Journal articles on the topic 'Dairy processing Cleaning'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Dairy processing Cleaning.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Dairy processing Cleaning.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Austin, John W., and Gilles Bergeron. "Development of bacterial biofilms in dairy processing lines." Journal of Dairy Research 62, no. 3 (August 1995): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900031204.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryAdherence of bacteria to various milk contact sites was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. New gaskets, endcaps, vacuum breaker plugs and pipeline inserts were installed in different areas in lines carrying either raw or pasteurized milk, and a routine schedule of cleaning-in-place and sanitizing was followed. Removed cleaned and sanitized gaskets were processed for scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Adherent bacteria were observed on the sides of gaskets removed from both pasteurized and raw milk lines. Some areas of Buna-n gaskets were colonized with a confluent layer of bacterial cells surrounded by an extensive amorphous matrix, while other areas of Buna-n gaskets showed a diffuse adherence over large areas of the surface. Most of the bacteria attached to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon™) gaskets were found in crevices created by insertion of the gasket into the pipeline. Examination of stainless steel endcaps, pipeline inserts, and PTFE vacuum breaker plugs did not reveal the presence of adherent bacteria. The results of this study indicate that biofilms developed on the sides of gaskets in spite of cleaning-in-place procedures. These biofilms may be a source of post-pasteurization contamination.
2
Alalam, Sabine, Farah Ben-Souilah, Marie-Hélène Lessard, Julien Chamberland, Véronique Perreault, Yves Pouliot, Steve Labrie, and Alain Doyen. "Characterization of Chemical and Bacterial Compositions of Dairy Wastewaters." Dairy 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2020016.
Full textAbstract:
The dairy industry produces large amounts of wastewater, including white and cleaning wastewater originating principally from rinsing and cleaning-in-place procedures. Their valorization into process water and non-fat milk solids, in the case of white wastewater, or the renewal of cleaning solutions could be achieved using pressure-driven membrane processes. However, it is crucial to determine the intrinsic characteristics of wastewaters, such as proximate composition and bacterial composition, to optimize their potential for valorization. Consequently, white and cleaning wastewaters were sampled from industrial-scale pasteurizers located in two different Canadian dairy processing plants. Bacterial profiles of dairy wastewaters were compared to those of tap waters, pasteurized skim milk and unused cleaning solutions. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics as well as non-fat milk solids contents differed drastically between the two dairy plants due to different processing conditions. A molecular approach combining quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metabarcoding was used to characterize the bacteria present in these solutions. The cleaning solutions did not contain sufficient genomic DNA for sequencing. In white wastewater, the bacterial contamination differed depending on the dairy plant (6.91 and 7.21 log10 16S gene copies/mL). Psychrotrophic Psychrobacter genus (50%) dominated white wastewater from plant A, whereas thermophilic Anoxybacillus genus (56%) was predominant in plant B wastewater. The use of cold or warm temperatures during the pasteurizer rinsing step in each dairy plant might explain this difference. The detailed characterization of dairy wastewaters described in this study is important for the dairy sector to clearly identify the challenges in implementing strategies for wastewater valorization.
3
GREENE, ANNEL K., THOMAS G. REYNOLDS, and EMILY M. SOUTHERLAND. "Sanitary Evaluation of Target Flowmeter Used in a Dairy Processing Plant." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.12.966.
Full textAbstract:
A target flowmeter, used to measure raw milk flow, was examined for sanitary conditions in a university dairy plant 10 times over a period of eight weeks. The flowmeter connection was swabbed at four different locations along the dairy plant connection at four different times during the work day: i) after chlorine sanitization, before product; ii) after product, before cleaning in place (CIP); iii) after CIP, before acid sanitization; and iv) after acid sanitization, at end of day. Samples were plated in duplicate on standard plate count agar and on violet red bile agar. After routine CIP cleaning and sanitization procedures, bacterial counts were low. Additionally, no finished product contamination problems were detected over the 7 months of flowmeter use as shown by routine quality control tests on pasteurized milk which had flowed past the in-line meter as raw milk. These results indicate that normal cleaning and sanitization procedures were adequate for the in-line flowmeter.
4
Baskaran, K., L. M. Palmowski, and B. M. Watson. "Wastewater reuse and treatment options for the dairy industry." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Milk-processing plants generate significant quantities of wastewater with relatively high organic matter concentrations on a daily basis. In addition to environmental damage that can result from the discharge of these wastewaters into the natural waterways, the presence of products such as milk solids into wastewater streams represents a loss of valuable product for the plants. This paper presents a review of wastewater management practices employed by six milk-processing plants in Victoria, Australia. In all six plants investigated, milk powder represents a major product. During the milk powder production, water is evaporated, condensed and can be reused for various purposes with a significant impact on water usage. Other major products are anhydrous milk fat, cheese, butter, and UHT milk. The effectiveness of the practices was assessed through two main criteria: first through the water to milk intake ratio, and the waste volume coefficient. Both parameters characterise the plant efficiency in regard of water consumption and water reuse. Information on cleaning chemical usage and recovery was also assessed as part of the review. Significant discrepancies emerge between the plants first due to the products manufactured and water reuse possibilities available in each plant. Second the type of treatment technologies used for condensate and cleaning solution influences the figures. One of the investigated plants is almost self-sufficient for water, emphasising the benefits gained from the use of technologies like membrane separations for condensate and cleaning solution treatment. In some cases, less cost-intensive technologies such as a clarifier are successful to improve cleaning agent recovery.
5
Ostrov, Ievgeniia, Tali Paz, and Moshe Shemesh. "Robust Biofilm-Forming Bacillus Isolates from the Dairy Environment Demonstrate an Enhanced Resistance to Cleaning-in-Place Procedures." Foods 8, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8040134.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main strategies for maintaining the optimal hygiene level in dairy processing facilities is regular cleaning and disinfection, which is incorporated in the cleaning-in-place (CIP) regimes. However, a frail point of the CIP procedures is their variable efficiency in eliminating biofilm bacteria. In the present study, we evaluated the susceptibility of strong biofilm-forming dairy Bacillus isolates to industrial cleaning procedures using two differently designed model systems. According to our results, the dairy-associated Bacillus isolates demonstrate a higher resistance to CIP procedures, compared to the non-dairy strain of B. subtilis. Notably, the tested dairy isolates are highly persistent to different parameters of the CIP operations, including the turbulent flow of liquid (up to 1 log), as well as the cleaning and disinfecting effects of commercial detergents (up to 2.3 log). Moreover, our observations indicate an enhanced resistance of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA)-overproducing B. subtilis, which produces high amounts of proteinaceous extracellular matrix, to the CIP procedures (about 0.7 log, compared to the wild-type non-dairy strain of B. subtilis). We therefore suggest that the enhanced resistance to the CIP procedures by the dairy Bacillus isolates can be attributed to robust biofilm formation. In addition, this study underlines the importance of evaluating the efficiency of commercial cleaning agents in relation to strong biofilm-forming bacteria, which are relevant to industrial conditions. Consequently, we believe that the findings of this study can facilitate the assessment and refining of the industrial CIP procedures.
6
Bickers, P. O., R. Bhamidimarri, J. Shepherd, and J. Russell. "Biological phosphorus removal from a phosphorus-rich dairy processing wastewater." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0451.
Full textAbstract:
Dairy industry processing wastewaters consist mainly of dilutions of milk, milk products and cleaning solutions and, depending on the processes used, may be rich in phosphorus. In New Zealand and internationally, chemical removal of phosphorus is typically the phosphorus removal method of choice from dairy processing wastewaters. The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process was investigated in this study as an alternative phosphorus removal option using a continuous activated sludge system. A synthetic dairy processing wastewater was firstly subjected to fermentation in an anaerobic reactor (HRT = 12 hrs, pH = 6.5, temperature = 35°C) resulting in a fermented wastewater with an average volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of 1055 mg COD/L. The activated sludge reactor was operated in an AO configuration with an HRT of 2.5 days and an SRT of 15 days. Stable EBPR was exhibited with 42 mg P/L removed, resulting in a final sludge phosphorus content of 4.9% mg P/mg TSS. In the anaerobic zone (HRT = 2.85 hrs) the sludge had a phosphorus content of 3.16% mg P/mg TSS and a poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) concentration of 86 mg COD/g TS.
7
Patel, Ruchi, A. D. Patel, and J. B. Upadhyay. "Use of Renewable Energy in Dairy Industry." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 2 (2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.421611.
Full textAbstract:
Today India has become number one in milk production, producing 140 million tons per annum with approx. 20% of the total milk production is handled by the organized sectors. Dairy and food industries are fast growing industries and day-by-day newer technologies are being introduced to get better quality of foods. Most of the milk processing operations, room conditioning for milk product packaging and cold stores for milk milk products are operating on grid electric supply. Energy is one of the critical inputs for economic development of any Country. In order to overcome the present energy scenario problems, energy should be conserved and since we are consuming disproportionate amount of energy that day is not far when all our Non-Renewable resources will expire forcing us to rely just on Renewable Sources. To overcome problem the use of renewable energy mainly solar bio energy in the dairy is generally found for hot water supply to boiler, hot water generator for processing of milk or for CIP cleaning. Use of renewable energy has great scope for its commercial use in the dairy processing operations and It is estimated that renewable energy could contribute to at least half of all electric power in each of the large economies by 2050.
8
Mamai, D. S., S. P. Babenyshev, A. V. Mamai, V. A. Ivanets, and D. S. Khokha. "Methodology for solving the problem of wastewater treatment of dairy processing enterprises." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 84, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2022-1-214-221.
