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Journal articles on the topic 'Dairy farm effluents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 July 2022

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1

Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Wastewater management in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0387.

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Field sampling and laboratory experimentation were conducted on wastewater effluent generated at a dairy farm in order to characterise the wastewater, evaluate existing primary treatment facilities, and examine an appropriate wastewater treatment system to produce good quality effluents. It has been found that the farm contributes effluents containing considerable loads of organics, solids and nutrient pollutants. Existing treatment facilities which are limited to batch-operated primary settling tanks, are not capable of producing good quality effluent. Experimentation on an aerobic, suspended growth, biological system using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) indicated that the pollutant loads in the primary-treated effluent could be substantially reduced. The study showed that a wastewater treatment system involving primary settling tanks combined with additional aerobic biological treatment is capable of removing about 94% COD and 96% SS from the farm effluents. This system could be easily integrated and coordinated with existing facilities. A wastewater management scheme has been proposed to include waste minimisation, waste treatment and effluent reuse in irrigation.

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2

Bolan, N. S., S. Laurenson, J. Luo, and J. Sukias. "Integrated treatment of farm effluents in New Zealand’s dairy operations." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 22 (November 2009): 5490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.004.

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3

Rivas Lucero, Bertha, Mélida Gutiérrez, J. Magaña Magaña, Francisco Márquez Salcido, and Walter Márquez Fierro. "Salt Content of Dairy Farm Effluents as an Indicator of Salinization Risk to Soils." Soil Systems 2, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040061.

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Water used for irrigation is a leading source of induced salinity in semiarid areas. Within the Irrigation District 005 in northern Mexico, there are more than 100 dairy farms housing over 72,000 dairy cows, 74% of which are concentrated in approximately 30 intensive-operation farms. Dairy farm effluents (DFE) and manure are collected and stored temporarily until they are applied to the land to fertilize pasture and other crops. DFE vary in salt content, depending on specific farm operations. The risk of soil salinization by DFE was estimated by measuring electrical conductivity (EC) of both well water and DFE, and comparing these values with 2.0 mS cm−1, a Mexican guideline for wastewater used in agriculture. Half of the effluents exceeded the EC limit, with values as high as 12.4 mS cm−1, whereas a few exceeded the EC limit in both well and effluent water. The generation of salt and its passing into soils expose a potential for soil salinization, if preventive measures are not taken. A salt load map was created that depicted the areas at higher risk of salinization. The simple technique utilized here can be applied in estimating salinization potential in areas where monitoring of soils, irrigation drains, and shallow groundwater is infrequent.

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4

Willers, H. C., X. N. Karamanlis, and D. D. Schulte. "Potential of closed water systems on dairy farms." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0229.

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A more sustainable water management on dairy farms is necessary because of rising tap water production costs and exhaustion of groundwater resources in an increasing number of areas. Alternative water sources like rain water collected from roofs and yards and effluents from on-site wastewater treatment should be considered. The objective of this paper is to discuss options for closed water systems on dairy farms. Animal drinking and cleaning of milking equipment are major water demands on dairy farms. In some regions large volumes are needed for grassland irrigation or manure flushing. Treatment of dairy farm wastewater in constructed wetland systems seems to produce good quality effluents. The most plausible options for closed water systems on dairy farms are the collection and use of rain water and treatment and reuse of wastewater for irrigation, manure flushing and animal drinking water. Whether effluents are safe to be used as animal drinking water should be subject to further research.

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5

Forbes, E. G. A., R. H. Foy, M. V. Mulholland, and J. L. Brettell. "Performance of a constructed wetland for treating farm-yard dirty water." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.584.

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Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used to treat agricultural effluents with varying success especially with respect to their operational efficiency in winter and ability to retain phosphorus. Dirty water (DW) from dairy farms is a mixture of manure contaminated runoff and milk parlour washings with a highly polluting biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ≤3,000 mg/L. The initial performance a CW of a 1.2 ha horizontal flow CW consisting of five ponds in series designed to treat DW from a dairy unit was assessed over four years. Ponds were earth-lined and shallow (0.3 m) with a water residence time of 100 days and planted with five species of emergent macrophytes. In comparison to CW inflow, annual reductions were as follows: BOD 99%, P 95% and N 92.8%. Coliforms were reduced by a 10−5 factor to natural levels. From May to October there was little CW discharge due to evaporative losses. Final effluent quality was poorest in February but remained within a regulatory effluent standard for BOD of 40 mg/L. If the CW had only four ponds (25% less surface area) effluent would have failed the BOD standard in three years.

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6

Gadd, Jennifer B., Louis A. Tremblay, and Grant L. Northcott. "Steroid estrogens, conjugated estrogens and estrogenic activity in farm dairy shed effluents." Environmental Pollution 158, no. 3 (March 2010): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.015.

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7

MONAGHAN, R. M., and C. A. M. DE KLEIN. "Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (January 31, 2014): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000956.

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SUMMARYThe need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer®Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.

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FARNET, A., P. PRUDENT, M. CIGNA, and R. GROS. "Soil microbial activities in a constructed soil reed-bed under cheese-dairy farm effluents." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 14 (September 2008): 6198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.026.

