Journal articles: 'Dairy cattle Genetic engineering'

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Wall, R. J., D. E. Kerr, and K. R. Bondioli. "Transgenic Dairy Cattle: Genetic Engineering on a Large Scale." Journal of Dairy Science 80, no. 9 (September 1997): 2213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76170-8.

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FEKATA, ABERA. "REVIEW ON OVARIAN CYSTS IN DAIRY CATTLE, ITS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 05, no. 05 (August 26, 2022): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v05i05.3.

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The purpose of this paper was to examine ovarian cysts in dairy cattle, as well as their treatment and prevention options. Cysts are simply fluid-filled sacs surrounded by membranes, similar to grapes, and are most commonly seen in dairy cows in the first two months after calving. The development of large, persistent ovulatory follicles in the ovaries and the failure of a mature follicle to ovulate at the right period throughout the estrous cycle describe Ovarian Cysts (OC). The most common types of ovarian cysts in dairy cows are follicular cysts, luteinized cysts, and cystic corpora lutea. Ovarian cysts are usually connected with heredity, high milk production, age, lactation period, body condition score, seasonality, and phytoestrogens, yet the specific causes are unknown. Ovarian Cysts (OC) in dairy cows are diagnosed using a combination of history and clinical signs, transrectal palpation, ultrasonography, and plasma or milk progesterone assays. The main treatments for Cystic Ovarian Disease in dairy cows are Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG), and Prostaglandin F2 (PGF2). The economic losses of ovarian cysts are produced by an increase in the number of days open, an increase in the culling rate due to infertility, high treatment expenses, and a longer calving interval. Cystic ovarian disease is prevented through careful genetic selection, the elimination of bulls whose sire daughters have had the cystic ovarian disease, and an appropriate diet.

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Melkamu Mesfin, Zewde, and Mustefa Wazir Shafi. "Review on milk production performance, challenges, and opportunities of dairy cows production in oromia regional state, Ethiopia." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000118.

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This review was conducted to review the information on milk production performance, challenges, and opportunities of dairy cattle production in Oromia. Supported management practices, marketing situations, feed sources, and feeding systems the foremost milk production systems are identified as rural milk production, peri-urban, and concrete milk production. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development mainly thanks to an acceptable environment and large cattle number that contains 65.35 million cattle populations. While there is a large milk cow population and favorable climatic conditions, self-sufficiency in milk production is low. The mean values of daily milk yield (DMY) range from 1 to2.8 liter/day with lactation length (LL) of 6.78 to 9.13 months for indigenous breeds, 6.5 to fifteen liters/day with lactation length of 7.52 to 11.67 months for crossbreed cows respectively. Both DMY and LL were significantly stricken by breed, parity, and year of calving. Challenges for dairying vary from one location to a distinct one. The foremost challenge that affects milk production performance of cattle in Oromia includes feed shortage, high feed cost, land shortage for farming of improved forage, insufficient veterinary services, no operational breeding strategy and policy, and low productivity of the indigenous cattle breeds are the foremost important factor limiting dairy products within the region. Therefore, to enhance these milk production performances of the dairy cow to determine genetic improvement policy, strategy, and breeding program and implement well management practices.

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Learmonth, J. J., G. Ionas, A. B. Pita, and R. S. Cowie. "Identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium strains in humans and dairy cattle in the Waikato Region of New Zealand." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0150.

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Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum are commonly acquired waterborne parasites but little is known about their transmission cycles with regard to humans and animals. Faecal samples were collected over two time periods within the Waikato region of New Zealand from dairy cattle and humans and all positive isolates were genotyped. Of the 724 faecal specimens examined (354 cows, 304 calves and 66 humans), 16 cows, 32 calves and 5 humans were positive for G. intestinalis. Phylogenetic group 1 was found in 26 G. intestinalis positive dairy cattle with 22 being group 2. One G. intestinalis positive human isolate was group 1 and four were group 2. Of the 724 faecal specimens examined two cows, 33 calves and 66 human specimens were positive for C. parvum. All 35 C. parvum positive dairy cattle exhibited the bovine genotype while the 66 positive humans showed a seasonal shift in the prevalent genotype with the bovine dominating the spring (100%) and the human dominating the late summer period (96%).

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Vtoryi, V. F., and S. V. Vtoryi. "Sources of carbon dioxide emissions on a cattle dairy farm." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 23, no. 4 (August 25, 2022): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.4.572-579.

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The great concern of scientists is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere associated with the greenhouse effect caused by higher concentration of some gases, carbon dioxide included. Animals and their wastes are one of the carbon dioxide sources. Annually there is the growing need in livestock products. This leads to a bigger number of farm animals and consequent higher carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. Theoretical and experimental studies of 2015-2021 at the premises of the Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production and agricultural enterprises in the Leningrad Region of the Russian Federation were aimed at identifying the main sources, intensity and patterns of carbon dioxide emissions in dairy cow barns with due account for the effect of animal housing conditions. The main carbon dioxide sources on a cattle dairy farm are the air exhaled by animals and manure. From the study results, a dairy cow exhales from 4.5 to 8.5 kg of carbon dioxide per day depending on its productivity and mass. The carbon dioxide emission from manure accumulated in a barn is below 1 % of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals. Modern innovative technologies allow for more efficient use of genetic potential of animals and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The revealed patterns and modelling of carbon dioxide emissions showed that with an increase in cow milk yield from 10 to 30 kg/day, the carbon dioxide emission per 1 kg of milk can decrease 2.3 to 2.5 times.

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BROZOS (Χ. Ν. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ), C. N., and Ph SARATSIS (Φ. ΣΑΡΑΤΣΗΣ). "The effectiveness and the consequences of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 48, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15788.

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Growth hormone (also known as somatotropin) plays a dominant role on the development and metabolism of mammalians. Since the early 1950's it has been known that the administration of somatotropin in milk productive animals leads to an increase in milk yield. Nevertheless, its high cost of manufacture didn't allow the massive application, until recently. Genetic engineering achieved the production of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and therefore has permitted the commercial use. Numerous of publications confirm a 10-30% increase in dairy cattle milk yield after bST administration. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. Long-term bST administration has no effects on animal welfare. The reproductive system od bST treated cows seems to be prone to disorders. These disorders have been found to be insignificant. Advanced quality of management is necessary to accomplish maximum bST response in dairy cattle. BST is homologous to that of sheep and therefore can be successfully used in ewes as well. Due to the large number of dairy ewes in Greece, this is of great importance to Greek animal industry.