Full textAbstract:
In Russia, as well as all over the world, one of the most acute problems is the protection of natural water resources from sewage contamination of food, especially dairy processing enterprises. However, despite the fact that restrictions, fines and suspension of their activities have been established at the legislative level for exceeding the established standards for the discharge of pollutants into reservoirs, they continue to cause more and more significant harm to the environment. The main objective reason for this phenomenon should be attributed to the lack of an effective technology for cleaning complex in composition, with changing even during the day physico-chemical properties of effluents of milk processing enterprises. The purpose of the study was to develop the concept of deep processing of secondary dairy raw materials for subsequent use in industrial production. The paper presents an analysis of the basic structure of the modern technology of wastewater treatment of dairy processing enterprises at factory treatment facilities and suggests the basic principles of processing secondary dairy raw materials. The analysis of the presented data shows that modern methods of wastewater treatment used in most dairy plants do not meet the standards. Following the proposed principles will ensure favorable conditions for the release of lactose from secondary dairy raw materials at subsequent stages of its deep processing. One or another combination of these processes primarily depends on the cost of technologies and the equipment necessary for their implementation, the volume of raw materials, the required depth of its processing, as well as the market price of finished products.
9
Souza, Luana Virgínia, Rafaela da Silva Rodrigues, Andressa Fusieger, Raiane Rodrigues da Silva, Sidney Rodrigues de Jesus Silva, Evandro Martins, Solimar Gonçalves Machado, Cinzia Caggia, Cinzia Lucia Randazzo, and Antonio Fernandes de Carvalho. "Diversity of Filamentous Fungi Associated with Dairy Processing Environments and Spoiled Products in Brazil." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010153.
Full textAbstract:
Few studies have investigated the diversity of spoilage fungi from the dairy production chain in Brazil, despite their importance as spoilage microorganisms. In the present study, 109 filamentous fungi were isolated from various spoiled dairy products and dairy production environments. The isolates were identified through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In spoiled products, Penicillium and Cladosporium were the most frequent genera of filamentous fungi and were also present in the dairy environment, indicating that they may represent a primary source of contamination. For dairy production environments, the most frequent genera were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Nigrospora. Four species (Hypoxylon griseobrunneum, Rhinocladiella similis, Coniochaeta rosae, and Paecilomyces maximus) were identified for the first time in dairy products or in dairy production environment. Phytopathogenic genera were also detected, such as Montagnula, Clonostachys, and Riopa. One species isolated from the dairy production environment is classified as the pathogenic fungi, R. similis. Regarding the phylogeny, 14 different families were observed and most of the fungi belong to the Ascomycota phylum. The understanding of fungal biodiversity in dairy products and environment can support the development of conservation strategies to control food spoilage. This includes the suitable use of preservatives in dairy products, as well as the application of specific cleaning and sanitizing protocols designed for a specific group of target microorganisms.
10
Kalai, Amina, Fadila Malek, and Leila Bousmaha-Marroki. "Effect of Thymus ciliatus oil-based disinfectant solutions against bio-films formed by Bacillus cereus strains isolated from pasteurized-milk processing lines in Algeria." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 8, no. 1 (October 29, 2018): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.8(1).p01-12.
Full textAbstract:
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that often persists in dairy environments and is associated with food poisoning and spoilage. This spore-forming bacterium has a high propensity to develop biofilms onto dairy processing equipment and resists to chemical cleaning and disinfecting. This study deals with the in vitro application of thyme oil-based sanitizer solutions against biofilms formed by B. cereus genotypes which persist in pasteurized-milk processing lines. The effect of Thymus ciliatus essential oil on B. cereus planktonic cells and biofilms was assessed. The oil was tested alone and in combination with organic acids or industrial cleaning agents, in order to improve the removal of B. cereus recurrent genotypes. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of planktonic growth (MICs), biofilm formation (MBIC) and biofilm eradication (MBEC) of oil and organic acids were evaluated by microdilution assays. Thyme oil was more effective than organic acids against B. cereus planktonic growth, biofilm formation and established bio-films. High values of MICs were obtained for the three organic acids tested (3.5-4.5%) in comparison with those of essential oil (0.082-0.088%). The combination of oil with other antimicrobials as acetic acid, NaOH or HNO3 improves their effectiveness against B. cereus biofilms. These oil-based sanitizer solutions allow complete B. cereus biofilm eradication and should be an attractive candidate for the control and removal of biofilms in the dairy envi-ronment.
11
Jiménez-Pichardo, Rodrigo, Iriana Hernández-Martínez, Carlos Regalado-González, José Santos-Cruz, Yunny Meas-Vong, María del Carmen Wacher-Rodarte, Julián Carrillo-Reyes, Irais Sánchez-Ortega, and Blanca Estela García-Almendárez. "Innovative Control of Biofilms on Stainless Steel Surfaces Using Electrolyzed Water in the Dairy Industry." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010103.
Full textAbstract:
Biofilms on food-contact surfaces can lead to recurrent contamination. This work aimed to study the biofilm formation process on stainless steel plates used in the dairy industry: 304 surface finish 2B and electropolished; and the effect of a cleaning and disinfection process using alkaline (AEW) and neutral (NEW) electrolyzed water. Milk fouling during heat processing can lead to type A or B deposits, which were analyzed for composition, surface energy, thickness, and roughness, while the role of raw milk microbiota on biofilm development was investigated. Bacteria, yeasts, and lactic acid bacteria were detected using EUB-338, PF2, and Str-493 probes, respectively, whereas Lis-637 probe detected Listeria sp. The genetic complexity and diversity of biofilms varied according to biofilm maturation day, as evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequence, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy. From analysis of the experimental designs, a cleaning stage of 50 mg/L NaOH of AEW at 30 °C for 10 min, followed by disinfection using 50 mg/L total available chlorine of NEW at 20 °C for 5 min is a sustainable alternative process to prevent biofilm formation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the effectiveness of this process.
12
Thyarla, Aravind. "Ice Pigging: Economical and Novel Method for Cleaning-In-Place of Food and Dairy Processing Equipment: A Review." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2971.
Full text
13
Rankin, S. A., R. L. Bradley, G. Miller, and K. B. Mildenhall. "A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy processing advancements—Pasteurization, cleaning and sanitation, and sanitary equipment design." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 12 (December 2017): 9903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13187.
Full text
14
Giacometti, Federica, Alex Lucchi, Gerardo Manfreda, Daniela Florio, Renato Giulio Zanoni, and Andrea Serraino. "Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter butzleri in an Artisanal Dairy Plant in Italy." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 21 (August 23, 2013): 6665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02404-13.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to investigate the presence, distribution, and persistence ofArcobacterspp. in an artisanal dairy plant and to test the isolates to determine their different genotypes in the processing plant and in foods. Samples were collected in an artisanal cheese factory on four occasions between October and December 2012. Food samples (raw milk, ricotta cheese, mozzarella cheese, and conditioning liquid), water samples, and environmental samples were analyzed by the culture method; isolates were identified by multiplex PCR and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis.Arcobacter butzleriwas isolated from 29 out of 59 samples (46.6%), 22 of which were from environmental samples and 7 of which were from food samples. Cluster analysis divided the strains into 47 PFGE patterns: 14 PFGE clusters and 33 unique types. Our findings indicate that the plant harbored numerousA. butzleripulsotypes and that the manual cleaning and sanitation in the studied dairy plant do not effectively removeArcobacter. The recurrent isolation ofA. butzlerisuggests that the environmental conditions in the dairy plant constitute a good ecological niche for the colonization of this microorganism. In some cases, the presence of indistinguishable strains isolated from the same facilities on different sampling days showed that these strains were persistent in the processing environment.
15
Lindgaard-Jorgensen, Palle, Gert Holm Kristensen, and Martin Andersen. "Road Map Towards Zero Water Milk-processing Plants - Experiences from a Danish Public-Private Partnership." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i2.12893.
Full textAbstract:
A three-year public-private partnership project in Denmark, with participation of food and environment authorities, branch organizations, technology providers, universities and applied research organizations, mapped the water use and installed water-saving technologies in four cheese-producing dairy plants and a milk-processing plant with mixed dairy products.The objective of the work was: (i) to document that reuse of water in the participating milk processing plants did not compromise product safety, and (ii) to develop methodologies to select best technologies as well as monitoring and control procedures for milk processing.Different mapping approaches were tested: water meters with online data transmission, detailed mapping of all water uses and a mapping that focused on the water uses which were expected to have the largest water-saving potential.Based on the results of the water use mapping, water efficiency scenarios for the plants were developed, and solutions were selected according to their water-saving potential, applicability in the dairy sector, cost-efficiency and sustainability.Selected technologies were tested in full-scale in a number of dairy processes, including reuse and increased efficiency in utilities and cleaning operations, optimization and renewal of milk-processing operations, reuse of permeate from RO filtration for concentration of whey and reuse of dairy waste water in utility functions. The investment costs for the installation of technologies were recorded as well as the actual water savings, energy savings and savings in labour time. The savings were substantial and could pay back the investment costs, often in less than a year - with the longest payback time being five years.A branch code was developed by the partnership providing guidance for water reuse in the dairy industry, including HACCP, monitoring and control procedures for reuse of water in CIP and other dairy processes and for storage and reuse of water from whey and milk concentration. A dairy, which applies the guidance and regulations in the branch code and adopts a combination of the technologies tested by the partnership, may save up to 60% of its present water use. The partnership also led to a vision for a zero water dairy, which would require; however, that new technologies and regulations would be developed and tested.
16
Telezhenko, L., I. Bilenka, O. Zolovska, and N. Lazarenko. "The development of technology of dairy-vegetative dessert with functional additives." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 90 (November 13, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9010.