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9

G. Merlin and A. Gaillot. "Treatment of Dairy Farm Effluents Using a Settling Tank and Reed Beds: Performance Analysis of a Farm-Scale System." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 5 (2010): 1681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34893.

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10

Farnet, A. M., P. Prudent, F. Ziarelli, M. Domeizel, and R. Gros. "Solid-state 13C NMR to assess organic matter transformation in a subsurface wetland under cheese-dairy farm effluents." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 20 (October 2009): 4899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.007.

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11

Chen, Siyu, Hong Jie Di, Keith C. Cameron, Andriy Podolyan, Jupei Shen, and Jizheng He. "Effect of treated farm dairy effluents, with or without animal urine, on nitrous oxide emissions, ammonia oxidisers and denitrifiers in the soil." Journal of Soils and Sediments 19, no. 5 (January 6, 2019): 2330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-02229-8.

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12

GORDEEV, VLADISLAV V., and TATIANA YU MIRONOVA. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR UTILIZING SLURRY EFFLUENTS IN MILKING PARLOURS." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, no. 6 (2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-6-59-65.

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Based on experimental and theoretical studies, the authors determined the payback period for the construction of a greenhouse for utilizing slurry effl uents from a milking parlor in growing fl ower crops. Complete utilization of 4.4 tons of slurry effl uents per day produced on a farm for 640 cows requires a greenhouse for growing roses with an area of almost 0.6 hectares, which is comparable to the total area of cowsheds. The largest share in the cost of rose growing belongs to the cost of depreciation and electricity costs. Capital investments required for the construction of a cultivation facility amount to 98,612 thousand rubles, while the recovery period for these costs amounts to 8.9 years. When the milking parlor slurry is applied to the fi elds, it will be necessary to build approximately two plastic-covered lagoons to store the effl uents for six months. The cost of capital investments for the construction of lagoons is almost 30 times less than that required for the construction of a cultivation facility. However,due to the low annual economic eff ect, the payback period increases sharply. The payback period of the disposal technology for slurry effl uents from the milking parlor in case of the construction of a greenhouse and the cultivation of roses is 3.8 times less than the basic technology implying its storage and application to the fi elds. The high effi ciency of introducing liquid manure from the milking parlor into cultivation facilities makes it suitable for the construction of greenhouses at dairy farms.

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Silva, Jonathas Batista Goncalves, Mauro Aparecido Martinez, Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão, Paulo Roberto Cecon, Antonio Teixeira de Matos, and Leonardo Duarte Batista da Silva. "EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.)." IRRIGA 25, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2020v25n3p590-602.

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EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.) JONATHAS BATISTA GONCALVES SILVA1; MAURO APARECIDO MARTINEZ2; LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO3; PAULO ROBERTO CECON4; ANTONIO TEIXEIRA DE MATOS5 E LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA6 1Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n,Bairro São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, jonathas.silva@engenharia.ufjf.br. 2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, mmauro@ufv.br 3Departamento de Fitotecnia, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, lsalomao@ufv.br 4Departamento de Estatística, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil,cecon@ufv.br. 5Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bairro Pampulha,31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil,atmatos@desa.ufmg.br 6Departamento de Engenharia, UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465,km 7, s/n,23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil, monitoreambiental@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dairy farm wastewater (DFW) use on fig tree growth, production, on fig health standard and on nutrient concentration in fig tree leaves. The study was developed in the Integrated Agroecological System area, in Seropédica (RJ, Brazil) between June 2011 and May 2012. The applied fertilizer formulations were: Formulation 1, 100% of nitrogen dose recommended for fig tree supplied by fertilizing with castor bean cake (CB); Formulation 2, 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by CB; Formulation 3, 75% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 25% of nitrogen dose from CB; Formulation 4, 100% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application.Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test at 10% probability. The results demonstrated that branches length, number of leaves per branch, number of fruits, production and yield were lower in plants submitted to Formulation 4. Contamination of fruits by thermotolerant coliforms or Salmonellasp did not occur after DFW use as fertilizer. The results showed that the use of DFW in fig tree cultivation was sufficient to provide the nutritional needs of plants, as regards macronutrients and Fe. Keywords: fertirrigation, environmental impact, final disposal of effluents and crop nutrition. SILVA, J.B. G.; MARTINEZ, M. A.; SALOMÃO, L. C. C.; CECON,P. R.; MATOS, A. T.; SILVA, L. D. B. EFEITOS DO USO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE BOVINOCULTURANO CULTIVO DA FIGUEIRA (FICUS CARICA L.) 2 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do uso da água residuária de bovinocultura de leite (ARB) no crescimento, produção, padrão fitossanitário dos frutos e na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas da figueira. As formulações de adubação aplicadas foram: Adubação 1 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio fornecida pela adubação com torta de mamona (TM); Adubação 2 - 50% da dose de nitrogênio comaplicação de ARB e 50% com TM; Adubação 3 - 75% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação de ARB e os outros 25% da dose com TM; Adubação 4 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação da ARB. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 10% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados verificou-se que comprimento dos ramos, o número de folhas por ramos, o número de frutos, a produção e a produtividade foram menores nas plantas submetidas à Adubação4. Não ocorreu contaminação dos frutos por coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que o uso de ARB no cultivo da figueira não proporciona deficiência nutricional às plantas no que se refere aos macronutrientes (N, Ca, Mg, K e P). Palavras-chave: fertirrigação, impacto ambiental, disposição final de efluentes, nutrição vegetal.