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MUYSSON, DAVID J., and ANN M. VERRINDER GIBBINS. "THE ALTERATION OF MILK CONTENT BY GENETIC ENGINEERING AND RECOMBINANT DNA-MEDIATED SELECTION TECHNIQUES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-064.

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Since the advent of gene cloning technology, suggestions have been made of specific alterations that could be engineered into the genomes of cattle, sheep or goats to alter their milk composition. These alterations could affect milk protein characteristics or quantity in ways which might be of benefit to milk processing and dairy product manufacturing industries. Other changes could improve the suitability of bovine milk for human consumption. In addition, animals could be engineered to synthesize valuable foreign proteins, such as pharmaceuticals, to be secreted in milk. In this paper, we evaluate these suggestions critically, taking into account current understanding of milk composition and processing, as well as recent information concerning the structure and regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in determining milk content. All these suggested alterations depend on successful production of transgenic animals capable of efficiently expressing introduced genes. The view is examined that some improvements in type or amount of certain milk proteins might better be achieved by conventional breeding practices, or by breeding systems that would rely on recombinant DNA techniques for methods of selection. Key words: Casein, beta-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, plasmin, transgenic, bovine, ovine, lactose

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Small, B. H., T. G. Parminter, and M. W. Fisher. "Understanding public responses to genetic engineering through exploring intentions to purchase a hypothetical functional food derived from genetically modified dairy cattle." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2005.9513672.

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Singh, Parul, and Syed Azmal Ali. "Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Engineering in Farm Animals." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070122.

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Humans are sorely over-dependent on livestock for their daily basic need of food in the form of meat, milk, and eggs. Therefore, genetic engineering and transgenesis provide the opportunity for more significant gains and production in a short span of time. One of the best strategies is the genetic alteration of livestock to enhance the efficiency of food production (e.g., meat and milk), animal health, and welfare (animal population and disease). Moreover, genome engineering in the bovine is majorly focused on subjects such as disease resistance (e.g., tuberculosis), eradicate allergens (e.g., beta-lactoglobulin knock-out), products generation (e.g., meat from male and milk from female), male or female birth specifically (animal sexing), the introduction of valuable traits (e.g., stress tolerance and disease resistance) and their wellbeing (e.g., hornlessness). This review addressed the impressive genome engineering method CRISPR, its fundamental principle for generating highly efficient target-specific guide RNA, and the accompanying web-based tools. However, we have covered the remarkable roadmap of the CRISPR method from its conception to its use in cattle. Additionally, we have updated the comprehensive information on CRISPR-based gene editing in cattle.

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Nascimento Neto, José da Páscoa, André Luis Mendes Azevedo Carvalho, Clara Emmanuelly Mota Martins, Túlio Bastos Tomaz Carvalho, Luiz Felipe Rogana Müller, Hélio Rezende Lima Neto, and Luthesco Haddad Lima Chalfun. "Comparison of pulmonary ultrasound aspects of dairy calves born from a normal or dystocic parturition." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 23, 2022): e455111537399. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37399.

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Ultrasound has relatively low use in the veterinary practice of cattle, especially in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. There is little information on imaging patterns and occurrence of these diseases in calves from dystocic parturition, especially in the ability to diagnose the subclinical respiratory diseases. The correct clinical diagnosis aims to support efficient growth and expression of genetic potential for the replacer calves. Eighteen Holstein calves, five of which did not require assistance during birth and thirteen calves from dystocic parturition had the respiratory system evaluated by ultrasound. The objective was to describe and compare the pulmonary ultrasound aspects of calves from dystocic parturitions, compared to calves born without any aid. The degree of dystocia was classified on a scale from 1 to 5 points and the categorization of ultrasound images considered the presence or absence of pulmonary lesions. The ultrasound examination was able to diagnose animals affected with BRD in a subclinical manifestation, considering that none of the animals that presented pulmonary consolidation showed clinical signs of respiratory diseases. All cows with dystocia were classified as grade 2 dystocic parturition. There was no correlation between normal delivery (grade 1) and mild dystocia (grade 2) and occurrence of pulmonary consolidation.

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Chagas, Angelica de Lima das, Winnie Castro e. Amorim Albuquerque, Raylane Pereira Gomes, Rogério Elias Rabelo, Luiz Antônio Franco da Silva, Carla Afonso da Silva Bitencourt Braga, and Lilian Carla Carneiro. "Detection of different types of papillomavirus and co-infection in cattle in the State of Goiás - Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 31, 2021): e45410918134. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18134.

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Bovine papilomavírus (BPVs) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, a disease that triggers warts throughout the skin, udder, roofs, genitalia and in more severe cases can develop extensive papillomas, cause neoplasia in the digestive tract and bladder, cause losses in productivity and losses to livestock. In Brazil, the occurrence of BPV infection is relatively common, but the identification of viral types is still sporadic. The present study is a research report that aimed to describe the occurrence of BPV infections in dairy cattle affected by papillomatosis, based on the nucleotide sequences of the ORF L1, the most conserved sequence. Twenty-five samples of cutaneous wart from nine cattle clinically diagnosed as cutaneous papillomatosis were analyzed in the state of Goiás, central-western Brazil. Amplification was obtained in 11 samples (papilloma) from different cattle. PCR reactions followed by sequencing revealed the presence of BPV-1 in 60%, BPV-5 in 40%, and BPV-14 in 20% of the samples analyzed. The presence of coinfection was verified in 60% of the amplified samples. These data suggest that several types of BPV can infect a lesion simultaneously and demonstrate the possibility that BPV infection in epithelial tissue can occur without restriction to one or two viral types, demonstrating the region's genetic diversity. As far as we know, this is the first registry of typification of BPVs of the central-western region of Brazil. This analysis provides important information for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) research in Brazil.