Full textAbstract:
The article component composition of creamy dessert with whipped consistence on the basis of cottage cheese using alternative plant raw materials – chufa and Jerusalem artichoke tubers or honey was established and proved. This allowed to obtain finished product with low glycemic index. The possibility of using the chufa is shown (earth almond), as a carrier of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (which make up about 82% of the total content), allows to receive desserts with recommended composition of fatty acids. It is shown that preliminary processing of chufa to finely ground semi-product is advisable for its uniform distribution through the dessert volume and formation of its homogeneous whip consistence. A comprehensive two-stage method for chufa preprocessing is developed, which allows to provide products with necessary technological and organoleptic properties. These studies considered for selection of scientifically sound processing modes Cyperus esculentus L. According to the research was the method of cleaning Cyperus esculentus L. Crushed Cyperus esculentus L. recommended for further use in desserts. It is shown that applying of artichoke processing to candied fruits is appropriate for provision of the necessary properties of artichoke flavor while maintaining preventive properties of fructooligosacharides of tubers. A new technological approach for producing candied fruits is developed, which yielded a product with a reduced content of mono-and disaccharides, if the inulin of raw materials is preserved. The model of technological system of milk and vegetable dessert making is developed, which allows developing qualitative principle technological schemes of production of dessert with functional additives. The recipe composition and principal technological scheme of production of dairy-vegetative desserts are developed. The influence of technological factors and recipe composition on rheological, microbiological and organoleptic quality of desserts is observed. The article analyzes the nutritional value of dessert with functional additives. The regulatory documentation is developed. New technologies are implemented in restaurant enterprises.
17
Poimenidou, Sofia, Charalambia A. Belessi, Efstathios D. Giaouris, Antonia S. Gounadaki, George-John E. Nychas, and Panagiotis N. Skandamis. "Listeria monocytogenes Attachment to and Detachment from Stainless Steel Surfaces in a Simulated Dairy Processing Environment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (September 18, 2009): 7182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01359-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The presence of pathogens in dairy products is often associated with contamination via bacteria attached to food-processing equipment, especially from areas where cleaning/sanitation is difficult. In this study, the attachment of Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel (SS), followed by detachment and growth in foods, was evaluated under conditions simulating a dairy processing environment. Initially, SS coupons were immersed in milk, vanilla custard, and yogurt inoculated with the pathogen (107 CFU/ml or CFU/g) and incubated at two temperatures (5 and 20�C) for 7 days. By the end of incubation, cells were mechanically detached from coupons and used to inoculate freshly pasteurized milk which was subsequently stored at 5�C for 20 days. The suspended cells in all three products in which SS coupons were immersed were also used to inoculate freshly pasteurized milk (5�C for 20 days). When SS coupons were immersed in milk, shorter lag phases were obtained for detached than for planktonically grown cells, regardless of the preincubation temperature (5 or 20�C). The opposite was observed when custard incubated at 20�C was used to prepare the two types of inocula. However, in this case, a significant increase in growth rate was also evident when the inoculum was derived from detached cells. In another parallel study, while L. monocytogenes was not detectable on SS coupons after 7 days of incubation (at 5�C) in inoculated yogurt, marked detachment and growth were observed when these coupons were subsequently transferred and incubated at 5�C in fresh milk or/and custard. Overall, the results obtained extend our knowledge on the risk related to contamination of dairy products with detached L. monocytogenes cells.
18
Khramtsov, A. G. "Technological breakthrough of the agrarian-and-food innovations in dairy case for example of universal agricultural raw materials. Reverse osmosis." Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 14 (June 29, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2021-14-7-20.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. Consideration of the membrane technology process – reverse osmosis – by directed and controlled processing of whey and its filtrates through special semipermeable partitions (filter membranes) with a pore size from 0.1 to 1.0 nm, carried out at a pressure of 3.0 - 10.0 MPa with the release of particles (cutting off) with a molecular weight of 100 Daltons. Reverse osmosis allows you to concentrate all the compounds of whey and filtrates, separating almost distilled water (condensate). Discussion. In the molecular sieve separation system, reverse osmosis logically continues the membrane treatment of filtrates (permeates) of native, as well as separated whey and their microfiltrates, ultrafiltrates, nanofiltrates and diafiltrates. In principle, the reverse osmosis process should be implemented to pre-concentrate the whey, which will eliminate its loss (draining) and expand the range of use. OO is promising for processing salted whey with the removal of unwanted sodium chloride, as well as for cleaning the condensate of evaporation plants from the components of dairy raw materials that come with foam and secondary steam. Conclusion. In general, for the dairy industry of the food industry of the agro-industrial complex, reverse osmotic treatment is necessary for the implementation of a closed production cycle with a recycled water supply.
19
Radwan, Ahmed A., Osama M. Darwesh, Maha T. Emam, Karima A. Mohamed, and Hala M. Abu Shady. "A combined treatment of Proteinase K and biosynthesized ZnO-NPs for eradication of dairy biofilm of sporeformers." AIMS Microbiology 8, no. 4 (2022): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2022033.
Full textAbstract:
<abstract> <p>Biofilms of sporeformers found in the dairy industry are the major contaminants during processing, as they withstand heat and chemical treatment that are used to control microbes. The present work is aimed to remove these resistant forms of bacterial community (biofilm) present in dairy production lines using ecofriendly agents based on proteinase K (Prot-K) coupled with Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Some metal/metal oxide (Ag, CuO and ZnO) NPs were prepared microbially, and ZnO-NPs were characterized as the most effective ones among them. The produced ZnO-NPs were 15–25 nm in size with spherical shape, and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of proteins and alkanes surrounding particles as capping agents. Application of Prot-K for eradication (removal) of a model biofilm of mixed sporeformers on food-grade stainless steel resulted in an 83% reduction in the absorbance of crystal violet-stained biofilm. When Prot-K was mixed with the biosynthesized NPs ZnO_G240, the reduction increased to 99.19%. This finding could contribute to an efficient cleaning approach combined with CIP to remove the recalcitrant biofilms in dairy production lines.</p> </abstract>
20
Agboola, Abiodun Fafolarin, Omolara Aduke Ojo, Michael Famakinwa, and Sheriff Olatunji Williams. "Gender Involvement of Sedentary Fulani in Dairy Farming Practices in Osun State, Nigeria." Contemporary Agriculture 69, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2020-0010.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe study assessed the gender involvement of sedentary Fulani in dairy farming practices in Osun State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 256 respondents from 12 Local Government Areas (LGAs) inhabited by the sedentary Fulani in the study area. Interview schedules were used for quantitative data collection. Data were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviations while one-way ANOVA was used to draw inferences on the hypothesis. The results showed that the mean age of the male and female respondents was 34.05 ± 12.49 years and 33.33 ± 13.14 years respectively. The majority of the male (85.9 %) and female (89.8 %) respondents had no formal education. The mean herd size of male and female respondents was 20 ± 2 and 5 ± 2 heads of cattle respectively. All of the male respondents indicated that fencing, grazing and milking were male gender roles, while all female respondents indicated that cleaning of pens, sales of milk/milk products and processing of milk were female gender roles. The study showed that 42.7% of the male and10.2% of the female respondents had high level of involvement in dairy farming activities, while 24.7% of the male and 44.2% of the female respondents had low level of involvement. Further results revealed that there were significant differences (F = 312.80) between the male and female respondents in their involvement in dairy farming practice. The study concluded that there is gender gap in male and female involvement in dairy farming practices.
21
Łobodzin, Paulina, Wojciech Piątkiewicz, and Marian Grądkowski. "Regeneration Method of Aqueous, Technological Liquids Using a Dedicated Microfiltration System." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.271.
Full textAbstract:
Aqueous technological liquids are widely used in industrial processes. However, due to limited resources, there is an increasing pressure on their protection and reduction of water consumption by, for example, closing water circulation. It is facilitated by the development of membrane technology. The article describes a method for regenerating aqueous technological liquids used in metal surface treatment processes and cleaning a production plant. This process was conducted inbatchsystem using a mobile microfiltration installation. The working unit was equipped with tubular ceramic membranes having a nominal pore diameter of 0.2 μm, working in across-flowregime. The main advantage of the apparatus is its low weight and high mobility. The installation and method of regeneration were verified during the processing of a model alkaline liquid used for cleaning a plant in the dairy industry. It was found that microfiltration can be used to remove technological impurities (coagulated proteins and fats) from the liquid. The physicochemical properties of the liquid, including alkalinity, remained stable after repeated filtration. This indicates that the purified liquid can circulate in the system and be used in accordance with its original purpose. The proposed solution enables the reduction of water consumption and chemicals used for the preparation of these liquids.
22
SMITH, KAREN E., and R. L. BRADLEY. "Efficacy of Sanitizers Using Unsoiled Spiral-Wound Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes1." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.7.567.
Full textAbstract:
Sanitizing ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis systems poses unique problems for the dairy industry. Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes must be held wet and microorganisms remaining within the system could multiply under these conditions unless the holding solution is sufficiently microstatic. Two polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes as obtained from the manufacturer were used to evaluate cleaners and sanitizers. Because these membranes had not been used for processing there were no soil removal problems to interfere with sanitization. The ultrafiltration system was sanitized by recycling solutions for 10 min, and the unit containing sanitizer left idle 16 h. Stainless steel surfaces were examined by swabbing the next morning to check hygiene. Antibac B (50 ppm available chlorine), H2O2 (0.2%, v/v) and an acid anionic surfactant (pH 2.5) were evaluated as sanitizers. None proved satisfactory based on microbiological criteria. Also, there was a loss in available chlorine from Antibac B solutions when held overnight in the retentate housing. These same problems were evident when sanitizers were circulated after cleaning solutions. Permeate flux, when used as a criterion for system cleanliness, indicated adequate cleaning and sanitization. Inability to contact all areas of membranes may be a problem in satisfactory sanitization of an ultrafiltration system.