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Kato, K., T. Inoue, H. Ietsugu, H. Sasaki, J. Harada, K. Kitagawa, and P. K. Sharma. "Design and performance of hybrid constructed wetland systems for high-content wastewater treatment in the cold climate of Hokkaido, northern Japan." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 1468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.364.

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The performance of six multistage hybrid constructed wetland systems was evaluated. The systems were designed to treat four kinds of high-content wastewater: dairy wastewater (three systems, average inflow content 2,400–5,000 mg·COD l−1, 3–6 years of operation); pig farm wastewater, including liquid food washing wastewater (one system, 9,500 mg·COD l−1, 3 years); potato starch processing wastewater (one system, 20,000–60,000 mg·COD l−1, 3 years); and wastewater containing pig farm swine urine (one system, 6,600 mg·COD l−1, 2.8 years) (COD = chemical oxygen demand). The systems contained three or four vertical (V) flow beds with self-priming siphons and surface partitions and no or one horizontal (H) flow bed (three to five beds). In some V flow beds, treated effluents were recirculated (Vr) through the inlet to improve performance. Mean annual temperature was 5–8 °C at all locations. To overcome clogging due to the high load in a cold climate, we applied a safety bypass structure and floating cover material to the V flow beds. Calculated average oxygen transfer rates (OTRs) increased proportionally with the influent load, and the OTR value was Vr > V> H. The relations of load–OTR, COD–ammonium, and a Arrhenius temperature-dependent equation enable the basic design of a reed bed system.

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Vuksinic, Evelyn, Corina Iris Rodríguez, Anahí Tabera, Marisol Roxana Cifuentes, Adriana Alejandra Díaz, Nicolás Eloy Cisneros Basualdo, and Alejandro Ruiz de Galarreta. "Groundwater management in an agro-industrial school in Argentina." UNED Research Journal 11, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v11i2.2300.

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Introduction: water management is of paramount importance in productive activities, such as agriculture, livestock and industry, due to its direct impact on both the quality and the availability of this valuable resource. However, groundwater management is usually addressed under a non-integrated approach which originates a high risk of pollution as well as water shortage for food and animal production in the agro-industrial systems. Objective: to analyze water quality for human consumption, hydrogeological features, water demand, and discharge of liquid effluents on soil and surface water. Methods: we carried out a diagnostics of water management in an agro-industrial school located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The production system includes a bovine dairy farm; calf, pork and rabbit breeding; beekeeping; poultry farming; dairy and cheese factory; agriculture and fodder area; processing of meat, and orchard. To perform the analysis, we calculated water requirements for six productive activities and evaluated the hydrological features of the area through water table measurements considering the groundwater flow sense. We analyzed the groundwater quality seasonally during a period of a year through five water samples. We considered microbiological and physicochemical parameters and they were compared with recommended level by law, and we carried out the monitoring of residual chlorine during a week. Also, we evaluated the generation and disposal of effluents. Results: water was suitable for human consumption, although we detected variations in its quality indicators. We determined that the main issues hindering an integrated water management were the diversified production developed with high volumes of water demanded, the water quality deterioration by the agro-industrial productions carried out, and the hydrogeological features of the area. In addition, we measured a high water demand which is in conflict with groundwater shortage and the complex hydrological conditions of extraction in the studied area. Conclusion: this study demonstrated the usefulness of applying effective strategies to act on environmental-priority subjects and to develop good practices regarding water management from an integrated approach.

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Fanjaniaina, Marie Lucia, Fabien Stark, Noelly Phostin Ramarovahoaka, Jeanny Fiononana Rakotoharinaivo, Tovonarivo Rafolisy, Paulo Salgado, and Thierry Becquer. "Nutrient Flows and Balances in Mixed Farming Systems in Madagascar." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020984.

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Mixed farming systems are still prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. In these systems, the recycling of nutrients through crop-livestock integration (CLI) practices is crucial for the sustainability of soil fertility and crop production. The objective of this study was to analyze nutrient (N, P, K) flows and balances of mixed farming systems to assess CLI contribution to the performance of those systems. We hypothesized that more intensive farms had a better nutrient balance at the farm level, and that improved biomass management methods improved their nutrient balance. Nine farms in the Madagascar highlands were selected, some corresponding to poor traditional farms with only draft cattle; some small or medium-sized, more intensive farms with a dairy herd; and some of the latter with some improvement to management methods of livestock effluents (manure composting, liquid manure collection). The nutrient balance of the farming systems was determined, and performance indicators were calculated at both farming, livestock, and CLI levels. Results showed that nutrient recycling through CLI is significant in the functioning of the systems studied, contributing primarily to circulating nutrient flows (up to 76%) and leading to greater efficiency and productivity. Nutrient flows resulting from these practices mainly concerned animal feeding (higher than 60% of nutrient flows), even if manure management was central for crop fertilization and that manure remained a desired animal product of these types of farms (up to 100% of animal products). Large negative balances of N and K (up to 80% of inputs) were observed in traditional livestock systems with draft cattle. They were smaller (39–68%) in more intensive dairy farms. Composting of manure did not decrease negative balances, whereas their magnitude was significantly reduced by the collection of liquid manure (19% for N; 42% for K). Better management of biomass at the farm level, in particular the collection of liquid manure, seemed to substantially reduce nutrient losses in MFS.