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Liu, Xu, Yongsheng Wang, Yuchen Tian, Yuan Yu, Mingqing Gao, Guangdong Hu, Feng Su, et al. "Generation of mastitis resistance in cows by targeting human lysozyme gene to β-casein locus using zinc-finger nucleases." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20133368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3368.

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Mastitis costs the dairy industry billions of dollars annually and is the most consequential disease of dairy cattle. Transgenic cows secreting an antimicrobial peptide demonstrated resistance to mastitis. The combination of somatic cell gene targeting and nuclear transfer provides a powerful method to produce transgenic animals. Recent studies found that a precisely placed double-strand break induced by engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) stimulated the integration of exogenous DNA stretches into a pre-determined genomic location, resulting in high-efficiency site-specific gene addition. Here, we used ZFNs to target human lysozyme (hLYZ) gene to bovine β-casein locus, resulting in hLYZ knock-in of approximately 1% of ZFN-treated bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs). Gene-targeted fibroblast cell clones were screened by junction PCR amplification and Southern blot analysis. Gene-targeted BFFs were used in somatic cell nuclear transfer. In vitro assays demonstrated that the milk secreted by transgenic cows had the ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus . We report the production of cloned cows carrying human lysozyme gene knock-in β-casein locus using ZFNs. Our findings open a unique avenue for the creation of transgenic cows from genetic engineering by providing a viable tool for enhancing resistance to disease and improving the health and welfare of livestock.

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Umer, M., S. F. Syed, Bunesh, Q. A. Shah, and I. U. Kakar. "PATHOGENESIS, TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF BOVINE CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS: A REVIEW." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 38, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2022.38.1.8.

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Clinical endometritis is a common uterine disease of bovine caused by various pathogenic bacteria, owing to reduce the reproductive efficiency, infertility and huge economic losses to the livestock farmer. It has already been reported that endometritis affects reproductive performance of livestock by delaying service interval, reduce conception rate, and repeat breeding. Contamination during artificial insemination, dystocia, unhygienic handling of parturition, multiple birth and abortion are the predisposing factors related to endometritis in cattle. Additionally, several microorganisms have been frequently isolated such as Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Actinomyces pyogenes and Bacteroides species. Due to lack of awareness regarding the diagnosis and treatment of this devastating condition, farmers usually cull exaggerated animals even having better genetic potential. The present review summarizes the contemporary understanding about the quantifiable importance of endometritis, including aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and its control. Moreover, present work will researchers, veterinarians and dairy farmers in early diagnosis and treatment this menace to minimize economic losses and also safeguard high milk yielding animal.

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Michetti, Miquéias, Júlio Reis, Mariana Yumi Takahashi Kamoi, and Luciano Lopes. "ANÁLISE DA CO-INTEGRAÇÃO ENTRE A PECUÁRIA DE LEITE E CORTE EM MATO GROSSO." Nativa 10, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i1.13130.

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A pecuária de corte em Mato Grosso é referência nacional, destacando-se entre outros fatores pelo tamanho de seu rebanho. Todavia sua pecuária leiteira vem perdendo participação no cenário doméstico. Invariavelmente, a atividade de corte e leite tem relação intrínseca no estado, onde os ciclos da pecuária de corte são fatores determinantes para explicar a produção e o preço do leite. Isso é observado na presença de uma relação de curto prazo mais intensa entre a produção de leite com seu preço, como esperado, mas também com o preço do bezerro e com o da @ do boi gordo. O efeito da resposta ao impulso na produção de leite mostra que a variável que mais impacta na decisão do produtor em relação à produção de leite é o preço da @ do boi. Choques no preço da @ produzem uma resposta negativa na produção de leite, mas o efeito do preço do bezerro por sua vez, influencia positivamente a produção. A falta de genética especializada pode ser uma das principais causas dessa estreita relação, fazendo com que mudanças no mercado de carne bovina do estado e na produção de carne afetem significativamente a produção e o preço do leite. Palavras-chave: pecuária; impulso-resposta; econometria. Analysis of co-integration between milk dairy and beef cattle in Mato Grosso ABSTRACT: Livestock in Mato Grosso can be considered a national reference, standing out among other factors due to its herd size. However, dairy farming has been losing participation in the domestic scenario. Invariably, beef and milk production have an intrinsic relationship in the state, where beef livestock cycles determine factors to explain the production and price of milk. That is observed in the presence of an intense short-term relationship between milk production and price, as expected, and the calf price and live cattle. The effect of the impulse response on milk production shows that the variable that most impacts the producer's decision concerning milk production are the price of live cattle. Shocks in the price of live cattle produce a negative response in milk production, but the effect of the calf's price in turn positively influences production. The lack of specialized genetics may be one of the main causes of this close relationship, causing changes in the state's beef market and meat production to significantly affect milk production and price. Key words: livestock; impulse-response; econometrics.

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Pavlovic, Dejan, Mikolaj Czerkawski, Christopher Davison, Oskar Marko, Craig Michie, Robert Atkinson, Vladimir Crnojevic, et al. "Behavioural Classification of Cattle Using Neck-Mounted Accelerometer-Equipped Collars." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062323.

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Monitoring and classification of dairy cattle behaviours is essential for optimising milk yields. Early detection of illness, days before the critical conditions occur, together with automatic detection of the onset of oestrus cycles is crucial for obviating prolonged cattle treatments and improving the pregnancy rates. Accelerometer-based sensor systems are becoming increasingly popular, as they are automatically providing information about key cattle behaviours such as the level of restlessness and the time spent ruminating and eating, proxy measurements that indicate the onset of heat events and overall welfare, at an individual animal level. This paper reports on an approach to the development of algorithms that classify key cattle states based on a systematic dimensionality reduction process through two feature selection techniques. These are based on Mutual Information and Backward Feature Elimination and applied on knowledge-specific and generic time-series extracted from raw accelerometer data. The extracted features are then used to train classification models based on a Hidden Markov Model, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. The proposed feature engineering methodology permits model deployment within the computing and memory restrictions imposed by operational settings. The models were based on measurement data from 18 steers, each animal equipped with an accelerometer-based neck-mounted collar and muzzle-mounted halter, the latter providing the truthing data. A total of 42 time-series features were initially extracted and the trade-off between model performance, computational complexity and memory footprint was explored. Results show that the classification model that best balances performance and computation complexity is based on Linear Discriminant Analysis using features selected through Backward Feature Elimination. The final model requires 1.83 ± 1.00 ms to perform feature extraction with 0.05 ± 0.01 ms for inference with an overall balanced accuracy of 0.83.

