there are no agreed protocols. It is critical to know what types of damage best reflect C. sordidus pest status through their relationships with yield loss. Multiple damage assessment parameters (i.e. for the corm periphery, cortex and central cylinder) were employed in two yield loss trials and a cultivar-screening trial in Uganda. Damage to the central cylinder had a greater effect on plant size and yield loss than damage to the cortex or corm periphery. In some cases, a combined assessment of damage to the central cylinder and cortex showed a better relationship with yield loss than an assessment of the central cylinder alone. Correlation, logistic and linear regression analyses showed weak to modest correlations between damage to the corm periphery and damage to the central cylinder. Thus, damage to the corm periphery is not a strong predictor of the more important damage to the central cylinder. Therefore, C. sordidus damage assessment should target the central cylinder and cortex.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Grahn, Tonje. "Risk assessment of natural hazards : Data availability and applicability for loss quantification." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48324.
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Quantitative risk assessments are a fundamental part of economic analysis and natural hazard risk management models. It increases the objectivity and the transparency of risk assessments and guides policymakers in making efficient decisions when spending public resources on risk reduction. Managing hazard risks calls for an understanding of the relationships between hazard exposure and vulnerability of humans and assets. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and estimate causal relationships between hazards, exposure and vulnerability, and to evaluate the applicability of systematically collected data sets to produce reliable and generalizable quantitative information for decision support. Several causal relationships have been established. For example, the extent of lake flood damage to residential buildings depends on the duration of floods, distance to waterfront, the age of the house and in some cases the water level. Results also show that homeowners private initiative to reduce risk, prior to or during a flood, reduced their probability of suffering building damage with as much as 40 percent. Further, a causal relationship has been established between the number of people exposed to quick clay landslides and landslide fatalities. Even though several relationships were identified between flood exposure and vulnerability, the effects can only explain small parts of the total variation in damages, especially at object level. The availability of damage data in Sweden is generally low. The most comprehensive damage data sets in Sweden are held by private insurance companies and are not publicly available. Data scarcity is a barrier to quantitative natural hazard risk assessment in Sweden. More efforts should therefore be made to collect data systematically for modelling and validating standardized approaches to quantitative damage estimation.Natural hazard damages have increased worldwide. Impacts caused by hydrological and meteorological hazards have increased the most. An analysis of insurance payments in Sweden showed that flood damages have been increasing in Sweden as well. With climate change and increasing populations we can expect this trend to continue unless efforts are made to reduce risk and adapt communities to the threats. Economic analysis and quantitative risk assessments of natural hazards are fundamental parts of a risk management process that can support policymakers' decisions on efficient risk reduction. However, in order to develop reliable damage estimation models knowledge is needed of the relationships between hazard exposure and the vulnerability of exposed objects and persons. This thesis has established causal relationships between residential exposure and flood damage on the basis of insurance data. I also found that private damage-reducing actions decreased the probability of damage to buildings with almost 40 percent. Further, a causal relationship has been established between the number of people exposed to quick clay landslides and fatalities. Even though several relationships have been identified between flood exposure and vulnerability, the effects can explain only small parts of the total variation in damages, especially at object level, and more effort is needed to develop quantitative models for risk assessment purposes.
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Zhang, Fang. "Flood Damage and Vulnerability Assessment for Hurricane Sandy in New York City." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374108651.
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Berezina, Polina. "Enhancing Hurricane Damage Assessment from Satellite Images Using Deep Learning." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587554383454681.
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Gupta, Umang 1977. "Earthquake loss estimation including transportation network damage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32708.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).
Large earthquakes have the potential of causing extensive damage and enormous economic losses. These losses are primarily attributable to the reduction in functionality of various facilities in the affected region and the rebuilding costs, and can be reduced through strategic pre- and post-earthquake decisions. This thesis describes an integrated methodology to estimate losses due to scenario earthquakes, with emphasis on the reduced functionality of the transportation infrastructure. The methodology integrates variables that were previously considered exogenous to the transportation system, through models for reduced industrial production capacity, and damage to lifelines, residential clusters and other structural components in an integrated framework. By modifying input parameters, one can evaluate the effect on the losses of various mitigating actions. The methodology is thus useful for prioritizing retrofitting efforts and in general for developing pre and post- earthquake strategies for lowering economic losses. A case study of a New Madrid scenario earthquake is presented. Future efforts needed to improve the loss estimation capability of this methodology are identified.
by Umang Gupta.
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Gómez, Martínez Fernando. "FAST simplified vulnerability approach for seismic assessment of infilled RC MRF buildings and its application to the 2011 Lorca (Spain) earthquake." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/54780.
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[EN] A simplified analytical method ("FAST") for the estimation of large-scale vulnerability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Moment Resisting Frames with masonry infills is proposed and subsequently tested by using real damage scenario caused by the 2011 Lorca earthquake as a benchmark.