23
Becker, B. R., and B. A. Fricke. "A Case Study of a Proposed Monitor for Industrial Process Fouling." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842193.
Full textAbstract:
Fouling of a piping system refers to the formation of deposits on pipe walls, which can severely impede fluid flow. The food, dairy, and chemical processing industries usually combat the fouling of piping systems through extensive cleaning or complete replacement of the systems, usually on an emergency basis. This paper describes the development of a model which permits real time monitoring of the overall fouling in a piping system and provides insight into the behavior and response trends of piping system fouling to changes in process operating parameters. It facilitates the prediction of both the rate of fouling and the useful life of the piping system, thereby avoiding emergency shutdowns. This paper also describes the implementation of the model in an existing industrial process plant where it was found to accurately monitor actual fouling behavior. The results of the model demonstrate the influence of Reynolds number upon the fouling of this industrial process piping system. This paper also presents a summary of previous fouling research.
24
OPIYO, BEATRICE ATIENO, JOHN WANGOH, and PATRICK MURIGU KAMAU NJAGE. "Microbiological Performance of Dairy Processing Plants Is Influenced by Scale of Production and the Implemented Food Safety Management System: A Case Study." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-450.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of existing food safety management systems and size of the production facility on microbiological quality in the dairy industry in Kenya were studied. A microbial assessment scheme was used to evaluate 14 dairies in Nairobi and its environs, and their performance was compared based on their size and on whether they were implementing hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) systems and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 22000 recommendations. Environmental samples from critical sampling locations, i.e., workers' hands and food contact surfaces, and from end products were analyzed for microbial quality, including hygiene indicators and pathogens. Microbial safety level profiles (MSLPs) were constructed from the microbiological data to obtain an overview of contamination. The maximum MSLP score for environmental samples was 18 (six microbiological parameters, each with a maximum MSLP score of 3) and that for end products was 15 (five microbiological parameters). Three dairies (two large scale and one medium scale; 21% of total) achieved the maximum MSLP scores of 18 for environmental samples and 15 for the end product. Escherichia coli was detected on food contact surfaces in three dairies, all of which were small scale dairies, and the microorganism was also present in end product samples from two of these dairies, an indication of cross-contamination. Microbial quality was poorest in small scale dairies. Most operations in these dairies were manual, with minimal system documentation. Noncompliance with hygienic practices such as hand washing and cleaning and disinfection procedures, which is common in small dairies, directly affects the microbial quality of the end products. Dairies implementing HACCP systems or ISO 22000 recommendations achieved maximum MSLP scores and hence produced safer products.
25
Siswanto, Franciscus Asisi Joko, Rubiyatno Rubiyatno, and Yohanes Dwiatmaka. "IbM Peternak Sapi Perah dan Pengolahan Susu di Pakem Sleman." ABDIMAS ALTRUIS: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/aa.v1i1.1209.
Full textAbstract:
Community service aims to make (a) the creation of a clean enclosure environment; clean water supply, availability of cattle breeding facilities, availability of standard and hygienic milking equipment, the achievement of milk that meets quality standards, availability of milk heating equipment, and the availability of cooling equipment for milk storage; (b) the creation of marketing networks of milk products, increased ability to use the Internet network for expansion of marketing, increased ability to manage finance through cash book entry and cash out, increasing ability of partner to operate computer-based financial application programs, obtain permission trade mark and entrepreneurship spirit for keeper of dairy cattle. After conducting discussion with Partners 1 and Partner 2, we provided the necessary trainings to help overcome the weaknesses of Partnerss. Partner's weaknesses were limited marketing of milk to cooperatives, cattle raising, simple pasteurization milk processing, business management/marketing, and bookkeeping and profit report creation. There were several steps that were taken, which included: cleaning training, milking training, pasteurized milk making training, business management training, bookkeeping training and production cost calculation, profit and loss calculation, and marketing management training. The results were providing facilities for activities and new markets that can increase revenues.
26
Mullins, Darragh, Derek Coburn, Louise Hannon, Edward Jones, Eoghan Clifford, and Martin Glavin. "A novel image processing-based system for turbidity measurement in domestic and industrial wastewater." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (January 19, 2018): 1469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.030.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Wastewater treatment facilities are continually challenged to meet both environmental regulations and reduce running costs (particularly energy and staffing costs). Improving the efficiency of operational monitoring at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) requires the development and implementation of appropriate performance metrics; particularly those that are easily measured, strongly correlate to WWTP performance, and can be easily automated, with a minimal amount of maintenance or intervention by human operators. Turbidity is the measure of the relative clarity of a fluid. It is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed by fine particles in suspension (rather than transmitted with no change in direction or flux level through a fluid sample). In wastewater treatment, turbidity is often used as an indicator of effluent quality, rather than an absolute performance metric, although correlations have been found between turbidity and suspended solids. Existing laboratory-based methods to measure turbidity for WWTPs, while relatively simple, require human intervention and are labour intensive. Automated systems for on-site measuring of wastewater effluent turbidity are not commonly used, while those present are largely based on submerged sensors that require regular cleaning and calibration due to fouling from particulate matter in fluids. This paper presents a novel, automated system for estimating fluid turbidity. Effluent samples are imaged such that the light absorption characteristic is highlighted as a function of fluid depth, and computer vision processing techniques are used to quantify this characteristic. Results from the proposed system were compared with results from established laboratory-based methods and were found to be comparable. Tests were conducted using both synthetic dairy wastewater and effluent from multiple WWTPs, both municipal and industrial. This system has an advantage over current methods as it provides a multipoint analysis that can be easily repeated for large volumes of wastewater effluent. Although the system was specifically designed and tested for wastewater treatment applications, it could have applications such as in drinking water treatment, and in other areas where fluid turbidity is an important measurement.
27
MURPHY, SARAH I., SAMUEL J. REICHLER, NICOLE H. MARTIN, KATHRYN J. BOOR, and MARTIN WIEDMANN. "Machine Learning and Advanced Statistical Modeling Can Identify Key Quality Management Practices That Affect Postpasteurization Contamination of Fluid Milk." Journal of Food Protection 84, no. 9 (March 26, 2021): 1496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-431.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Spoilage of high-temperature, short-time (HTST)– and vat-pasteurized fluid milk due to the introduction of gram-negative bacteria postpasteurization remains a challenge for the dairy industry. Although processing facility–level practices (e.g., sanitation practices) are known to impact the frequency of postpasteurization contamination (PPC), the relative importance of different practices is not well defined, thereby affecting the ability of facilities to select intervention targets that reduce PPC and provide the greatest return on investment. Thus, the goal of this study was to use an existing longitudinal data set of bacterial spoilage indicators obtained for pasteurized fluid milk samples collected from 23 processing facilities between July 2015 and November 2017 (with three to five samplings per facility) and data from a survey on fluid milk quality management practices, to identify factors associated with PPC and rank their relative importance. This ranking was accomplished using two separate approaches: multimodel inference and conditional random forest. Data preprocessing for multimodel inference analysis showed (i) nearly all factors were significantly associated with PPC when assessed individually using univariable logistic regression and (ii) numerous pairs of factors were strongly associated with each other (Cramer's V ≥ 0.80). Multimodel inference and conditional random forest analyses identified similar drivers associated with PPC; factors identified as most important based on these analyses included cleaning and sanitation practices, activities related to good manufacturing practices, container type (a proxy for different filling equipment), in-house finished product testing, and designation of a quality department, indicating potential targets for reducing PPC. In addition, this study illustrates how machine learning approaches can be used with highly correlated and unbalanced data, as typical for food safety and quality, to facilitate improved data analyses and decision making. HIGHLIGHTS
28
Silva, Lucas Donizete, Maíra Gontijo Moreira, Natália Trindade Guerra, Emiliane Araújo Andrade Naves, Priscila Cristina Bizam Vianna, Ubirajara Coutinho Filho, and Rubens Gedraite. "Clean in place (CIP) of different stainless steel geometries contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e23491210866. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10866.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of biofilms on food processing surfaces is a constant concern and can cause economic damage and impacts on public health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the development of P. fluorescens on the stainless steel surface, to analyze the CIP (clean in place) hygiene considering different geometries, to investigate the flow fluid dynamics and to determine the consumption of the inputs in this process. A circulation line with the characteristics of a dairy was used. The surface sampling was done using the swab technique and the performance of the process was evaluated based on decimal reductions considering the initial population adhered. The fluid dynamics study was carried out with FLUENT software and the consumption was determined by means of flow and electric current sensors. The results showed that P. fluorescens adhered to the surface reaching an average of 4.31 ± 0.26 log CFU∙cm-2, with the production of exopolysaccharides during usual time of industry operation. The decimal reduction was not significantly different among the pipe geometries in straight section, elbow, expansion and reduction. The stretch with branching in tee was statistically different from the others due to a zone of stagnation and fluid recirculation. The rinses were the stages that consumed the most water and the alkaline cleaning demanded more energy to execute the CIP. The geometries showed microbiological safety after CIP process, except tee. In addition, the expressive demand for water and energy for the execution of the process was evident.