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Krugliak, A. P., and T. O. Krugliak. "WELL – KNOWN SCIENTIST-BIOLOGIST OF WORLD LEVEL (I. V. SMIRNOV)." Animal Breeding and Genetics 61 (May 27, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.61.02.

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The purpose of the article is to light up scientific approaches and technological solutions that provided IV Smirnov's experimentally establish property of mammalian sperm to preserve biological value and genetic information after freezing at temperatures below -200C, to obtain normal offspring from frozen sperm. Research methods: general scientific, retrospective, source studies. The discovery of I. V. Smirnov became the basis of the scientific and technological revolution in the field of breeding and improvement of farm animals, contributed to the development of a new direction of research in the theory and practice of animal breeding, genetic methods of bulls valuation by genotype. Long-term storage of deep-frozen gametes in liquid nitrogen ensured efficient use of valuable animals, regardless of the country where they are kept, and time of use, which significantly increased the efficiency of selection. Thanks to the discovery of I. V. Smirnov, large-scale genotypic selection was introduced in many countries of the world, which was initiated by O. V. Garkavy (1928) and O. O. Serebrovsky (1934). Due to extensive use of the world's best gene pool of specialized dairy breeds, in Ukraine have highly productive domestic breeds of dairy cattle been created: Ukrainian red-and-white, black-and-white, red and brown dairy. The genetic potential of these breeds in breeding plants is 9–10 thousand kg of milk from cows per year, and in the public sector – 6–7 thousand kg, which is 3–4 times higher than the original breeds on which they were created. The use of deep-frozen sperm and embryos has become global. Modern methods of biotechnology, freezing of gametes of other species of animals and embryo transplantation, in vitro fertilization, transgenic engineering, organ transplantation in medicine, etc. are based on IV Smyrnov's discovery. The world's most difficult problem is the preservation of the gene pool of farm animals and the biological diversity of wild fauna, also solved by this discovery. At present, in the sperm and embryo repositories are genetic information of prominent offspring and queens and embryos of commercial and endangered populations stored. The great scientist was an excellent teacher. He gave brilliant lectures to students, livestock specialists, formed his own school, trained many candidates and doctors of sciences, 3,500 highly qualified specialists and more than two thousand laboratory technicians. With his theoretical developments and their practical implementation IV Smirnov initiated a new direction and methods of scientific research in the field of biology, organizational forms of selection and reproduction of animals, which acquired planetary significance and became an indispensable heritage of mankind. His scientific heritage is one of the greatest discoveries of the human mind and is the pride of domestic zootechnics.

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Shija, Dismas Said, Okeyo A. Mwai, Julie M. K. Ojango, Daniel M. Komwihangilo, and Bockline Omedo Bebe. "Assessing Lactation Curve Characteristics of Dairy Cows Managed under Contrasting Husbandry Practices and Stressful Environments in Tanzania." World 3, no. 4 (December 6, 2022): 1032–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world3040059.

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The ability of smallholder dairy farming systems (SHDFS) to achieve desirable lactation-curve characteristics is constrained or reduced by environmental stresses. Under stressful production environments in the tropics, the better lactation-curve characteristics in smallholder dairy farms are a result of improved dairy genetics and husbandry practices. Better husbandry practices improve animal health and welfare status, which is important to sustain SHDFS in the tropics where dairy cattle are constantly exposed to multiple environmental stresses of feed scarcity, disease infections and heat load. In this case, lactating cows in smallholder dairy farms labelled positive deviants are expected to express lactation curve characteristics differently from typical farms, regardless of the stress levels confronted. Thus, this study tested this hypothesis with Holstein–Friesian and Ayrshire cows in two milksheds in Tanzania classified them into low-and high-stress environments. A two-factor nested research design was used, with farm (positive deviant and typical) nested within the environment. Positive deviant farms were farms that performed above the population average, attaining ≥0.35 Mcal NEL/d energy balance, ≥6.32 L/cow/day milk yield, ≤1153.28 days age at first calving, ≤633.68 days calving interval and ≤12.75 per 100 animal-years at risk disease-incidence density. In this study, a total of 3262 test-day milk production records from 524 complete lactations of 397 cows in 332 farms were fitted to the Jenkins and Ferrell model to estimate lactation curve parameters. In turn, the outcome parameters a and k were used to estimate lactation curve characteristics. The lactation curve characteristic estimates proved the study hypothesis. Regardless of the stress levels, cows in positive deviant farms expressed lactation curve characteristics differently from cows managed in typical farms. The scale (a) and shape (k) parameters together with peak yield and time to peak yield indicated higher lactation performance in positive deviant farms than in typical farms under low- and high-stress environments (p < 0.05). Lactation persistency was higher in positive deviants than typical farms by 14.37 g/day and 2.33 g/day for Holstein–Friesian cows and by 9.91 g/day and 2.16 g/day for Ayrshire cows in low- and high-stress environments. Compared to cows managed in typical farms, cows in positive deviant farms attained higher lactation performance under low- and high-stress; Holstein–Friesian produced 50.2% and 36.2% more milk, respectively, while Ayrshire produced 52.4% and 46.0% more milk, respectively. The higher milk productivity in positive deviant farms can be associated with the deployment of husbandry practices that more effectively ameliorated feed scarcity, heat load and disease infections stresses, which are prevalent in tropical smallholder dairy farms.

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Schutz, M. M., and E. A. Pajor. "Genetic Control of Dairy Cattle Behavior." Journal of Dairy Science 84 (June 2001): E31—E38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)70194-4.

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Ward, Ashraf. "Genetic Parameters of Libyan Dairy Cattle." Journal of Veterinary Advances 4, no. 12 (2014): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jva.20141202113639.