FAST is a spectral-based approach that allows predicting the average non-structural Damage State expected for each class of building (defined by number of storeys, age of construction, infills ratio in plan and location) for a given demand level. It accounts for non-uniformity of infills in elevation, i.e. a reduction of infills ratio of the ground floor.
FAST is based on: (i) the definition of approximated capacity curves of the infilled building, assuming that the RC frame is designed according to the corresponding seismic code; and on (ii) the assumption of "a priori" deformed shapes in accordance with the attainment of each non-structural damage state at 1st storey, estimated through experimental and numerical correlations.
Two versions of FAST are proposed: a "simplified" approach aimed at the evaluation of uniformly infilled frames; and a "generalised" version which can account for any intermediate situation between uniformly infilled frames and pilotis frames (i.e. without infills at 1st storey). Also, some extensions of the method are highlighted.
Aimed at testing FAST, the real damage scenario after the earthquake of Lorca (2011) is used as a benchmark, despite its impulsivity and directivity. In order to define the specific input parameters for the case study, information regarding ground motion, post-earthquake damage scenario and also building design practice must be collected.
Hence, a detailed review of historical Spanish seismic codes and a critical analysis of current Spanish seismic code NCSE-02 in comparison with current reference performance-based codes such as Eurocode 8 are provided. Special emphasis is placed on provisions which can prevent a proper capacity design and that, in turn, can cause brittle failures or favour the interaction with infills. Also, the prescription of lower behaviour factor for wide-beam frames with respect to deep-beam frames -which is not present in most codes¿ is discussed; outcomes of several case studies suggest that such prescription is obsolete.
Finally, FAST is applied to Lorca earthquake and predicted damage scenarios are obtained, considering different assumptions for input values. Results show proper agreement between predicted and real damages. Structural collapses were rarely observed, even though the PGA was three times higher than the typical acceleration of design, so FAST proves that masonry infills provided additional strength to RC frames.[ES] Se propone un método analítico simplificado ("FAST") para la estimación de la vulnerabilidad a gran escala de edificios porticados de hormigón armado con tabiquería de fábrica, posteriormente testeado mediante la adopción del escenario de daño real correspondiente al terremoto de Lorca de 2011 como patrón de comparación. FAST es un procedimiento espectral que permite predecir el nivel de daño no estructural medio esperado para cada clase de edificio (definido por su número de plantas, año de construcción, densidad de tabiquería en planta y localización geográfica), considerando un nivel de demanda dado. El método tiene en cuenta la irregularidad de la tabiquería en alzado, es decir, la posible reducción relativa de tabiquería en planta baja. FAST se basa en: (i) la definición de curvas de capacidad aproximadas para los edificios tabicados, asumiendo que la estructura de HA se ha proyectado según la norma sísmica correspondiente en cada caso; y en (ii) la asunción de deformadas "apriorísticas" coherentes con cada grado de daño (suponiendo que éste se alcanza siempre en planta baja), estimadas a través de correlaciones experimentales y numéricas. Se proponen dos versiones de FAST: una "simplificada" para la evaluación de edificios uniformemente tabicados en altura, y otra "generalizada", que es capaz de tener en cuenta cualquier situación intermedia entre el prototipo uniformemente tabicado y el de planta baja diáfana. Además, se proponen ciertas extensiones al método. A fin de validar FAST, se elige el escenario de daño real correspondiente al terremoto de Lorca (2011) como patrón de comparación, a pesar de su impulsividad y directividad. Para definir los parámetros de input correspondientes al caso de estudio, es necesario recopilar previamente la información concerniente a la señal sísmica, el escenario de daño y las características del parque construido. Por tanto, se lleva a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de las normas sísmicas históricas en España y un análisis crítico de la norma sísmica española actual NCSE-02 en comparación con otras normas actuales de referencia basadas en el desempeño, como el Eurocódigo 8, haciendo énfasis en las provisiones que no garantizan el diseño por capacidad y que por tanto pueden provocar mecanismos frágiles o favorecer la excesiva influencia de la tabiquería. Además, se discute sobre la restricción del coeficiente de ductilidad en estructuras de vigas planas, cuestión que no se refleja en otras normas. Los resultados obtenidos mediante análisis de casos de estudio muestran que dicha prescripción resulta obsoleta para normas actuales. Finalmente, FAST se aplica al caso del terremoto de Lorca, obteniéndose predicciones de daño medio para diferentes asunciones. Los resultados muestran una coincidencia aceptable entre la predicción y los daños reales. FAST confirma que la causa principal de la práctica ausencia de colapsos (ante un terremoto con PGA triple que la típica de proyecto) hay que buscarla en la contribución estructural de la tabiquería de fábrica.