29
Silva, I. W. H., J. F. P. Moura, E. Santos Júnior, J. M. Pereira Filho, J. P. F. Oliveira, T. P. Dias-Silva, and L. R. Bezerra. "Dairy goat production in the semi-arid region: productive and reproductive analysis, and the influence of the adoption of hygienic practices on milk quality." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 5 (October 2021): 1147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12364.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of dairy goat genotypes, as well as the influence of hygienic practices by farmers on the quality of goat milk. Productive and reproductive data of 81 Anglo Nubian and Alpine crossbred goats, as well as data on total milk production of goats over 100 days of lactation and partial production up to 56 days of lactation. Also, in natura milk samples from 160 properties in the region were evaluated. At the time of collection, a questionnaire was applied to diagnose goat milk production systems. Data from productive and reproductive performance were evaluated by Tukey test and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program. The herd presented a variation of the total milk production in lactation (TMP) from 267.40kg to 468.55kg, with lactation length ranging from 157 to 247 days, and average daily production between 1.43 and 1.89kg/day. Fertility rates were satisfactory, with the lowest rate being 76% and the highest 92%, with an average of 85.24% considering the six seasons of birth. The means of the gestation periods varied between 144 and 152 days. Regarding the sanitary characterization, 73% of farmers performed a cleaning of the room before and after milking. However, 94.8% of farmers did not eliminate the first jets of milk and only 29.2% used the screened mug test to identify clinical mastitis. Only 41% of farmers performed pre and post-dipping and 30.2% applied the iodine solution. Only 8.3% of farmers used disposable paper towels. However, 92% of producers still used fabric towel. It was also observed that 99% of the properties stored milk in buckets or cans without refrigeration. In the microbiological analysis, a small amount of milk samples (5.6%) was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, however the total coliform count was high. Regarding the somatic cell count, it was found that 86% of the properties presented values above one million cells per mL of sample. The study demonstrated the prevalence of several factors that contribute to the vulnerability of milk contamination in various stages of production such as milking and processing. Thus, the guidance and awareness of those responsible is extremely important to improve goat milk quality in the semi-arid region of Paraíba.
30
Aret, Valdur, Valdur Aret, Marianna Kremenevskaya, Marianna Kremenevskaya, Aleksey Krupoderov, Aleksey Krupoderov, Olga Sosnina, et al. "Intensification of thermal and rheological processes in a scraped-surface apparatus." Foods and Raw Materials 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2018-2-342-349.
Full textAbstract:
The operation parameters of a special heat exchange scraped-surface apparatus ware studied and mathematically described in the article. The feature of the apparatus was the use of perforated cleaning devices in order to increase the turbulence of a product. The developed device can be used in the dairy, meat, and fat and oil industry to cool cream, animal fats, margarine emulsions, cooking fats, and other viscous food products. The increase in the productivity of the apparatus was achieved as a result of the more intensive mixing of the cleaned wall layers with the bulk of the cooled product due to the presence of cylindrical holes in the slats with a diameter of at least
0.05–0.1 of the diameter of the working cylinder. As a result of processing experimental data on heat exchange taking into account energy dissipation, a calculated criterial heat exchange equation for the nonisothermal motion of products and their different flows – laminar and transient – was obtained explicitly. In addition, the article considers the effect of starting modes on the operation of apparatus with mixing devices. These data can make it possible to take into account the possible deviations of parameters caused by nonsteady operating modes. On the basis of the data obtained, we have proposed assumptions about the degree of impact of viscosity and inertia in the considered range of parameters on a starting mode. The results of the study are relevant since they allow us to intensify the thermal processes in this type of common apparatus by 10–12%.
31
Dimitrijevic, Mirjana, Nedjeljko Karabasil, Natasa Kilibarda, Vlado Teodorovic, and Milan Baltic. "Control of Listeria monocytogenes in food production plants." Veterinarski glasnik 62, no. 5-6 (2008): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0806301d.
Full textAbstract:
L. monocytogenes has been established in different plants for the production of food, including dairy plants, abattoirs, plants for the processing of fish, as well as those for the production of ready-to-eat (RTE) food and this fact is being considered as the primary mechanism of food contamination with this bacteria. There is also the factor of numerous and diverse contaminated production equipment, because it has certain parts that are inaccessible for the necessary cleaning and disinfection. The temperature, position, as well as the material of the work surface are also linked to the contamination of plants with this bacteria. Investigations carried out so far have helped toward the better understanding of the manner and time of contamination of food items in the course of the production process, but there are still unresolved problems, including most certainly the biggest one - the adherence of bacteria and the creation of a biofilm, when the bacteria is in that condition more resistant to so-called stress factors which are usually used in the food industry for the purpose of decontamination of the surfaces with which foods come into contact. The control of L. monocytogenes in food production plants is possible primarily by using an integrated programme, compatible with the systems Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Good Hygiene Practice (GHP), necessary in the production of food that is safe for the consumer. Essentially, the control measures that can contribute to reducing the incidence of findings of L.monocytogenes in the finished product, as well as the reducing of the level of contamination with this bacteria are linked, on the one hand, with hygiene procedures in the production process, and, on the other, with the applied technological procedures.
32
Hadi, Rendi Fathoni, Bayu Setya Hertanto, and Ari Kusuwa Wati. "Reducing the number of microorganisms and organic carbon by implementation of APS (Advanced Ponds System) in the wastewater of dairy goat with added liquid probiotics." Livestock and Animal Research 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/lar.v18i3.45997.
Full textAbstract:
<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Objective: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The </span><span lang="EN-US">activities<span> of the dairy goat group, in general, have not paid attention to the processing of livestock waste that comes from maintenance activities. For example, liquid waste from cleaning cages and livestock baths, dirt, urine, and milking activities. Dairy goat farm waste, if not appropriately managed can have a negative impact on the quality of underground water sources, surface water, and the surrounding environment. Application of the <em>Advanced Ponds System</em> (APS) system with at</span></span><span lang="IN"> part of</span><em><span lang="EN-US"> Algae Settling Ponds</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> pool size of 3 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m with a dose of 50 ml / m<sup>3</sup> of probiotic liquid so that 337.5 ml </span><span lang="IN">was</span><span lang="EN-US"> needed. This study aimed </span><span lang="IN">to improve the wastewater based on microbiological and psycochemical characteristics by treatment of advanced pond system with probiotic in dairy goat farm</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The </span><span lang="EN-US">variables<span> observed were the content of microorganisms (<em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> <em>sp</em>.) and physic</span></span><span lang="IN">o</span><span lang="EN-US">chemical characteristics (Total N, Organic matter, temperature, pH, organic carbon, C/N ratio) of dairy goat farm wastewater in the APS system at</span><span lang="IN"> part of</span><span lang="EN-US"> Algae Settling Ponds. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test analysis</span><span lang="EN-US">.<strong></strong></span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The results showed that the addition of liquid probiotic had no significant effect on temperature, pH, and C / N ratio, but affected organic carbon, <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella sp.</em> (P<0.05).<strong></strong></span></p><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Based on the research results, it can be concluded the addition of liquid probiotic through the application of the Advanced Ponds System with at part of Algae Settling Ponds can be used as a solution to accelerate the improvement of the quality of dairy goat farm wastewater.</span>
33
Jimenez, Maude, Hassan Hamze, Audrey Allion, Gilles Ronse, Guillaume Delaplace, and Michel Traisnel. "Antifouling Stainless Steel Surface: Competition between Roughness and Surface Energy." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2523.
Full textAbstract:
To increase the shelf-life qualities of dairy products, a heat treatment is usually done. However, heat treatments induce physico-chemical modifications of the products. Some of them lead to the expected product but an unwanted consequence of this process is the formation of a fouling deposit on the surfaces in contact with the processed fluid. To eliminate fouling, cleaning processes have to be done once a day. It increases the processing and maintenance costs. To control and to decrease the fouling are the main problems in food industries and an active research is carried out on efficient antifouling surface treatments. In the present study, a 316L 2B stainless steel was submitted to different surface treatments (Flame and plasma pre-treatments, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition, hydrophobic coatings, mechanical polishing ...) to try to establish correlations between different surface parameters (roughness, hydrophobicity, nanostructuration, surface energy, ...) onto the fouling in heat exchangers. All the treated plates were then submitted to a fouling test using an aqueous solution of β-lactoglobulin at 1% (p/p) with a final calcium concentration of 910 mg/L and compared to a bare steel plate. The results obtained imply different influences of each parameter depending on the surface roughness: the effect of a non organized micrometric roughness is preponderant compared to the surface energy: the fouling comes from a mechanical effect mainly due to rubbing. However, when the surface is nanostructured, fouling decreases. When the roughness reaches the nanometer scale (between 100 and 400 nm), it is the surface energy and the polar/apolar components which become preponderant compared to the roughness. Fouling is this time mainly due to the hydrophilicity of the surface and to the adsorption of the β-lactoglobulin on acido-basic sites. Finally, when the roughness reaches less than 50 nm, polar/apolar components show no effect anymore, the preponderant parameter is the hydrophobicity of the surface.
34
TODD, E. C. D. "Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada - 1982 Annual Summary." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.1.56.