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Land, R. B., G. Simm, R. Thompson, and J. A. Woolliams. "The Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016524.

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Dairying is the largest single sector of British agriculture. European milk production is however in surplus and the imposition of quotas has put pressure on the industry. It has also constrained the interaction of the industry with market forces and hence its potential for progressive development. The greater the pressure the more important is efficency and hence the greater the need for and the benefits from genetic improvement. This paper reviews breeding objectives for dairy cattle, and considers the opportunities for the uptake of new technologies such as multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, and physiological predictors of genetic merit.Concentration on clear and limited breeding goals is crucial to the success of any breeding programme. This is probably the principal factor underlying the greater genetic progress achieved in North America and New Zealand than in Europe.Gibson (1987) has estimated that the optimum ratio of fat:protein In milk for processing is currently about 1.65:1 (i.e. 5.6% fat would be required to match the current average protein production of about 3.4%). Even with a 30% fall In consumption of dairy fat, the optimum fat % in milk for manufacturing would still be 3.8—4.7%.

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Zuniga Gonzalez, C. A., and J. L. Jaramillo-Villanueva. "Frontier model of the environmental inefficiency effects on livestock bioeconomy." F1000Research 11 (November 25, 2022): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.128071.1.

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Background: This work was focused on measuring environmental inefficiency in Mexican dairy farms, considering climate change variables related to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and planetary geomagnetic activity. Methods: The applied methodology measures the eco-efficiency of Mexican dairy farms using the empirical application of a stochastic frontier model of the bioeconomy. The productive sector of the bioeconomy studied was the eco-intensification of the livestock production system (dairies). The environmental inefficiency effect was assumed to be a distribution-independent truncation of a normal distribution with constant variance, while the mean was a linear environmental function of the observable variable. Results: The results showed that the coefficients of the frontier model were highly significant, highlighting the investment in livestock (50%). The inefficiency model had an impact on climate variation with greenhouse gas emissions CH4 (1.96%). The results of the environmental technical efficiency in geometric average were 81.28%. The producers that reached the border with a technical efficiency equal to 1 are the references for the rest, marking the relative technical efficiency. Conclusions: It was concluded that the coefficients in the model were very significant, showing the level of investment in livestock (50%). The low-performance model estimates the impact of climate change on GHG emissions CH4 (1.96%) explaining the trend of increasing GHG emissions, keeping in view that the management of food and cattle during the study period were affected by summer feeding, which allowed considering the activity of GHG emissions. According to the results, the geometric mean environmental performance of engineering is 81.28%.

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Veerkamp, R. F., M. P. L. Calus, B. Beerda, and J. Ten Napel. "Robustness in dairy cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021621.

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Robustness can be defined as “the capacity to handle disturbances in common and sustainable, e.g. economically, systems”. To achieve a robust farming system, a broad perspective is needed (Napel 2005), but here we focus on genetic selection for robust cows and the origin of the need for such animals.

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TOGASHI, Kenji, Ching Yonn LIN, and Kunio YOKOUCHI. "Overview of genetic evaluation in dairy cattle." Animal Science Journal 75, no. 4 (August 2004): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00187.x.

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WANG, WEI, JEFF D. TURNER, and GILLES ROBITAILLE. "Genetic polymorphism of plasminogen in dairy cattle." Journal of Dairy Research 64, no. 4 (November 1997): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029997002434.

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Plasmin (PLM; E.C. 3.4.4.14) is the major proteolytic enzyme normally present in bovine milk. From a technological point of view, PLM activity in milk is detrimental as it increases the proteolysis of casein to proteose peptones, and this results in reduced storage time, taste defects, loss of cheese yield and quality, and changes in the physicochemical properties of milk (for review, see Fox, 1992). Therefore a reduction of PLM activity in milk would be desirable. Plasminogen (PLG), the zymogen of plasmin, and PLM content are affected by several physiological and environmental factors, and by genetic factors such as breed (Richardson, 1983; Schaar, 1985; Politis et al. 1989; Benslimane et al. 1990). We have addressed the question of PLG polymorphism in dairy cattle.

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Manfredi, E., V. Ducrocq, and J. L. Foulley. "Genetic Analysis of Dystocia in Dairy Cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 74, no. 5 (May 1991): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78334-3.

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Freeman, A. E., and G. L. Lindberg. "Challenges to Dairy Cattle Management: Genetic Considerations." Journal of Dairy Science 76, no. 10 (October 1993): 3143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77654-7.

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Askari Rad, Arezo, Jamal Fayazi, and Houshang Dehghanzadeh. "Clustering Some MicroRNAs Expressed in the Breast Tissue Using Shannon Information Theory and Comparing the Results With UPGMA, Neighbor-Joining, and Maximum-Likelihood Methods." Research in Molecular Medicine 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rmm.8.4.3.

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Background: Because milk and milk products play a vital role in human nutrition, dairy cattle farmers are working in increasing milk production or changing its composition. For this reason, researching the genes which play an important role in milk production and its composition is of high value. Information theory is an interdisciplinary branch of mathematics which overlaps with communications engineering, biology, and medicine. It has been used in genetic and bioinformatics analyses such as the biological structures and sequences. Materials and methods: In this study, a total of 20 microRNAs from those affecting the breast tissue and mammary glands have been extracted from the microRNA database. For each microRNA sequence, the entropy values of the first- to third-order were calculated and the Kullback-Leibler divergence criteria were estimated. Then, the Kullback-Leibler divergence matrix of the microRNAs was considered as the inputs for clustering methods. All calculations were performed in the R program. The biological pathway of each target was predicted using the KEGG server. Results: MicroRNAs are divided into two main groups based upon comparing and analyzing all the created clusters. The first group contains 18 microRNA and the second group contains 2 microRNAs at the first- and third-order entropies. The second-order entropy contains 19 microRNA in the first group and only 1 microRNA in the second group. The clustering topology changes as the entropy order changes from 1 to 3, with the most significant changes being seen in the clustering resulted from the third-order entropy. Conclusion: In the proposed method of clustering, we obtained a biological grouping of genes. There is a good concordance between most of the microRNAs within one cluster and their biological pathway. The algorithm is applicable for clustering a range of genes and even genomes based on their DNA sequences entropy. Our method can help assign and predict the biological activity of those genes that lack robust annotations because it relies only on the DNA sequence and length of the genes.