[CAT] Es proposa un mètode analític simplificat ("FAST") per a l'estimació de la vulnerabilitat a gran escala d'edificis porticats de formigó armat amb envans de fàbrica. Posteriorment, el mètode ha estat testejat mitjançant l'adopció de l'escenari de dany real corresponent al terratrèmol de Lorca de 2011 com a patró de comparació. FAST és un procediment espectral que permet predir el nivell de dany no estructural mitjà esperat per a cada classe d'edifici (definit pel seu nombre de plantes, any de construcció, densitat d'envans en planta i localització geogràfica), considerant un determinat nivell de demanda. El mètode té en compte la irregularitat de la distribució de envans al llarg de les diferents plantes del edifici. Es a dir, es pot tenir en compte que, freqüentment, hi ha una menor quantitat de d'envans a la planta baixa. FAST es fonamenta en: (i) la definició de corbes de capacitat aproximades que tenen en compte no sols la estructura del edifici sinó també els envans i assumint que l'estructura de HA s'ha projectat segons la norma sísmica corresponent en cada cas; (ii) l'assumpció de deformades "apriorístiques" coherents amb cada grau de dany (suposant que aquest es dona sempre a la planta baixa) que han estat estimades a través de correlacions experimentals i numèriques. Es proposen dues versions de FAST: una "simplificada" per a l'avaluació d'edificis amb envans uniformement repartits per totes les plantes, i una altra "generalitzada", que és capaç de tenir en compte qualsevol situació intermèdia entre el prototip uniformement paredat i el de planta baixa diàfana. A més, es proposen certes extensions al mètode. Per tal de validar FAST, es tria l'escenari de dany real corresponent al terratrèmol de Lorca (2011) com a patró de comparació, malgrat la seva impulsivitat i directivitat. Per definir els paràmetres de entrada corresponents al cas d'estudi, cal recopilar prèviament la informació concernent al senyal sísmica, l'escenari de dany i les característiques del parc construït. Per tant, es porta a terme una revisió exhaustiva de les normes sísmiques històriques a Espanya i una anàlisi crítica de la norma sísmica espanyola actual (NCSE-02) comparant-la amb altres normes actuals de referència, com l'Eurocodi 8, fonamentat en el concepte d'acompliment. També es fa èmfasi a les provisions que no garanteixen el disseny per capacitat i que, per tant, poden provocar mecanismes de col·lapse fràgils o afavorir la interacció de la estructura amb els envans. A més, es discuteix sobre la restricció del coeficient de ductilitat de les estructures de bigues planes ja que es una qüestió que no aborden la majoria de les normes. Els resultats obtinguts mitjançant l'anàlisi de casos d'estudi mostren que aquesta restricció resulta obsoleta a les normes actuals. Finalment, FAST s'aplica al cas del terratrèmol de Lorca, obtenint prediccions de dany mitjà per a diferents combinacions del paràmetres de entrada. Els resultats mostren una coincidència acceptable entre la predicció i els danys reals. FAST confirma que la causa principal de la pràctica absència de col·lapses (davant un terratrèmol amb PGA triple que la típica de projecte) cal buscar-la en la contribució estructural dels envans.
Gómez Martínez, F. (2015). FAST simplified vulnerability approach for seismic assessment of infilled RC MRF buildings and its application to the 2011 Lorca (Spain) earthquake [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54780
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Carlos, A. R. "DNA damage responses to loss of telomere integrity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:27bcf3b6-edb9-47e2-af7c-c7ba9b431572.
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Linear genomes end in characteristic structures consisting of repetitive DNA and proteins: the telomeres. These play two critical roles: on one hand they avoid the of loss of genetic information due to the incomplete replication of the chromosome ends and on the other, they provide capping structures for chromosome termini, differentiating them from double strand breaks. Telomeres contain specialized proteins (the shelterin complex), as well as proteins present elsewhere on the chromosomes (chromatin remodelling, DNA damage repair and response factors). Interestingly, several DNA damage factors are required for proper telomere maintenance, drawing a thin line between telomere protection and their recognition as broken DNA ends. Loss of telomere integrity has severe consequences for the cell, namely it can induce replicative senescence and cellular aging, or it can contribute to tumorigenesis. How telomeres are capped and how they are perceived by the cell when they become dysfunctional is essential for our understanding of the contribution of loss of telomere integrity to aging and disease. In order to unravel new factors involved in telomere maintenance, siRNA screens were performed. The optimization process has confirmed both telomeric foci and telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs) as suitable readouts and the screens performed generated a list of potential candidate genes involved in telomere biology. Although some of the candidate genes tested in this work failed the validation process, other genes deserve further analysis. In addition this work also studied the role of several DNA damage factors at uncapped telomeres. Furthermore, BRCA1, CtIP and EXO1 were found to be critical for the formation of end-to-end fusions generated after TRF2 inactivation. The requirement of this proteins in this process, suggests that not only that not only the classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) pathway is active at TRF2-depelted telomeres, but emphasises the multiplicity of mechanisms that act to repair dysfunctional telomeres.