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Cumby, T. R., and V. R. Phillips. "Environmental impacts of livestock production." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500040930.

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AbstractLivestock production under Northern European conditions can affect water, air and soil. Examples of the possible environmental effects on water are fish kills or microbial contamination, if solid manure, slurry, “dirty water” or silage effluent are collected, stored, handled or spread inappropriately. Examples of the possible environmental effects on air are emissions of ammonia (which can lead to acidification and, after subsequent deposition, to eutrophication), the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, odours and particulates.In the case of water pollution, good management practices using existing technology are usually adequate for preventing most environmental impacts. This often requires storage during periods when conditions are unsuitable for spreading, followed by carefully controlled application. However, for relatively dilute effluents (such as dairy farm “dirty water”), it may be more cost-effective to use different approaches, such as waste minimisation and/or continuous treatment and land spreading. Recent research results are reviewed and compared in this paper, to identify ways in which farmers can prevent water pollution at least cost. The potential implications of such measures on further reductions in the annual numbers of pollution incidents are discussed in conjunction with the impacts of different regulatory and punitive approaches.In the case of preventing air pollution, although good management can achieve much, there is a need for new technology to back it up. Existing ammonia abatement techniques are mostly expensive and farmer-unfriendly. In the longer term, changes to the animals' diet should hold the greater potential for abatement, not only of ammonia emissions but also of methane emissions. Reducing one form of pollution can often increase another, so an integrated approach to solving pollution problems is necessary.

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GREER, G. GORDON. "Bacteriophage Control of Foodborne Bacteria†." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.1102.

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Bacteriophages are measurable components of the natural microflora in the food production continuum from the farm to the retail outlet. Phages are remarkably stable in these environments and are readily recovered from soil, sewage, water, farm and processing plant effluents, feces, and retail foods. Purified high-titer phage lysates have been used for the species-specific control of bacteria during the pre- and postharvest phases of food production and storage. For example, the inhibition of the phytopathogens Erwinia amylovara and Xanthomonas campestris has reduced the incidence of diseases such as fire blight in apples and bacterial spot of tomato and peaches. Research on preslaughter treatment of food animals has demonstrated phage control of salmonellosis in chickens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections in calves, piglets, and lambs, and E. coli O157:H7 shedding by beef cattle. Phages have also been applied to control the growth of pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Campylobacter jejuni in a variety of refrigerated foods such as fruit, dairy products, poultry, and red meats. Phage control of spoilage bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta) in raw chilled meats can result in a significant extension of storage life. Phage biocontrol strategies for food preservation have the advantages of being self-perpetuating, highly discriminatory, natural, and cost-effective. Some of the drawbacks of biopreservation with phages are a limited host range, the requirement for threshold numbers of the bacterial targets, phage-resistant mutants, and the potential for the transduction of undesirable characteristics from one bacterial strain to another. Most research to date has involved experimentally infected plants and animals or artificially inoculated foods. This technology must be transferred to the field and to commercial environments to assess the possibility of controlling natural contaminants under more realistic production and processing conditions.

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Hubble, Ian, and Robert Phillips. "Tasmanian dairy farm effluent management program." Journal of Cleaner Production 7, no. 2 (March 1999): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-6526(98)00049-3.

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20

Ross, C., and A. Donnison. "Campylobacter and farm dairy effluent irrigation." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (September 2003): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2003.9513551.

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Craggs, R. J., J. P. Sukias, C. T. Tanner, and R. J. Davies‐Colley. "Advanced pond system for dairy‐farm effluent treatment." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (December 2004): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513613.

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22

Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Improvement of effluent quality for reuse in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0664.

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This study examined the chemical treatment of wastewaters from a dairy farm in order to improve effluent quality and evaluated the reuse of treated effluent in irrigation. An extensive sampling and analysis program was conducted over a period of one year to determine wastewater characteristics at the plant. It has been found that the wastewater COD, BOD, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus content are relatively high but daily variations in pollution loads are not considerably high. Waste treatment in primary settling tanks was found to be insufficient since the effluent quality cannot satisfy the requirements set by the municipal. Experimental results on chemical treatment using alum as a coagulant indicated that the wastewater pollutants could be effectively reduced in order to obtain a good effluent for reuse in irrigation. A wastewater treatment system has been proposed based on the results of the industrial waste survey, evaluation of the existing treatment, and analysis of the jar tests on chemical treatment. The proposed system can be implemented to produce a good quality effluent for beneficial reuse in irrigation of farm land.

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Snow, V. O., L. E. Fung, S. E. Hurst, I. R. Mcivor, G. B. Douglas, A. G. Foote, J. D. Arnold, and P. N. Cameron. "Coppiced hardwood trees for reuse of farm dairy effluent." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2982.