Full textAbstract:
Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1982 are compared with those for 1981. A total of 988 incidents comprising 791 outbreaks and 197 single cases, caused illnesses in 7,384 persons in 1982. These figures are greater than for 1981, and, in fact, the numbers of incidents and cases are the highest on record. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus caused most of the illnesses. The main Salmonella serovars were S. typhimurium, S. muenster and S. infantis. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis was reported for the first time. Parasitic diseases were caused by Trichinella spiralis and Giardia lamblia. The same number of animal related incidents occurred in 1982 and 1981 involving paralytic shellfish poison, scombroid poison and insect infestation of food. There were also 72 incidents and 113 cases of chemical origin; extraneous matter, rancid compounds and cleaning substances were the most frequently implicated. Unusual chemical problems included ammonia from decomposition in tuna, strychnine in vitamin pills (murder), tartaric acid in gum, excess licorice in candy, calcium chloride in a popsicle, sodium acetate in potato chips and sodium hydroxide in pretzels. Some of these are discussed in more details under the narrative reports. There were 15 deaths from salmonellosis, hemorrhagic colitis (E. coli 0157:H7 infection), Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis and strychnine poisoning. About 30.7% of incidents and 40.1% of cases were associated with meat and poultry. Bakery products, marine foods and dairy foods were also important vehicles of foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (38.1% of incidents, 75.7% of cases), homes (13.9% of incidents, 7.1% of cases) and food processing establishments (11.5% of incidents, 4.0% of cases). Chemicals, such as extraneous matter, sodium hydroxide and tin, were the agents associated with 51.8% of incidents caused by processors' mishandling. The three largest of these types of outbreaks, however, were associated with contamination by Salmonella or S. aureus (total of 102 cases). On a population basis incidents were greatest in Ontario, followed by those in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Alberta. Reports of nine foodborne disease incidents are presented. In addition, four incidents of waterborne disease were documented in 1982, three fewer than in 1981. All were caused by ingestion of infectious agents but the nature of two of them was unknown. The largest out-break (121 cases) was a result of contamination of a town water supply by Giardia originating from beavers.
35
Ferreira, José M., Ivan Miguel Pires, Gonçalo Marques, Nuno M. García, Eftim Zdravevski, Petre Lameski, Francisco Flórez-Revuelta, Susanna Spinsante, and Lina Xu. "Activities of Daily Living and Environment Recognition Using Mobile Devices: A Comparative Study." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010180.
Full textAbstract:
The recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) using the sensors available in off-the-shelf mobile devices with high accuracy is significant for the development of their framework. Previously, a framework that comprehends data acquisition, data processing, data cleaning, feature extraction, data fusion, and data classification was proposed. However, the results may be improved with the implementation of other methods. Similar to the initial proposal of the framework, this paper proposes the recognition of eight ADL, e.g., walking, running, standing, going upstairs, going downstairs, driving, sleeping, and watching television, and nine environments, e.g., bar, hall, kitchen, library, street, bedroom, living room, gym, and classroom, but using the Instance Based k-nearest neighbour (IBk) and AdaBoost methods as well. The primary purpose of this paper is to find the best machine learning method for ADL and environment recognition. The results obtained show that IBk and AdaBoost reported better results, with complex data than the deep neural network methods.
36
Fagerlund, Annette, Even Heir, Trond Møretrø, and Solveig Langsrud. "Listeria Monocytogenes Biofilm Removal Using Different Commercial Cleaning Agents." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040792.
Full textAbstract:
Effective cleaning and disinfection (C&D) is pivotal for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments. Bacteria in biofilms are protected from biocidal action, and effective strategies for the prevention and removal of biofilms are needed. In this study, different C&D biofilm control strategies on pre-formed L. monocytogenes biofilms on a conveyor belt material were evaluated and compared to the effect of a conventional chlorinated, alkaline cleaner (agent A). Bacterial reductions up to 1.8 log were obtained in biofilms exposed to daily C&D cycles with normal user concentrations of alkaline, acidic, or enzymatic cleaning agents, followed by disinfection using peracetic acid. No significant differences in bactericidal effects between the treatments were observed. Seven-day-old biofilms were more tolerant to C&D than four-day-old biofilms. Attempts to optimize biofilm eradication protocols for four alkaline, two acidic, and one enzymatic cleaning agent, in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations, were evaluated. Increased concentrations, the number of subsequent treatments, the exposure times, and the temperatures of the C&D agents provided between 4.0 and >5.5 log reductions in colony forming units (CFU) for seven-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilms. Enhanced protocols of conventional and enzymatic C&D protocols have the potential for improved biofilm control, although further optimizations and evaluations are needed.
37
Boudriki Semlali, Badr-Eddine, and Chaker El Amrani. "Big data and remote sensing: A new software of ingestion." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1521-1530.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, remote sensing is widely used in environmental monitoring applications, mostly air quality mapping and climate change supervision. However, satellite sensors occur massive volumes of data in near-real-time, stored in multiple formats and are provided with high velocity and variety. Besides, the processing of satellite big data is challenging. Thus, this study aims to approve that satellite data are big data and proposes a new big data architecture for satellite data processing. The developed software is enabling an efficient remote sensing big data ingestion and preprocessing. As a result, the experiment results show that 86 percent of the unnecessary daily files are discarded with a data cleansing of 20 percent of the erroneous and inaccurate plots. The final output is integrated into the Hadoop system, especially the HDFS, HBase, and Hive, for extra calculation and processing.
38
Sabashkin, V. A., and V. R. Toropov. "THE CHOICE OF GRAIN CLEANING-AND-DRYING UNITS IN AREAS WITH HIGH GRAIN HUMIDITY." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-3-8.
Full textAbstract:
Grain cleaning-and-drying units for agricultural enterprises in the zones of Western Siberia with high grain humidity are substantiated. Such zones include part of the Northern forest-steppe lowlands, part of the forest-steppe foothills, taiga and subtaiga zones of lowlands and foothills. Grain cleaning-and-drying systems in these zones should provide the possibility of both single and double drying of grain. In order to achieve this, they are recommended to be equipped with two dryers or one dryer with two shafts with the possibility of parallel or sequential operation. Three sizes of systems have been identifi ed with the daily capacity of 100, 200 and 400 tons. Alternative versions of technological schemes of the units have been developed, technical and economic evaluation carried out and the boundary conditions of their application defi ned. It has been established that the choice of the unit will be mainly determined by the level of fi nancial or labor resources available. In the units with the capacity of 100 tons/day, the preferable way of grain handling is by the fl ow line method, which requires some additional capital investment. For the units with the capacity of 200 and 400 tons/day, the most effective option is grain processing and reserving it in the operating silo. The best technical and economic performance is achieved by units with a higher daily capacity.
39
Peneau, Sophie, Danielle Chassaing, and Brigitte Carpentier. "First Evidence of Division and Accumulation of Viable but Nonculturable Pseudomonas fluorescens Cells on Surfaces Subjected to Conditions Encountered at Meat Processing Premises." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 2839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02267-06.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Cleaning and disinfection of open surfaces in food industry premises leave some microorganisms behind; these microorganisms build up a resident flora on the surfaces. Our goal was to explore the phenomena involved in the establishment of this biofilm. Ceramic coupons were contaminated, once only, with Pseudomonas fluorescens suspended in meat exudate incubated at 10°C. The mean adhering population after 1 day was 102 CFU·cm−2 and 103 total cells·cm−2, i.e., the total number of cells stained by DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole). The coupons were subjected daily to a cleaning product, a disinfectant, and a further soiling with exudate. The result was a striking difference between the numbers of CFU, which reached 104 CFU·cm−2, and the numbers of total cells, which reached 2 × 106 cells·cm−2 in 10 days. By using hypotheses all leading to an overestimation of the number of dead cells, we showed that the quantity of nonculturable cells (DAPI-positive cells minus CFU) observed cannot be accounted for as an accumulation of dead cells. Some nonculturable cells are therefore dividing on the surface, although cell division is unable to continue to the stage of macrocolony formation on agar. The same phenomenon was observed when only a chlorinated alkaline product was used and the number of cells capable of reducing 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride was close to the number of total cells, confirming that most nonculturable cells are viable but nonculturable. Furthermore, the daily shock applied to the cells does not prompt them to enter a new lag phase. Since a single application of microorganisms is sufficient to produce this accumulation of cells, it appears that the phenomenon is inevitable on open surfaces in food industry premises.
40
Suryaningrat, Ida Bagus, Elida Novita, and Rika Dwi Kurniaputeri. "ANALISIS EKONOMI DAN KELAYAKAN LINGKUNGAN PENERAPAN GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (GSCM) PADA PRODUKSI SUSU." AGROINTEK 14, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v14i2.6072.
Full textAbstract:
In milk processing, supply chain activities were started fromthe procurement of raw materials, milking cows, milkprocessing, marketing of dairy products, and wastemanagement. The purposes of this study were to analyzeeconomical aspect, and to study environmental aspect onGSCM implementation in CV. MUER. Direct survey anddisccussion, environmetal indicators and economicalanalysis were implemented in this study. The results of studyfound that the use of water for cage cleansing was 3600liters, number of feeding was 2265.57kg, milking productionwas 550 liters, the water usage for washing tools was 250liters. The assessment of environmental indicators using 13indicators found that this unit has score of 30 means thatCV. MUER has implemented most of the GSCM conceptsalong the supply chain of milk production. Other resultshowed that the amount of contamination (COD and BODvalue) in the milk processing was higher than govermentregulation standard. In term of economical analysis shownthat NPV value was Rp.2.723.162.185, IRR 36.99%, and B /C ratio was 1.48. This means that the value of NPV wasgreater than zero, IRR was greater than the bank interestrate (equal to 10%), and B/C ratio was greater than 1, thisindicated that based on environmental and economicalaspect, GSCM has a high feasibility to be implemented inCV. MUER.In milk processing, supply chain activities were started fromthe procurement of raw materials, milking cows, milkprocessing, marketing of dairy products, and wastemanagement. The purposes of this study were to analyzeeconomical aspect, and to study environmental aspect onGSCM implementation in CV. MUER. Direct survey anddisccussion, environmetal indicators and economicalanalysis were implemented in this study. The results of studyfound that the use of water for cage cleansing was 3600liters, number of feeding was 2265.57kg, milking productionwas 550 liters, the water usage for washing tools was 250liters. The assessment of environmental indicators using 13indicators found that this unit has score of 30 means thatCV. MUER has implemented most of the GSCM conceptsalong the supply chain of milk production. Other resultshowed that the amount of contamination (COD and BODvalue) in the milk processing was higher than govermentregulation standard. In term of economical analysis shownthat NPV value was Rp.2.723.162.185, IRR 36.99%, and B /C ratio was 1.48. This means that the value of NPV wasgreater than zero, IRR was greater than the bank interestrate (equal to 10%), and B/C ratio was greater than 1, thisindicated that based on environmental and economicalaspect, GSCM has a high feasibility to be implemented inCV. MUER.