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Mechler, Reinhard, Elisa Calliari, Laurens M. Bouwer, Thomas Schinko, Swenja Surminski, JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer, Jeroen Aerts, et al. "Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions." Springer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_1.
Full textAbstract:
The debate on "Loss and Damage" (L&D) has gained traction over the
last few years. Supported by growing scientific evidence of anthropogenic climate
change amplifying frequency, intensity and duration of climate-related hazards as
well as observed increases in climate-related impacts and risks in many regions, the "Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage" was established in 2013
and further supported through the Paris Agreement in 2015. Despite advances, the debate currently is broad, diffuse and somewhat confusing, while concepts, meth
ods and tools, as well as directions for policy remain vague and often contested.
This book, a joint effort of the Loss and Damage Network - a partnership effort by
scientists and practitioners from around the globe - provides evidence-based insight
into the L&D discourse by highlighting state-of-the-art research conducted across
multiple disciplines, by showcasing applications in practice and by providing insight
into policy contexts and salient policy options. This introductory chapter summarises
key findings of the twenty-two book chapters in terms of five propositions. These
propositions, each building on relevant findings linked to forward-looking sugges
tions for research, policy and practice, reflect the architecture of the book, whose
sections proceed from setting the stage to critical issues, followed by a section on
methods and tools, to chapters that provide geographic perspectives, and finally to a
section that identifies potential policy options. The propositions comprise (1) Risk
management can be an effective entry point for aligning perspectives and debates,
if framed comprehensively, coupled with climate justice considerations and linked
to established risk management and adaptation practice; (2) Attribution science is
advancing rapidly and fundamental to informing actions to minimise, avert, and
address losses and damages; (3) Climate change research, in addition to identifying
physical/hard limits to adaptation, needs to more systematically examine soft limits
to adaptation, for which we find some evidence across several geographies globally;
(4) Climate risk insurance mechanisms can serve the prevention and cure aspects
emphasised in the L&D debate but solidarity and accountability aspects need further
attention, for which we find tentative indication in applications around the world; (5)
Policy deliberations may need to overcome the perception that L&D constitutes a
win-lose negotiation "game" by developing a more inclusive narrative that highlights
collective ambition for tackling risks, mutual benefits and the role of Transformation.
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Safar, Mahmoud Mohamed Hassan Ghobarah Ahmed. "Damage-based spectral seismic assessment." *McMaster only, 2007.
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Liu, Bangyan. "Fatigue and damage tolerance analysis of composite laminates - stiffness loss, damage modellig, and life prediction." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60701.
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The prediction of fatigue life and evaluation of onset and growth of matrix cracks and delamination for general composite laminates are studied analytically using theories of damage tolerance, residual modulus degradation and residual strength degradation. Damage onset including matrix cracks and edge delamination are predicted by using a total strain energy release rate criterion which accounts for interactive effects of matrix cracks and delamination. The analytical models for modulus degradation, matrix crack density and delamination size growth as function of fatigue stress and fatigue cycles are proposed. The proposed approach provides four choices for predicting tension-tension fatigue life and for assessing fail-safety for structures made of composite laminates. The direct relation of physical damage to fatigue life and analytical equations for calculating residual elastic moduli E$ rm{ sb1, E sb2, v sb{12}}$ and G$ sb{12}$ in terms of fatigue load and fatigue cycles are proposed. The proposed approach enables prediction of fatigue behaviour of general laminates using experimental data of a basic lay-up such as unidirectional laminate. The finite element technique was utilized to model the fatigue failure process of notched laminates. A simple example of a laminate with a central hole under tension-tension fatigue loading was performed.
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Allahdadian, Saeid. "Robust statistical subspace-based damage assessment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62148.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid spread and increasing affordability of sensors, are encouraging the government and stake-holders to instrument important infra-structures and structures. These sensors generate vast amount of data which can be used in real-time health monitoring of the instrumented structures by using damage identification methods.
A significant component of structural health monitoring is damage identification methods which process the data with the purpose of detecting damages in the structures. One of these methods with a theoretical background is the statistical subspace damage identification method (SSDI). The overarching goal in this thesis is to close the gap between theory and practice, in order to have a method with a strong theoretical background and a credible applicability at the same time.
In order to achieve this goal several contributions are motivated in this thesis, which are presented as follows:
Firstly, the effect of two challenges faced in the damage detection of structures under real test conditions, namely the measurement noise and duration (length), are theoretically evaluated. It is demonstrated that the measurement noise and length have considerable influence on the statistical subspace damage detection method and they need to be considered based on these proposed theories.
Secondly, the statistical subspace damage localization (SSDL) method, is assessed for the first time, in localizing the damage of a real experimental structure, i.e. the Yellow frame, established on the course of this research at UBC. Several methods and theories are developed in order to enable this method in identifying the damage under real test conditions. It was demonstrated that by employing the proposed theories, the SSDL method can robustly locate the damage in a real structure such as the Yellow frame.