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Alternatives to the traditional treatment of effluent, irrigation back onto pasture, may prove valuable for farmers. Here we present the results from the first two years of a trial set up to test the potential of cut-and-carry coppiced hardwoods (poplars and willows) in taking up nitrogen from fresh effluent and providing fodder on a dairy farm. Three blocks each of Argyle poplars and Tangoio willows were planted as 1.2 m stakes on a dairy farm in southern Wairarapa in September 2001. One block of each species was irrigated with fresh farm dairy effluent at a high rate, about 5 mm per week, the second was irrigated at a low rate of about half that amount, and the third control block of each species was left unirrigated. The first coppicing, conducted in March 2002, yielded 6, 13, and 24 t DM/ha from the Willow-Control, -Low, and -High treatments. The corresponding yields from the poplar blocks were 6, 14, and 11 t DM/ha. The depressed yield of the Poplar- High was due to a rust infection. Growth was much slower in 2002/03 due to a cold October and dry summer. The yields were about a third of those measured in the previous year. The amount of nitrogen in the harvested biomass of the Willow- High treatment was 440 and 100 kg N/ha in the two years. Coppice blocks are likely to be most useful where the amount of land suitable for irrigation is limited, where there may be heightened concerns about the effects of nitrate leaching, or where wet weather storage of effluent is limited. The coppice blocks accumulate a large amount of animal fodder in late summer when many farms experience feed gaps and the fodder from coppice blocks may also have animal health benefits. Keywords: willow, poplar, forage crops

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Donnison, A., C. Ross, and A. McGowan. "Escherichia coliandCampylobacterin two conventional Waikato dairy farm effluent ponds." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 2 (May 24, 2011): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2011.558905.

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25

Craggs, R. J., C. C. Tanner, J. P. S. Sukias, and R. J. Davies-Colley. "Dairy farm wastewater treatment by an advanced pond system." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0133.

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Waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) have been used for the treatment of dairy farm wastewater in New Zealand since the 1970s. The conventional two pond WSP systems provide efficient removal of wastewater BOD5 and total suspended solids, but effluent concentrations of other pollutants including nutrients and faecal bacteria are now considered unsuitable for discharge to waterways. Advanced Pond Systems (APS) provide a potential solution. A pilot dairy farm APS consisting of an Anaerobic pond (the first pond of the conventional WSP system) followed by three ponds: a High Rate Pond (HRP), an Algae Settling Pond (ASP) and a Maturation Pond (which all replace the conventional WSP system facultative pond) was evaluated over a two year period. Performance was compared to that of the existing conventional dairy farm WSP system. APS system effluent quality was considerably higher than that of the conventional WSP system with respective median effluent concentrations of BOD5: 34 and 108 g m-3, TSS: 64 and 220 g m-3, NH4-N: 8 and 29 g m-3, DRP: 13 and 17 g m-3, and E. coli: 146 and 16195 MPN/100 ml. APS systems show great promise for upgrading conventional dairy farm WSPs in New Zealand.

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Pratt, Chris, Adrian S. Walcroft, Kevin R. Tate, Des J. Ross, Réal Roy, Melissa Hills Reid, and Patricia W. Veiga. "Biofiltration of methane emissions from a dairy farm effluent pond." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 152 (May 2012): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.011.

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27

Luo, Jiafa, Surinder Saggar, Rita Bhandral, Nanthi Bolan, Stewart Ledgard, Stuart Lindsey, and Wentao Sun. "Effects of irrigating dairy-grazed grassland with farm dairy effluent on nitrous oxide emissions." Plant and Soil 309, no. 1-2 (January 29, 2008): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9550-3.

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28

Vogeler, Iris, Pierre Beukes, Alvaro Romera, and Rogerio Cichota. "Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a dairy farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand." Soil Research 50, no. 3 (2012): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12064.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture are generally estimated using default IPCC emission factors (EFs) despite the large variation in measured EFs. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to segregate measured EFs from direct emissions from urine patches and fertiliser and effluent applications, based on temporal and site-specific factors. These segregated EFs were linked to simulations from the DairyNZ Whole Farm Model to obtain N2O emissions for a typical pasture-based dairy farm in New Zealand. The N2O emissions from urine patches, dung pads, and fertiliser and effluent application, as well as from indirect sources, were aggregated to obtain total N2O emissions for the farm-scale. The results, based on segregated EFs, were compared with those obtained using New Zealand-specific EFs. On-farm N2O emissions based on these segregated EFs were 5% lower than those based on New Zealand-specific EFs. Improved farm management by avoiding grazing, effluent, and N fertiliser application during periods of high risk for N2O emissions, or by the use of mitigation technologies such as nitrification inhibitors, could reduce annual farm scale N2O emissions.

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29

Rowarth, A. Milet J. S., and F. G. Scrimgeour. "Potential for anaerobic digestion of dairy farm effluent in New Zealand." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.486.