41
Akinboyo, Ibukunoluwa C., Sharah Collier, Kelly Ellington, Jennifer Turi, Rebecca R. Young, Michael J. Smith, Becky A. Smith, and Sarah S. Lewis. "Enhanced Bundled Interventions to Reduce Surgical Site Infections for Patients with Congenital Cardiac Disease." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s212—s213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.755.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) among cardiothoracic (CT) patients are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Data are limited regarding SSI incidence among pediatric patients undergoing primary reparative procedures for congenital cardiac disease. Published evidence on targeted interventions to prevent pediatric CT-surgery SSI is lacking. We aimed to establish standard metrics for measuring CT-surgery SSI incidence and to implement bundled interventions for SSI prevention. Methods: A dedicated CT-surgery SSI prevention workgroup was established, consisting of hospital leadership, CT surgeons, cardiac critical care unit staff, anesthesia, perfusion, environmental services, instrument sterile processing, risk management, infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship. We created a standard definition for CT-surgery SSI and calculated retrospective SSI rates over a 24-month period (2017–2019). The outcome measured was incidence of CT-surgery SSI per 100 primary cardiac procedures with delayed ( 3 days after primary surgery) or non-delayed chest closure. The difference in proportion of SSI was reported separately for delayed closure and non-delayed closure; statistical significance was tested using a Fisher’s Exact test. We identified many potential improvement opportunities, including gaps in SSI surveillance, poor compliance with daily bathing, inconsistent perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, lack of controlled environment for bedside chest closures, and lapses in environmental cleaning. These issues informed the enhanced SSI prevention bundle, which included education on sterility with the operating room (OR) staff. Protocols for care of cardiac patients with delayed chest closures focused on universal daily and preoperative chlorhexidine baths. In addition, the bundle incorporated stringent environmental cleaning interventions including scheduled decluttering of patient rooms and clinical spaces, terminal cleaning of patient rooms prior to returning from the OR, and use of adjunctive ultraviolet light for the daily cleaning of operating rooms and patient rooms at discharge. Results: Surveillance definition of microbiological growth from a clinical sample obtained within 30 days of primary cardiac procedure sufficiently captured all CT-surgery SSIs. Of 551 CT-surgery procedures prior to intervention, 91 (17%) had delayed final operative closures. Prior to the intervention, 16 SSIs were identified from July 2017 – May 2019 for a rate of 2.90 per /100 procedures, and was higher among patients with delayed chest closure 6.59 per /100 procedures (6 SSIs/91 procedures) versus those with primary chest closure 2.17 per /100 procedures (10 SSIs/460 procedures; P = 0.034). Gram-positive organisms, including coagulase coagulase-negative Staphylococci, were most frequently identified as the causative organisms for SSIs. Compliance with bundled intervention, rolled out over a 2-month period, was associated with an immediate decrease in the number of SSIs for primary and delayed chest closures 6SSIs /185 procedures in the initial quarters (August – December 2019) of the post-intervention period. However, this decrease was not reflected in the overall rate (3.24 per /100 procedures) due to fewer procedures performed. Data collection to measure sustainability is ongoing. Conclusions: Bundled interventions targeting skin antisepsis and environmental cleaning may be associated with a decrease in SSIs among pediatric CT-surgery patients. Ongoing surveillance is required to determine sustainability of these interventions.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
42
Pires, Ivan Miguel, Maria Canavarro Teixeira, Nuno Pombo, Nuno M. Garcia, Francisco Flórez-Revuelta, Susanna Spinsante, Rossitza Goleva, and Eftim Zdravevski. "Android Library for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living: Implementation Considerations, Challenges, and Solutions." Open Bioinformatics Journal 11, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036201811010061.
Full textAbstract:
Background:Off-the-shelf-mobile devices have several sensors available onboard that may be used for the recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the environments where they are performed. This research is focused on the development of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems, using mobile devices for the acquisition of the different types of data related to the physical and physiological conditions of the subjects and the environments. Mobile devices with the Android Operating Systems are the least expensive and exhibit the biggest market while providing a variety of models and onboard sensors.Objective:This paper describes the implementation considerations, challenges and solutions about a framework for the recognition of ADL and the environments, provided as an Android library. The framework is a function of the number of sensors available in different mobile devices and utilizes a variety of activity recognition algorithms to provide a rapid feedback to the user.Methods:The Android library includes data fusion, data processing, features engineering and classification methods. The sensors that may be used are the accelerometer, the gyroscope, the magnetometer, the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and the microphone. The data processing includes the application of data cleaning methods and the extraction of features, which are used with Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for the classification of ADL and environment. Throughout this work, the limitations of the mobile devices were explored and their effects have been minimized.Results:The implementation of the Android library reported an overall accuracy between 58.02% and 89.15%, depending on the number of sensors used and the number of ADL and environments recognized. Compared with the results available in the literature, the performance of the library reported a mean improvement of 2.93%, and they do not differ at the maximum found in prior work, that based on the Student’s t-test.Conclusion:This study proves that ADL like walking, going upstairs and downstairs, running, watching TV, driving, sleeping and standing activities, and the bedroom, cooking/kitchen, gym, classroom, hall, living room, bar, library and street environments may be recognized with the sensors available in off-the-shelf mobile devices. Finally, these results may act as a preliminary research for the development of a personal digital life coach with a multi-sensor mobile device commonly used daily.
43
Nair, Abhilash, Aleksander Hykkerud, and Harsha Ratnaweera. "Estimating Phosphorus and COD Concentrations Using a Hybrid Soft Sensor: A Case Study in a Norwegian Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030332.
Full textAbstract:
Online monitoring of wastewater quality parameters is vital for an efficient and stable operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Several WWTPs rely on daily/weekly analysis of water samples rather than online automated wet-analyzers due to their high capital and maintenance costs. Soft-sensors are emerging as a viable alternative for real-time monitoring of parameters that either lack a reliable measuring principle or are measured using expensive online sensors. This paper presents the development, implementation, and validation of a hybrid soft sensor used to estimate Total Phosphorus (TP) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the influent and effluent streams of a full-scale WWTP. A systematic method for cleaning and processing sensor data, identifying statistically significant correlations, and developing a mathematical model, is discussed. A non-intrusive Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) infrastructure for soft-sensor deployment and a web-based GUI for data visualization are also presented in this work. The values of TP and COD estimated by the soft sensor are validated by comparing the estimated values to the daily average of their corresponding lab measurements. The data validation results demonstrate the potential of soft sensors in providing real-time values of essential wastewater quality parameters with an acceptable degree of accuracy.
44
Khan, Tareq. "Towards a Low-Cost Object Collecting and Organizing Household Robot using Deep Learning." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 6 (November 10, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2022.6.6.469.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advances in deep learning algorithms, and the availability of low-cost sensors, processors, and actuators are opening up a new opportunity for making household robots with a limited budget. Household robots can help automate the monotonous tasks of daily life such as putting dishes in the dishwasher, folding the laundry after washing, cleaning the floor, and organizing kids’ toys on the shelf at the end of the day. In this paper, a robot has been developed that can detect and recognize an object using deep learning from images, move toward the object scoops and lifts the object, and then puts the object to its assigned level on a shelf. This robot can be used to collect and organize objects such as toys, in the kid’s room. A deep learning model is trained with a custom dataset and the mean average precision (mAP) of the object detector is 79.1%. A prototype of the robot - with mechanical structure, camera, motors, controller, and image processing algorithms - is developed and tested successfully.
45
PAPPELBAUM, KRYSTYNA, KATHARINA GRIF, INGRID HELLER, REINHARD WÜRZNER, INGEBORG HEIN, LUEPPO ELLERBROEK, and MARTIN WAGNER. "Monitoring Hygiene On- and At-Line Is Critical for Controlling Listeria monocytogenes during Produce Processing." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.735.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in different types of produce and on processing plant environments was investigated over a 4-year period in a large produce processing plant in Poland. Prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 46% in frozen vegetables and 41.3% in swab samples taken from the plant environment. Survival studies using artificial inocula demonstrated that the number of Listeria in frozen produce stored for 100 days did not significantly decrease in relation to the initial contamination level. A subset of 129 L. monocytogenes isolates originating from produce and the plant environment were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Seventy-six of these isolates were retyped by ribo- and serotyping. Thirteen pulsotypes and 18 ribotypes were distinguished. Persistent Listeria isolates were found even when cleansing and sanitization was applied on a daily basis. Nine (69.2%) of 13 pulsotypes were recovered during a period of more than 2 years. L. monocytogenes of the same pulsotype was isolated from broccoli sampled directly before and after blanching, thus suggesting that blanching at 92 to 95°C for 4 to 8 min did not result in a Listeria-free product, most likely due to massive recontamination. This finding is of importance since blanching is the only critical control point in produce processing. Cross-contamination between the two lines was demonstrated through isolating L. monocytogenes strains indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis from contaminated gloves and floor surfaces.
46
De Vos, Joeri, Anne Jourdain, Wenqi Zhang, Koen De Munck, Piet De Moor, and Antonio La Manna. "The Road towards Fully Hybrid CMOS Imager Sensors." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-ta5-paper5.