Finally, two indexes are proposed in predicting the detectability of damage in each element of a structure. These indexes provide valuable information on the sensitivity of SSDL method to the damage in each element.
All the proposed theories and methods are demonstrated theoretically; subsequently, they are verified by simple and sophisticated analytical models, and finally, they are validated by real-test data.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Books on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Indonesia. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. West Sumatra and Jambi natural disasters: Damage, loss, and preliminary needs assessment. [Jakarta]: BNPB, 2009.
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Consultative Group on Indonesia (15th 2006 Jakarta, Indonesia). Preliminary damage and loss assessment: Yogyakarta and Central Java natural disaster. [Jakarta, Indonesia: Consultative Group on Indonesia], 2006.
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Columbia, Law Reform Commission of British. Minor report on taxation and the assessment of income-related damage awards. Vancouver, B.C: Law Reform Commission of British Columbia, 1994.
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O, Ward John, ed. Valuing children in litigation: Family and individual loss assessment. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co., 1995.
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author, Chaudhry Shivani, Akhtaree Rizwana author, Centre for the Sustainable Use of Natural and Social Resources (Bhubaneswar, India), and Habitat International Coalition. Housing and Land Rights Network, eds. Unjust compensation: An assessment of damage and loss of private property during the anti-Christian violence in Kandhamal, India. Bhubaneswar: Centre for the Sustainable Use of Natural and Social Resources, 2013.
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Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Assessment of damages under the Fatal Accidents Act for the loss of guidance, care and companionship. Winnipeg: The Commission, 2000.
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Krishna Rao, Pinninti. Climate Change Loss and Damage. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39564-2.
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Maes, Frank, ed. Marine Resource Damage Assessment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3368-0.
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D, Bennett James. Loss prevention system: A guide to understanding, implementing, and managing the behavior process necessary to prevent: personal injuries, occupational illnesses, equipment damage, operational inefficiencies, regulatory assessments, product quality incidents. [S.l: s.n.], 1997.
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Mechler, Reinhard, Laurens M. Bouwer, Thomas Schinko, Swenja Surminski, and JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer, eds. Loss and Damage from Climate Change. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Markandya, Anil, and Mikel González-Eguino. "Integrated Assessment for Identifying Climate Finance Needs for Loss and Damage: A Critical Review." In Loss and Damage from Climate Change, 343–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14.
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Kusunoki, K. "Damage Assessment in Japan and Potential Use of New Technologies in Damage Assessment." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 27–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_2.
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AbstractRight after an earthquake, it is quite important to evaluate the damage level of the buildings in the affected area. In Japan, a rapid inspection is conducted to evaluate the risk of collapse due to an aftershock. If any damage is detected, it is required to conduct damage classification, which takes time but categorizes its damage into five damage categories. Japan has a standard for both rapid inspection and damage classification. They are briefed in this chapter. Similar to the damage classification, the loss of the house and home contents for the earthquake insurance. The method for earthquake insurance is also introduced. Since they are based on visual inspection, it is quite difficult to investigate the damage of the high-rise buildings and buildings covered by finishing. Recently, many kinds of research are conducted to use sensors for automatic and realtime damage classification. A structural health monitoring method with accelerometers based on the capacity spectrum method, which is currently installed into more than 40 buildings, is also introduced.
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Akkar, S. "Earthquake Physical Risk/Loss Assessment Models and Applications: A Case Study on Content Loss Modeling Conditioned on Building Damage." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 223–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_10.
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AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to develop content fragility conditioned on building damage for contents used in residential buildings in Turkey. The approach combines the building damage state probabilities with the content damage probabilities conditioned on building damage states to develop the content fragilities. The paper first presents the procedure and then addresses the epistemic uncertainty in building and content fragilities to show their effects on the content vulnerability. The approach also accounts for the expert opinion differences in the content replacement cost ratios (consequence functions) as part of the epistemic uncertainty. Monte Carlo sampling is used to consider the epistemic uncertainty in each model component contributing to the content vulnerability. A sample case study is presented at the end of the paper to show the implementation of the developed content fragilities by calculating the average annual loss ratio (AALR) distribution of residential content loss over the mainland Turkey.
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Ragothaman, Prahalad, and Brajendra Panda. "Analyzing Transaction Logs for Effective Damage Assessment." In Research Directions in Data and Applications Security, 89–101. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35697-6_8.
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Dumaru, Rakesh, Hugo Rodrigues, and Humberto Varum. "Seismic Performance Assessment, Retrofitting and Loss Estimation of an Existing Non-Engineered Building in Nepal." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 43–70. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.043.