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Efficient effluent management allows capturing of nutrient benefits while reducing potential environmental impact. In New Zealand research has focussed on ponds and land disposal, whereas digesters are being implemented overseas. When biogas produced by anaerobic digestion is collected, it can be used to produce heat and electricity; this has been done in some countries trying to increase their renewable energy profile (e.g., France), but the cost is not always offset by the benefits. Analysis of policies concerning power supply in France and New Zealand revealed very large differences between the two countries, which, in combination with differences in population density, availability of co-digestion products and dairy shed effluent type, means that the establishment of biodigesters is unlikely in New Zealand unless there are changes in policy to encourage greater renewable energy via implementation assistance. Keywords: Biodigester, co-digestion, energy

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30

Davies, O. D., and G. Perrott. "The effects of ensiling molassed sugarbeet feed with grass on dairy cow performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020468.

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Silage effluent is a major contributor to farm pollution incidents in the United Kingdom. In 1987, silage effluent was responsible for 26% of all farm pollution cases reported, and 437. Of farm associated water pollution incidents that resulted in prosecution.A practical solution to this problem could be to incorporate absorbent materials into the grass at ensiling. Several absorbent materials have been tested, some being based on fibrous bi-products. Of those tested, chopped barley straws proved the most effective (Offer an Al-Rwidah 1989) however this material lowered silage quality and also reduced the weight of grass that could be stored in a given silo by 78%. Molassed sugarbeet feed (MSBF), a feed high in digestible fibre which has been widely incorporated into ruminant diets as an energy source, was less absorbent but improved silage quality and reduced grass storage weight for a given silo by only 27%.

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31

Barkle, G. F., T. N. Brown, and D. J. Painter. "LEACHING OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON FROM LAND-APPLIED DAIRY FARM EFFLUENT." Soil Science 164, no. 4 (April 1999): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199904000-00005.

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32

Lieffering, Mark, Paul Newton, and Jürgen H. Thiele. "Greenhouse gas and energy balance of dairy farms using unutilised pasture co-digested with effluent for biogas production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07252.

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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from New Zealand dairy farms are significant, representing nearly 35% of New Zealand’s total agricultural emissions. Although there is an urgent need for New Zealand to reduce agricultural GHG emissions in order to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations, there are, as yet, few viable options for reducing farming related emissions while maintaining productivity. In addition to GHG emissions, dairy farms are also the source of other emissions, most importantly effluent from milking sheds and feed pads. It has been suggested that anaerobic digestion for biogas and energy production could be used to deal more effectively with dairy effluent while at the same time addressing concerns about farm energy supply. Dairy farms have a high demand for electricity, with a 300-cow farm consuming nearly 40 000 kWh per year. However, because only ~10% of the manure produced by the cows can be collected (e.g. primarily at milking times), a maximum of only ~16 000 kWh of electricity per year can be produced from the effluent alone. This means that anaerobic digestion/electricity generation schemes are currently economic only for farms with more than 1000 cows. A solution for smaller farms is to co-digest the effluent with unutilised pasture sourced on the farm, thereby increasing biogas production and making the system economically viable. A possible source of unutilised grass is the residual pasture left by the cows immediately after grazing. This residual can be substantial in the spring–early summer, when cow numbers (demand) can be less than the pasture growth rates (supply). The cutting of ungrazed grass (topping) is also a useful management tool that has been shown to increase pasture quality and milk production, especially over the late spring–summer. In this paper, we compare the energy and GHG balances of a conventional farm using a lagoon effluent system to one using anaerobic digestion supplemented by unutilised pasture collected by topping to treat effluent and generate electricity. For a hypothetical 300-cow, 100-ha farm, topping all paddocks from 1800 to 1600 kg DM/ha four times per year over the spring–summer would result in 80 tonnes of DM being collected, which when digested to biogas would yield 50 000 kWh (180 GJ) of electricity. This is in addition to the 16 000 kWh from the effluent digestion. About 90 GJ of diesel would be used to carry out the topping, emitting ~0.06 t CO2e/ha. In contrast, the anaerobic/topping system would offset/avoid 0.74 t CO2e/ha of GHG emissions: 0.6 t CO2e/ha of avoided CH4 emissions from the lagoon and 0.14 t CO2e/ha from biogas electricity offsetting grid electricity GHGs. For the average dairy farm, the net reduction in emissions of 0.68 CO2e/ha would equate to nearly 14% of the direct and indirect emissions from farming activities and if implemented on a national scale, could decrease GHG emissions nearly 1.4 million t CO2e or ~10% of New Zealand’s Kyoto Protocol obligations while at the same time better manage dairy farm effluent, enhance on-farm and national energy security and increase milk production through better quality pastures.

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33

Ledgard, S. F., N. L. Bartlett, P. J. Van Boheemen, B. R. Wilton, S. B. Allen, and D. P. Muggeridge. "Implications of increased use of brought-in feeds on potential environmental effects of dairy farms in Waikato." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.568.