Full textAbstract:
Monolithic imagers contain the photosensitive elements as well as the read-out IC (ROIC) on the same substrate. Backside thinning on carrier enables efficient collection of photo-generated carriers through back illumination, resulting in almost 100% fill factor. This contrary to front side illumination where light loss is introduced by reflection on metal interconnects. Together with an optimized backside ARC coating, high quantum efficiency (QE) can be achieved. Hybrid imagers consist of a detector array that is produced separately and hybridized on a ROIC. A fully-hybrid backside illuminated imager has more flexibility because the detector array and the ROIC can be separately optimized to the needs of the application leading towards further improvement on QE and inter pixel cross talk. Fully processed thinned diode arrays were flip-chipped onto the ROIC by means of an Indium bump per pixel. The choice of the bump type is very critical for yielding imager assemblies, or more in general, 3D assemblies. The Indium bump process has however limited fab compatibility to evolve towards a production mature hybrid imager process. Therefore an alternative electroplated CuSn micro bump process is described. We report an average daisy chain yield above 90% for die-to-die assemblies with CuSn bumps. Measurements were performed on a dedicated 1M bump area array test design with very long daisy chains of bumps on a 20μm pitch. Processing aspects like choice of plating seed layer, the influence of cleaning agents and seed layer etchants on the micro bump performance are being discussed. Finally, the impact on the daisy chain yield after thermal cycling is shown.
47
A. M., Kola. "EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN A KENYAN TEA FACTORY: A CASE STUDY OF MARAMBA TEA FACTORY IN KIAMBU COUNTY." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v6i1.65.
Full textAbstract:
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of waste management systems in Maramba Tea Factory in Kiambu County, Kenya. Performance of the already existing systems is therefore critical in sustaining our environment. Tea processing generates different types of wastes. A waste management system design should at least begin from a clear characterization of these wastes, the quantities and qualities of the wastes and identification of sources. This study attempted to bring these challenges to the fore. It evaluated the waste management systems for Maramba Tea factory in Kiambu County, Kenya. Primary data and secondary data, Purposively and Convenience sampling techniques, Benchmarking evaluation technique were utilised. The types of wastes identified were organic solid wastes, inorganic solid wastes, Liquid wastes and Thermal wastes. The quantities of wastes were determined by weighing. The Organic solid wastes from tea processing stages was 486.47 kilograms per month and inorganic solid wastes (sacks and polythene bags) was 15.38 kilograms per month. The amount of liquid wastes generated for the study period were estimated. The highest with major cleaning done weekly averaged of 139.4m3 and least with minor cleaning done daily averaged at 52.8m3. The thermal wastes generated was due to heat loss from the wood fuel used as a source of energy. The total amount of heat loss was 1145.51kcal/kg representing 37.45%. of the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of wood fuel. The highest heat loss was due to dry flue gas with a 22.09% of GCV of wood fuel representing 675.85kcal/kg and the least due to moisture present in the combustion air at 24.78kcal/kg representing 0.810 % of the total GCV of wood fuel. The qualities of wastewater were achieved through analysing the BOD5, COD, pH and Electrical conductivity and comparing the values to the standards recommended by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The BOD5 at 83.7mg/L and COD at 106.63mg/L exceeded the NEMA limits of 30mg/L and 50mg/L respectively. The thermal waste systems were evaluated by determining the boiler efficiency. Boiler efficiency at Maramba Tea Factory was 62.55%. The boiler efficiency of 62.55% is lower compared to the set values of 75.01% and 75%. The analysis with ANOVA showed significant differences in the water parameter values from source through the lagoon to the river. The coefficient of determination (R2) for most of the parameter analysed were above 97%. It was concluded that the waste management systems are only partially effective at Maramba Tea Factory. More targeted studies need to be carried out in other food industries to make a general conclusion on the state of waste management systems in Kenya.
48
Джубари, М. К., and Н. В. Алексеева. "REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGIES FOR INDUTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND CONTROL OF MEMBRANE FOULING." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 2(36) (April 30, 2021): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.36.2.020.
Full textAbstract:
Многие отрасли промышленности ежедневно производят большие объемы сточных вод, содержащих органические соединения, неорганические соли и взвешенные примеси. Неотъемлемой частью современных промышленных очистных сооружений является система мембранной очистки. Область применения мембранных процессов разделения ограничены рядом требований: отсутствие взвешенных частиц в обрабатываемых водных растворах, имеется ряд ограничений в кислотности и температуре разделяемых растворов. Одной из важнейших задач в обеспечении рентабельности всего процесса обработки является длительный срок службы мембран, которого возможно достичь предотвращением обрастания поверхности мембран. Наиболее распространенным процессом очистки вод является обратноосмотический процесс разделения. В работе рассмотрен процесс осадкообразования на обратноосмотических мембранах, особое внимание уделяется химической очистке. Проведен анализ работ, посвященных вопросу обрастания обратноосмотических мембран в различных растворах. Рассмотрены различные конструкции мембранных элементов, описан механизм переноса через обратноосмотическую мембрану, учитывая явления концентрационной поляризации у поверхности мембраны. Подробно описаны различные способы борьбы с загрязнением мембран в промышленных сточных водах: предварительная обработка, очистка мембран и модификация поверхности. Авторы резюмируют, что состав исходного раствора является важным фактором, влияющим на производительность обратноосмотической установки. Кроме того, предварительная обработка водных растворов перед процессом обратноосмотического разделения приводит к уменьшению обрастания мембранной поверхности и значительно увеличивает срок службы мембранного элемента. Эффективно в качестве процесса предварительной обработки использовать процесс ультрафильтрационного разделения. Many industries produce large volumes of wastewater on a daily basis containing organic compounds, inorganic salts and suspended impurities. An integral part of modern industrial treatment facilities is a membrane cleaning system. The application area of membrane separation processes is limited by a number of requirements: the absence of suspended particles in the treated aqueous solutions, there are a number of limitations in the acidity and temperature of the separated solutions. One of the most important concerns in ensuring the cost-effectiveness of the entire processing process is the long membrane life, which can be achieved by preventing fouling of the membrane surface. The most common water treatment process is the reverse osmosis separation process. The paper considers the process of sedimentation on reverse osmosis membranes, with special attention paid to chemical cleaning. The analysis of works devoted to the issue of fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in various solutions is carried out. Various designs of membrane elements are considered, the mechanism of transfer through a reverse osmosis membrane is described, taking into account the phenomena of concentration polarization at the membrane surface. Various methods for controlling membrane fouling in industrial wastewater are described in detail: pretreatment, membrane cleaning and surface modification. The authors summarize that the composition of the initial solution is an important factor affecting the performance of a reverse osmosis system. In addition, the pretreatment of aqueous solutions before the reverse osmosis separation process leads to a decrease in fouling of the membrane surface and significantly increases the service life of the membrane element. It is effective to use an ultrafiltration separation process as a pretreatment process.
49
Khan, Noman, Fath U. Min Ullah, Ijaz Ul Haq, Samee Ullah Khan, Mi Young Lee, and Sung Wook Baik. "AB-Net: A Novel Deep Learning Assisted Framework for Renewable Energy Generation Forecasting." Mathematics 9, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9192456.
Full textAbstract:
Renewable energy (RE) power plants are deployed globally because the renewable energy sources (RESs) are sustainable, clean, and environmentally friendly. However, the demand for power increases on a daily basis due to population growth, technology, marketing, and the number of installed industries. This challenge has raised a critical issue of how to intelligently match the power generation with the consumption for efficient energy management. To handle this issue, we propose a novel architecture called ‘AB-Net’: a one-step forecast of RE generation for short-term horizons by incorporating an autoencoder (AE) with bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). Firstly, the data acquisition step is applied, where the data are acquired from various RESs such as wind and solar. The second step performs deep preprocessing of the acquired data via several de-noising and cleansing filters to clean the data and normalize them prior to actual processing. Thirdly, an AE is employed to extract the discriminative features from the cleaned data sequence through its encoder part. BiLSTM is used to learn these features to provide a final forecast of power generation. The proposed AB-Net was evaluated using two publicly available benchmark datasets where the proposed method obtains state-of-the-art results in terms of the error metrics.
50
Misra, Biswapriya B., Carl Langefeld, Michael Olivier, and Laura A. Cox. "Integrated omics: tools, advances and future approaches." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 62, no. 1 (January 2019): R21—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-18-0055.
Full textAbstract:
With the rapid adoption of high-throughput omic approaches to analyze biological samples such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, each analysis can generate tera- to peta-byte sized data files on a daily basis. These data file sizes, together with differences in nomenclature among these data types, make the integration of these multi-dimensional omics data into biologically meaningful context challenging. Variously named as integrated omics, multi-omics, poly-omics, trans-omics, pan-omics or shortened to just ‘omics’, the challenges include differences in data cleaning, normalization, biomolecule identification, data dimensionality reduction, biological contextualization, statistical validation, data storage and handling, sharing and data archiving. The ultimate goal is toward the holistic realization of a ‘systems biology’ understanding of the biological question. Commonly used approaches are currently limited by the 3 i’s – integration, interpretation and insights. Post integration, these very large datasets aim to yield unprecedented views of cellular systems at exquisite resolution for transformative insights into processes, events and diseases through various computational and informatics frameworks. With the continued reduction in costs and processing time for sample analyses, and increasing types of omics datasets generated such as glycomics, lipidomics, microbiomics and phenomics, an increasing number of scientists in this interdisciplinary domain of bioinformatics face these challenges. We discuss recent approaches, existing tools and potential caveats in the integration of omics datasets for development of standardized analytical pipelines that could be adopted by the global omics research community.