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<p>The non-engineered building built before 2004 remained after Gorkha earthquake although such structures demonstrate seismic deficient. Therefore, the present study aims to carry out detail seismic performance of such building to investigate as-built seismic performance and its performance after intervention of retrofit measures. Two in situ tests were performed, which includes Schmidt hammer test and ambient vibration test. The adaptive pushover analysis and dynamic time history analyses were performed for as-built and retrofitted building. The retrofit measures increase the stiffness and maximum base shear capacity of the buildings. In addition, such retrofit measures improved single storey drift concentration in existing building such that uniform drift profile can be attained. Furthermore, the probability of exceeding damage states can be significantly reduced and mainly found to be more effective in minimizing higher damage states, such as partial collapse and collapse states. The maximum expected annual loss occurs between 0.1 g and 0.2 g PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration). It was revealed that the steel braced building was found to be relatively more effective in enhancing the seismic performance, whereas reinforced concrete shear wall found more economic feasible retrofit measure for this particular building.</p>
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Sousounis, Peter J., Roger Grenier, Jonathan Schneyer, and Dan Raizman. "Climate Change Impacts to Hurricane-Induced Wind and Storm Surge Losses for Three Major Metropolitan Regions in the U.S." In Hurricane Risk in a Changing Climate, 161–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08568-0_8.
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AbstractClimate change is expected to have increasingly significant impacts on U.S. hurricane activity through this century (Hayhoe et al., Our changing climate. In: Reidmiller DR, Avery CW, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Lewis KLM, Maycock TK, Stewart BC (eds) Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, pp 72:144. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH, 2018). A key concern for private insurers is how the relative contributions to loss from wind and water may change because damage from flood is not typically covered in the residential market. This study addresses the concern by considering how climate change by 2050 under an extreme climate scenario may impact hurricane frequency and damage. Using a stochastic catalog of 100,000 years of possible events that can occur in today’s climate, and available information on how hurricane frequency and intensity may change, multiple catalogs of events are created to reflect future hurricane activity. Climate change impacts on precipitation rate are not accounted for here, although sea level rise is included to understand how much worse storm surge may become. Relative changes to wind loss and coastal flood loss are examined for three economically significant and hurricane prone urban locations: Houston-Galveston, Miami, and New York. Results show that relative changes in wind loss may pale in comparison to relative changes in storm surge loss. Houston shows large increases in relative contribution of surge to total loss because the contribution is currently small, New York shows the least significant increases because contributions are currently large, and Miami is in the middle.
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Di Ludovico, M., G. De Martino, A. Prota, G. Manfredi, and M. Dolce. "Damage Assessment in Italy, and Experiences After Recent Earthquakes on Reparability and Repair Costs." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_4.
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AbstractRecent devastating earthquakes outlined the importance of quantifying losses and the amount of resources needed for the reconstruction process. The restoration of public or residential buildings in the aftermath of the seismic event may significantly affect national economy. This remarks the primary role and crucial need of having accurate predictions of direct and indirect costs for reconstruction in order to plan effective risk mitigation strategies and perform reliable loss scenarios. The recent Italian seismic events have been a unique occasion to collect observational data on existing buildings. The present work, based on the Italian experience of recent earthquakes, aims at discussing the main aspects related to the damage assessment of residential buildings and reconstruction models together with the huge amount of data collected in the reconstruction processes. In particular, an in-depth analysis of the data provided by the reconstruction process of 2009 L’Aquila earthquake is reported focussing on repair and strengthening intervention costs as a function of the empirical damage,repairability issues, and assistance to population costs. The data are discussed separately for reinforced concrete and masonry residential buildings and refers about 10,100 buildings located Outside Historical Centres (OHC) and Inside Historical Centres (IHC). Finally, the criteria adopted for the definition of the building seismic risk classes at the base of the Italian guidelines for seismic risk classification of constructions are presented together with recent policies adopted in Italy in terms of fiscal deduction for strengthening interventions on private residential buildings.
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Kelly, James Floyd, and Harold Timmis. "Damage Assessment." In Arduino Adventures, 41–45. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4606-0_5.
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Rikard Benton, Heslehurst. "Damage Assessment." In Engineered Repairs of Composite Structures, 25–38. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429198656-3.
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Arnold, Lorna. "Damage Assessment and Damage Control." In Windscale 1957, 60–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10582-3_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Ding, Y., G. Renard, and B. Herzhaft. "Uncertainty Assessment in Well Productivity Loss due to Formation Damage." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2005-024.
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Dingtao Shen, Qiting Kuang, Jie Yang, Jianhua Ni, and Jian Jia. "The progress in the research of flood damage loss assessment." In 2015 23rd International Conference on Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoinformatics.2015.7378572.
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Gamage, Pubudu, Jay P. Deville, and Bill Shumway. "Performance and Formation Damage Assessment of a Novel, Thermally Stable Solids-Free Fluid Loss Gel." In SPE European Formation Damage Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165096-ms.
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Long Wang, Xiaoqing Wang, Aixia Dou, and Dongliang Wang. "Study on construction seismic damage loss assessment using RS and GIS." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423898.