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Abstract The effects of increased use of brought-in feeds were evaluated across 25 dairy farms in central Waikato. Farms were classified into low, medium and high feedinput categories based on 1200 kg DM/cow, covering a range typical of that in the main dairying regions of New Zealand. Average milksolids (MS)/ha was 1087 and 1900 kg in the low and high feed-input categories, but total land-use/tonne MS was the same when all off-farm land was accounted for. Average estimated on-farm nitrogen (N) leaching increased from 26 to 30 kg N/ha/year between the low and high feed-input categories, but off-farm leaching sources were equivalent to an increase of 20 and 84%, respectively. Greenhouse gas emissions/on-farm hectare were 61% higher on high feed-input farms, but the carbon footprint and N leaching per tonne MS were similar across feed-input categories. High feed-input farms used feed-pads and increased effluent area (66 versus 21% of farm) to increase nutrient efficiency. Mitigation analyses indicated that N leaching could be decreased by optimising effluent area, reducing N fertiliser rate and utilising low-N feeds. Keywords: nitrogen leaching, whole farm system, greenhouse gases, land use

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34

Barton, L., and L. A. Schipper. "Regulation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Irrigated with Dairy Farm Effluent." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 6 (November 2001): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.1881.

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35

Roygard, Jon K. F., Brent E. Clothier, Steve R. Green, and Nanthi S. Bolan. "Tree Species for Recovering Nitrogen from Dairy-Farm Effluent in New Zealand." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 3 (May 2001): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3031064x.

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36

Barton, L., and L. A. Schipper. "Regulation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Irrigated with Dairy Farm Effluent." Journal of Environmental Quality 31, no. 6 (November 2002): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.2125.

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37

Barton, L., and L. A. Schipper. "Regulation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Irrigated with Dairy Farm Effluent." Journal of Environment Quality 31, no. 6 (2002): 2125—a. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.2125a.

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38

Ali, I., S. Morin, S. Barrington, J. Whalen, R. Bonnell, and J. Martinez. "Surface Irrigation of Dairy Farm Effluent, Part I: Nutrient and Bacterial Load." Biosystems Engineering 95, no. 4 (December 2006): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.08.002.

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39

Ali, I., S. Barrington, R. Bonnell, J. Whalen, and J. Martinez. "Surface Irrigation of Dairy Farm Effluent, Part II: System Design and Operation." Biosystems Engineering 96, no. 1 (January 2007): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.09.001.

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40

Gray, Colin William, Gina Maria Lucci, and Jo-Anne Cavanagh. "Can the application of farm dairy effluent enhance cadmium leaching from soil?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 36 (August 9, 2021): 50919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15513-x.

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41

Li, J., J. Luo, Y. Shi, Y. Li, Y. Ma, S. Ledgard, L. Wang, D. Houlbrooke, L. Bo, and S. Lindsey. "Dung and farm dairy effluent affect urine patch nitrous oxide emissions from a pasture." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15511.

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Urine patches in grazed pastures have been identified as important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. An increase in N2O emissions is possible where urine patches coincide with dung patches and farm dairy effluent (FDE) applications. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of dung additions and fresh FDE applications on N2O emissions from urine patches. A field experiment was conducted on a pasture site at the AgResearch’s Ruakura dairy farm in Hamilton, New Zealand. A closed soil chamber technique was used to measure the N2O emissions from a free-draining volcanic soil that received urine (492 kg N/ha, simulated urine patches), with or without dung (1146 kg N/ha) and fresh FDE (100 kg N/ha) and to compare these with controls receiving no urine. The addition of dung delayed the peak N2O fluxes from the urine patches by ~30 days. This could be due to temporary nitrogen (N) immobilisation during decomposition of carbon from the dung. However, over the whole measurement period (271 days), dung addition increased the N2O emission factor (EF, % of applied N emitted as N2O) for the urine from 1.02% to 2.09%. The application of fresh FDE increased the EF to 1.40%. The effluent- or dung-induced increases in N2O emissions from the urine patches were possibly caused both by the direct input of N from effluent or dung and through the indirect priming effect of addition of dung or effluent on the availability of N from urine patches for N2O production. We conclude that when EFs are used in calculations of N2O emissions from urine, consideration should be given to the likelihood of coincidence with dung or FDE applications.

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42

Roygard, J. K. F., N. S. Bolan, B. E. Clothier, S. R. Green, and R. E. H. Sims. "Short rotation forestry for land treatment of effluent: a lysimeter study." Soil Research 37, no. 5 (1999): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98067.

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Land treatment of wastewater using short rotation forestry (SRF) has potential as a sustainable method for disposal of dairy-farm euent. We compared 3 SRF species, 2 evergreen species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus nitens, E. saligna) and a deciduous willow (Salix kinuyanagi), in the land treatment of dairy-farm euent. The trees were grown in lysimeters (1 . 8 m diameter, 1 . 0 m depth), and a bare soil treatment was used as a control. The application of dairy-farm oxidation-pond euent totalled 218 g N/lysimeter (equivalent to 870 kg N/ha) over 2 irrigation seasons (December 1995–June 1996 and September 1996–April 1997). Euent was applied weekly in summer at a rate of 18 . 9 mm/week. No euent was applied during the winter period. The evapotranspiration (ET) rates of the trees, and the volumes and nitrogen contents of the leachates are compared for a winter period (4 weeks) and a summer period (5 weeks). The biomass accumulation and the uptake of nitrogen by the 3 tree species were also investigated. The SRF trees improved the renovation levels of dairy-farm euent and produced biomass suitable for energy conversion. Of the 3 tree species, only the S. kinuyanagi treatments maintained leachate nitrate concentrations below the New Zealand drinking water standard of 11 . 3 mg NO– 3 -N/L throughout both the winter and summer periods. The E. nitens treatment produced significantly more oven-dry biomass (19 . 1 kg/tree) than the E. saligna trees (9 . 7 kg/tree) (P = 0 . 05). The S. kinuyanagi treatment had intermediate production (13 . 3 kg/tree) and was not significantly different from the other 2 tree species (P = 0 . 05). The nutrient accumulation was not significantly different among the species (P = 0 . 05). S. kinuyanagi was considered the best overall performer for the land treatment of dairy-farm euent, based on the concentrations of leachate moving beyond the root-zone.