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Sonstegard, T. S., C. P. Van Tassell, and M. S. Ashwell. "Dairy cattle genomics: Tools to accelerate genetic improvement?" Journal of Animal Science 79, E-Suppl (2001): E307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2001.79e-supple307x.

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Boettcher, P. J., J. C. M. Dekkers, L. D. Warnick, and S. J. Wells. "Genetic Analysis of Clinical Lameness in Dairy Cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 81, no. 4 (April 1998): 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75677-2.

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Venge, Ole. "Genetic differences in feed utilization in dairy cattle." Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 67, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1956.tb00096.x.

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Visscher, P. M., and M. E. Goddard. "Genetic analyses of profit for Australian dairy cattle." Animal Science 61, no. 1 (August 1995): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013461.

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AbstractDirect genetic evaluation of profit was investigated as an alternative to a selection index. PROFk was defined as (net income)/(food requirement) until the start of the kth lactation, for k = 2 to 6. Genetic parameters such as heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for profit traits for Australian Holstein-Friesian and jersey dairy cattle. Heritabilities for profit until the start of a given lactation were moderate, ranging from 0·12 (for profit until the start of the second lactation in Holsteins) to 0·31 (profit until the start of the third lactation in Jerseys). Genetic correlations between profit traits were very high, and approached unity for most pairs of traits, so that profit early and late in herd life were nearly the same trait. Genetic correlations between profit traits and stayabilities until a given lactation were high, ranging from 0·71 to 0·97. Genetic correlations between profit traits and first lactation milk yield traits were approximately 0·80 for Holsteins and 0·90 for Jerseys. A single analysis urns carried out for lifetime profit using all data, including cows that were still in the herd at the time of data collection. Heritabilities were 0·13 for Holsteins and 0·19 for Jerseys. Genetic correlations between lifetime profit and first lactation yields were high. For the selection of dairy bulls, a multivariate analysis on a milk yield trait (e.g. protein yield) and profit until the last known lactation of bulls' progeny was suggested.

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Bichard, Maurice. "Genetic improvement in dairy cattle—an outsider’s perspective." Livestock Production Science 75, no. 1 (May 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00332-3.

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Ritter, Caroline, Adam Shriver, Emilie McConnachie, Jesse Robbins, Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk, and Daniel M. Weary. "Public attitudes toward genetic modification in dairy cattle." PLOS ONE 14, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): e0225372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225372.

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Liboriussen, Torkild, Joanna Makulska, and Henrik Callesen. "Genetic Responsiveness of Dairy Cattle to Superovulatory Treatment." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 45, no. 2 (May 1995): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064709509415837.

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Mzee, R. M. "DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING PROGRAMME AND GENETIC PROGRESS IN KENYA." Animal Genetic Resources Information 8 (April 1991): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003096.

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SUMMARYThe state of the dairy herd in Kenya is described. The organization of the national dairy cattle breeding programme and the sire evaluation methods used are discussed in the light of the available data (1978–1988) and the relevant bibliography It is underlined that it was only possible to keep-up milk production - which matches consumption - by a dairy cattle population growth of 220% in the past decade, while the average yield remained unchanged around 3500 kg milk/lactation. The author underlines the need to improve livestock management practices and the genetic potential of dairy cows as the only means to face the needs of a growing human population.

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Van Doormaal, B. J., and G. J. Kistemaker. "Dairy genetic improvement through artificial insemination, performance recording and genetic evaluation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-023.

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Artificial insemination (AI) of dairy cattle in Canada was started more than half a century ago and today it is estimated that at least 75% of all dairy cattle nationally are bred using this common reproductive technology. A Best Linear Unbiased Prediction sire model for estimating genetic evaluations for production traits was introduced in 1975. The combination of extensive use of AI with genetic evaluations for bulls and cows has resulted in significant phenotypic and genetic gains over the past 20 yr. In the Holstein breed, mature equivalent yields have increased by an average of 200 kg milk, 7.0 kg fat and 6.3 kg protein per year since 1980. Genetically, the relative emphasis realized for production traits versus overall type during the past 5 yr has followed the 60:40 breeding goal represented in the Lifetime Profit Index, which has increased at an average rate of 0.28 standard units per year. Examination of the generation interval in the Canadian Holstein breed, associated with each of the four pathways for genetic improvement, indicates a 46% increase in the rate of annual genetic gain today compared to 20 yr ago. The increased accuracy and intensity of selection associated with the use of AI and genetic evaluations have also contributed to the rates of phenotypic and genetic progress achieved over the years. In the future , AI will continue to be a critical component of the genetic gains possible in dairy cattle breeding but it will be complemented by other reproductive technologies aimed at further reducing generation intervals and increasing the accuracy and selection of intensity, especially on the female side. Key words: Dairy cattle, artificial insemination, genetic progress, genetic evaluation

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Shelyov, A., K. Kopylov, S. Kramarenko, and O. Kramarenko. "Analysis of population-genetic processes in different cattle breeds by microsatellite loci of DNA." Agricultural Science and Practice 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2017): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp4.01.074.

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Aim. The aim of our research was to analyze the population-genetic processes in different dairy breeds using highly polymorphic molecular and genetic markers (DNA microsatellites). Methods. We used 10 loci recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) to analyze 88 DNA samples of the two most abundant dairy breeds of cattle in Ukraine – Ukrainian red-motley dairy and Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breeds. Using formulae that related the expected linkage disequilibrium (LD) to the effective population size (Ne), Ne was estimated. Results. The work presents the results of the study on genetic processes in the populations of Ukrainian red-and-motley breed using 10 microsatellite loci of DNA. It was shown that, being highly polymorphic multilocus genetic systems, microsatellites of DNA are highly informative markers of populationgenetic processes, occurring in the populations of cattle. Conclusions. The studied populations of Ukrainian dairy cattle breeds are impacted by population-genetic and genetic-automatic processes. In particular, the effect of the latter on Ukrainian red-and-motley dairy breed was noted. These animals had notable signifi cant loss of rare alleles and the manifestation effect of “bottle neck”. The values obtained testify to a low level of inbredness in these populations. The effective population size in the studied Ukrainian dairy cattle breeds was estimated in the approximate range of 397–555 heads which testifi ed to a favorable condition of the population of Ukrainian red-and-motley dairy cattle and a critical condition of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed.