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Adibi-Asl, R., and R. Seshadri. "Thermal Hot Spot Damage Assessment in Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63903.
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Local hot spots occur in some pressure vessels and piping systems used in power and process plants. This type of damage is typically caused by loss of refractory lining on the inside wall of pressure components or due to a maldistribution of the flow within vessels containing catalysts and reactive fluids. In general, this form of damage can be detected by thermography or temperature sensitive paints on the outside of the vessel. Hot spot damage can reduce the overall load carrying capacity of a pressurized component due to lower yield strength of the damaged region resulting from localized increase in temperature. This paper investigates hot spot damage assessment by reviewing the available solutions. Various pressure vessel profiles including cylindrical, spherical and conical vessels are discussed.
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Vieth, Patrick H., Clifford J. Maier, William V. Harper, Elden Johnson, Bhaskar Neogi, U. J. Baskurt, and Alan Beckett. "Probabilistic Assessment of Minor Mechanical Damage." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10409.
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In-line inspection (ILI) of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) using high resolution metal loss tools indicated 77 locations with suspected minor mechanical damage features (MDF). The tools used are able to detect the presence of a suspected feature, and measure indented dimensions, but are insufficient to detect the presence of cracks or gouges needed to reliably assess feature severity based solely on the ILI data. Excavations of 42 sites deemed most severe provided important field data characterizing residual deformation dimensions, the occurrence of gouges or cracks, and allowing a reliable field assessment of defect severity. Upon completion of the excavations, 35 possible MDF locations remained unexcavated. An engineering evaluation was undertaken to assess whether or not these remaining minor MDF pose a threat that is significant enough to warrant excavation. Multiple assessment methods were utilized including deterministic, probabilistic, and risk assessment methods. The probabilistic assessment of 35 unexcavated MDFs was performed using PCFStat; or Pressure Cycle Fatigue Statistical Assessment, which uses Monte Carlo simulation to estimate remaining fatigue life. PCFStat performs 1,000’s of simulations for each case where the input parameters are randomly selected from expected distributions. Of particular importance is the fatigue environment of the location. The results of the probabilistic assessment were used to estimate the potential for failure of remaining MDFs. The results suggest that 25 of 35 unexpected damage features had a POF of less than 10−4 over the remaining expected pipeline life cycle and thus are unlikely to fail. Alyeska considered a combination of probabilistic, deterministic and risk assessment results to decide on the actual locations to be examined. The results of probabilistic analysis also were found to support the outcome of the operator’s risk-based evaluation process.
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Hanif, W., and S. Kenny. "Mechanical Damage and Fatigue Assessment of Dented Pipelines Using FEA." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33445.
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Onshore and offshore pipelines may be subjected to mechanical damage during installation and operation due to environmental loads, external forces and third party interference. Pipelines in offshore environment may be prone to mechanical damage from events such as ice gouging, frost heave, and seismic fault movement. For conventional pipelines, the assessment of mechanical damage plays an important role in the development of integrity management programs that may be of greater significance for pipeline systems located in remote harsh environments and that are more prone to anchor drag, seismic loading and ice gouging. This study examines the effect of dents and corrosion loss on pipe mechanical response using continuum finite element methods. ABAQUS/Standard (6.10-1) environment was used to simulate damage events and pipe response. Modelling procedures developed and calibrated against physical and numerical data sets available in public domain were reported previously in Hanif & Kenny 2012, 2013. Once confidence in numerical procedures was established, an analysis model matrix was established to account for a range of influential parameters including pipe/indenter geometry and pressure factor. A nonlinear multivariate regression analysis was conducted to develop strain based empirical tools that characterize the effects of local damage and applied loads on pipeline mechanical response for unconstrained dent conditions. Coupled affect of dent and artificial corrosion loss (in terms of wall thickness reduction in the damage zone) was also analyzed and a sensitivity study was conducted to see the effect of percentage wall loss on pipe response. Finally, operational parameters were varied and resulting stress concentration factors were calculated, that took into account indentations and wall loss, to predict fatigue life of dented pipe segments for both constrained and unconstrained dent conditions.
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Semiga, Vlado, Sanjay Tiku, and Aaron Dinovitzer. "Pipeline Mechanical Damage Integrity Management Framework." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90433.
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With the resolution and capabilities of the latest generation multi-sensor in-line inspection tools, detection and sizing of mechanical damage (i.e. dents, metal loss, etc) and their interaction is becoming more prevalent. As a result, the number of features requiring consideration in terms of integrity assessment is ever increasing. The following paper presents a mechanical damage integrity management framework, intended to allow the assessment of a large number of features to support maintenance planning decisions. The framework is centred around organizing and collecting features into groups that share similar integrity driving parameters. An example demonstration of the framework is also presented using the results of a single ILI run on a small diameter pipeline. The example assessment focuses on shallow dents interacting with metal loss features where the metal loss features are treated as localized, gouge-like features.