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43

Bolan, N. S., D. J. Horne, and L. D. Currie. "Growth and chemical composition of legume‐based pasture irrigated with dairy farm effluent." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (January 2004): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513574.

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44

Clough, Tim J., and Francis M. Kelliher. "Dairy Farm Effluent Effects on Urine Patch Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Journal of Environmental Quality 34, no. 3 (May 2005): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0360.

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45

Gray, Colin William, Gina Maria Lucci, and Jo-Anne Cavanagh. "Correction to: Can the application of farm dairy effluent enhance cadmium leachingfrom soil?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 36 (September 2021): 50930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16144-y.

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46

Nartey, Obemah David, Deyan Liu, Jiafa Luo, Stuart Lindsey, Hong J. Di, Zengming Chen, Junji Yuan, Tiehu He, and Weixin Ding. "Optimizing the application of dairy farm effluent and manure to mitigate gas emission." Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 2381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02935-w.

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47

Beukes, P. C., P. Edwards, and T. Coltman. "Modelling options to increase milk production while reducing N leaching for an irrigated dairy farm in Canterbury." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.569.

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Abstract The Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching programme (FRNL) aims to address the challenge of presenting farmers with alternatives for forage production that will sustain milk production and farm profit, but simultaneously reduce nitrogen leaching by 20% from current levels. This paper describes the improvements made to a dairy model comprising three software packages, and how this model was used to evaluate proposed farm system changes on a Canterbury dairy farm (Canlac Holdings) associated with the FRNL programme. After a baseline scenario was sensechecked against actual farm physical and financial data for the 2014-2015 season, alternative options were modelled in an additive way by expanding the effluent area, growing fodder beet on the platform, replacing some pasture with maize silage, growing diverse pastures on 7% of the milking platform, and including a feed pad. The cumulative effect of these changes was an increase of 3 and 13% in production and profit respectively, but only a 5% decrease in nitrogen leaching as estimated for the combined platform and support block areas over 3 climate years. A hypothetical scenario, of a third of the platform in diverse pastures, less nitrogen fertiliser, all fodder beet grown on the milking platform, lifted and fed on the feed pad, and with an oats catch crop following fodder beet, increased production and profit by 2 and 10%, respectively, with a reduction in N leaching of 19%. This result indicates that high-performing farmers have scope to reduce N leaching by ~20% and still increase profit by implementing some of the options emanating from the FRNL programme. Keywords: diverse pastures, dairy farm system, fodder beet, effluent block, feed pad, catch crop

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48

Flemmer, Claire L., and Rory C. Flemmer. "Water effluent from New Zealand dairy farms from 1997 to 2000." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288230809510446.

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49

Monaghan, R. M., and L. C. Smith. "Minimising surface water pollution resulting from farm‐dairy effluent application to mole‐pipe drained soils. II. The contribution of preferential flow of effluent to whole‐farm pollutant losses in subsurface drainage from a West Otago dairy farm." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (December 2004): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513610.

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50

Shams, D. F., N. Singhal, P. Elefsiniotis, and A. Johnson. "Treatment of farm dairy effluent with hybrid upflow multilayer bioreactor and activated sludge module." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.106.

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Biological removal of nitrogen and carbon from farm dairy effluent (FDE) was studied with two laboratory-scale systems following nitrification and denitrification processes. Each system consisted of an upflow multilayer bioreactor (UMBR) as a pre-denitrification unit, an aeration tank (AT) as nitrification unit and a secondary clarifier. The optimization of two operational variables, total hydraulic retention time (HRT) and internal recycle (IR) rate with both real-FDE and a synthetic-wastewater were investigated. First, HRTs of 2, 3, 4 and 5 days were tested with synthetic-wastewater at uniform IR rate. The HRT of 4 days proved optimum with high efficiencies for nitrification (>90%), denitrification (>90%) and total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (∼90%). The lowest efficiency was recorded at 2 days HRT with 7% nitrification efficiency. This was followed by experimentation with IR rates of 200%, 300% and 400% on both real-FDE and synthetic-wastewater at optimized HRT. The increase in IR to 300% improved the denitrification potential and overall performance with continuous high nitrification efficiency and COD removal whereas IR of 400% retarded the process. The application of combined UMBR and activated sludge system showed good potential for biological removal of nitrogen from FDE.

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