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Schrooten, C., H. Bovenhuis, J. A. M. van Arendonk, and P. Bijma. "Genetic Progress in Multistage Dairy Cattle Breeding Schemes Using Genetic Markers." Journal of Dairy Science 88, no. 4 (April 2005): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72826-5.

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Asmarasari, Santiananda Arta, C. Sumantri, A. Gunawan, E. Taufik, and A. Anggraeni. "Candidate Gene of Milk Protein for Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i2.1890.

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The objective of this paper is to explore some efforts to increase milk protein of dairy cows through a milk protein control gene selection approach. Improving the quality of cow's milk has shifted to increase milk protein levels, due to nutritional and economic interest. The breeding process in producing dairy cattle with the advantage of having high milk protein content is more effectively carried out by molecular biotechnology approaches. The content of cow's milk protein is controlled by cow's milk protein control genes. In the process to produce dairy cattle with the advantage of having high milk protein content, it can be done with a selection approach based on milk protein control genes, namely CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. Once known, the main controller gene that causes high levels of cow's milk protein, it will be easy to identify dairy cattle that have these advantages, so that the selection of dairy cattle can be done since at early age.

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Popov, N. A., Yu A. Ivanov, V. K. Skorkin, and V. Yu Sidorova. "Innovative technologies of dairy cattle reproduction." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2106-03.

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The American company for the reproduction of dairy cattle – World Wide Sires was formed in 1976 in the United States, and its subsidiary World Wide Sires Russia – in 2006 in the Russian Federation. Over the past decades the average milk yield of cows has been increased significantly, but their fertility has been decreased. A comparison of the DNA of cows producing about 20,000 kg of milk and more than 1,000 kg of milk fat per lactation has shown a genetic association between the milk yield of cows and the fertility of breeding sires. Therefore, one of the directions of the company’s development is the development of innovative technologies for improving reproduction with the genetic improvement of breeding traits of breeding sires. Improving the fertility of Holstein sires and their high-quality semen are the main conditions for solving problems related to the reproductive function of animals. Application of index selection programs, including OptiFeed (optimal feeding), Production-max (best production), Fertility (high reproduction capacity), etc. are powerful lever of herd management. All available genetic indexes are directly or indirectly included in the general index of breeding value of the sire – TPI. One of the methods of refining the index system is the use of ultrasexed semen with 4 million sperm cells in a dose, which increases fertilization in heifers and cows by 5 and 6 %, respectively. Another method of refi ning the index system was the definition of inbreeding. For example, an increase in inbreeding by 1 % led to a decrease in the dollar profit index NM$ by 24 points, added 36 undesirable days to the age of the first calving, reduced productive life by 13 days, reduced milk yield by an average of 358 kg of milk and 11,3 kg of milk protein per lactation. The cost of each additional day of the open days’ period after the start of the hunt ranged from 220 to 370 rubles loss per 1 cow per year.

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Kruglyak, O. V., N. M. Chornoostrovets, M. B. Kulakova, and I. S. Martynyuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.06.

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At the present stage, the development of dairy farming needs to focus on increasing the livestock population with high productive indicators in the large-scale sector. In the period from 2000 to 2020, the number of cows in Ukraine decreased by 2.8 times (from 4958.3 thousand heads on 01.01.2001 to 1788.5 thousand heads on 01.01.2020), and in agricultural enterprises – by 4.2 times (from 1851.0 to 438.6 thousand heads respectively). An important factor in the growth of the large-scale sector should be the revival of the national selection system. Therefore, the issue of scientific substantiation of the organizational principles of effective management of breeding dairy cattle breeding is now of particular urgency. The purpose of the article is to carry out an evaluation of genetic resources of breeding dairy cattle Ukraine. The research was conducted on the observation materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the International Committee for Animal Recording, the State Register of subjects of breeding business in livestock breeding by using statistical methods. Cattle breeds are differ according to economic indicators of useful traits of animals, including the level of productivity, which significantly influences the economic efficiency of production. According to ICAR (The International Committee for Animal Recording), cows of the Holstein breed remain the leaders, whose productivity for the 305 days of lactation is at the level of 9–11 thousand kg of milk. Such achievements are the result of a long intensive breeding work aimed at increasing milk production. Among other breeds, which cow' productivity approachs the animals Holstein breed, Ayrshire (up to 9.0 thousand kg), Braunvieh, Montbeliarde, Fleckvieh, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red, Jersey (7.0–8.0 thousand kg) are next. A number of breeds are distinguished by qualitative features of dairy productivity. For example, the fat content in milk of cows of the Jersey breed of Canadian breeding is 5.1%. The milk productivity of these breeds is lower than Holstein dairy cows. But they have significant benefits in functional traits such as high reproductive capacity, extended duration of economic use, high payment of feed by the resulting products, which increases their competitiveness to the level of animals of the Holstein breed. In Ukraine, the highest milk productivity is Holstein (8965 kg), Fleckvieh (8877 kg), Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (7486 kg) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (6997 kg). Currently, in 344 breeding herds, 137.8 thousand cows are kept, which is one third less than 10 years ago. The most numerous is the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy – 68.829 purebred cows, or 49.9% in the structure of dairy cattle breeding herds. The share of Holstein – 25.2%, Ukrainian Red and White Dairy is 14.4%. It should be noted the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock (breeding stock-rearing farms that are certified as subjects of the tribal affairs and conduct breeding records) – 29.5% of the number of cows kept in agricultural enterprises, and 7.7% – at farms all categories. For example, in Israel (the world leader in the cows’ milk productivity in level about 12 thousand kg per cow) it is more than 90%. In other countries with a developed dairy industry, this figure is at 90% – in Denmark, 86% in Sweden, and 70% in Canada. The low proportion of the recorded dairy livestock in Ukraine greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds. Over the past ten years, the number of breeding stock-rearing farms in Ukraine has doubled. Among them there was a tendency for livestock consolidation. Average number of cows in herds the breeding stock-rearing farms was: in 2007 – 241 heads, in 2012 – 334, in 2017 – 373, in 2019 – 401. In 2007–2019, as a result of ongoing concentrations of livestock, the average size of a purebred dairy herd increased almost one and a half times, which, due to the scale effect, made it possible for enterprises to reduce production costs per unit. The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. Due to the effect of the factor of natural biological antagonism on the milk productivity and reproductive capacity of cows, the raising of productivity with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed has led to a decrease in the calving output of 100 cows, and a decrease in the length of the commercial use of cows. This trend is also characteristic of all newly created dairy breeds. In particular, from Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows the calving output per 100 cows decreased from 82.8 heads in 2006 to 77.4 in 2019; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy respectively from 82.2 to 69.5 calves; Ukrainian Red Dairy, where the proportion of the heredity of the Holstein breed is slightly lower than the first two, the calving rate dropped at lower pace. According to the results of dairy cattle recording, among the domestic breeds the highest milk productivity is in the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows – 7364 kg with a fat content of 3.74%, protein 3.22%; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy – respectively 6989; 3.78; 3.27; Ukrainian Red Dairy – 6549; 3.90; 3.26. Domestic breeds on genetic potential are at the level of the best European analogues, and according to indicators of reproduction and health they prevail them. Consequently, the breed of cows is an important factor in the economic efficiency of dairy cattle-breeding. Due to the long intensive selection work on cattle breeds, the milk productivity of cows in developed livestock countries has reached levels of 8.0–10.0 thousand kg and more for 305 days of lactation. The number of cows in breeding farms in Ukraine for 2006–2019 has decreased by 38 thousand head, or by 22%. The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. But the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds. In the breeding structure of pedigree dairy cattle, animals of Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (49.9%), Holstein breeds (25.2%) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (14.4%) prevail.