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Cavazzini, Anna, Edmondo Minisci, and M. Sergio Campobasso. "Machine Learning-Aided Assessment of Wind Turbine Energy Losses due to Blade Leading Edge Damage." In ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2019-7578.
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Abstract Estimating reliably and rapidly the losses of wind turbine annual energy production due to blade surface damage is essential for optimizing maintenance planning and, in the frequent case of leading edge erosion, assessing the need for protective coatings. These requirements prompted the development of the prototype system presented herein, using machine learning, wind turbine engineering codes and computational fluid dynamics to estimate wind turbine annual energy production losses due to blade leading edge damage. The power curve of a turbine with nominal or damaged blade surfaces is determined respectively with the open-source FAST and AeroDyn codes of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, both using the blade element momentum theory for turbine aerodynamics. The loss prediction system is designed to map a given three-dimensional geometry of a damaged blade onto a damaged airfoil database, which, in this study, consists of 2700+ airfoil geometries, each analyzed with Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics over the working range of angles of attack. To avoid the need for lengthy aerodynamic analyses to assess losses due to damages monitored during turbine operation, the airfoil force data of a damaged turbine required by AeroDyn are rapidly obtained using a machine learning method trained using the pre-existing airfoil database. Presented results focus on the analysis of a utility-scale offshore wind turbine and demonstrate that realistic estimates of the annual energy production loss due to leading edge surface damage can be obtained in just a few seconds using a standard desktop computer, highlighting the viability and the industrial impact of this new technology for wind farm energy losses due to blade erosion.
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Badgley, Robert H., and Wayne A. Shade. "Vibration Analysis for Immediate Assessment of Battle-Damaged Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-96.
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Operation of aircraft in hostile combat areas exposes the aircraft to risks of substantial damage or loss. Engine damage can occur as a result of impact or penetration by projectiles or fragments, or by ingestion of impact debris. The risk level depends upon threat, aircraft type, and mission. Historical evidence indicates that damage is often survivable. Aircraft can often be repaired and returned to service. The damaged engine may still be able to operate. Normal action is to remove and replace a damaged engine, but replacement engines may not be available. A procedure is needed at the operational unit level to immediately assess the exact nature and extent of engine damage, as well as rapid (perhaps nonstandard) engine repair procedures for use at forward locations. Such repairs can include reblading of compressors and turbines, replacement of cracked or broken gear cases or gears, and replacement or repair of accessories. Without repairs, the aircraft fleet may quickly lose its effectiveness. Performance indicators, gas path and oil debris quantity and size, and vibration levels can help identify the location and extent of damage. Vibration analysis with portable, computerized equipment can identify damage in the engine’s compressor and turbine rotating components, as well as cracked, broken, or otherwise damaged accessory drive gearboxes and accessories. Vibration analysis either provides an immediate indication that all vibration indicators are within limits, or localizes the damage to specific components for immediate replacement or repair at the operating unit location.
Reports on the topic "Damage and Loss Assessment"
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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.
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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Du, Xinlong, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Structural Performance Assessment of Electrical Transmission Networks for Hurricane Resilience Enhancement. Northeastern University, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20460693.
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Hurricanes are one of the main causes for blackouts and related infrastructure damage in the United States. Electrical transmission towers, which are key parts of the electrical transmission networks, are vulnerable to high wind speeds during storms. Collapse of transmission towers may lead to a loss of functionality of transmission lines. This research focuses on regional analysis of electrical transmission networks under hurricane hazards through developing beam elements for analyzing transmission towers, selection of hurricane wind records that incorporate uncertainty quantification, generating collapse fragility curves for transmission towers, and regional damage assessment of transmission networks.
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Carrera-Marquis, Daniela, Franklin Espiga, and Trevor Johnson. Open configuration options IDB Dala Assessments: Synthesis: Joaquin, Matthew, Irma and Dorian. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004232.
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Hurricanes Joaquin, Matthew, Irma, and Dorian have left indelible marks on the Bahamian landscape. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in cooperation with ECLAC, has conducted Damage and Loss Assessments (DaLA) following each of the events mentioned above, measuring their economic, social, and environmental impacts on the Bahamas. This infographic synthesizes the findings and key aspects of the effects and damage assessments and the reports of these four events.
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Shawoo, Zoha, Aaron Maltais, Inès Bakhtaoui, and Sivan Kartha. Designing a fair and feasible loss and damage finance mechanism. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.024.
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Severe climate-related disasters have already disproportionately affected some of the world’s most vulnerable countries, which are typically some of the least-responsible for the catastrophes. This report highlights the stalemate of international loss and damage support and what can be done to shore up higher-income countries’ responsibilities – starting with COP26.
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Bakhtaoui, Inès, and Zoha Shawoo. Operationalizing finance for loss and damage: from principles to modalities. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.045.
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