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Banos, G., M. Winters, R. Mrode, A. P. Mitchell, S. C. Bishop, J. A. Woolliams, and M. P. Coffey. "Genetic evaluation for bovine tuberculosis resistance in dairy cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 2 (February 2017): 1272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11897.

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Jensen, J. "Genetic Evaluation of Dairy Cattle Using Test-Day Models." Journal of Dairy Science 84, no. 12 (December 2001): 2803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74736-4.

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Weller, J. I. "Genetic Analysis of Fertility Traits in Israeli Dairy Cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 72, no. 10 (October 1989): 2644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79405-4.

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Biffani, S., and F. Canavesi. "International genetic evaluation for fertility traits in dairy cattle." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (January 2007): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.47.

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Cho, Kwang Hyun, Byoungho Park, Jaekwan Choi, Taejeong Choi, Yunho Choy, Seungsu Lee, and Chungil Cho. "Development of International Genetic Evaluation Models for Dairy Cattle." Journal of Animal Science and Technology 55, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/jast.2013.55.1.1.

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Capitan, A., P. Michot, A. Baur, R. Saintilan, C. Hozé, D. Valour, F. Guillaume, et al. "Genetic tools to improve reproduction traits in dairy cattle." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14379.

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Fertility is a major concern in the dairy cattle industry and has been the subject of numerous studies over the past 20 years. Surprisingly, most of these studies focused on rough female phenotypes and, despite their important role in reproductive success, male- and embryo-related traits have been poorly investigated. In recent years, the rapid and important evolution of technologies in genetic research has led to the development of genomic selection. The generalisation of this method in combination with the achievements of the AI industry have led to the constitution of large databases of genotyping and sequencing data, as well as refined phenotypes and pedigree records. These resources offer unprecedented opportunities in terms of fundamental and applied research. Here we present five such examples with a focus on reproduction-related traits: (1) detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for male fertility and semen quality traits; (2) detection of QTL for refined phenotypes associated with female fertility; (3) identification of recessive embryonic lethal mutations by depletion of homozygous haplotypes; (4) identification of recessive embryonic lethal mutations by mining whole-genome sequencing data; and (5) the contribution of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism chips, whole-genome sequencing and imputation to increasing the power of QTL detection methods and to the identification of causal variants.

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Pangmao, Santi, Peter C. Thomson, and Mehar S. Khatkar. "Dairy cattle industry and genetic improvement programs in Thailand." Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16454.

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The objective of the present study was to estimate genetic parameters and evaluate the genetic trends of 100-day milk yield (MY), fat percentage (FP) and protein percentage (PP) in three government dairy cattle farms in Thailand, located in the north and north-east of the country. The data consisted of records from 1745 first-lactation cows that calved between 1986 and 2015, which were the progeny of 287 sires and 1237 dams. Most of the animals were crossbred Holstein-Friesian with native or zebu animals. The total number of animals in the pedigree was 4753. Univariate and bivariate linear mixed models were used to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values by using ASReml-R. The fixed effects in the model were herd, year of calving, season of calving, breed group and the interaction between year and season of calving, and the random effects were animal and residual. All fixed effects had significant effects on the three traits, except breed group. The estimated heritabilities for MY, FP and PP were 0.242 ± 0.061, 0.066 ± 0.048 and 0.329 ± 0.072 respectively. The genetic correlation for MY and FP, MY and PP, and FP and PP were 0.219 ± 0.352, –0.271 ± 0.177 and 0.452 ± 0.255 respectively. The genetic trends based on estimated breeding values over year of birth did not show consistent improvement in all three traits, although there was a slight declining trend in MY in the later years.

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Barrière, Yves, Jean-Claude Emile, and Fabien Surault. "Genetic variation of maize silage ingestibility in dairy cattle." Animal Research 52, no. 6 (November 2003): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:2003042.

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Þórarinsdóttir, Þórdís, Susanne Eriksson, and Elsa Albertsdóttir. "Genetic parameters and genetic trends of female fertility in Icelandic dairy cattle." Livestock Science 251 (September 2021): 104628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104628.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dairy cattle Genetic engineering'

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